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CPVC & PVC Installation Procedures
Preparing & gluing PVC & CPVC pipes
- POST a QUESTION or COMMENT about plastic PVC pipe properties, uses, inspection, defects, inspection, standards, failures
PVC / CPVC plumbing supply or drain pipe installation:
This article provides step by step advice for preparing and installing PVC or CPVC plastic water supply or drain piping used at or in buildings.
This article series describes the properties of polubutylene PVC & CPVC plastic piping and tubing used in buildings. We include information about failures and problems with some generations of CPVC or PVC plastic pipes and we describe good building practice installation details where plastic piping is being installed.
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PVC & CPVC Pipe Installation & Cementing Procedures
The following is adapted and expanded from information provided by Oatey® cited below.
- Read the manufacturer's instructions for using the gluing products, primers, cements, and joint assembly, including safety warnings and set and cure times vs. site conditions.
I know that you think instructions are just something to kneel on to get less mud on your knees, but it's easier and cheaper to follow the instructions than to have to come back to the job to clean up a burst pipe leak.- Keep the lid on the container of solvent when you are not actively using it.
If you leave the solvent cement can open unnecessarily the volatiles will evaporate, thickening the solvent and changing its properties, possibly making it "stringy" and nearly impossible to use. - Do not use old, thickened, dried, stringy solvent cements.
- Watch out: do not work in confined spaces nor near open flames or non-flame-proof electrical equipment as you risk a fire or explosion - Vinidex (2015)
- Keep the lid on the container of solvent when you are not actively using it.
- Cut the pipe to proper length, square the pipe ends, chamfer the end (we use a small rasp file), and clean the pipe end of dirt, water, snow, ice.
"Chamfer" means that you use your file or knife or other tool to remove the burr left by sawing the pipe, leaving a slightly-beveled edge on both the inside and outside of the pipe. I take care to remove the plastic fragments produced by cleaning the burr off the pipe end so that those don't contaminate and ruin the glue joint. - Dry-fit check that the pipe and fitting indeed fit together. The pipe needs to slide easily at least 1/3 the way into the fitting before you've applied the glue.
It will slide all the way in when lubricated by the adhesive. If the pipe slides all the way in to the stop when dry, it should be snug. If the pipe is loose or wobbly in the fitting the joint will be a poor one likely to leak. - Use the right glue applicator: the size of your glue applicator should be at least 1/2 the size of the pipe's inside diameter. For larger pipe diameters where this advice would be nuts, you'll need to use a roller or a natural bristle brush to apply the flue.
- Apply the PVC/CPVC Primer: clean the pipe and fitting before gluing by using a listed primer. Only use a primer that is itself clean and clear. If it's contaminated the joint may leak after assembly.
Watch out: do not use primer on ABS pipe and fittings. - Apply the PVC/CPVC Cement to the pipe: The primer will dry very quickly. Now, before you've gotten dirt or crud in the joint, apply a liberal coating of cement to the outside of the end of the plastic pipe to a depth that will match that of the receiving socket.
Watch out: do not leave un-coated with cement any area of the pipe that will be inside the receiving socket or your joint will be poor and may fail or leak.
Illustrated here: Hercules Heavy Body slow-set PVC cement. Sources of PVC cements and the set time and other properties of these PVC pipe adhesives are
at PVC & CPVC PIPE GLUING SET & CURE TIMES
- Apply the PVC/CPVC Cement to the fitting: apply a thin coating of cement to the inside of the fitting you're about to push onto the pipe. As with the pipe, don't leave any voids of un-coated surface inside the fitting.
- Apply a second coat of PVC/CPVC cement to the pipe.
- Assemble the coated parts quickly - before they have dried. Push the pipe into the fitting until it bottoms.
Watch out: The cement must be fluid. If the cement has dried on either fitting do not try to assemble the joint or you'll be very sorry as the pipe won't seat fully in the joint, the joint will be poor, and you'll find yourself having to start over with a new section of both pipe and a new fitting. Instead, if the pipe and joint are not obviously wet with cement, re-coat them. - Hold the cemented parts in place for at least 30 seconds. Don't move or you'll be sorry. At colder temperatures hold the joint longer, maybe a minute or more.
- Wipe off excess glue around the outside of the plastic pipe joint
- Allow the joint to set before moving it. See the set and cure times discussed in this article.
A general rule of thumb for temperatures over 60F and pipes under 3" in diameter is to allow 15 minutes for set time and 2 hours for initial cure time before pressure testing.
Watch out: larger sized pipes will require a heavy-bodied PVC cement and, depending on temperature, will require a longer initial set time.
See details
at PVC & CPVC PIPE GLUING SET & CURE TIMES
...
Continue reading at PVC & CPVC PIPE GLUING SET & CURE TIMES where we provide tables of set & cure times for PVC & CPVC plastic piping cement, or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.
Or see these
Recommended Articles
- PLASTIC PIPING ABS CPVC PB PEX PPR PVC - home
- CPVC & PVC PLASTIC PIPING
- PVC & CPVC PIPE INSTALLATION STEPS
- PVC & CPVC PIPE GLUING SET & CURE TIMES
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PVC & CPVC PIPE INSTALLATION STEPS at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.
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Citations & References
In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.
- Georg Fischer, "Design & Installation, Set & Cure Time [for solvent-cemented PVC piping glued joints]", Georg Fischer Piping Systems, Georg Fischer Harvel LLC, 300 Kuebler Road, Easton, PA 18040, USA, Tel: 610-252-7355, Website: www.GFPiping.com - retrieved 18 March 2015, original source: http://www.envirokinguv.com/design-installation/set-cure-times
The company has offices in the U.S. in Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Wisconsin, Wyoming,
and in Canada in Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, British Columbia. Canada Tel: +1-905-670-8005, Email: Kuno Lischer, President, kuno.lischer@georgfischer.com - Oatey, "Oatey® Solvent Cements Set Up / Curing Times", Oatey®, 4700 W. 160th St. I Cleveland, OH 44135 800.321.9532 I Fax: 800.321.9535 www.oatey.com, retrieved 18 March 2015, original source http://www.homedepot.com/ catalog/pdfImages/d2/d25ece3c-3e81-4223-9270-c18977273030.pdf
- Vinidex, "Technical Note VX-TN-10D, Do's and Don't of Solvent Cementing Pressure Pipes", retrieved 18 March 2015, original source: http://www.vinidex.com.au/technote-parent-page/dos-and-donts-of-solvent-cementing-pressure-pipes/
- Weld-On Solvent Cements Set and Cure Times, retrieved 18 March 2015, original source: http://www.weldon.com/pdf/weldon/WeldOn_SetCure_Timetable_Jul09.pdf
- Oatey Solvent Cements for PVC/CPVC piping, Oatey®, 4700 W. 160th St. I Cleveland, OH 44135 800.321.9532 I Fax: 800.321.9535 www.oatey.com
- PVC Pipe Weld, Bostik Smart Adhesives,Bostik Ltd Ulverscroft Road Leicester LE4 6BW 01785 272727 U.K., Website: http://www.bostik.co.uk/, Technical Enquiries/Customer Service +44 (0)1785 272625
- Vinidex Pty Limited, A.B.N. 42-000-664-942, Email: sales@vinidex.com.au, offices in Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia, New South Wales, Tel: (02) 8839-9006 Quoting:
Vinidex has been Australia's leading manufacturer of PVC and polyethylene piping systems for over 50 years. - Weld-On® Adhesives, Inc., 455 W. Victoria Street
Compton, CA 90220 U.S.A.
Main telephone: (310) 898-3300
Customer Service: Telephone (800) 888-8312 and Fax (901) 853-5008
Technical Support: (877) 477-8327 and (310) 898-3304
EDI Support: edi@ipscorp.com
US & Canadian Sales Inquiry: tncustserv@ipscorp.com
International Sales Inquiry: international@ipscorp.com
General Inquiry: info@ipscorp.com
- IPS Weld-on P70 primer and IPS Weld-On #717 / #719 (for use with Schedule 40 / Schedule 80 PVC piping)
- IPS Weld-on P70 primer and IPS Weld-On #714 (for use with Schedule 40 / Schedule 80 CPVC piping)
- Wurth White PVC Glue 200G, U.K., Tel: 03 300 555 444 Website: http://www.wurth.co.uk/ offices in North America, South America, the U.K., Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand
- Eric Galow, Galow Homes, Lagrangeville, NY. Mr. Galow can be reached by email: ericgalow@gmail.com or by telephone: 914-474-6613. Mr. Galow specializes in residential construction including both new homes and repairs, renovations, and additions.
- Mark Cramer Inspection Services Mark Cramer, Tampa Florida, Mr. Cramer is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors and is a Florida home inspector and home inspection educator. Mr. Cramer serves on the ASHI Home Inspection Standards. Contact Mark Cramer at: 727-595-4211 mark@BestTampaInspector.com
- John Cranor [Website: /www.house-whisperer.com ] is an ASHI member and a home inspector (The House Whisperer) is located in Glen Allen, VA 23060. He is also a contributor to InspectApedia.com in several technical areas such as plumbing and appliances (dryer vents). Contact Mr. Cranor at 804-873-8534 or by Email: johncranor@verizon.net
- [3] PB (polybutylene with mechanical fittings) Piping leaks: especially in mobile homes and in the U.S. South, for example trailers and double-wides throughout Florida that were piped with this material - per M Cramer. See "Polybutylene Piping: Time Bomb?" Daniel Friedman, Journal of Light Construction, August 1996 [Technical Q&A].
- [4] ABS Plastic Pipe: "All Black -hit," defective black ABS plastic waste pipe manufactured in the mid 1980's failed by cracking. Additional information: www.abspipes.com
- [5] Polybutylene Plumbing (plastic pipes): gray plastic water supply piping cracked, leaked, and resulted in a class action and settlement.
- [6] ABS Plastic Drain/Waste/Vent (DWV) pipe failures: reported for Centaur, Phoenix, Polaris, Gable, and Spartan pipe mfgs. for pipe made between 1985 and 1988. CPSC Hot Line: 800-638-8270 or ABS Drain Leaks/Failures-Class Action Settlement COX settlement through Shell Oil set up by a contractor involved in the settlement Plumbing Failures: Spencer Class settlement. 10% of replacement cost/damages, only for acetal (plastic)fittings Polybutylene plumbing lawsuit proposed settlement-old site
- COX settlement through Shell Oil set up by a contractor involved in the settlement
- Additional information: ABS PLASTIC PIPE FAILURES
- Eric Galow, Galow Homes, Lagrangeville, NY. Mr. Galow can be reached by email: ericgalow@gmail.com or by telephone: 914-474-6613. Mr. Galow specializes in residential construction including both new homes and repairs, renovations, and additions.
- [7] PB Technology Center (information about PB Pipes) Tel: 800-338-7732, also see the 1990 PB Pipe recommendations published by the Polybutylene Product Line Committee of the Plastic Pipe and Fittings Association.
- Polybutylene Plumbing Failures: Spencer Class settlement, Web: spencerclass.com, 10% of replacement cost/damages, only for acetal (plastic)fittings
- [8] Polybutylene plumbing info at U. Arizona
- [9] Polybutylene piping lawsuit settlement website
- [10] Polybutylene plumbing lawsuit proposed settlement-old site
- [12] Zurn Manufacturing, Web: zurn.com , Zurn Pex, Inc., Highway 11 East, Commerce, TX 75428, Tel: (903) 886-2580
provides information about installing and using PEX piping including Type b PEX through their website. Quoting from the company's website
Zurn was founded in 1900 in Erie, PA. It originally manufactured a patented backwater valve, and it now manufactures and distributes one of the largest plumbing products packages in the world! Zurn includes: the Specification Drainage Operation, AquaFlush flush valves, AquaSense sensor-operated plumbing products, AquaSpec commercial faucets, Wilkins, Zurn Light Commercial, Flo-Thru, the Chemical Drainage Systems, Zurn PEX Plumbing Systems and Zurn Radiant Heat. - [13] Zurn PEX PLUMBING DESIGN AND APPLICATION GUIDE [PDF] - web search 2023/04/06 & 12/23/2010, original source zurn.com/operations/pexrh/pdfs/installation/PEXDesApplGuide.pdf
- [14] Zurn Pex Plumbing
Products Liability Litigation, United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT, No. 10-2267, Filed 6 July 2011, Quoting:
Minnesota homeowners brought this action1 against Zurn Pex, Inc. and Zurn Industries, Inc (Zurn) alleging that brass fittings used in the company's cross linked polyethylene (PEX) plumbing systems are inherently defective. In pretrial motions the homeowners sought class certification for their consumer protection, warranty, and negligence claims, and Zurn moved to strike the testimony of two of the homeowners’ experts. After denying Zurn's motion to strike the expert testimony, the district court2 granted the homeowner requests for class certification for their warranty and negligence claims, but denied it for their consumer protection claims. Zurn appeals from the district court's certification order. We affirm.
Web search 4/12/12, original source: www.ca8.uscourts.gov/opndir/11/07/102267P.pdf - [15] Uponor, Inc., F1807 Plumbing Court File No. - United States District Court, District of Minnesota, In Re: Uponor, Inc., F1807 Plumbing Court File No. 11-MD-2247 ADM/JJK
Fittings Products Liability Litigation, "
Order Granting Motion to Certify Class for Settlement Purposes and for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement and Form and Dissemination of Notice to the Class" Quoting:
The Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement was heard on January 12, 2012. After review of pleadings and briefing, and having heard the arguments of counsel for good cause shown, it is hereby ORDERED that: (1) the Motion for Preliminary Approval of Nationwide Class Action Settlement Agreement; (2) preliminary and conditional certification of a settlement class; (3) approval of the form and content of Notice and Settlement; (4) an injunction and stay of all claims and actions against the RTI Defendants
Web search 4/12/12, original source: http://www.mnd.uscourts.gov/MDL-Uponor/ - [16] Bonnie Ransom Stern & Gustavo Lagos, "Are There Health Risks from the Migration of Chemical Substances from Plastic Pipes into Drinking Water? A Review", Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal
Volume 14, Issue 4, 2008, Abstract:
Plastic pipes used to convey hot and cold drinking water are synthetic polymers containing numerous additives that enhance durability, impact strength, and toughness, and resist material degradation. Although some research studies have been conducted to evaluate the type and levels of chemical substances migrating from polymeric materials into drinking water, the potential adverse health effects associated with these compounds in potable water have not been described. This review evaluates the literature on the occurrence of regulated and unregulated substances in drinking water related to the use of plastic pipes, characterizes potential health hazards, and describes uncertainties associated with human health and exposure in need of further research. Of particular public health concern is the potential for sensitive populations to be exposed to short-term elevations in leachates during critical periods, and for co-occurring leachates targeting the same organ(s) and/or sharing a common mode of toxic action to have additive or synergistic effects. Contaminants are measured in the distribution system, not at the tap where human exposure actually occurs. For increased health protection, it is important to identify compounds that migrate from plastic pipes into drinking water and to better quantify human exposures and health hazards to these substances and their degradates. - [17] Andrew J. Whelton, Andrea M. Dietrich, Daniel L. Gallagher, "Chapter 6 Impact of Chlorinated Water Exposure on Chemical Diffusivity and Solubility,
Surface and Bulk Properties of HDPE and PEX Potable Water Pipe", in Advancing Potable Water Infrastructure through an Improved Understanding of Polymer
Pipe Oxidation, Polymer–Contaminant Interactions, and Consumer Perception of Taste, Andrew James Whelton
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In
Civil Engineering
Andrea M. Dietrich, Chair
Daniel L. Gallagher
Marc A. Edwards
Brian J. Love
James M. Tanko, April 2, 2009
Blacksburg, Virginia. Abstract: While more than 100 years of research has focused on removing acute and chronic health
threats from water, substantially less study has focused on potable water infrastructure and water
quality deterioration, monitoring technologies, and relationships between water taste and
consumer health. These knowledge–gaps have left infrastructure users, owners, regulators, and
public health professionals largely unaware of how premise and buried polymer water pipes
deteriorate and sorb/ desorb organic contaminants during normal operations and following water
contamination events. These knowledge–gaps also prevent infrastructure managers from
producing drinking water that optimizes mineral content for both water taste and health benefits,
and employing a monitoring tool capable of immediately detecting water contamination or
equipment failures.
Research was conducted to address these challenges using analytical chemistry,
environmental engineering, food science, polymer chemistry, public health, and material science
principles. This work was enhanced by collaborations with sixteen American water utilities and
the National Institute for Standards and Technology. These efforts were funded by the National
Science Foundation, American Water Works Association, and the Water Research Foundation.
Research results are unique and provide important scientific contributions to the public
health, potable water, and material science industries. Particular achievements include the: (1)
Evaluation of linkages between minerals, water palatability, and health useful for water
production and public health decisions; (2) Creation of a novel infrastructure and water quality
surveillance tool that has begun water utility implementation in the USA; (3) Development of an
accelerated chlorinated water aging method with stable water pH, free chlorine, and alkalinity
concentration that enables interpretation of polymer pipe surface and bulk characteristic changes;
(4) Discovery that polar compounds are 2–193% more soluble in PEX than HDPE water pipes;
(5) Finding that several polymer and contaminant properties can be used to predict contaminant diffusivity and solubility during sorption and desorption in new, lab aged, and water utility PE
pipes; and the (6) Discovery that chlorinated water exposure of HDPE and PEX pipes increases
polar contaminant diffusivity during sorption by 50–162% and decreases diffusivity during
desorption as much as 211%. Outcomes of this work have domestic and global significance, and
if engaged, can greatly improve public health protection, potable water infrastructure operations,
water quality, sustainability, and regulation. - [18] Chemax, "Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing and Water Contamination", retrieved 2/17/2013, original source: http://www.chemaxx.com/polytube1.htm [copy on file as [Water Contamination chemical investigation.pdf]
- [19] Ingun Skjevrak, Anne Due, Karl Olav Gjerstad, Hallgeir Herikstad "Volatile organic components migrating from plastic pipes (HDPE, PEX and PVC) into drinking water", Water Research Volume 37, Issue 8, April 2003, Pages 1912–1920
Abstract: High-density polyethylene pipes (HDPE), crossbonded polyethylene pipes (PEX) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes for drinking water were tested with respect to migration of volatile organic components (VOC) to water. The odour of water in contact with plastic pipes was assessed according to the quantitative threshold odour number (TON) concept. A major migrating component from HDPE pipes was 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (2,4-DTBP) which is a known degradation product from antioxidants such as Irgafos 168®. In addition, a range of esters, aldehydes, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons and terpenoids were identified as migration products from HDPE pipes. Water in contact with HDPE pipes was assessed with respect to TON, and values ⩾4 were determined for five out of seven brands of HDPE pipes. The total amount of VOC released to water during three successive test periods were fairly constant for the HDPE pipes. Corresponding migration tests carried out for PEX pipes showed that VOC migrated in significant amounts into the test water, and TON ⩾5 of the test water were observed in all tests. Several of the migrated VOC were not identified. Oxygenates predominated the identified VOC in the test water from PEX pipes. Migration tests of PVC pipes revealed few volatile migrants in the test samples and no significant odour of the test water. - [20] Andrew J. Whelton, Ph.D., M.ASCE; Andrea M. Dietrich, Ph.D., Aff.ASCE; and Daniel L. Gallagher, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, ”Contaminant Diffusion, Solubility, and Material Property Differences between HDPE and PEX Potable Water Pipes.” J. Environ. Eng., 136(2), 227–237.
doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000147
Abstract: the objectives of this work were to identify differences between the composition, bulk properties, contaminant diffusivity and solubility for new high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe and crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) pipe, as well as determine which contaminant and polymer properties are useful for predicting contaminant fate in water pipe. Variations in PE pipe density (0.9371–0.9547 g/cm3) , crystallinity (69–72%), crosslinking (60 and 76%), and oxidative induction time (33 to >295 min .) were detected. While numerically these differences seem minor, results show that slight material differences have a notable effect on contaminant diffusivity and solubility. Nonpolar contaminant diffusivity and solubility were best predicted by bulk density. Polar contaminants were more soluble and diffused faster through PEX than HDPE pipes because PEX pipes contained a greater amount of oxygen. For all materials, dipole moment and Log Kow were good predictors of contaminant fate and molecular volume was only useful for predicting diffusivity and solubility values for haloalkane and nonpolar aromatic contaminants. - [21] Jia Tang, Daniel L. Gallagher, and Andrea M. Dietrich. (2013) Predicting Permeation of Organic Contaminants into Polyethylenes. Journal of Environmental Engineering 139:2, 205-212
Online publication date: 1-Feb-2013.
Abstract:
A model was developed and validated for predicting solubility and diffusion coefficients for contaminants permeating polyethylene (PE) materials used for water pipes and geomembranes. Model development was based on diffusivity and solubility of 13 contaminants and six PE materials that were new and/or aged in chlorinated water. Physical and chemical properties of the contaminants and PEs were included as variables in the model. Tree regression was used to select variables, and multiple linear regression was used to develop predictive equations for contaminant diffusivity and solubility in PE. Organic contaminant properties, especially dipole moment and octanol-water partition coefficient, had greater predictive capability than PE properties. Coefficients of determination (R2)>0.8 were obtained for the multiple linear regressions. Model coefficients changed slightly between new PE materials and chlorine-aged PE, but these changes were not statistically significant. Good agreement was demonstrated between model predictions and measured data from an independent data set. These results provide guidance for material selection for both water pipes and geomembranes and assessing contamination potential. - [22] Andrew J. Whelton, Andrea M. Dietrich, and Daniel L. Gallagher. (2011) Impact of Chlorinated Water Exposure on Contaminant Transport and Surface and Bulk Properties of High-Density Polyethylene and Cross-Linked Polyethylene Potable Water Pipes. Journal of Environmental Engineering 137:7, 559-568
Online publication date: 1-Jul-2011. Abstract:
The aim of this work was to determine if the aging of polyethylene (HDPE, PEX-A and PEX-B) water pipes by exposure to chlorinated water altered polar and nonpolar contaminant diffusivity and solubility by analyzing new, laboratory-aged, and exhumed water-distribution system polyethylene (PE) pipes. After 141 days of aging in pH 6.5 water with 45 mg/L free chlorine, the surface chemistry and bulk properties of PEX-A pipe were unaffected. Carbonyl bonds (σ=1,713 cm−1) were detected on the surfaces of HDPE and PEX-B pipe, and these oxygenated surfaces became more hydrophilic, resulting in statistically significant increases in diffusion rates. All 10 contaminant and four pipe material combinations had diffusivity increases on average of 50% for polar contaminants and 5% for nonpolar contaminants. Contaminant solubility was slightly increased for aged PEX-A and slightly decreased for PEX-B pipes. Toluene and trichloromethane diffusivity and solubility values for 7- to 25-year-old buried water utility pipes were similar to values for new and laboratory-aged HDPE-based materials. Because chlorinated water exposure alters how polar contaminants interact with aged PE pipes, results of this work should be considered in future health risk assessments, water quality modeling, pipe performance, and service-life considerations. - [23] ANDREW J. WHELTON & TINH NGUYEN, "Contaminant Migration from Polymeric Pipes used in Buried Potable Water Distribution Systems: A Review", Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, February 2012 posted online,
Abstract: Polymeric pipes are increasingly being installed in water distribution systems because of their many advantages. Contaminant migration from polymer pipes into drinking water is a growing concern in the United States and environmental engineers are evaluating the role of these materials on water quality, system operation, and regulatory compliance. To aid these efforts and serve as a source of background information, this paper critically reviews available literature on polymeric potable water pipes in use, known contaminants released from in–service and new piping, their perceived sources, and outlines future challenges in the U.S. and abroad. - [24] Andrew James Whelton, "Advancing Potable Water Infrastructure through an Improved Understanding of Polymer Pipe Oxidation, Polymer–Contaminant Interactions, and Consumer Perception of Taste", Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Civil Engineering, April 2, 2009 Blacksburg, Virginia, retrieved 2/17/2013, original source http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/ available/etd-04162009-113815/unrestricted/ FINALWheltonDissertationMay09.pdf#page=158
- [25] Website: GreenBuildingAdvisor.com, "PEX vs Copper", retrieved 2/18/2013, original source: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/ community/forum/green-products-and-materials/ 16256/pex-vs-copper [copy on file as PEX vs Copper _ GreenBuildingAdvisor.pdf]
- [26] Website: GreenBuildingAdvisor.com," How Safe is PEX tubing?", retrieved 2/18/2013, original source: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/ blogs/dept/qa-spotlight /how-safe-pex-tubing [copy on file as How Safe is PEX tubing_GreenBuildingAdvisor.pdf]
- [27] Lauren Hunter, "California’s PEX Battle Continues", Remodeling Magazine, June 2010, Website: Builderonline.com, "x", retrieved 2/18/2013, original souirce: http://www.builderonline.com/legislation/californias-pex-battle-continues.aspx [copy on file as California’s PEX Battle Continues - Plumbing, Legal Issues, Legislation - Builder Magazine.pd]
- [28] Contractor Magazine, "California approves PEX for plumbing — again- Contractor Magazine.pdf", retrieved 2/18/2013, original source: http://contractormag.com/news/ california-pex-plumbing-1234 [copy on file as California approves PEX for plumbing — again- Contractor Magazine.pdf]
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- In addition to citations & references found in this article, see the research citations given at the end of the related articles found at our suggested
CONTINUE READING or RECOMMENDED ARTICLES.
- Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. Tel: (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 Email: info@carsondunlop.com. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The HOME REFERENCE BOOK - the Encyclopedia of Homes and to use illustrations from The ILLUSTRATED HOME .
Carson Dunlop Associates provides extensive home inspection education and report writing material. In gratitude we provide links to tsome Carson Dunlop Associates products and services.
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