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 PEX Tubing & Piping
Cross-Linked Polyethylene PEX Piping Installation, Inspection, Safety
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PEX cross linked polyethylene piping guide: This article describes the properties of Pex Tubing or Piping, Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX). We discuss the uses of PEX tubing for water supply & in heating applications. We describe the several differnt types of PEX tubing connector systems used including PEX crimp fittings, PEX compression fittings, PEX expander fittings, PEX Press-Fit connectors, and PEX Shark-Bite fittings and connectors. We also discuss the ongoing debate of Pex versus Copper or other piping choices, with the pros and cons of each, and we include a literature review of and comment on the question is PEX tubing or piping safe to use or does it leach contaminants into our water supply.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
Pex Tubing or Piping, Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX)
PEX and PB plastic pipe are used for water supply in buildings use mechanical fittings (crimp and compression type) and we have found some installers using PEX tubing in low temperature heating applications (see below). PEX piping is also referred to as "cross-linked polyethylene" piping or just "PEX".
Our photo (left) illustrates PEX water supply piping being installed in a New York home. Photo courtesy Galow Homes. Installing both building water supply piping and heating supply piping (and radiant heating) can be significantly faster using PEX tubing because of its ability to bend around turns, avoiding some elbows, 45's and other fittings.
PEX piping is used in both hot and cold water applications (see the blue and red colors below). By convention the builder uses blue PEX for cold water and red PEX for hot water supply piping lines.
Generally you will find PEX piping or tubing marked with the nominal pipe size, wall thickness, and pressure rating and other information (see the illustration just below).
Temperature and pressure ratings for PEX, according to Zurn Manufacturing's engineering specifications is 160 PSI at 73°F, 100 PSI at 180°F, and 80 PSI at 200°F. |
Illustration of PEX tubing markings - courtesy Zurn Manufacturing (permission requested 12/2010). [Click any image or table to see an enlarged, detailed version.]
When installing PEX piping, care must be taken that the pipe does not contact heating ducts. If the pipe freezes, it is less likely to burst than and copper piping. Also, most types of plastic water pipe tend to sag and should be well supported by hangers.
Watch out: PEX plastic water piping should not be installed outdoors or exposed to sunlight for long periods. The red and blue PEX piping shown below (right) were delivering hot and cold water in a newly-constructed home. The larger black ABS plastic pipe is probably a drain line.
Watch out: do not use plastic piping nor any other type of piping in applications for which it was not intended, or the result could be dangerous. For example, do not use PEX tubing for LP or natural gas piping. |
PEX Tubing Connectors: Types, Tools, Requirements
Watch out: a variety of patented PEX tubing push-fit and clamp connecting fittings (at least six types) and connector crimping tools are on the market. You may not obtain a proper and secure PEX connection if you mix tubing connector fittings and crimping tools improperly. We recommend choosing a specific connector type and crimping tool and using it consistently at a given plumbing installation.
Examples & Photographs of the various types of PEX fittings and the special tools used include:
- Clamp type PEX fittings (photo at left) using a brass connector and stainless steel clamp-rings (e.g. Hydro-Pex clamping tool). These connectors were in use in our PEX installation photograph above. Popular, easy to use.
Note in our PEX photo at left that on the cold water (blue) Tee fitting one of the clamp fittings remains to be completed. (Photo courtesy Galow Homes).
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- Crimp type PEX fittings (photo at left - Crimp type PEX fittings in a Haddonfield New Jersey home) (e.g. Watts Radiant PEX cramping tool) using Hydro-Pex fittings.
The copper crimp rings are used with most PEX connectors.
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- Compression type PEX fittings (photo at left) (radiant heating and other applications) uses three parts (connector, compression ring or ferrule, threaded nut) to connect PEX tubing to a radiant heating manifold.
Threaded nut and ferrule are used with an insert to prepare the tubing for connection to the manifold.
No special tools are needed and compression type PEX fittings work with standard and Pex tubing.
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- Expander type PEX fittings (photo at left, Expander type PEX fittings in a Tivoli NY home), e.g. ProPEX brass connecting fittings and the ProPEX expander tool from Uponor (formerly Wirsbo PEX fittings). The expander tool actually expands or "stretches" the PEX tubing to accept the connecting fitting. A ProPEX ring of larger diameter covers and completes the expanded fitting connection. Popular with professional plumbers.
Our PEX tubing photo (left) illustrates three PEX installation details: use of expander-type PEX fittings, and at the photo bottom (blue cold water piping) a protective sleeve or bushing at the floor joist penetration, and a steel nail plate to protect the tubing from puncture by ceiling drywall (to be installed).
Watch out: use only with PEX A-quality fittings. lower quality tubing will not make secure PEX connections with this method.
Note: in best construction practices all holes drilled through structural floor joists (shown at left) would be made in the center of the joist, not near the bottom as in our photo.
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- Press-fit type PEX fittings from Wirsbo, Mr. PEX, and Viega. (do not assume you can mix fittings and tools among these three manufacturers). Use the Viega PEX press tool requires using Viega fittings, for example.
The Viega press PEX fittings are sold separately from the required stainless steel press PEX rings OR you can buy Viega pex press fittings that include the crimp ring already combined with the fitting.
When using the Viega method with the integrated fitting and crimp ring you'll need to look closely to assure that you have inserted the fitting fully into the tubing before crimping the sleeve using the Viega tool. Works with standard and Pex tubing.
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- SharkBite PEX push-fit fittings (photo at left) - push-in fittings (also work with copper and CPVC). No tools or rings are required.
We used the SharkBite fitting shown at left to temporarily cut and discontinue active hot and cold water plumbing lines during a building renovation/addition project. The fittings avoided having to drain piping and solder end caps onto pipes that were later to be further cut back, excavated, and permanently capped below the slab.
- PEX Tubing cutter - used to make a clean end-cut, e.g. Wirsbo (now Uponor) PEX cutter
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Standards, Listings and Approvals for PEX Plumbing Systems
The following standards and building codes list at least some elements of PEX plumbing systems.
- ANSI/NSF Standard 14 (NSF International)
- ANSI/NSF Standard 61
- ASTM F876 (American Society for Testing & Materials)
- ASTM F877
- ASTM F1807
- CAN/CSA B137.5 (Canadian Standards Association)
- California Plumbing Code - 2010
- IPC (International Plumbing Code)
- IRC (International Residential Code)
- UPC (Uniform Plumbing and Mechanical Code)
- U.S. State & Local Regulations or Canadian Provincial or Local Regulations
Plumb-PEX Plumbing System Class Action Settlement - PEX piping leaks
In March 2012 the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota court-ordered homeowner notification program was scheduled to begin. People who own or previously owned a building where Plumb-PEX plumbing components were installed are notified of a proposed class action settlement involving Radiant Technology, Inc. and Uponor, Inc who sold Plumb-PEX insert fittings and stainless steel PEX tubing clamps. Those components may have leaked, or may leak, causing building damage. The defendants denied all claims of the lawsuit but have agreed to settle the case. [14][15]
Plumb-PEX Settlement Details
RTI Plumb-PEX Plumbing System fittings and components including
- ASTM Standard F1807 brass insert fittings
- Stainless steel clamps used with the installation of these components
- Installed on or after 15 May 1999
- Where a leak in the system [using those components] occurred or
- Where water flow differential of 50% is found between hot and cold water supply lines feeding one or more fixtures
or
- People or "entities" whose structure has already suffered a qualifying leak and have already paid for repairs
Plumb-PEX Settlement Provisions
The settlement reimburses for property damage caused by a qualifying leak in the Plumb-PEX installation, and it provides for possible repair or replacement of the RTI Plumb-PEX installation in structures suffering two or more "qualifying" leaks.
Watch out: If you are eligible for a claim under the Plumb-PEX settlement, you must file your claim within 18 months of the notification date of 22 March 2012
Also see PEX vs. Copper Water Supply Piping - health & other questions found below in the FAQs section of this article.
Kitec Brass Fitting & Related IPEX Plastic Pipe Leaks: Class Action Settlement
The following is excerpted from our detailed article about KITEC and IPEX discussed in detail at PLASTIC PIPE LEAK CAUSES
The Kitec system was a collection of brass plumbing connectors intended for use with PEX type plastic piping. Kitec, also in some sources spelled Kyetec is a brand of brass plumbing fitting that was recalled in 2005 by its manufacturer, IPEX, due to its tendency to quickly corrode. - Wikipedia [30]
Kitec plastic pipe and fittings has agreed to settle class-action suits in the United States and Canada for $125 million. The piping system that is the subject of this action was used in roughly 292,000 U.S. and Canadian homes beginning in 1995.
Other Names & Synonyms for Kitec Plastic Pipe
Kitec was also sold in Canada for a time under the trademarks "IPEX Aqua", "IPEX Homerite", and under the more generic name "PEX-Al-PEX" (for PEX - polyethylene crosslinked - Aluminum - PEX). - Wikipedia [30]
The settlement covers properties where Kitec plumbing (typically blue plastic for cold water lines and orange for hot water lines) was used in both the U.S. and Canada (excluding Clark County NV, the subject and area of a previous Kitec pipe plumbing failure case in the mid-1990s.).
There are also distinctive brass connecting fittings (photos at the Kitec website). After attorneys fees, administrative costs and payments to the class representatives in the suit, more than $93 million is expected to be available for claims.
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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about PEX Tubing or Piping for Water Supply or Heating Applications
Question: Pex vs. Copper Water Supply Piping - which should I use?
Question: my daughter is doing extensive renovations on her house and the question has come up whether to use PEX or copper in the plumbing. I did a google search and the informations is conflicted; see below. [We read & also expanded the writer's original four web link citations in the article below - Ed.] Do you have knowledge of, and opinions about, this controversy? Any thoughts would be helpful. Thanks. Elisha Fisch, New York 2/17/2013
Reply:
 I have worked with both PEX and Copper piping, though of course
Copper has been around a long time. We recently chose PEX for both water suppy and for a hot water heating line in an addition and so far have been happy with the results.
Our PEX tubing photo at left shows its use in new construction completed in a New York structure in 2012.
You can see the ease of bending radius in these piping runs of both hot (red) and cold (blue) water supply lines.
What follows is an OPINION based on field experience as a builder, renovator & inspector:
PEX water supply piping offers some advantages over copper sweat-fitting piping installation
Our PEX tubing photo at left illustrates an older PEX piping product installed in a Haddonfield New Jersey Home.
- A PEX piping installation typically requires fewer connections (as the tubing is so flexible). That may mean a reduced risk of a leak -since leaks often occur at connections in piping systems
- ThePEX tubing is quite inert, so it is rather immune to pinholing problems or corrosion problems experienced by copper piping in some systems where the water chemistry is aggressive or where there is an electrical ground snafu
- Noise transmission in PEX tubing is less than metal piping, though this is more an issue with drains that supply in most locations.
- Condensation on the cold water piping exterior is less than on metal cold water supply piping - a factor in some pipe routing locations where dripping condensate can wet an area or cause a mold aggravation. (SWEATING (CONDENSATION) on PIPES, TANKS)
- Similarly, because of the observation that plastic transmits heat less quickly than copper I suspect that there is less heat loss when running hot water for washing or bathing as well as in heating system applications.
- In an area exposed to freeze risk I think that the risk of burst pipe damage is reduced (probably not eliminated) when plastic piping is ussed
- Compared with copper piping, a PEX water supply piping installation is easy and fast. Cuts are made with a simple hand tool, and fittings are installed with a different tool. Speed of installation should save on labor and maybe on overall cost; the connectors cost more but you use fewer of them;
PEX Supply Piping Caveats
- Possible MTBE Contamination associated with PEX water piping
- Bottom line: although in more than one form PEX tubing or water piping has been used in Europe since the 1970's and in the U.S. for the last 20 years without [we have not found report of] a study confirming health injury associated with the material, still based on a literature review (citations are at the end of this article) in our OPINION there may be a contamination concern where PEX water supply piping is used.
We will continue to monitor the PEX health and contamination question and will update here. Contact Us by email to send field reports or to report on new studies.
We cite some warning sources below; however the jury remains out, and we tend to agree with those who point out that there are risks and pluses and minuses with the alternative piping materials as well. The PEX and water contamination topic is clouded by incomplete research and varying opinions including e.g.
- "PEX will not leach bad chemicals into your plastic nor will copper leach lead from the solder, which is now lead free." and from a separate article "... The question of how safe PEX tubing is has an inherent counterpart question which is, How safe are all the alternatives to PEX?... since there is no clear winner for piping, your selection is likely to be driven by project-specific design and construction considerations. For example, I prefer piping that best accommodates structured plumbing design and efficient hot water flow; the ability and ease with which PEX permits large radius bends reduces turbulence and means more efficient plug flow of hot water. "- greenbuilding advisor.com [25][26]
- Chemax, a citation you provided (http://www.chemaxx.com/polytube1.htm ) cites a 2001 study into odor and taste complaints in new homes with PEX piping. An excerpt from that resource states:
- In the course the investigation it was discovered that t-butanol and MTBE were showing up in the water. The levels of t-butanol spanned a broad range, but in homes where the water had been stagnant for a period of time the concentrations were as high as 10,000 ppb and greater. For comparison, the State of California has an enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) on MTBE of 13 ppb, and a non-enforceable Action Level on t-butanol of 12 ppb. ...
Since the chemicals enter the water via a diffusion process, the concentrations were a function of how long the water was in contact with the tubing. ...
If you are considering whether to build your home with PEX, you might ask the PEX manufacturer for a written letter that clearly states whether chemicals will be added to the drinking water and if so, which chemicals and to what degree. Note that simply passing NSF Standards does not guarantee that chemicals will not be added to your drinking water. [18]
- By 2003 this contamination source was under considerable study, and Skjevrak et als. made clear that significant contamination was traced to PEX (HDPE) piping. These authors explained the chemical basis of both odor and taste complaints. [19]
- In 2009 the approval of PEX by the California building code looked imminent, then met with opposition, debate, litigation. [27]
- In 2010 PEX plumbing was approved by the California plumbing code. [28]
- By 2010 the industry was providing new HDPE / PEX piping; Whelton et als reported that small differences in the chemistry of the piping could make significant differences in its reaction with water. [20]
- In 2011 Whelan (who has been researching this topic since at leasdt 2009) et als reported
both ongoing study of PEX performance and also provided a literature review, our second citation just below.
- "... chlorinated water exposure of HDPE and PEX pipes increases
polar contaminant diffusivity during sorption by 50–162% and decreases diffusivity during
desorption as much as 211%. ... ... Aged PE pipe surfaces can
impact pipe performance and contaminant exposure risks posed to water users. " - Dissertation 2009 [24]
- Contaminant solubility was slightly increased for aged PEX-A and slightly decreased for PEX-B pipes. Toluene and trichloromethane diffusivity and solubility values for 7- to 25-year-old buried water utility pipes were similar to values for new and laboratory-aged HDPE-based materials. Because chlorinated water exposure alters how polar contaminants interact with aged PE pipes, results of this work should be considered in future health risk assessments, water quality modeling, pipe performance, and service-life considerations. [22]
- Contaminant migration from polymer pipes into drinking water is a growing concern in the United States and environmental engineers are evaluating the role of these materials on water quality, system operation, and regulatory compliance. To aid these efforts and serve as a source of background information, this paper critically reviews available literature on polymeric potable water pipes in use, known contaminants released from in–service and new piping, their perceived sources, and outlines future challenges in the U.S. and abroad. [23]
- In 2013 study of these questions continues. Jia Tang et als reported:on modeling the properties of these plumbing materials where water is chlorinated. [21]
- U.S. EPA information on MTBE as an unregulated water contaminant is at MTBE (methyl-t-butyl ether) in drinking water (an EPA website article at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/unregulated/mtbe.html ) This article offers:
- If you want to get your water tested [for MTBE], call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791) or visit our certified labs page to get the phone number for the office in your state that certifies drinking water laboratories.
- More details are at CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS in WATER
- SNAFUS: If the installer is not familiar with the product and uses wrong connectors or doesn't know how to install them expect trouble;
- Hot plastic water piping may require a few more points of support to avoid sags
- Because there is a variety of types of connector systems for PEX it's important that the installer understand the system and that s/he has the right installing tools for the connectors chosen.
- Individual connector fittings cost more than the functionally equivalent copper sweat fittings such as elbows, unions, and adapaters to threaded pipe for connection to some devices.
- If using plastic piping for heating system applicaitons double check with the supplier that the piping selected is rated for safe use in the operating temperature range for the heating equipment.
- Piping system failiures: I think that the issue with connector problems with PEX was specific and not current
- Environmental issues about using plastic products have some standing with many people who are concerned about using petroleum products and about producing products that remain a very very long time in the environment if/when in waste form.
But copper mining does not fail to make its mark on the environment either, so one can make an argument against either material. Copper mining in at least some locations means excavating huge holes in the earth; wastewater from mining operations may poison nearby waterways, and some mining operations may also involve halth risks or may exploit workers in other countries. In my OPINION an argument about which material is more environmentally sound is plagued with ambiguity and conflicts, as are some cases of litigation.
Copper Water Supply Piping
We discuss types of copper piping and their intended uses and copper fittings beginning at COPPER PIPING in buildings.
- Copper piping is something that I personally love aesthetically
- Copper supply piping is possibly familiar to more installers
- Copper pipe fittings & connectors are less confusing than plastic - standard, old, known to old-timers
- If all of the supply or drain piping in a building are continuous metal, then grounding the piping system increases electrical safety - a toaster dropped into a sink should blow a fuse or trip a breaker. This is a somewhat subtle safety point for which we have opinion, not data.
Copper Supply & Drain Piping Caveats
- Copper piping too is at risk of leaks, even long-standing clandestine in-building-cavity leaks (when the leak is tiny) if each fitting is not installed properly
- Condensation where cold water supply pipes run through building spaces is common on all pipe materials but occurs more quickly on metal pipes such as the copper cold water supply piping in our photo at left. In some locations the condensation and dripping of water can contribute to a building mold, insect, or other water-related building problem.
- More than plastic water supply piping, copper piping is more vulnerable to leaks caused by aggressive water chemistry, or by an electrical ground mistake as well as leaks due to galvanic corrosion if piping is mixed with steel in an older home (unless you use proper diaelectric fittings at those joints). Also see GALVANIC SCALE & METAL CORROSION
- More easily than plastic water supply piping, copper pipes can be damaged by vibration (OPINION),
- An amateur installation during copper fitting sweating (soldering) sometimes pushes too much copper into the joint leading to a very hard-to-find flow restriction.
- Lead in solder used to join copper water supply piping in older buildings can present a lead poisoning health hazard that varies by the extent of lead solder used, how the joints were soldered (did the installer push blobs of solder into the pipe interior), and the chemistry of water flowing through the pipes. Lead hazards associated with water piping are discussed in detail at LEAD PIPES in BUILDINGS.
Our photo (left) shows how a homeowner coped with a leak at a soldered (sweated) copper water supply pipe elbow that was difficult to reach for repair.
We discuss types of copper piping and their intended uses and copper fittings beginning at COPPER PIPING in buildings.
In sum, I don't believe there is a single "right" answer, and each material has some advantages and features that may make it fit a particular installation best. But when I ask my buddy Eric Galow, who is a full time builder, he's a PEX man all the way.
Question: is PEX the same as Kitec® ?
Is PEX the same as Kitec? How does one tell distinguish between Kitec and PEX? - Anon
Reply: Kitec was a brand of PEX subject of a class action settlement
Anon,
PEX (cross-linked polyethylene piping) is a general term for a type of plastic piping used in water supply, heating, and other applications.
Kitec® is a specific brand of PEX tubing that was subject of a class action settlement with an end-date for filing claims of 31 March 2012. Details are in our article PLASTIC PIPE LEAK CAUSES or you can jump directly to Kitek® plastic piping leaks, class action settlement; found within that article.
Detals about PEX piping are in the article above at PEX PIPING INFORMATION or for access to information about all types of plastic piping used in buildings start at PLASTIC PIPING ABS CPVC PB PEX PVC.
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
- Eric Galow, Galow Homes, Lagrangeville, NY. Mr. Galow can be reached by email: ericgalow@gmail.com or by telephone: 914-474-6613. Mr. Galow specializes in residential construction including both new homes and repairs, renovations, and additions.
- Mark Cramer Inspection Services Mark Cramer, Tampa Florida, Mr. Cramer is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors and is a Florida home inspector and home inspection educator. Mr. Cramer serves on the ASHI Home Inspection Standards. Contact Mark Cramer at: 727-595-4211 mark@BestTampaInspector.com
- John Cranor is an ASHI member and a home inspector (The House Whisperer) is located in Glen Allen, VA 23060. He is also a contributor to InspectApedia.com in several technical areas such as plumbing and appliances (dryer vents). Contact Mr. Cranor at 804-747-7747 or by Email: johncranor@verizon.net
 Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides:
- Commercial Building Inspection Courses - protocol ASTM Standard E 2018-08 for Property Condition Assessments
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Special Offer: Carson Dunlop Associates offers InspectAPedia readers in the U.S.A. a 5% discount on these courses: Enter INSPECTAHITP in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
- The Home Reference Book, a reference & inspection report product for building owners & inspectors.
Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
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Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter inspectaehrb in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Illustrated Home purchased as a single order Enter INSPECTAILL in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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- [3] PB (polybutylene with mechanical fittings) Piping leaks: especially in mobile homes and in the U.S. South, for example trailers and double-wides throughout Florida that were piped with this material - per M Cramer. See "Polybutylene Piping: Time Bomb?" Daniel Friedman, Journal of Light Construction, August 1996 [Technical Q&A].
- [4] ABS Plastic Pipe: "All Black -hit," defective black ABS plastic waste pipe manufactured in the mid 1980's failed by cracking. Additional information: www.abspipes.com
- [5] Polybutylene Plumbing (plastic pipes): gray plastic water supply piping cracked, leaked, and resulted in a class action and settlement.
- [6] ABS Plastic Drain/Waste/Vent (DWV) pipe failures: reported for Centaur, Phoenix, Polaris, Gable, and Spartan pipe mfgs. for pipe made between 1985 and 1988. CPSC Hot Line: 800-638-8270 or ABS Drain Leaks/Failures-Class Action Settlement COX settlement through Shell Oil set up by a contractor involved in the settlement Plumbing Failures: Spencer Class settlement. 10% of replacement cost/damages, only for acetal (plastic)fittings Polybutylene plumbing info at U. Arizona Polybutylene piping lawsuit settlement website Polybutylene plumbing lawsuit proposed settlement-old site
- Eric Galow, Galow Homes, Lagrangeville, NY. Mr. Galow can be reached by email: ericgalow@gmail.com or by telephone: 914-474-6613. Mr. Galow specializes in residential construction including both new homes and repairs, renovations, and additions.
- [7] PB Technology Center (information about PB Pipes) Tel: 800-338-7732, also see the 1990 PB Pipe recommendations published by the Polybutylene Product Line Committee of the Plastic Pipe and Fittings Association.
- Polybutylene Plumbing Failures: Spencer Class settlement. 10% of replacement cost/damages, only for acetal (plastic)fittings
- [8] Polybutylene plumbing info at U. Arizona
- [9] Polybutylene piping lawsuit settlement website
- [10] Polybutylene plumbing lawsuit proposed settlement-old site
- [11] Polybutylene Plumbing Failures, Lots of Info about, but slow-loading busy site
- [12] Zurn Manufacturing, Zurn Pex, Inc., Highway 11 East, Commerce, TX 75428, Tel: (903) 886-2580
provides information about installing and using PEX piping including Type b PEX through their website. Quoting from the company's website
Zurn was founded in 1900 in Erie, PA. It originally manufactured a patented backwater valve, and it now manufactures and distributes one of the largest plumbing products packages in the world! Zurn includes: the Specification Drainage Operation, AquaFlush flush valves, AquaSense sensor-operated plumbing products, AquaSpec commercial faucets, Wilkins, Zurn Light Commercial, Flo-Thru, the Chemical Drainage Systems, Zurn PEX Plumbing Systems and Zurn Radiant Heat.
- [13] Zurn PEX Plumbing Design and Application Guide (PDF) - web search 12/23/2010, original source http://www.zurn.com/operations/pexrh/pdfs/installation/PEXDesApplGuide.pdf
- [14] Zurn Pex Plumbing
Products Liability Litigation, United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT, No. 10-2267, Filed 6 July 2011, Quoting:
Minnesota homeowners brought this action1 against Zurn Pex, Inc. and Zurn
Industries, Inc (Zurn) alleging that brass fittings used in the company's cross linked
polyethylene (PEX) plumbing systems are inherently defective. In pretrial motions
the homeowners sought class certification for their consumer protection, warranty, and
negligence claims, and Zurn moved to strike the testimony of two of the homeowners’
experts. After denying Zurn's motion to strike the expert testimony, the district court2
granted the homeowner requests for class certification for their warranty and
negligence claims, but denied it for their consumer protection claims. Zurn appeals
from the district court's certification order. We affirm.
Web search 4/12/12, original source: www.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/11/07/102267P.pdf
- [15] Uponor, Inc., F1807 Plumbing Court File No. - United States District Court, District of Minnesota, In Re: Uponor, Inc., F1807 Plumbing Court File No. 11-MD-2247 ADM/JJK
Fittings Products Liability Litigation, "
Order Granting Motion to Certify Class for Settlement Purposes and for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement and Form and Dissemination of Notice to the Class" Quoting:
The Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement was heard on January 12, 2012. After review of pleadings and briefing, and having heard the arguments of counsel for good cause shown, it is hereby ORDERED that: (1) the Motion for Preliminary Approval of Nationwide Class Action Settlement Agreement; (2) preliminary and conditional certification of a settlement class; (3) approval of the form and content of Notice and Settlement; (4) an injunction and stay of all claims and actions against the RTI Defendants
Web search 4/12/12, original source: http://www.mnd.uscourts.gov/MDL-Uponor/
- [16] Bonnie Ransom Stern & Gustavo Lagos, "Are There Health Risks from the Migration of Chemical Substances from Plastic Pipes into Drinking Water? A Review", Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
Volume 14, Issue 4, 2008, Abstract:
Plastic pipes used to convey hot and cold drinking water are synthetic polymers containing numerous additives that enhance durability, impact strength, and toughness, and resist material degradation. Although some research studies have been conducted to evaluate the type and levels of chemical substances migrating from polymeric materials into drinking water, the potential adverse health effects associated with these compounds in potable water have not been described. This review evaluates the literature on the occurrence of regulated and unregulated substances in drinking water related to the use of plastic pipes, characterizes potential health hazards, and describes uncertainties associated with human health and exposure in need of further research. Of particular public health concern is the potential for sensitive populations to be exposed to short-term elevations in leachates during critical periods, and for co-occurring leachates targeting the same organ(s) and/or sharing a common mode of toxic action to have additive or synergistic effects. Contaminants are measured in the distribution system, not at the tap where human exposure actually occurs. For increased health protection, it is important to identify compounds that migrate from plastic pipes into drinking water and to better quantify human exposures and health hazards to these substances and their degradates.
- [17] Andrew J. Whelton, Andrea M. Dietrich, Daniel L. Gallagher, "Chapter 6 Impact of Chlorinated Water Exposure on Chemical Diffusivity and Solubility,
Surface and Bulk Properties of HDPE and PEX Potable Water Pipe", in Advancing Potable Water Infrastructure through an Improved Understanding of Polymer
Pipe Oxidation, Polymer–Contaminant Interactions, and Consumer Perception of Taste, Andrew James Whelton
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In
Civil Engineering
Andrea M. Dietrich, Chair
Daniel L. Gallagher
Marc A. Edwards
Brian J. Love
James M. Tanko, April 2, 2009
Blacksburg, Virginia. Abstract: While more than 100 years of research has focused on removing acute and chronic health
threats from water, substantially less study has focused on potable water infrastructure and water
quality deterioration, monitoring technologies, and relationships between water taste and
consumer health. These knowledge–gaps have left infrastructure users, owners, regulators, and
public health professionals largely unaware of how premise and buried polymer water pipes
deteriorate and sorb/ desorb organic contaminants during normal operations and following water
contamination events. These knowledge–gaps also prevent infrastructure managers from
producing drinking water that optimizes mineral content for both water taste and health benefits,
and employing a monitoring tool capable of immediately detecting water contamination or
equipment failures.
Research was conducted to address these challenges using analytical chemistry,
environmental engineering, food science, polymer chemistry, public health, and material science
principles. This work was enhanced by collaborations with sixteen American water utilities and
the National Institute for Standards and Technology. These efforts were funded by the National
Science Foundation, American Water Works Association, and the Water Research Foundation.
Research results are unique and provide important scientific contributions to the public
health, potable water, and material science industries. Particular achievements include the: (1)
Evaluation of linkages between minerals, water palatability, and health useful for water
production and public health decisions; (2) Creation of a novel infrastructure and water quality
surveillance tool that has begun water utility implementation in the USA; (3) Development of an
accelerated chlorinated water aging method with stable water pH, free chlorine, and alkalinity
concentration that enables interpretation of polymer pipe surface and bulk characteristic changes;
(4) Discovery that polar compounds are 2–193% more soluble in PEX than HDPE water pipes;
(5) Finding that several polymer and contaminant properties can be used to predict contaminant diffusivity and solubility during sorption and desorption in new, lab aged, and water utility PE
pipes; and the (6) Discovery that chlorinated water exposure of HDPE and PEX pipes increases
polar contaminant diffusivity during sorption by 50–162% and decreases diffusivity during
desorption as much as 211%. Outcomes of this work have domestic and global significance, and
if engaged, can greatly improve public health protection, potable water infrastructure operations,
water quality, sustainability, and regulation.
- [18] Chemax, "Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing and Water Contamination", retrieved 2/17/2013, original source: http://www.chemaxx.com/polytube1.htm [copy on file as [Water Contamination chemical investigation.pdf]
- [19] Ingun Skjevrak, Anne Due, Karl Olav Gjerstad, Hallgeir Herikstad "Volatile organic components migrating from plastic pipes (HDPE, PEX and PVC) into drinking water", Water Research Volume 37, Issue 8, April 2003, Pages 1912–1920
Abstract:
High-density polyethylene pipes (HDPE), crossbonded polyethylene pipes (PEX) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes for drinking water were tested with respect to migration of volatile organic components (VOC) to water. The odour of water in contact with plastic pipes was assessed according to the quantitative threshold odour number (TON) concept. A major migrating component from HDPE pipes was 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (2,4-DTBP) which is a known degradation product from antioxidants such as Irgafos 168®. In addition, a range of esters, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons and terpenoids were identified as migration products from HDPE pipes. Water in contact with HDPE pipes was assessed with respect to TON, and values ⩾4 were determined for five out of seven brands of HDPE pipes. The total amount of VOC released to water during three successive test periods were fairly constant for the HDPE pipes. Corresponding migration tests carried out for PEX pipes showed that VOC migrated in significant amounts into the test water, and TON ⩾5 of the test water were observed in all tests. Several of the migrated VOC were not identified. Oxygenates predominated the identified VOC in the test water from PEX pipes. Migration tests of PVC pipes revealed few volatile migrants in the test samples and no significant odour of the test water.
- [20] Andrew J. Whelton, Ph.D., M.ASCE; Andrea M. Dietrich, Ph.D., Aff.ASCE; and Daniel L. Gallagher, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, ”Contaminant Diffusion, Solubility, and Material Property Differences between HDPE and PEX Potable Water Pipes.” J. Environ. Eng., 136(2), 227–237.
doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000147
Abstract: the objectives of this work were to identify differences between the composition, bulk properties, contaminant diffusivity and solubility for new high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe and crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) pipe, as well as determine which contaminant and polymer properties are useful for predicting contaminant fate in water pipe. Variations in PE pipe density (0.9371–0.9547 g/cm3) , crystallinity (69–72%), crosslinking (60 and 76%), and oxidative induction time (33 to >295 min .) were detected. While numerically these differences seem minor, results show that slight material differences have a notable effect on contaminant diffusivity and solubility. Nonpolar contaminant diffusivity and solubility were best predicted by bulk density. Polar contaminants were more soluble and diffused faster through PEX than HDPE pipes because PEX pipes contained a greater amount of oxygen. For all materials, dipole moment and Log Kow were good predictors of contaminant fate and molecular volume was only useful for predicting diffusivity and solubility values for haloalkane and nonpolar aromatic contaminants.
- [21] Jia Tang, Daniel L. Gallagher, and Andrea M. Dietrich. (2013) Predicting Permeation of Organic Contaminants into Polyethylenes. Journal of Environmental Engineering 139:2, 205-212
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2013.
Abstract:
A model was developed and validated for predicting solubility and diffusion coefficients for contaminants permeating polyethylene (PE) materials used for water pipes and geomembranes. Model development was based on diffusivity and solubility of 13 contaminants and six PE materials that were new and/or aged in chlorinated water. Physical and chemical properties of the contaminants and PEs were included as variables in the model. Tree regression was used to select variables, and multiple linear regression was used to develop predictive equations for contaminant diffusivity and solubility in PE. Organic contaminant properties, especially dipole moment and octanol-water partition coefficient, had greater predictive capability than PE properties. Coefficients of determination (R2)>0.8 were obtained for the multiple linear regressions. Model coefficients changed slightly between new PE materials and chlorine-aged PE, but these changes were not statistically significant. Good agreement was demonstrated between model predictions and measured data from an independent data set. These results provide guidance for material selection for both water pipes and geomembranes and assessing contamination potential.
- [22] Andrew J. Whelton, Andrea M. Dietrich, and Daniel L. Gallagher. (2011) Impact of Chlorinated Water Exposure on Contaminant Transport and Surface and Bulk Properties of High-Density Polyethylene and Cross-Linked Polyethylene Potable Water Pipes. Journal of Environmental Engineering 137:7, 559-568
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2011. Abstract:
The aim of this work was to determine if the aging of polyethylene (HDPE, PEX-A and PEX-B) water pipes by exposure to chlorinated water altered polar and nonpolar contaminant diffusivity and solubility by analyzing new, laboratory-aged, and exhumed water-distribution system polyethylene (PE) pipes. After 141 days of aging in pH 6.5 water with 45 mg/L free chlorine, the surface chemistry and bulk properties of PEX-A pipe were unaffected. Carbonyl bonds (σ=1,713 cm−1) were detected on the surfaces of HDPE and PEX-B pipe, and these oxygenated surfaces became more hydrophilic, resulting in statistically significant increases in diffusion rates. All 10 contaminant and four pipe material combinations had diffusivity increases on average of 50% for polar contaminants and 5% for nonpolar contaminants. Contaminant solubility was slightly increased for aged PEX-A and slightly decreased for PEX-B pipes. Toluene and trichloromethane diffusivity and solubility values for 7- to 25-year-old buried water utility pipes were similar to values for new and laboratory-aged HDPE-based materials. Because chlorinated water exposure alters how polar contaminants interact with aged PE pipes, results of this work should be considered in future health risk assessments, water quality modeling, pipe performance, and service-life considerations.
- [23] ANDREW J. WHELTON & TINH NGUYEN, "Contaminant Migration from Polymeric Pipes used in Buried Potable Water Distribution Systems: A Review", Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, February 2012 posted online,
Abstract: Polymeric pipes are increasingly being installed in water distribution systems because of their many advantages. Contaminant migration from polymer pipes into drinking water is a growing concern in the United States and environmental engineers are evaluating the role of these materials on water quality, system operation, and regulatory compliance. To aid these efforts and serve as a source of background information, this paper critically reviews available literature on polymeric potable water pipes in use, known contaminants released from in–service and new piping, their perceived sources, and outlines future challenges in the U.S. and abroad.
- [24] Andrew James Whelton, "Advancing Potable Water Infrastructure through an Improved Understanding of Polymer
Pipe Oxidation, Polymer–Contaminant Interactions, and Consumer Perception of Taste", Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In
Civil Engineering, April 2, 2009
Blacksburg, Virginia, retrieved 2/17/2013, original source
http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/ available/etd-04162009-113815/unrestricted/ FINALWheltonDissertationMay09.pdf#page=158
- [25] Website: GreenBuildingAdvisor.com, "PEX vs Copper", retrieved 2/18/2013, original source: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/ community/forum/green-products-and-materials/ 16256/pex-vs-copper [copy on file as PEX vs Copper _ GreenBuildingAdvisor.pdf]
- [26] Website: GreenBuildingAdvisor.com," How Safe is PEX tubing?", retrieved 2/18/2013, original source: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/ blogs/dept/qa-spotlight /how-safe-pex-tubing [copy on file as How Safe is PEX tubing_GreenBuildingAdvisor.pdf]
- [27] Lauren Hunter, "California’s PEX Battle Continues", Remodeling Magazine, June 2010, Website: Builderonline.com, "x", retrieved 2/18/2013, original souirce: http://www.builderonline.com/legislation/californias-pex-battle-continues.aspx [copy on file as California’s PEX Battle Continues - Plumbing, Legal Issues, Legislation - Builder Magazine.pd]
- [28] Contractor Magazine, "California approves PEX for plumbing — again- Contractor Magazine.pdf", retrieved 2/18/2013, original source: http://contractormag.com/news/ california-pex-plumbing-1234 [copy on file as California approves PEX for plumbing — again- Contractor Magazine.pdf]
- [29] "Sources of Lead [in and around the home]", New York State Health Department, website retrieved 2/19/2013, original source: http://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/sources.htm [copy on file as Lead_Sources_NYS_DOH.pdf ]
- [30] Wikipedia provided background information about some topics discussed at this website provided this citation is also found in the same article along with a " retrieved on" date. NOTE: because Wikipedia entries are fluid and can be amended in real time, we cite the retrieval date of Wikipedia citations and we do not assert that the information found there is necessarily authoritative. Kitec web search retrieved 02/19/2013, original source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitec
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