Electrical Wiring Inspect, Install, Repair

ELECTRICAL INSPECTION, DIAGNOSIS, REPAIR - home. Residential & light commercial electrical systems: installation, inspection, diagnosis & repair
Questions & answers about building electrical systems, panels, breakers, wiring installation, inspection, diagnosis, & repair
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Building electrical system installation, troubleshooting & repairs & electrical hazards. How to install, inspect, & troubleshoot building electrical systems, appliances, components. How to detect & report electrical hazards, defects in residential and commercial electrical panels, switches, fixtures, electrical wiring & grounding systems. Proper electrical repair methods for unsafe electrical conditions. Safety for the electrical inspector, aluminum electrical wiring hazards, how to determine service voltage and ampacity, how to inspect electrical panels, and significant electrical hazards of Federal Pacific Electric Stab-Lok breakers and panels, Federal Pioneer product warnings, certain Square-D product concerns, Zinsco and Sylvania circuit breakers and panels, multi-wire branch circuit protection, inspection and repair of low voltage wiring systems, and proper installation of lightning protection systems on buildings are addressed.

Electrical Hazards in Buildings, Electrical Inspection Procedures, Electrical Repair Procedures

See the article links listed at Related Topics for a complete index to building electrical systems & components: inspection, diagnosis, & repair guides.

DMM range and function indicator dial settings (C) Daniel Friedman

Safety Hazards and Safe Electrical Inspection Procedures for Electrical and Home Inspectors at Residential Electric Panels
Aluminum Wiring Information Website Aluminum Electrical Wiring Hazards and Repairs: in-depth authoritative info, photos, documents including selection of proper vs. ineffective repair methods. E.g.: Ideal 65 "Twister" purple connector fails in field and lab testing with aluminum wire.
Ampacity and Voltage of an Electrical Service: How to determine the electrical service size or ampacity and service voltage (120/240) entering a Building
AMPS MEASUREMENT METHODS - how to use an ammeter to perform simple current tests
ARC FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS: what are they, how do AFCI's work, where are they required to be installed? Also includes notes on GFCI's and the 2008 NEC electrical code.
Cadet Heaters Recall CPSC notice supplemented with identification and heater failure photos
Circuit Breaker, a bad one fails to trip failure at aluminum bus-to-circuit breaker connection - field report and photographs
Circuits, electrical: electric circuit basics for homeowners, electrical shorts, definitions of AC/DC, watts, amps, volts, etc.
Code Basics, electrical: electrical code information for homeowners. Can I do my own wiring?
Conduit, electrical: information for homeowners & home inspectors.
CORROSION & MOISTURE SOURCES in PANELS, Roger Hankey 2010, and CORROSION in ELECTRICAL PANELS, Daniel Friedman, 1992, 2009, discuss the sources of water or moisture intrusion in electrical panels and causes of rust or other safety concerns.
Electrical System Inspection Classes - ( Power Point Presentations for Milestone Elec. Dallas TX)
- Aluminum Wiring Class for Electricians - Power Point Presentation, very large file
- FPE_Stab-Lok_Class for Electricians - Power Point Presentation
- Zinsco_Class for Electricians - Power Point Presentation
- Electrical Safety Class for Electricians - Power Point Presentation
- Electrical Safety Hazards & Accident Prevention for Home Inspectors, paper presented to the Connecticut Association of Home Inspectors, CAHI 26 March 2008
- Electrical Panels, How to Inspect in buildings, safety for electrical inspectors, electrical panel, fusing, wiring defects, defective products. Inspection Class Presentation
- "Inspecting Residential Electrical Panels," Daniel Friedman, HVASHI, September 12, 2002 Annual Seminar.
- "Inspection of Electrical Systems & Special Concerns," Daniel Friedman, ASHI/CAHI/OAHI/IAEI Conference, Toronto, Ontario, 10/19-21/1995
DEFINITIONS of ELECTRICAL TERMS: Amps, Volts, Watts, Resistance and other electrical terms are defined and illustrated with sketches
"Determining Service Ampacity," Daniel Friedman, Alan Carson, The ASHI Technical Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1, Winter 1992
DIRECTORY OF ELECTRICIANS: if you need to hire an electrician with special skills or familiarity with aluminum electrical wiring, FPE Stab-Lok replacement panels, Zinsco replacement panels, etc. here is a directory of professionals.
DIRECTORY OF ELECTRICIANS - Aluminum Wiring - Specialists in repairing aluminum electrical wiring
DIRECTORY OF ELECTRICIANS - FPE Zinsco - Specialists in repairing or replacing FPE, Zinsco, and other problem equipment
DMM Digital Multimeter, How to Use - how to use test instruments to perform basic electrical wiring or equipment diagnostic tests
ELECTRIC METERS & METER BASES: inspection and problem diagnosis
ELECTRIC MOTOR DIAGNOSTIC GUIDE describes steps & tests for both offline and online electric motor circuit analysis (MCA) test procedures for hard starting or non-starting A/C electric motors
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION PANELS in buildings, safety for electrical inspectors, electrical panel, fusing, wiring defects, defective products. Inspection Class Presentation
ELECTRICAL SERVICE ENTRY WIRING - how is electrical power brought to the building: inspection, troubleshooting, defects
ELECTRICIANS DIRECTORY - how to find an electrician who knows proper repairs for aluminum wiring, FPE panels, Zinsco panels etc.
EMF RF FIELD & FREQUENCY DEFINITIONS - defines and explains electromagnetic field (EMF) or electro-magnetic radiation EMR and related terms such as EMF, radio frequency - RF, hertz or cycles, megahertz, medium frequency MF, very high frequency VHF, ultra high frequency UHF, megahertz MHz, gigahertz GHz, terahertz THz .
Federal Pacific Electric (FPE) Website Stab-Lok Circuit Breaker Panel Hazards Latent fire hazards, in-depth authoritative research, documents, advice on Stab-Lok electric panel and circuit breaker failures and what to do when this equipment is found in buildings.
Federal Pioneer NCO15 and NC015CP circuit breaker recalls from Schneider Electric in Canada
"Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters, How Do They Work?" Daniel Friedman [as Journal Staff], The ASHI Technical Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1, Winter 1992
Hertz - Definitions of KHz MHz GHz THz
How to Identify FPE Federal Pacific Stab-Lok Electric Panels - is yours one of these? ALSO: A History of the FPE Stab-Lok Issue.
FPE FIRES: Failures continue: FPE breaker fails, results in fires: field reports
Federal Pacific Electric Fires Waiting to Happen, Debate Waiting to Be Ended, detailed article
Federal Pacific Electric Panel Replacements FPE Stab-Lok Panel Replacements: two cost and method options for FPE panel replacement.
2004 FPE Stab-Lok Technical Report - St. Louis ASHI Seminar including: Hazard Summary & Independent Tests confirms Stab-Lok failures
Siemens Electric Panel Fires: field report and possible defective equipment - article withdrawn, field reports wanted
GENERATORS, ELECTRICAL - how residential electrical generators are selected, installed, inspected for safety
GFCI PROTECTION,Testing GFCIs AFCIs GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter Receptacle Defects & Testing procedures for inspectors
ELECTRICAL GROUND SYSTEM INSPECTION - how to inspect, troubleshoot, and repair ground system wiring in buildings
KNOB & TUBE ELECTRICAL WIRING: identification, inspection, evaluation, and safety guide advice for home owners & inspectors
Knob and Tube Wiring & Home Owners' Insurance [Carson Dunlop]
LIGHTING, EXTERIOR GUIDE and LIGHTING, INTERIOR GUIDE - electrical lighting requirements, fixtures, bulbs, installation, choices
LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEMS , Lightning Protection Systems & Services, lightning rods, grounding - lightning strike data
"Lightning and Lightning Protection Systems," Daniel Friedman [as Thomas Misciewicz], The ASHI Technical Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1, Winter 1992
Low Voltage Electrical Wiring Repair & Replacement Guide for GE®, Remcon, Sweepe, Bryant, Sierra, other brands, and newer Touch-Plate® low voltage wiring systems. Low voltage lighting switches, relays, transformers, transconverters.
Multi-wire branch circuit inspection and defects
Outlet, how to install: guide for home owners & home inspectors - it's easy but important details make the difference between a safe installation of an electrical receptacle and one that is both dangerous and illegal.
Rust and Corrosion in Electrical Panels, A Study and Report on Frequency and Cause for Electrical and Home Inspectors at Residential Electric Panels
SAFETY for ELECTRICAL INSPECTORS "Safety Considerations for the Electrical Inspector," Daniel Friedman, The ASHI Technical Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1, Winter 1992
Safety Hazards [electrical] & Accident Prevention for Home Inspectors, paper presented to the Connecticut Association of Home Inspectors, 26 March 2008
Square D Electrical Panel Recalls: - Counterfeit Square D Recall
Square D GFCI Recall
Square-D & Federal Pioneer AFCI Notice (also Federal Pioneer - Schneider Canada)
Square D Circuit Breaker Recalls, announced by the US CPSC, recalls include a Square D GFCI circuit breaker distributed by Square D, and a Counterfeit Square-D circuit breaker sold through Scott Electric
WIND TURBINES & LIGHTNING - lightning protection and extra protection from lightning damage for wind turbine electrical generator systems and their controls and batteries
VOLTS / AMPS MEASUREMENT EQUIP
Zinsco Electrical Circuit Breaker Failures: overheating, failure to trip, burn-ups involving Zinsco and certain Sylvania electrical panel components
Zinsco Electric Panel Replacements a discussion of repair (replacement) options for Zinsco Electrical Panels and Zinsco-type Sylvania Electric Panels

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about electrical wiring installation, inspection, diagnosis, & repair

Question: Can I Hook Up Two Power Sources to One Electrical Panel?

Is it possible to connect two sources of Electricity to one Sub-Panel? - Muhammad K., Jordan

Reply: Use an isolation switch to avoid simultaneous (and unsafe) electrical power feeds to an electrical panel or sub panel - use backup electrical generator hookups as an example

By "possible to connect two sources of Electricity to one Sub-Panel" I presume you don't mean is it physically possible to connect two power sources to a single electrical panel since that would be trivial to accomplish; Rather I presume you mean is it acceptable practice or is it "safe" to connect multiple power sources into a single electrical panel or sub-panel.

The basic answer is no. In general it is very dangerous to have multiple sources of power into a single panel or subpanel because of the possibility of backfeeding and shocking someone who thinks power is off from a given source. So we don't hookup simultaneous live electrical power sources to a single electrical sub panel or main panel.

We do not hook up multiple electrical power sources to a single electrical sub panel without using an isolation switch.

In our photograph of an isolation switch hook-up (above left), the main electrical panel (1) is at left. In the photo center is an isolation switch (2) that allows the homeowner to switch individual circuits from being powered either by the main electrical panel's service entry mains or by an electrical generator (located outdoors) that is connected to the isolation switch by a removable plug shown hanging on the wall (3). You can see the receiving plug receptacle at the bottom center of the isolation switch (2).

The sub panel shown at right (next to our client) was an addition to the original electrical system to support central air conditioning and is not part of this discussion. See BACKUP ELECTRICAL GENERATORS for details.

Watch out: Emergency backup electrical generators produce 120V and 240V which may cause fatal electrical shock if precautions are not followed. DO NOT under any circumstances connect your electrical generator to any circuit or receptacle that is receiving electrical power (home, office, etc) from any other sources as this is likely to result in a fire and damage all electrical systems and could also shock someone working on the system.

Our auxiliary electric generator photo at left shows a backup "home" generator that the owner had set up to keep a basement sump pump working. Some owners connect an extension cord to the generator's electrical supply receptacle and connect the other cord end to a tool or appliance - which may be safe. But using that same extension cord to "back-feed" a home electrical circuit without an isolation switch is unsafe and should not be done.

Other key safety warnings include the warning that the backup generator should not be operated indoors nor in an enclosed area - there are fire and also potentially fatal carbon monoxide hazard risks. Note that other safety precautions also apply - be sure to see the instructions provided with the generator.

See BACKUP ELECTRICAL GENERATORS.

Question: History of Electrical Wiring in the U.S. - Split Receptacles or Electrical Outlets?

When were houses commonly built with split outlets/receptacles? I am doing research to find out how many houses in the US may not have them. Thanks! - Maria S.

Reply: A Nano-History of Electrical Wiring Devices in North America - Guessing: 1950 - 1965

You are referring to the practice of providing separate power from separate electrical circuits individually to the upper and lower receptacle openings of a duplex electrical receptacle.

That feature has been technically possible and therefore almost surely was done in some homes from around the time that duplex receptacles were first installed. (See Split Wired Receptacles under MULTI-WIRE CIRCUITS for details.)

The two-pin electrical receptacle was invented by Hubbell in 1904 as a device that screwed into light bulb sockets (electrical power for lighting was sold at a lower rate! - Wiki.)

Grounded electrical receptacles date to around 1915, though they were by no means in widespread use until much later.

Because sources (Wikipedia and others) note that the dominant way to plug in electrical appliances was by connecting them (using the screw-in adapter) to light bulb sockets into the 1920's (in North America) it is reasonable to argue that it was not until the mid or later 1920's that duplex electrical receptacles began appearing in homes.

Labre patented the grounded plug in 1928. Ten years later, twist-on locking electrical receptacle connectors date to Harvey Hubbell way back in 1938.

Polarized plugs (one blade wider than the other) were not introduced until 1948 and were not widespread before the 1950's. (The neutral wire is connected to the larger slot on the electrical receptacle)

Ring circuits (adopted only in the U.K.) first saw use in the U.K. around 1947 - provided the functional equivalent of our split wired receptacle approach and suggest the history of origin of the idea.

The sum of this history to date (subject to revision as our research continues) is that I'd place duplex receptacles in widespread use by 1935-1940 and it would be fair to assume (barring a code restriction yet to be found) that split wired receptacles, being physically possible, appeared in some uses as early as 1940.

IN sum it is more likely that split wired electrical receptacles were in use by the late 1940's, expanded during the post-Korean ware boom, and began seeing widespread use in North America after 1965-1970. That last OPINION derives from guessing at the onset of surge in use of multiple electrical appliances at once in home kitchens.

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Technical Reviewers & References

Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.

Thanks to home inspector Larry Olson lomo5202@gmail.com for forwarding the 2010 US CPSC circuit breaker recall information concerning Siemens Murray equipment.
[2] N. Srinivasan, MSEE, is a senior member of IEEE with 30 years experience in the electrical industry. Mr. Srinivasan is in Vienna VA.
[3] Louis P. Babin generously contributed technical editing about the effects of doubling ampacity in an electrical circuit (September 2007)
[4] Digisnap DSA-500 snap-around digital multimeter, A.W. Sperry Instruments Inc., 2150 Joshua's Path, Suite 202, Hauppage NY 11788, Tel: 800-645-5398, Email: cat@awsperry.com, Website: www.awsperry.com
[5] Fluke Corporation, 6920 Seaway Blvd, Everett, WA 98203, USA, PO Box 9090 Everett, Washington 98206, Tel: +1(425) 347-6100, Technical support: 1(800) 44-FLUKE (1(800) 443-5853), Website: www.fluke.com,
Fluke Europe B.V, PO Box 1186 Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 (0)40 2 675 200 +31 (0)40 2 675 222, Website: www.fluke.eu
- Fluke India: TTL India Pvt. Ltd. (A Fluke Company), Deodhar Center, 424, Marol Maroshi Road, Andheri (E), Mumbai, 400076, Tel: 1 800 209 9110, Email: info.india@fluke.com, Website: http://www.fluke.com/fluke/inen/products/Digital-Multimeters.htm
- Digital 287/289 Digital Multimeter, Users Manual, retrieved 9/5/21, original source: http://assets.fluke.com/manuals/287_289_umeng0200.pdf, [copy on file as Fluke_287_289_umeng0200.pdf]
[6] Simpson Electric, P.O. Box 99, 520 Simpson Avenue, Lac du Flambeau, WI 54538-0099 Tel: 715-588-3311, customer service: 715-588-3947, Email: support@simpsonelectric.com, Website: www.simpsonelectric.com/
- Simpson 260® Series 6XLM Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter Instruction Manual, retrieved 9/5/2012, original source: http://www.simpsonelectric.com/uploads/File/datasheets/260-6xlm.pdf, [copy on file as Simpson_260-6xlm.pdf]
[7] tif 300cc Tic Tracer voltage detector, Tif Instruments Inc., 9101 NW 7th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33150
[8] Greenlee® GT-16 adjustable voltage detector, Greenlee Textron Inc., Website: greenlee.com, Tel: 800-435-0786 , Email: echsupport@greenlee.textron.com,
[9] Jensen VOMs, no longer available
[10] Mastech VOMs and DMMs (made in China), Shanghai Hihua V&A Instrument Company, 881 Ye Cheng Road Jia Ding District, Shanghai 201821, China, Email: mastech@vip.sina.com, Tel: +86 21 69523164　+86 21 69523225, Website: http://www.mastech.com.cn/
[11] Equus Multimeters by Innova, Equus Products, Inc., 17352 Von Karman Ave., Irvine, CA 92614, U.S.A., Tel: 714-241-6800, Website: http://www.equus.com/
[12] Actron DMMs & VOMs, Website: http://www.actron.com/
[13] ExTech DMMs & VOMs, ExTech Corp. a FLIR company, Extech Instruments Corporation, 9 Townsend West, Nashua, NH 03063, U.S.A., Email: support@extech.com, Tel: 877-239-8324 Option 3, Website: http://www.extech.com
[15] Dr. Jess Aronstein, consulting engineer, Poughkeepsie NY, 1991 protune@aol.com
[16] Rex Cauldwell, master electrician and contributor to the Journal of Light Construction on electrical topics
[17] New York State Central Hudson Gas and Electric Company, G&E/1-2/85 consumer safety pamphlet
[18] Mark Cramer Inspection Services Mark Cramer, Tampa Florida, Mr. Cramer is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors and is a Florida home inspector and home inspection educator. Contact Mark Cramer at: 727-595-4211 mark@BestTampaInspector.com 11/06
[19] Roger Hankey is principal of Hankey and Brown home inspectors, Eden Prairie, MN. Mr. Hankey is a past chairman of the ASHI Standards Committee. Mr. Hankey has served in other ASHI professional and leadership roles. Contact Roger Hankey at: 952 829-0044 - rhankey@hankeyandbrown.com. Mr. Hankey is a frequent contributor to InspectAPedia.com.
[20] Arlene Puentes, an ASHI member and a licensed home inspector in Kingston, NY, and has served on ASHI national committees as well as HVASHI Chapter President. Ms. Puentes can be contacted at ap@octoberhome.com
[21] ASHI Technical Journal, Vol. 2. No. 1, January 1992, "Determining Service Ampacity," Dan Friedman and Alan Carson, and the
[22] ASHI Technical Journal, Vol. 3. No. 1, Spring, 1993, "Determining Service Ampacity - Another Consideration," Robert L. Klewitz, P.E., with subsequent updates and additions to the original text ongoing to 2/19/2006. Reprints of the originals and reprints of the Journal are available from ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors www.ashi.com.
[23] Rust and Corrosion in Electrical Panels, A Study and Report on Frequency and Cause for Electrical and Home Inspectors at Residential Electric Panels
[24] "Electrical System Inspection Basics," Richard C. Wolcott, ASHI 8th Annual Education Conference, Boston 1985.
[25] "Simplified Electrical Wiring," Sears, Roebuck and Co., 15705 (F5428) Rev. 4-77 1977 [Lots of sketches of older-type service panels.]
[26] "How to plan and install electric wiring for homes, farms, garages, shops," Montgomery Ward Co., 83-850.
[27] "Electrical System Inspection Basics," Richard C. Wolcott, ASHI 8th Annual Education Conference, Boston 1985.
[28] "Home Wiring Inspection," Roswell W. Ard, Rodale's New Shelter, July/August, 1985 p. 35-40.
[29] "Evaluating Wiring in Older Minnesota Homes," Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
[30] Jim Simmons: Personal communication, J. Simmons to Daniel Friedman, 9/19/2008. Photographs contributed to this website by Jim P. Simmons, Licensed Electrician, 360-705-4225 Mr. Electric, Licensed Master Electrician, Olympia, Washington Contact Jim P. Simmons, Licensed Master Electrician, Mr. Electric, 1320 Dayton Street SE
Olympia, WA 98501, Ph 360-705-4225, Fx 360-705-0130 mrelectricwa@gmail.com
[31] Kenneth Kruger: Original author of the sidebar on testing VOM DMM condition: Kenneth Kruger, R.A., P.E. AIA ASCE, is an ASHI Member and ASHI Director in Cambridge, MA. He provided basis for this article penned by DJ Friedman.
[32] Paul Galow - technical consultant on networking, LAN design, applications support. Galow Consulting Services, 914-204-1749, email: paulgalow@galowconsulting.com
[33] LB Miller, "A simple Do-It-Yourself test fixture that will allow you to measure the DC resistance (Rm) of RC Model Electric Motors", San Marcos C, HobbyKing.com, retrieved 9/12/12, original source: http://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?t=580151 [copy on file as Miller_Test.pdf]
[34] "Electrical Systems," A Training Manual for Home Inspectors, Alfred L. Alk, American Society of Home Inspectors (ASHI), 1987, available from ASHI. [DF NOTE: I do NOT recommend this obsolete publication, though it was cited in the original Journal article as it contains unsafe inaccuracies]
[35] "Basic Housing Inspection," US DHEW, S352.75 U48, p.144, out of print, but is available in most state libraries.
[36] Wikipedia provided background information about some topics discussed at this website provided this citation is also found in the same article along with a " retrieved on" date. NOTE: because Wikipedia entries are fluid and can be amended in real time, we cite the retrieval date of Wikipedia citations and we do not assert that the information found there is necessarily authoritative.
WikiHow: "How to Check Out an Electric Motor", retrieved 9/12/12, original source: http://www.wikihow.com/Check-an-Electric-Motor
[37] Andy Page, "The Basics of Motor Circuit Analysis", Reliable Plant, (Noria Corporation), 1328 E. 43rd Court, Tulsa, OK 74105 Tel: 800-597-5460; Email: pagea@alliedreliability.com, retrieved 9/13/12, original source: http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/10686/motor-circuit-analysis, [copy on file as Page_Andy_The basics of motor circuit analysis.pdf] - Quoting:
MCA online [tests performed while the motor is operating] can be further split into two categories - current analysis and voltage analysis. Current analysis is primarily focused on the rotating components. Loose or broken rotor bars, cracked end rings, rotor eccentricity, misalignment and coupling/belt problems are some of the "big-hitter" failure modes detected in the current signature. Power quality issues like harmful harmonics, voltage imbalances and under/over-voltages are among the issues identified with voltage analysis.
MCA offline is most famous for the resistance-to-ground measurement. But other measurements make motor circuit defects easy to find. Measuring electrical characteristics like impedance, inductance and capacitance tell the analyst plenty about the condition of the windings. Inductance is a great indicator of turn-to-turn shorts. Capacitance to ground measures the amount of winding contamination (water, dirt, dust, etc.). Changes in each of these affect impedance (total resistance of an AC circuit). These characteristics are measured phase to phase and phase to ground and compared to each other and to percent change from baseline to identify motor circuit defects.
Motor circuit analysis (MCA) is often and easily confused with motor current analysis (MCA), which is an abbreviated version of motor current signature analysis (MCSA).
[38] "Betta-Flo Jet Pump Installation Manual", National Pump Company, 7706 North 71st Ave., Glendale, AZ 85303, Tel: (800) 966-5240 Email: info@natlpump.com, website: http://www.nationalpumpcompany.com, retrieved anew 9/13/12, original source: http://www.nationalpumpcompany.com/pdf/Betta_Flo_IOM_Jet_Pump.pdf
Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides:
- Commercial Building Inspection Courses - protocol ASTM Standard E 2018-08 for Property Condition Assessments
- Home Inspection Education Courses including home study & live classes at eleven colleges & universities.
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  Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on these courses: Enter INSPECTAHITP in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference Book, a reference & inspection report product for building owners & inspectors.
  Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
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  Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter inspectaehrb in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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...

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The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.

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