Smell patch test procedure tracks down odor sources:

This article describes a simple procedure using paper towels and aluminum foil wrap to track down odors in buildings, such as but not limited to tracking down mold smells, sewer smells, plastic smells, chemical odors, animal odors, and even new smells that occur after excessive indoor use of ozone in buildings to try to "kill" mold or remove other indoor odors (skunks or smoke).

Our page top photo shows the last step in the smell-source test procedure, though we recommend that this step be conducted outdoors in fresh air.

How can I Track an Indoor Odor to its Source?

The procedure we describe here is easy, inexpensive, and fast - you'll need a day or so, plus some common household materials to track down an indoor smell to the surface or material that is its most likely source.

Depending on what caused the material to smell in the first place, disposal may be the only option. In other cases, amateur or professional cleaning or use of sealant paints may be effective.

Photo: blue painters tape is holding a square of aluminum foil securely on to carpeting that's being tested as a possible source of a building smell.

Under that foil is a folded square of fresh, clean, odorless paper towel that will be used to absorb odors from the carpet below.

We used this test to prove that over-dosing with ozone oxidized building carpet or carpet padding to create a terrible indoor stink.

If you've already tried using an ozone generator to kill an indoor odor, you may have used the equipment improperly.

Ozone or O₃ is a highly reactive oxygen molecule that can cause oxidation of materials that it touches.

This oxidation, especially of some rubbers and plastics, can leave a horrible smell in the treated building.

Below we explain exactly how to use paper towels, aluminum foil, and tape to perform this simple, inexpensive, but effective odor source test of building surfaces and materials.

Easy & Low-Cost Smell Capture Patch Test to Pin Down an Indoor Odor Source

Above: a clean paper towel folded into quarters to form a square, a roll of 1-inch blue painter's tape, and a roll of new clean aluminum foil - that's all we need to perform this smell patch test procedure.

Our friend Jeff May suggested this procedure for pinning down a specific odor test in buildings - it has worked remarkably well for us where ozone had caused an indoor smell that could not be tracked down.

Our photo shows the supplies you need as well as a test set up on the surface of wall to wall carpeting.

Below we have added to and provided details of just how Jeff's smell patch test actually works. This is a qualitative smell test that requires just a few simple readily available things plus a "test person" who's thought to have a good sensitive sense of smell.

1. Purchase these indoor odor track-down supplies if you don't already have them

• A roll of new clean odor-free paper towels (not something that has a perfume in it)
• A roll of new clean foil wrap
• A roll of blue easy-to-remove masking tape or painter's tape

2. Close up the building - windows, and doors

Photo above: Smell-source detection test: in place on wall to wall carpeting.

3. Prepare and apply odor collecting test patches on the surface of each suspected material such as carpeting, carpet padding wall surfaces, trim surfaces, furniture surfaces

• Fold a paper towel into quarters and place or hold it on the surface to be tested. See our photo above of the needed supplies.
• Tear off a sheet of foil wrap that is several inches larger than the folded paper towel
• Place the folded paper towel on the surface to be tested (Photo above left shows this smell locator test set up on wall to wall carpeting - we would also recommend a separate test of the carpet padding below the carpeting)
• Place the foil wrap over the paper towel
• Tape the foil wrap in place using the blue painter's tape (Photos above of a smell test patch kit test on wall-to-wall carpeting and below of an odor test on a wall surface)

Above: a smell test patch kit taped to a building wall: we're checking the drywall to see if that material has absorbed odors and is giving them back to the room.

4. Prepare and apply additional odor-collecting test patches on all other building surfaces to be tested as an odor source. Typically these include:

• Rug or wall to wall carpet surface in most-suspect area
• Rug or carpet under-padding
• Painted wall surfaces (Photo below)
• Plastic or vinyl windows, trim, blinds, curtains
• Surfaces of furniture suspected as an odor source, especially couches and chairs stuffed with foam padding if odor problems followed use of an ozone generation machine

5. Prepare additional control test patches (optional) - we apply multiple samples to the same surface as a test control described below
   
   
6. Wait 24 hours or longer 
   
   - you are allowing odors and gases under the paper towel to impregnate and be absorbed into the paper towel.
   
   Do not disturb the foil covering the paper towel during this time.
   
   The foil covering assures that what's being absorbed into the paper towel is emanating just from the surface being tested.
   
   The aluminum foil will also be used to quickly wrap and trap gases in the odor-filled paper towel at the end of the test period.
7. Station your test subject person outdoors in fresh air out of the wind 
   
   - select someone with a good sense of smell, or best, the person who has already complained of a specific odor in the building.
   
   See also ODOR SENSITIVITIY VARIES by PERSON
   
   This outdoor stationing of the person who is to perform the "sniff test" is very important because people who are exposed to a smell for a period of time tend to lose their ability to detect that odor.
   
   Actually some odor or chemical exposures can increase sensitivity (Rabin 1986) while in many if not most cases odor sensitivity diminishes (Dalton 1996, Zufall 1997).
   
   Bottom line: the "sniffer" person selected to detect the building odor whose source is being sought should be someone who already reports being familiar with the odor but who has been stationed in fresh air so as not to be desensitized to the smell.
   
   Watch out: the test smeller or sniffer person should have been out of the smell-test building for at least 24 hours and should be known to have a good sense of smell. By stationing that person in fresh air outdoors out of a windy spot we can be sure that their smell sensitivity hasn't been compromised.
   
   This fresh air and a fresh "nose" are critical because when people are exposed to an odor for longer periods they become desensitized to it .
   
   (Details are at References or Citations at the end of this article.)

8. Test each smell patch as follows:
   
   

   

   Above: I'm peeling up the foil and the paper towel beneath the foil from its test surface and very quickly folding it in upon itself to trap any smells or gases in the paper.

• Lift a corner of the masking taped foil-covered paper towel test patch (photo above)
• Quickly fold the paper towel patch inside of the foil that was used to cover it (photo below)
  
  - do this quickly so you don't contaminate the patch of paper towel with other indoor air or gases
  
  My next photo below shows that we have sealed the paper towel completely inside of the foil covering.

I've crunched the foil into an enclosed "ball" to carry outside to our smell test person.

• Take the smell test package outside into fresh air in a non-windy location:
  
  Quickly carry the paper towel patch, now folded in foil, outside and present it to your test person
• Conduct the smell test:
  
  The test person opens the foil wrap and sticks his/her nose into the paper towel and sniffs, reporting when s/he smells the offending odor that was previously the complaint in the building.

Watch out: Move fast. Don't stop to take a photo like this or you may lose some of the odor absorbed in the paper towel.

9. Test your control smell patches as follows:

• Present smell test and smell test control patches to the smell-test person,
  
  without telling him/her the surface from which it was taken nor which sample is which - odor or control.
• Tear open a corner of the foil covering the smell-absorbing paper towel
  
   - just large enough to get the test person's nose inside of the foil. (Photo, below)

Below: I've just opened the foil (with its paper towel inside) ball enough for the test person to sniff for odors.

• The smell test person sniffs the paper towel and reports their observations.

Below: I'm demonstrating smelling or sniffing the opened smell test kit for odor detection.

If a smell test is definitive, the test person will usually report very accurately which patches are from a given smell or surface area.

We have had very good results with this procedure when used to narrow down odor sources in an ozone-treated building, and we had up to 95% repeatability when we used additional smell test patches.

What Does the Odor & Smell Patch Test Kit Do or Not Do for You?

This is not a scientific test to capable of identifying the actual chemical constituents of an odor, rather it's a means of odor source location - costing almost nothing compared with paying for an air sample collection and spectrographic analysis.

Once we know the source of a smell or odor, it may be that the simplest, most-economical approach is to remove the off-gassing material or product itself.

There are indeed more technical air test methods used by industrial hygienists who collect one or more air samples in a vacuum container and send that to a lab for characterization, or who may use specific instruments designed to detect the level of specific gases or classes of gases. We will give some examples of these just below.

There are widely-marketed "air tests" sold by a number of companies testing for specific classes of gases such as "VOCs", formaldehyde, or "tobacco" - in my OPINION not something that should be a first step as the number of possible pollutants and even pollutant classes is so great, and as there is no simple single "test" that covers the spectrum.

One should note this concern about "air testing" for odors: even if we knew what chemical soup was in the air that may not be sufficiently diagnostic and it certainly won't be prescriptive - giving a course of action. To take action we need to know:

• That hazardous or obnoxious conditions indeed exist at a level that merits action
• What is the source of the odor or gas or off-gas
• What are the specific hazards and hazard levels of the gas
• We might need to know (depending on the situation) the actual level of the gas in the building over time: the occupant exposure level
• What remedies are available: removing an offgassing material, changing how the building air quality is maintained, other protective measures

Resources for Odor & Gas Detection

• AIR MONITORING APPROACHES, OSHA [PDF] , OSHA, retrieved 2017/06/08, original source: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/complinks/OSHG-HazWaste/7-8.pdf
• EMERGENCY RESPONSE, IAQ, GAS, MOLD - suggestions
• GAS EXPOSURE LIMITS & STANDARDS
• GAS EXPOSURE SCREENING TEST
• VENTILATION, BALANCED - control odors and improve IAQ without increasing building heating or cooling costs
• Hess-Kosa, Kathleen. Indoor air quality: the latest sampling and analytical methods. CRC Press, 2016.
• Hess-Kosa, Kathleen. Environmental sampling for unknowns. CRC Press, 1996.
• Hummel, Thomas, B. Sekinger, Stephan R. Wolf, E. Pauli, and Gerd Kobal. "‘Sniffin’sticks': olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold." Chemical senses 22, no. 1 (1997): 39-52.
• Kobal, G., L. Klimek, M. Wolfensberger, H. Gudziol, A. Temmel, C. M. Owen, H. Seeber, E. Pauli, and T. Hummel. "Multicenter investigation of 1,036 subjects using a standardized method for the assessment of olfactory function combining tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds." European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology 257, no. 4 (2000): 205-211.
• Lehrner, Johann P., Judith Glück, and Matthias Laska. "Odor identification, consistency of label use, olfactory threshold and their relationships to odor memory over the human lifespan." Chemical Senses 24, no. 3 (1999): 337-346.
• Olsson, Mats J., and William S. Cain. "Psychometrics of odor quality discrimination: method for threshold determination." Chemical senses 25, no. 5 (2000): 493-499.
• Saito, Sachiko, Saho Ayabe-Kanamura, Yasuhiro Takashima, Naomi Gotow, Naomi Naito, Takashi Nozawa, Miyako Mise, Yuichi Deguchi, and Tatsu Kobayakawa. "Development of a smell identification test using a novel stick-type odor presentation kit." Chemical senses 31, no. 4 (2006): 379-391.

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Reader Q&A - also see RECOMMENDED ARTICLES & FAQs

How to do the patch test for ozone smells

I cannot find how to do the patch test for ozone smells to detect the source.

The links in your information do not lead to how to do the test. Please help me. We ran an ozone machine 2 years ago in my basement and it still has a smell.

I think it reacted to the carpet. Will a vinegar carpet cleaning help? - On 2021-02-06 by KJK

Reply by (mod) -

KJ

The step by step procedure for performing a "smell patch test" is given in detail on the page above.

See the article header titled

Try this 8-Step Smell Capture Patch Test to Pin Down a Specific Indoor Odor Source

Watch out: This test is not specific to "ozone smells" nor any other specific odor.

Furthermore, ozone is so highly volatile that you will not detect it many hours after ozone generating equipment has been turned off and removed.

Instead, what may remain are odors from oxidized materials if the ozone treatment over-dosed the building.

The odor test above on this page allows the detection of any unusual or un-expected smell emanated from any building surface to which a clean folded paper towel can be left sealed for a time, then removed and sniffed.

The purpose is to track down an odor described as "a smell in this area" or "an odor in this room" to a surface from which the odor appears to emanate most-strongly.

Vinegar nor any other type of carpet cleaning will not remove an odor from carpeting that was oxidized by over-dosing with ozone. You'll need to replace the carpet and its padding.

Insurance company tested insulation for odors after a house fire - is this reliable?

I had house fire. I raised a concern to the insurance company that the insulation contaminated with smoke odor and needs to be replaced , the adjustor instructed the restoration company to do test holes in the wall and see any smoke odor trapped in the insulation.

My question to you to advise what methods used to determine if smoke odor is trapped in the insulation? Is it visual or lap test ?

I don’t want to take any chances and the insurance company will try to brush me off. Thanks in advance - On 2023-03-27 by Andy -

Reply by InspectApedia Editor (mod) - Questioning reliablility of "test holes" in insulation to check for fire or smoke residue odors

@Andy,

" test holes in the wall and see any smoke odor trapped in the insulation"

doesn't sound like a reliable method of odor control after a fire. I would be really grateful if your insurance adjustor would be kind enough to give us any reference citations supporting that idea: an insurance company publication, a fire restoration standard, a research paper.

But I'd agree with and insurance adjuster who argued that if fire and smoke never entered a particular building cavity - which is possible depending on the type of construction and extent and location of the fire - then you'd not expect insulation in the cavity to smell smoky.

Are they going to paint surfaces with an odor sealant paint?

Who gets to do the final "sniff" test to agree that there are no remaining fire odor sources.

Fire Odor Removal Suggestions

• RIA Guidelines for Fire & Smoke Damage Repair - 2nd Edition available from the Restoration Industry Association - https://www.restorationindustry.org/contact
• FIRE DAMAGE OF WOOD STRUCTURES B. Kukay, R. White, and F. Woeste - cited in detail below
  
  Excerpt:
  
  Fire odors should be identified and removed before the appli­cation of sealers, paints, and other finishes as the masking effects of such products is temporary [32].
  
  The presence of fire acids, visible fire residues, and odor needs to be addressed.
  
  The heating is strictly via radiation, the RIA Guidelines for Fire and Smoke Damage Repair [43] provides information on methods for removal of fire residues, neutralizing acid residues, removing fire odors, and the use of sealing and encapsulation.
  
  Structural members restored after fire damage a should retain no char or untreated fire residues even when they are covered with new framing or other interior finish [32].
• White, Robert H., and Brian M. Kukay. POST-FIRE ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL WOOD MEMBERS [PDF] Wood and Timber Condition Assessment Manual (2014): 33.Copy at
  
  https://inspectapedia.com/structure/Post-Fire-Assessment-of-Wood-Strutural-Members-White.pdf
  
• Kukay, B., R. White, and F. Woeste. FIRE DAMAGE OF WOOD STRUCTURES [PDF] Inspection, Testing, and Monitoring of Buildings and Bridges (2012): 73-83.
• Belloni, K., K. Villberg, K. Tillander, K. Saarela, and T. Paloposki. "Removal of fire odor; Tulipalon jaelkihajujen poisto." (2005).
  
  Abstract
  In this work, the removal of fire odors from building materials and indoor air was studied experimentally.
  
  The majority of the experiments were conducted in a laboratory as so-called small scale experiments. Some field experiments were also carried out.
  
  The objective of the work was to increase the knowledge of the effects of different odor removal treatments. In the laboratory experiments, test specimens made of selected building materials were exposed to smoke from different materials (particle board, plastic flooring, and eggs).
  
  After the exposure, the test specimens were cleaned and different odor removal treatments were applied.
  
  The success of different odor removal treatments was assessed both by sensory evaluation and by measuring the emission of volatile organic compounds from subjected building material specimens into the indoor air.
  
  It was observed that the smoke produced in the laboratory experiments contained high quantities of compounds which are known to smell bad and/or to be otherwise harmful.
  
  The observed compounds and their quantities varied according to the material burned.
  
  The compounds emitted from the exposed building material specimens were partly the same as in the smoke and partly converted into other compounds. The smell of the specimens was found strong and unpleasant in the sensory evaluation.
  
  After the odor removal treatments no clear connection between the emission of volatile organic compounds and the sensed smell was observed. In certain cases the emissions were high and yet the sensed smell was characterized as 'approved' and sometimes even as 'pleasant'. In these cases the high emissions were caused by compounds typical to cleaning chemicals.
  
  In some cases the emission levels were low and yet the sensed smell was characterized as 'unapproved'. The explanation to these observations could, however, in almost all the cases be found in the compounds emitted from the exposed specimen.
  
  When the emission levels of a specimen were low and its smell 'unapproved', the compounds emitted from the specimen were known to have low smell thresholds or to be malodorous.
  
  In a thorough assessment of odor removal treatments attention must be paid to several factors simultaneously.
  
  These include measured emission level, emitted compounds and their health effects, and the sensed smell.
  
  Some odor removal treatments studied in the laboratory experiments functioned relatively well for all situations tested in this study while other treatments were clearly more suitable for certain situations.
  
  When comparing results obtained by different treatments it is important to take into account also the treatment time. In real life situations the odor removal work usually has to be conducted within certain timeframe and the chosen treatment is a compromise between the best possible results and the time available.
  
  In light of the observations made in this work it seems that the best results and the shortest treatment time are obtained by combining heating with ventilation in addition to odor removal chemicals or equipment.
  
  Besides the laboratory experiments, odor removal was studied also in field conditions.
  
  Field measurements were conducted in a row house where a kitchen fire had occurred and in a single house in which a back plate of a television set was burnt under controlled circumstances.
  
  In these cases the success of the applied odor removal treatments was assessed by measuring the amounts of volatile organic compounds, polyaromatic compounds, ammonia, and formaldehyde in the indoor air and by measuring the emissions from the surfaces. Field measurements did not include sensory evaluation.
  
  In the field measurements higher VOC emissions were observed after the odor removal treatment than before it. However, the high emissions were due to compounds typical to cleaning and disinfecting chemicals.
  
  The amounts of compounds typical to fire smoke had decreased significantly after the odor removal treatment.
  
  The measurements conducted in this work support the policy that people involved in postfire restoration should be well protected against exposure via lungs as well as via skin.
  
  Also the surroundings of the damaged area and people therein must be protected, for example, by low-pressurizing and compartmenting the area. (orig.)
  
  
  

I can’t stand the smell! It’s ruined my health, my mental health, and so much more

I hope someone will respond to me about the problem. I can’t stand the smell! It’s ruined my health, my mental health, and so much more

I can describe the heaters for you..the coil pieces are packed full of glued dust, debris, will not vacuum out, has been there over 40 years, from bedridden man who was in here all that time and also smoked a lot.

I was told hazmat had to come after he died. Prob was dead in here. Neighbors said walls were all brown, they had to cover their nose and mouth the times they came in to help him because he was left alone.

I’m sure he spilled urine bottles and food, drinks, for years and years. There’s brown tarry stuff where walls meet under heaters.

I’ve read about emergency first responders and they understand the smell. I feel for them but they can leave those places. I have had to LIVE IN IT for years because my Housing place refused to fix it.

I’d like to know how to determine what something like this can do to ones health and if I’m in danger if I try cleaning it again?

So, sure.. if you think it helps to tell me how to add the photos,

Thank you so much!! It’s a slight relief to see that someone saw my post at all!
Thank you!! Let me know. Signed, Last Nerve! -On 2021-01-30 by Anonymous -

Catalog of multiple smells and odors in a home

Dear sirs, your site has been the only real help I’ve ever found... ways to find and prove odors! Thank you!

But I’m still suffering terribly. Unfortunately I lost my home from 2008 recession and ended up in Housing in 2017.

I noticed slight urine smell before moving in but was ridiculed into feeling silly for saying it.

(Like, beggars can’t be choosers) First winter as a tenant I kept smelling horrible smell driving me crazy! Long story short, I found the source.

Neighbors & other Housing staff confided that previous tenant was bedridden here for 35 years.

Walls were brown, smell so bad it permeated thru walls to other duplex & anyone coming in had to cover face.

Housing never repainted or held tenant to any clean standard but rather waited until he passed away, (prob in the unit too ?)

Source.. heater coils, specifically thousands of metal squares that are around heating pipes (forced hot water) are caked with debris that does NOT vacuum out & can’t pick out.

Brown tarry substance along floors where walls meet, All old heater pieces, which there are many, are also soiled & rusted. Walls are starting to brown again too. I’lol do patch test to see if smell still coming thru paint on walls, etc.

We had small weird fries for years and occasionally still see them. ? Housing has again ridiculed me, accusing me of just wanting a new place, denying everything. Problem in living smell is, when heaters come on, that’s when it’s at its worst!

They’d need to spend a while in here as the smell creeps up, but once it does, it’s on my whole face and even taste. This is my 4th winter & I am desperate, on my last nerve. My life is over in this place but being their own boss, they don’t care.

Health Dept it’s not their lane. I tied going above Housing but they retaliate. Please, is ther any help any where? Pray for me please. Not sure how to add more than 1 photo. Hope this gets to you. - On 2021-01-08 by Last nerve -

Smells after adding leveling concrete in a basement

Thank you for your articles. I am stumped. We recently added some leveling concrete in our basement and caused some cracks with a sealant however that was two months ago.

Since that time we have had a sweet smell in a room not directly above. I can’t tell if this is coincidence or something else going on. - On 2020-10-20 by Grace

Moderator reply to the questions above:

4 Odor Diagnosis Strategies

You can start tracking down the cause or source of an odor in one or more of several ways:

1. 8-STEP SMELL PATCH TEST to FIND ODOR SOURCE - given on this page: a procedure for testing specific surfaces or items to see if an odor source of if they have absorbed and are re-emitting an odor
2. ODOR DIAGNOSIS SIX STEPS - take an orderly approach to odor source tracking in a building
3. ODOR DIAGNOSIS CHECKLIST - an easy checklist of types of materials or items or surfaces to examine or test as possible odor sources
4. ODORS GASES SMELLS, DIAGNOSIS & CURE - topic home, a catalog of places to look when tracking down an odor source

Did you Use Ozone to Try to Get Rid of Skunk or Mold Smells?

This quote from a reader's email pretty well sums up what happens if you overdo it when using an ozone generator indoors to try to "kill off" odors:

It's a long story, but I used a high powered ozone generator in our house, to get rid of skunk smell. Now I can't get rid of the left over nitric oxide, or whatever odor or gases, that linger in our house.

I have been leaving the windows open every day, with running the heat on high (85 degrees) at night, to try to force off-gas the odors/gases.

We have investigated a number of cases of misapplication of ozone generating machines both to "kill mold" (no good, you're leaving toxic or allergenic particles, and you haven't corrected the reason for mold growth in the first place).

We have also investigated several cases of excessive ozone-use to try to remove odors from buildings, including fire or fireplace smells, mold smells, pet or animal smells, skunk odors, smoking odors, etc.

Using an Ozone Generator Has Left a Smell in our Home - How do I Get Rid of It?

If you have aired out the building and days or more have passed and you still smell a "new" chemical or plastic or other odor that was not there before you tried using your ozone generator, you'll need to determine just what materials were oxidized by the high levels of ozone in the building.

It's been our experience that once you identify and dispose of the new-smelly material you'll probably be fine. Here are some examples of material we've found giving off horrible smells after misuse of an ozone generator.

(Misuse means using the ozone generator to try to kill mold, or running an ozone generator too long at too high a setting in too small a space - overdoing it).

Here are some common odor absorbing things to test after an ozone over-dose in a building

• Carpets, especially synthetic carpets
• Carpet padding
• Foam cushions
• Other plastic furnishings or furniture covers
• Rubber pads, padding

Who do I contact to come find a smell my commercial building?

Who do I contact to come find a smell my commercial building?

We've been looking for weeks and can not pin point it. - On 2020-03-06 by Ron

Reply by (mod) -

Ron, try the page top EXPERTS DIRECTORY

Thank you to our readers for their generous comments

... your site has been the only real help I’ve ever found... ways to find and prove odors! Thank you! - On 2021-01-08 by Last nerve

... Thank you for your articles. - On 2020-10-20 by Grace

...

Continue reading at ODOR DIAGNOSIS CHECKLIST, PROCEDURE or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

Or see SMELL PATCH TEST to FIND ODOR SOURCE FAQs - questions and answers posted originally on this page

Or see these

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• ODORS GASES SMELLS, DIAGNOSIS & CURE - home
• ODOR DIAGNOSIS CHECKLIST, PROCEDURE
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Suggested citation for this web page

SMELL PATCH TEST to FIND ODOR SOURCE at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.

Or see this

INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES: ARTICLE INDEX to BUILDING ODOR DIAGNOSIS & CURE

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Citations & References

In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.

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