Paint failure causation, diagnosis, cure. This article series explains the diagnosis, cause, cure and/or prevention of all types of paint failures on buildings.

We discuss paint analysis and reviews common building exterior & interior painting mistakes, describes how to diagnose paint failures on buildings, and outlines a procedure for diagnostic field inspection & lab testing of failed painted surfaces on buildings and other objects or surfaces.

We include photographs of paint failures on buildings and more photos of forensic paint laboratory examination of samples of failed paint useful to assist in diagnosing the probable cause of each type of paint failure.

We also discuss certain types of paint failures occurring in works of art including paintings or painted artworks.

Paint analysis for historical information

- Daniel Friedman

The examples discussed in this paint failure analysis article use building exterior paint failures (and remedies), but many interior paint failures and even some paint failures on artworks, paintings and artifacts are similar their origin and cure.

[Click to enlarge any image]

[Photo at left, the author & Arthur Cady painting a home on Parker Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY]

In discussing the procedure and value of analysis of paint samples to diagnose the cause and cure of failures, here we include both our own field and laboratory experience and procedures and also paint problem diagnostic information provided by some paint manufacturers, home improvement suppliers, historic building and historic conservation experts such as the U.S. NPS, art conservation experts, and by National Forest Products Laboratory experts.

We will discuss paint sample analysis procedures using microscopy and microchemistry, and typically working with small chips of paint removed from a surface, provides useful paint and coating information for several different purposes, including historical paint information, paint failure diagnostic analysis on buildings, and art conservation. We describe these just below.

Paint analysis for historical information

Microscopic and microchemical analysis of small samples of paint from a building interior or exterior can provide key historical information: the colors, types, and numbers of layers of paint used.

The New York Times reported (Feb 2010) an excellent example of this service: renovators of New York City cast-iron loft buildings dating from 1873 used paint chip analysis to identify the original colors of paint used on buildings as well as the history, sequence, and colors of 13 layers of paint.

Our paint lab photo (left) shows varying thickness of layers of white paint from a more modern building surface.

Paint analysis for paint failure diagnosis

Paint analysis for paint failure diagnosis:

Using similar methods, the diagnosis and cure of paint failure on buildings, particularly on wood siding and trim, is quite possible if there is a careful and thorough inspection of the building, its history, its surfaces, and the actual points of paint failure.

It is diagnostic to compare the same coating on the same type of surface at different locations on a building and in areas of failed and not-failed paint.

Our lab photo (left) shows four layers of paint, with a paint blister in the topmost layer. Paint blistering is discussed

at PAINTING in SUN or WIND (thermal blistering).

Distinguishing among types of paint blistering is discussed and illustrated

at PAINT FAILURE ANALYSIS LAB PHOTOS

Analysis of paint from & paint failures or staining on art works and artifacts

Analysis of paint from art works and artifacts

can provide information invaluable to art conservators, including distinguishing among causes of paint failures and in suggesting conservation methods.

Working with museum conservators such as Ulrik Runeberg, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico, San Juan, we have found that forensic analysis of small surface samples of stains, using simple adhesive tape sampling can provide useful art conservation information without requiring punch samples or paint chip samples.

Our photo (above right) of a closeup of the surface of a painting whose surface was flaking was provided courtesy of Mr. Runeberg and formed part of a joint investigation into the adhesion failure of paint in this work.

On superficial examination at only low magnifications, microbiological deterioration of art works, such as due to fungal attack, can be confused with other causes of spots, blotching, or staining in works of art, such as extractive bleeding from pressed hardboard substrates.

Material identified as hardboard fibers from a stained painting surface (photo, above left) sampled from the painting En Aire, in the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico, San Juan, was obtained using clear adhesive tape and the particle sampling method (also used for mold testing) described

at TEST KIT for DUST, MOLD, PARTICLES: INSTRUCTIONS.

Watch out: while hardboard and also softer fiberboard products have been widely used as both a plaster base and as a paint-able surface including for artworks, some hardboard panels such as tempered (S2S) HARDBOARD MASONITE™ & OTHER BRANDS are not

While hardboard is recommended as an art or painting substrate by modern vendors, in our OPINION it had best be properly sealed. Tempered hardboard, manufactured with the inclusion of a polymerized oil, might otherwise cause a brown stain or "bleed-through" when painted over by oil-based and some other paints or coatings or when subjected to high moisture or water-leaks.

See HARDBOARD MASONITE™ & OTHER BRANDS where we

include HARDBOARD & MASONITE USED in WORKS OF ART

and FIBERBOARD SHEATHING IDENTIFICATION

Artworks on Hardboard, Masonite™, Fiberboard, Softboard, Celotex™

• Runeberg, Ulrik, "Staining and Microbiological Infestation of Acrylic Paintings on Hardboard", Ulrik Runeberg, Conservator (Dipl. Rest./M.A.), Restaurierungszentrum der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf, Germany, Email: Rune-Ulrik@gmx.de Previously Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico, San Juan Presented, April 2007 conference in Richmond Virginia, sponsored by the AIC (American Institute for Conservation), this paper discusses the staining and microbial infestation of acrylic paintings on hardboard. - private correspondence, ER <->DF 2020/01/05 - 2006/09/12.
  
  Also see PAINT FAILURE, DIAGNOSIS, CURE, PREVENTION
  
  Also see HARDBOARD MASONITE™ & OTHER BRANDS - artworks on or using hardboard
  
  Those painting surface samples helped to prove that in many cases the staining of acrylic paintings on fiberboard are an unlucky combination of the artist´s habit to apply only a single layer of paint and the humid conditions in which many works had been stored. - U.R.
  
  Understanding the cause of stains on art works helps direct the best course of action for both cleaning and preservation.
  
  "Staining and Microbiological Infestation of Acrylic Paintings on Hardboard", Ulrik Runeberg, Conservator (Dipl. Rest./M.A.), Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico, San Juan Presented,April 2007 conference in Richmond Virginia, sponsored by the AIC (American Institute for Conservation), this paper discussed the staining and microbial infestation of acrylic paintings on hardboard. - private correspondence, ER <->DF 12 September 2006. The following quotation is from the paper's abstract:
  
  "Hardboard served as a common and popular support for many modern paintings that were carried out from the mid - 1920’s, and still is used occasionally in contemporary art.
  
  Many artists rejected hardboard as an inferior industrial construction material of low aesthetical value, whereas others considered the processed and compressed wood fiber boards to be a stable, light and economic alternative to solid wood panels and other rigid supports.
  
  "From the conservator’s critical point of view, the many disadvantages of this type of support include:  high acidity, hygroscope characteristics, tendency of ‘off-gassing’, (>tendency of) warping, occasional flaking of painting material in the case of tempered hardboard.
  
  The deterioration of paintings on hardboard depends on a number of factors including:  the quality of the hardboard, prevailing storage conditions, and the preparation of the support by the artist. While there are many paintings on hardboard that are in very good condition, this paper will focus on those paintings that are heavily deteriorated and damaged.
  
  "A very characteristic damage found on porous painting layers such as acrylic colour on hardboard, is the formation of stains.
  
  Generally, those stains are described without any differentiation as ‘fox-spots’. The examination of various paintings concerned led to the conclusion, that there exist different kinds of stains that need to be discriminated against each other, to ensure an appropriate conservation and restoration treatment.
  
  "This paper aims to characterize and differentiate the stains, and will provide preventive and practical treatment proposals for the conservation and restoration of affected paintings.  Questions such  as ‘What are the stains composed of?’ and ‘Which may be the causes?’ will be addressed. 
  
  Stains may consist of a variety of contents, such as: Ligneous residues, fungal infestation, bacterial activity, a combination of microbial and support induced discolouration [SID], a ‘symbiotic relation’ of ‘SID’ and fungal infestation, or the blooming of ingredients from the original painting materials.
  
  A range of microscopic analysis of the actual microbiological infestation of selected samples will be provided. 
  
  The paintings that were examined, sampled and treated, are part of the Puerto Rican heritage, and were all kept in excessive humid tropical conditions, before they entered the Conservation Department of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Puerto Rico.
  
  "Conservation treatment options of stained paintings on hardboard will be discussed.  A high level of acidity (caused from SID and/or micro-organisms) may require measures of reduction, disinfection and neutralization.
  
  Treatment methods that reduce the ligneous stains and residues of micro-organisms, and neutralize affected areas in painting layers include stain removal through the application of soaking compresses (poultices), and de-acidification through alkaline material.
  
  "Other aspects of deterioration, that do not have to do directly with the formation of stains, but also are typical for hardboard as painting support, will be mentioned briefly." - U.

Other Paint Analysis Methods

Additional chemical and age testing of paints are performed by paint manufacturers in developing these products.

Other much more costly types of paint sample analysis, such as pyrolysis-gas chromatography can provide specific product identification signatures of basic modern paints and can list their constituents;

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for paint analysis, direct temperature-resolved mass spectrometry may also be used.

But a skilled analyst trained in field investigation and forensic microscopy can address questions of paint layer color, history, and most causes of paint failures quickly, economically, and sometimes more reliably.

Paint Failure Checklist

Typical Considerations in Evaluating Paint Failures

Also see PAINTING MISTAKES.

Experts representing paint manufacturers see many field failures of painted surfaces, often arising from a common cause. But getting a clear answer from these professionals can be tricky: the painting contractor is their customer, not the building owner.

Therefore, while most paint failures are due to poor surface preparation or painting in improper conditions of temperature or moisture, the "expert" may be reluctant to say so. Importantly, other paint failures are due to construction errors, building ventilation or vapor barrier errors, building leaks, or improper maintenance.

It is important to understand why a paint failure occurred before re-painting a building. Otherwise the expense of a new paint job may be wasted.

Our 1984 photo (left) shows the website editor D. Friedman (at rear) and Art Cady preparing surfaces of a home for painting. Prepping soft wood shingle surfaces that have been previously painted is horrible work and very labor intensive.

"Improper or inadequate surface preparation is by far the most common cause of house paint failures such as blistering, peeling and staining.

If the new paint is separating from the old coat of paint, it is most likely due to chalking or some contaminant on the old paint that prevents the new paint from penetrating and binding to the old painted surface. If the peeling failure is down to the bare wood, it is most likely that the problem is a result of too much moisture within the wall, forcing itself out, taking the entire paint film with it."

"Over 65% of all paint failures can be attributed to poor or improper surface preparation.

Two of the major causes of paint failure on exterior wood surfaces are either moisture passing through the substrate from the interior, or exterior sources of moisture getting behind the paint film.

Temperature and humidity have major effects upon drying and ultimately upon the characteristics of the paint film.

These effects will always determine the actual appearance and performance of the paint itself. Paint should be applied at temperatures of 70^o F, (21^o C), ideally, plus or minus 20^o F (12^o C) - unless product specifications state otherwise. A surface should not be painted if its temperature is within 5^o F of the dew point or the relative humidity is above 85%." -- PPG Exterior Failures.

But you don't need fourier transform nor any other sophisticated paint analysis to understand the paint job shown just above. The West end of this New York home (inspected by DJF ca 2000) is believed built by Derick Hegeman 1759-1769, and the East end was added by Thomas Storm or John Adriance (all of Ducthess County, NY) 1769 - 1794.

The home was purchased by George Brinckrerhoff in 1795. It looks as if almost all of the coats of paint are still present in some of the really thick layers on this wall clapboard.

The follow sections of this document form a checklist of building and site conditions leading to paint failures (such as peeling paint, blistering paint, chalking paint, cracking or alligatoring paint, or bleeding and stains through paint--terms defined below . T

he focus is on failures of painted wood surfaces on building exteriors but the paint failure diagnostic procedure can be generalized to other surfaces inside and out.

Paint Failure Checklist: Building Exterior

Here is our list of clues that help diagnose the cause of exterior building paint job failure. If you are diagnosing an indoor paint problem

see PAINT FAILURE - INTERIOR CLUES.

The photo below shows the author (on roof) working with Arthur Cady during a house painting project in New York.

A photo of the finished paint-job is

at SHORTCUT ERRORS.

Additional clues that can help diagnose an outdoor paint problem are

at STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING EXTERIORS.

• Dictionary of types of paint failures and problems, and other painting terms -
  
  see PAINT FAILURE DICTIONARY
• Paint failure types:
  
  include quite a few failure names for example adhesion failures, cracks, stains, peeling, sagging, etc - this is a long list for which a paint vocabulary is useful and is given in the paint failure dictionary just cited.
  
  Naming the type of paint failure correctly is critical in diagnosing the cause of paint failure on a building or on an artifact or art work.
• Pattern, location,
  
  and type(s) of paint failure found
• Paint failure pattern variations,
  
  such as by building location, exposure, weather exposure, surface type, wall field, trim, columns, paint failures on horizontal surfaces vs. frequency of paint failures on vertical surfaces, paint failure depth, type of
  
  PEELING PAINT FAILURES
  
  ALLIGATORING PAINT FAILURE
  
  BLEED-THROUGH / EXTRACTIVE BLEEDING STAINS
  
  and CRACKING PAINT FAILURES, or blistering or chalking.
  
  Hairline cracks in painted stucco surfaces that appear only in some building areas -
  
  see PAINT on STUCCO, FAILURES
• Appearance of surfaces 
  
  from which paint has separated:
  
  MILL GLOSS, or
  
  see CHALKING, old paint, wood fibers, moisture push. Blotching, white stains in painted stucco that appear only in some building areas.
  
  See PAINT on STUCCO, FAILURES.
• Mapping of failed and not-failed paint 
  
  on various building areas, overlaid on the above list of possible causes.
• Sun/shade/rain/wind/mechanical-damage 
  
  exposure of the building surfaces
• Surface drainage control
• Roof runoff control
• Evidence of paint or caulk-created moisture traps 
  
  such as paint-sealed lap joints at heavily-painted wood clapboards.
• Other site water/moisture sources, 
  
  dominant direction of wind-blown rain and snow
• Paint chip information
  
  (wood fibers, prior paint layers, mold, or debris present or absent on back of paint chips) - examined in the field by simple magnification, and examined in the paint lab using high power microscopy and paint layer sectioning can provide rapid, inexpensive, and conclusive paint failure diagnostic aid.
  
  See PAINT LAB SAMPLE PREPARATION and
  
  see PAINT FAILURE CASE PHOTOS, LAB.

• Thickness of paint coating materials, layers,
  
  number of paint layers, and identification of the layer which appears to be separating.
  
  Collect painted sample materials or paint chips which will permit measurement of the dry film paint thickness (DFT) which can be compared with the required wet film thickness (WFT) by calculation using the percentage of volume solids in the paint.
  
  See PAINT LAB SAMPLE PREPARATION.
  
  Our photo (left) shows the condition of a nearly brand-new paint job on an older home in Poughkeepsie, NY. We noticed that old paint was left on the surface with no feathering of the edges of the few spots where paint had been removed or had fallen off before the paint job.
  
  We noticed also that the painter tried to "seal" the loose paint by globbing on plenty of new paint - see that drip running down the trim board?
  
  Finally, we noticed that this new paint job was already failing - the split in the paint visible in the lower portion of the photograph.
  
  Although the building owner told us that this paint job was "guaranteed" by the painter, these observations made us nervous. How many times will the owner be able to call the painter back to "touch up" these annual failures in the paint job before the painter gets tired of these unpaid visits and informs the owner that now the paint failure is "normal aging"?
  
  This paint job will have a shorter life than if the surface had been stripped, but then the painter (and owner who was selling his home) avoided a much higher cost of stripping lead-containing paint from an older building.
• Paint thinners
  
  what thinners were allowed, in what quantities, and what thinners may actually have been used? Compare the quantity of paint invoiced to the job with the coverage rating per gallon or liter of the paint. See paint thickness notes above.
• Information about insulation, ventilation, vapor retarders,
  
  water and air barriers used on and in the building exterior walls.
  
  See VENTILATION in BUILDINGS.
• Rust stains on buildings -
  
  see RUST STAINS on SHINGLES
• Signs of exterior mold 
  
  (misnamed "MILDEW") on building surfaces on the exposed surfaces, between paint layers, between the building surface and the failing or other paint coatings. Mildew is a sub-class of molds that grow only on living plants (grapes, for example).
  
  See MOLD DETECTION & INSPECTION GUIDE
  
  and TEST KIT for DUST, MOLD, PARTICLES: INSTRUCTIONS
• Samples of paint used 
  
  at the building, including liquid samples of primer and top coat, for possible further testing.
  
  See PAINT LAB SAMPLE PREPARATION
  and
  see PAINT FAILURE CASE PHOTOS, LAB.
• Paint cans 
  
  which held the current and prior paint used on building surfaces: for recording of the manufacturer or "paint brand", lot number, tinting information, date of manufacture, and the producer's storage, application, thinning, area coverage rating, % volume solids, recommended application thickness, and other technical information.
  
  Documenting the paints used on a building may discover incompatible coatings.
• Paint and thinner MSDS sheets,
  
  if they are available; usually you can find these documents online from the manufacturer.
• Water: evidence of water infiltration
  
   into building cavities, such as ice dam leaks into walls, leaks at windows, or general indoor moisture and humidity levels and history, such as a history of wet basements, crawl spaces, attics, or specific building areas or rooms. Many paint failures are highly likely to be mapped to specific locations of elevated moisture or actual building leaks.
  
  See STUCCO PAINT FAILURES for examples.
  
  See VENTILATION in BUILDINGS
  as well as
  
  WATER ENTRY in BUILDINGS
  
  and see VAPOR BARRIERS & CONDENSATION in buildings.

Quotes in the opening text of this document are from the encyclopedic but not quite complete paint website: PPG Exterior Failures http://www.ppg.com/getpaint/etraining/solver/exterior.html

Paint Failure Analysis, Diagnosis, & Prevention Research

• Also see additional research cited at the end of this page atReferences or Citations
• Bennette, WHY PAINT JOBS FAIL [on file as /exterior/Why_Paint_Fails_Bennett.pdf ] - , web search, August 2010, original source: http://www.bennette.com/pdf/whyfail.pdf, four pages describing alligatoring, bleeding, blistering, etc. Bennette Corporation, P.O. Box 9088, Hampton, VA 23670, Phone: 757-838-7777, Toll Free: 800-869-2929 Fax: 757-827-0529, Email: info@bennette.com, Website: www.bennette.com [Dead link 2019/12/13] quoting:
  
  Bennette Paint Manufacturing Company, Inc. is a Virginia corporation which was founded in Newport News, Virginia in 1966 by James P. Bennette, Sr. In 1984, Mr Bennette sold the company to his employees through an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). Today the company has a modern manufacturing plant, research laboratory, central warehouse and general offices located at 401 Industry Drive, Hampton, Virginia.
  
  From these facilities the company is able to supply quality paints and coatings through its company owned distribution and service centers and authorized dealers located in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Bennette Paint Manufacturing Company, Inc. also owns and operates Bennette Equipment Company which specializes in the sale, service, and rental of paint spraying and pressure cleaning equipment. Cassens, Daniel L. & William C. Feist, PAINT FAILURE PROBLEMS AND THEIR CURE [PDF] Daniel L. Cassens and William C. Feist, National Forest Products Laboratory
• Dawson, B. S. W., H. W. Kroese, S-O. Hong, and G. T. Lane. "Resin bleed after painting from radiata pine boards treated with tributyltin naphthenate (light organic solvent preservative) or copper, chromium and arsenic compounds (water-borne preservative)." Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 60, no. 1 (2002): 18-24.
• Knaebe, Mark, WHY HOUSE PAINT FAILS, [PDF] Mark Knaebe, US FPL, web search August 2010, original source: http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/finlines/knaeb95a.pdf
• Runeberg, Ulrik, STAINING AND MICROBIOLOGICAL INFESTATION OF ACRYLIC PAINTINGS ON HARDBOARD [PDF] (2008),Conservator (Dipl. Rest./M.A.), Restaurierungszentrum der Landeshauptstadt Düsseldorf, Germany, Email: Rune-Ulrik@gmx.de Previously Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Puerto Rico, San Juan Presented, April 2007 conference in Richmond Virginia, sponsored by the AIC (American Institute for Conservation), this paper discusses the staining and microbial infestation of acrylic paintings on hardboard. - private correspondence, ER <->DF 2020/01/05 - 2006/09/12.
• US FPL, WOOD HANDBOOK [PDF] U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, (2010) retrieved 2021/06/19 original source: https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr190.pdf
• Williams, R.Sam, FINISHING of WOOD [PDF], R. Sam Williams, US Forest Products Laboratory, (1999) in Wood handbook : wood as an engineering material. Madison, WI : USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1999. General technical report FPL ; GTR-113: Pages 15.1-15.37
  Abstract:
  
  The primary function of any wood finish (paint, varnish, and stain, for example) is to protect the wood surface, help maintain a certain appearance, and provide a cleanable surface. Although wood can be used both outdoors and indoors without finishing, unfinished wood surfaces exposed to the weather change color, are roughened by photodegradation and surface checking, and erode slowly. Unfinished wood surfaces exposed indoors may also change color; moreover, unfinished wood is more difficult to clean than is finished wood.
  
  Wood and wood-based products in a variety of species, grain patterns, textures, and colors can be finished effectively by many different methods. Selection of a finish will depend on the appearance and degree of protection desired and on the substrates used.
  
  Because different finishes give varying degrees of protection, the type of finish, its quality and quantity, and the method used to apply the finish must be considered when finishing or refinishing wood and wood products.
• Williams, R. Sam & Mark Knaebe, MILL GLAZE, MYTH or REALITY [PDF], R. Sam Williams, Mark Knaebe, US FPL, retrieved 2019/12/13 original source: fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/finlines/willi01a.pdf
• Williams, Sam, Mark Knaebe, and William Feist. WHY EXTEIROR FINISHES FAIL [PDF] Fine Homebuilding (1997): 61-65. Retrieved 2021/06/19 original source: https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/willi97a.pdf
  
  Excerpts: Every neighborhood has at least one house that looks like it has a bad case of eczema-flaking paint everywhere, bare wood exposed to the elements, smears of mildew and stains. ... The normal life of a finish can be shortened in two ways:
  
  The finish can become discolored (staining, bleeding, etc.),
  
  or it can degrade (peeling, cracking, blistering). While discoloration can occur almost anywhere on a house, paint degradation is usually limited to places exposed to the weather or to water.

...

Continue reading at PAINT FAILURE LAB ANALYSIS or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

Or see these

Recommended Articles

• ARTWORK MOLD CONTAMINATION - mold on paintings or other works of art
• HARDBOARD MASONITE™ & OTHER BRANDS - includes HARDBOARD & MASONITE USED in WORKS OF ART
• LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE
• PAINT & STAIN LIFE CHART that gives typical life expectancies of building exterior coatings on different types of wood surfaces.
• PAINT & STAIN SELECTION & PROCEDURES
• PAINT FAILURE, DIAGNOSIS, CURE, PREVENTION - home
• PAINT FAILURE DICTIONARY - illustrated list of all types of paint failures
• PAINT FAILURE INDICATORS
  • PAINT FAILURE - EXTERIOR CLUES
  • PAINT FAILURE - INTERIOR CLUES
  • PAINT FAILURE - SITE HISTORY of
• PAINTING MISTAKES
• PAINT SURFACE PREPARATION
• POOL CONCRETE COOL DECK SURFACES
• SIDING, WOOD CLEANERS, STAINS, PAINTS - how to remove stains on siding & how to choose the proper paint or stain coating - formulas for bleach solution used to clean wood siding or trim stain

Suggested citation for this web page

PAINT FAILURE, DIAGNOSIS, CURE, PREVENTION at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.

Or see this

INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES: ARTICLE INDEX to PAINTS & STAINS & FAILURES

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Citations & References

In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.

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