Water well casing leak diagnosis & repair:

This article describes the diagnosis and repair of leaky water well casings. Leaks into a well casing risk contaminating the well water with unsanitary ground water, surface runoff, and salts, fertilizer, bacteria, or any other contaminant likely to be flowing on the ground surface.

If the water well is an artesian well, the leak case described here, a different problem occurs: the continuous release of well water, under pressure, into the surrounding soils, risking area flooding, erosion, wasting of potable water, and possible damage to the underlying aquifer.

Well Casing Leaks: diagnosis & repair of leaks in residential water well casings

Here we will describe the following: causes & effects of well piping leaks, diagnosis, effects, remedy; definition of well casing; How to Repair a Leaky Well Casing: choose between drilling a new well or installing one or more well casing repair sleeves. Using a Repair Sleeve to Fix a Leak in Steel Well Casings for Water Wells. Drilled Well Annular-Space Leaks Around the Well Casing

Article Contents

• DEFINITION of WELL CASING
• WELL CASING LEAK REPAIR METHODS - choose between drilling a new well or installing one or more well casing repair sleeves
• WELL CASING REPAIR SLEEVES - to fix a leak in steel well casings for water wells
• WELL CASING ANNULAR SPACE LEAKS - around the casing of a drilled well

[Click to enlarge any image]

Definition of well casing: what's a "Well Casing" anyway?

A well casing is a steel pipe that is used to seal and support the sides of a drilled water well. The diameter of a residential water well casing is 4", 5", or 6" but much larger steel casings are used in other water wells. A photo of the above-ground portion of the well casing is shown in the photo at the top of this page.

While soil and well designs vary as ground, soil, rock and water availability also vary in different areas, generally, after the well has been drilled the casing is driven into the drilled opening in the earth to a dept that (usually) inserts the bottom of the casing in bedrock. The drilled well depth continues downwards into bedrock, through which water flows into the well.

A grout is then pumped around the steel casing to seal the casing bottom and sides against water leakage into the well.

The well casing is shown in cross section, represented by the two vertical red lines in our drawing at left. But of course actually the well casing is a round steel pipe.

Our sketch at left crams more parts into a small space than you'd find in a real water well - we've got the submersible pump up there near the top of the well casing; actually the pump will be located a few feet or more off of the well bottom, and actually in most water wells the steel casing extends from the ground surface down into bedrock but the well bore itself continues down through that rock to a deeper depth - the casing does not extend to the very bottom of the well. - Ed.

How does water get from the well, up the casing, and into the building?

When the well construction is nearly complete, a hole is cut in the side of the well casing near ground level (below the frost line in freezing climates). The water piping that picks up water from the well near its bottom is routed up the center of the well casing until it reaches that exit opening in the casing side.

There the piping (and the water it carries) exits the well casing through a pitless adapter (a fitting that seals the hole in the casing), continuing on to bring water to the building the well is serving.

See WATER PUMPS, TANKS, DIAGNOSTICS for further explanation of well pumps and water storage tanks or pressure tanks and their controls.

See WELL CAPS & COVERS for well casing cap sealing and venting requirements

How to Repair a Leaky Well Casing: choose between drilling a new well or installing one or more well casing repair sleeves

Leaks in steel water well casings can be caused by a variety of troubles including corrosion, pressure from stones or other objects outside the casing, splits at a welded or defective casing seam, even a lightning strike, and nearby construction that includes blasting.

The shallow well at our New York laboratory produced clear potable water from 1920 to the 1990s when the town of Poughkeepsie decided to re-route the highway near our property. Nearby rock blasting was followed by the sudden and persistent appearance of silt in our drinking water.

The photo (left) of a roughly 2" x 3" hole in a well casing is provided courtesy of Link-Pipe, a no-dig well casing and water main repair / well-rehabilitation company[2]. Link-Pipe's literature calls this well casing hole corrosion damage but we think the edges of the hole and that protruding rock sure make it look as if the casing side was broken through by pressure of the stones and earth or other pressures outside the well.

It can be difficult to know that your well casing pipe has developed a leak. But common symptoms that lead to an investigation of the condition of the casing (possibly requiring a CCTV camera) include

• Sudden appearance of dirt, sand, debris in the water supply
• A reduction in well flow rate
• A new bacterial or other contamination problem in the well water.
  
  Leaks into a well casing risk carrying surface or groundwater contaminants into the water delivered by the well.

Leaks in the well casing are a problem because of the risk of leaks of  surface contaminants into the well.

Our second image (left) shows the side of the same well casing after Link-Pipe's well casing sleeve has been installed.

Well casing repair sleeves are suitable for repairing damage to a well casing that permits leaks into or out of the well casing.

Using a Repair Sleeve to Fix a Leak in Steel Well Casings for Water Wells

Presuming that the surface water or groundwater leak into a well is not occurring right at the pitless adapter that carries well piping out through the side of the casing (that's high enough to be repaired by digging down to it outside the well casing itself), there are indeed repair sleeves designed to fit inside of a wide range of well casing diameters.

Repair sleeves for well casings may use different repair approaches (resin-sealed to the old casing or dry "Filter-Sleeve" a patented alternative used by Link-Pipe, a no-dig well casing and water main repair / well-rehabilitation company[2] ( Tel: 800-265-5696 ).

The casing repair sleeve is inserted with monitoring by a CCTV to be sure that it's properly located. [Images & tech review requested 6/27/12, Image at above-left courtesy Link-Pipe]

Repair sleeves are designed to fix a specific leak spot in a well casing - often one that occurs near the top of the water level where oxygen and water combine to increase the risk of corrosion.

The installer lowers a well casing repair sleeve, a cylinder small enough to slide into the casing, to the point where the casing is leaking, and then using one of several methods, seals the sleeve to the surrounding well casing to block the casing leak or damage.

Typical well casing repair sleeve lengths run from six inches to three feet.

The sleeve assembly is lowered into the well to the depth of the leak problem and then affixed in place. Depending on the sleeve type the internal diameter of the well will be reduced by about an inch or inch and a quarter.

This should still leave sufficient space to be able to pull and restore the well pump, foot valve, etc. If not, you're in trouble.

The photo at left (courtesy Link-Pipe) shows the filter sleeve assembly along with a CCTV monitoring camera being lowered into a well.

Low pressure pipe repair sleeves are used in both wells and water mains, result in a reduction in well casing diameter of about 1 1/4 inches, and use a resin-soaked gasket around the sleeve exterior surface to seal the contact space between the repair sleeve and the original well casing.[2]

For petroleum wells and possibly water wells, " Pressure activated sealants have been used on numerous occasions to repair casing leaks with the tubing in place.  A major advantage in utilizing this technology is that the sealant will only solidify where the leak is active.  In addition, the material is easily removed by mechanical means and will not add difficulty to future work over operations if required." [1]

For injection wells the petroleum/gas industry has developed ultra fine cements that are used in a slurry form as well as other injectable sealants like Injectrol to seal well casings, but with varying success. [3]

High pressure dry-type well casing repair sleeves use air or water to expand the sleeve to seal the well casing once it's in place. The sleeve has to be securely locked in place before the installation is ended, lest it slip down and expose the leak it's trying to seal.

This approach depends on fine suspended solids in the water supply to eventually clog and thus seal the sleeve against the original well casing and can easily seal a 2" to 3" hole in the well casing. [2]

A well casing repair sleeve does not line the entire well casing - it'd be way too costly.

Investigate These Questions Before Using a Well Casing Repair Sleeve

Before launching a well casing repair sleeve project, an assessment of the condition of the entire well casing is in order as well as a determination of why the leak has occurred - the leak source.

For example, if a casing is leaking because it's splitting along a welded seam,  or if large sections of the casing are badly corroded, we may be pessimistic about the future of other casing sections and a repair sleeve approach may make no sense.

I have read that it can be difficult to accurately locate some casing leaks, and in the petroleum industry very sophisticated (and expensive) methods are required that are just not going to be practical nor affordable for a residential water well.

If a well casing has multiple leaks, is splitting, or is badly corroded I'd question the economics and feasibility of the repair sleeve approach.

Unfortunately it's probably new-well time for most homeowners at that point - we don't find many residential water well drillers pulling the entire casing to replace it, though that may be done in the petroleum industry[1]. Also I would listen to the advice of an experienced local well driller in deciding how to repair the well. And if no one in the area has experience installing a well repair sleeve, that option may be out of the question anyway.

Finally, in deciding on the repair versus replace question for a residential water well, one would consider the performance of the current well as well as its age and casing condition. If the well is marginal or modest, that may argue against a costly repair.

On the other hand, as corrosion in a well casing may be local to the usual top of the static head in the well, the repair sleeve approach may make sense

Drilled Well Annular-Space Leaks Around the Well Casing

Leaks Around the Well Casing Rather than Through It

A different well water leak, failure to seal the annular space around the well casing exterior, risks contamination of conventional drilled wells as surface and ground water leak down into the aquifer around the casing.

Illustration adapted from: Michigan DEP Flowing Well Handbook [8]

And an annular space leak around an artesian well sends water to the surface, eroding soils, flooding lands, wasting water, and causing other trouble. Discussing leaks around the outside of the casing of an artesian well, the Michigan DEP points out,

Sealing the annular space surrounding the well casing is critical, since an ineffective seal or absence of a seal can result in the uncontrolled discharge of water on the outside of the well casing pipe.

When ground water breaks out on the outside of the well casing, erosion of the confining geologic layer and other overlying materials can occur. The uncontrolled discharge of ground water from flowing wells can cause flooding of the well site and adjacent properties and damage to nearby structures. [8]

Michigan and other states regulate the construction of artesian wells to require that the well is constructed so as to

• prevent unnecessary discharge of water from the aquifer to the ground or ground surface
• protect the aquifer against contamination
• protect against erosion and confine the water flow to within the well casing

Details about artesian wells and leaks around the well casing rather than through it are provided

at ARTESIAN WELLS, Well Spools

Reader Question: how can I fix a leaky residential water well casing?

Our water pump in the well recently went out and we hired a crew to replace the pump. However I am concerned if he used correct procedure and if caused more problems than we started with.

When he first strated pulling up the drop pipe the "spool" was stuck and he had problems with pulling it up at first, once it came free he set it back down and took the cable off.

Then he came up to the house and told me he is going to pour some acid down to soak over night and loosen up the "spool" so he could pull it up, he dumped about 2 gallons of it down there and the next day he pulled everything up again.

Later when he started blasting out the black water a bunch of sand came out and he told us we need an entirely new well because there is a hole in the case, and sleeving the case wasn't an option.

However after he left I was looking at the pipes and wire left that was pulled up and they have some bad corrosion just above the water level. I am wondering if the acid he poured down the casing ate through the casing where it sat overnight and caused the hole? Also there was no sand to be found in the old pump which makes me more suspicious.

Is this acid treatment normal and safe for the casing? Is he telling me the truth that no one ever "sleeves" the case and that its not an option?

Thank you ahead of time for any information about this, I am not made of money and can't afford to be taken advantage of. Thanks again - B.T. 4/25/12

Reply: function of well spools & using well casing repair sleeves to repair well casing leaks at residential water wells

Details about finding and fixing well casing leaks are

at WELL CASING LEAK REPAIRS.

Excerpts are just below.

A competent onsite inspection by an expert usually finds additional clues that help accurately diagnose a problem, and I'm not at all sure I have a full picture of what's going on with your well.

That said, here are some things to consider about well spools, leaks in the well casing, and using acid to free up a stuck well spool in your well.:

OPINION: when you are not comfortable with advice you've received ("you need a new well") start by asking your well driller to explain his reasoning. Most contractors are quite honest and are not out to gouge you, but they were not English majors and may not be expert in communication.

A well spool is a special seal around the well piping used to seal a well casing in wells at which the static head of water level in the well casing rises above the frost level. Basically it's a "spool-shaped" plumbing fitting that incorporates round flanges at its top and bottom, threaded to accept well pipe fittings above and below the spool.

Well spools are required on artesian wells or "flowing wells" in freezing climates.[8] Without this component the upper well casing could be split by freezing water.

Our illustration of a well spool at left, edited from a schematic provided by Baker Manufacturing[7] illustrates the part of this assembly.

The well spool is held in position by a hold-down spider to keep the spool from being pushed up in the casing by the pressure of water rising in the well casing, and O-rings seal the well spool to the well casing itself. .[7] - Ed. [Permission & tech review requested 6/27/12]

Details about artesian wells and well spools are at ARTESIAN WELLS, Well Spools

Fixing a leaky well casing - re-drill versus well casing repair sleeves

Leaks in the well casing are a problem because of the risk of leaks of  surface contaminants into the well.

Repair sleeves for well casings may use different repair approaches (resin-sealed to the old casing or dry "Filter-Sleeve" a patented alternative used by Link-Pipe, a no-dig well casing and water main repair / well-rehabilitation company[2] ( Tel: 800-265-5696 ).

The casing repair sleeve is inserted with monitoring by a CCTV to be sure that it's properly located. [Images & tech review requested 6/27/12]

Repair sleeves are designed to fix a specific leak spot in a well casing - often one that occurs near the top of the water level where oxygen and water combine to increase the risk of corrosion.

The installer lowers a well casing repair sleeve, a cylinder small enough to slide into the casing, to the point where the casing is leaking, and then using one of several methods, seals the sleeve to the surrounding well casing to block the casing leak or damage.

Typical well casing repair sleeve lengths run from six inches to three feet. The sleeve assembly is lowered into the well to the depth of the leak problem and then affixed in place.

Depending on the sleeve type the internal diameter of the well will be reduced by about an inch or inch and a quarter

. This should still leave sufficient space to be able to pull and restore the well pump, foot valve, etc. If not, you're in trouble.

Finally, in deciding on the repair versus replace question for a residential water well, one would consider the performance of the current well as well as its age and casing condition. If the well is marginal or modest, that may argue against a costly repair.

On the other hand, as corrosion in a well casing may be local to the usual top of the static head in the well, the repair sleeve approach may make sense. Like  you I'm nervous about pouring acid or any potentially toxic chemical into a well.

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Reader Q&A - also see RECOMMENDED ARTICLES & FAQs

On 2023-01-16 by Darlene - well water gets dirty after rainfall

Hi, my well water is clear until it rains a lot then a day later it turns dirty and stays that way for about 3 days. The well is in the yard below a relatively steep slope. There was a runoff issue that I repaired and the water stayed clear for about 6 months but has recently started to get dirty again after it rains. What might be the issue?

On 2023-01-16 by InspectApedia Publisher - surface runoff is leaking into your well

@Darlene,

That sure sounds as if surface runoff is leaking into your well.

You might ask your plumber or well service company to

• assure that there is a water-tight cap on the well
• that any well pipe connections exiting the well are sealed, such as at a below-ground pitless adapter
• to inspect the rest of the well bore for damage or leaks, using a well bore inspection camera

Have your water tested, at the very least, for potability.

Let us know what you find.

On 2020-07-07 by Goodman - well water changes color after rain

Why should the color of the water change Everytime it rains.

On 2020-07-07 - by (mod) -

Goodman

Thank you for an interesting question. The color of well water the changes when there's rain is most likely because the red is either leaking some surface contaminants into the well or changing the level of the water table to feed the well in part from a different water source..

You might ask your local Water Testing Lab to test a water sample for iron, tannins, and for coming surface sourced contaminants such as nitrates and of course coliform.

On 2022-09-28 by VK - how do I seal off the lower portion of my well casing?

There are two water source level in the borewll. I want to stop water coming from depth 500 meter and want to keep borewell open.

On 2022-09-28 by InspectApedia (Editor)

@VK,

You may be able to insert a well bore sleeve at the depth at which you want to stop water from entering the well.

The sleeve or set of sleeves will need to cover enough of the well bore to be sure you've sealed that area completely.

On 2021-08-25 by William Ridge - well casing fragments coming up from the well

small pieces of well casing (coffee ground size) is coming up from the well, what can be done? The water is still clean and there is now dirt or sand in the water.

On 2021-08-25 by inspectapedia.com.moderator - dirt or sand in the water might mean you need to scope the well

@William Ridge,

I'd hire a well company who have a well inspection camera to scope the well so that we understand what and where the problem is. It may be that a well casing repair sleeve is needed.

On 2021-08-16 by Darrell - water keeps flowing out of my well cap

When my power is on water pressure increased then pushing water out of well cap nonstop

On 2021-08-16 by inspectapedia.com.moderator

@Darrell,

A guess:

an annular space leak around an artesian well sends water to the surface, eroding soils, flooding lands, wasting water, and causing other trouble. Discussing leaks around the outside of the casing of an artesian well, the Michigan DEP points out,

Is discussed in more detail in the article above

On 2021-06-23 by Carl Rizzo - water is leaking at my well casing cap

I have a well that is 168 ft deep but suddenly is leaking around the well cap. Is that a problem? Everything is working correctly.

On 2021-06-24 by mak.church (mod) - leaks into well cap contaminate the water supply

@Carl Rizzo,
Leaks out? - or Leaks in? There are different problems, both discussed at:

WELL CASING LEAK REPAIRS

Watch out: leaks-in to a well casing contaminate the water supply

 

On 2021-04-18 by William Strader - what's a well sleeve and will it fix a problem of no water coming out of my well?

Hello iv'e tried everything from replacing the pump and can't seem to figure out what is wrong?

I've heard of well selves but don't know anything about them, I've primed my pump and still no water could I have a need for a well sleeve. If so how are they used . Thank you if you respond

On 2021-04-18 by inspectapedia.com.moderator - well sleeve has nothing to do with replacing a pump

@William Strader,

A well sleeve is a steel cylinder whose outer diameter is just slightly smaller than the inner diameter of your well casing; the sleeve is pushed down into the well casing to repair a hole or break in the existing well casing wall. They are described and their use explained above on this page; please take a look and let me know if any of that information needs clarification.

This has nothing to do with replacing a pump. Perhaps if you say more about what problem you're trying to solve we can be more-helpful.

Or see the "no water from my well" diagnostics at

PUMP PRIME, REPEATED LOSS 

On 2020-12-13 by Andrew - deep well in Colorado has run dry

Il Live in Bailey Colorado I have a well that 750' D we believe the pump is it 745 It has a 6 steel casing steel casing . The well has ran dry We Truck water in every day 300 gallons and drop it into the wellif your cassing

What i am trying to ask is if the casing has developed a hole from rust in the cassing say at the smergabel pump or under it (so i the water could leek out of the well caing faster then it can replinsh making the well look dry the olny other think i can thank of is bad sump ft so it could lase its prime untill we get the wells water level high enuf that the pump would prim it self

On 2020-12-13 by danjoefriedman (mod) - Trucking in water and pouring it down a leaky well casing is futile

Andrew

If I understand what you were doing you are Trucking in water and pouring it down a leaky well casing. That's not something that I would advise and it's almost certain to be a futile effort. You're simply pulling water back into the ground.

It's not going to correct a problem with a submersible pump that's not working either because the pump itself is damaged or because the water level in the well continues to drop below the pump.

You need an on-site well installer or expert to determine the well flow rate, the location or depth of water in the well, and the condition of the pump which of course may need to be replaced.

On 2020-06-28 by Mike Ur - why is my steel well casing pushing up out of the ground?

Have you ever seen well casings start raising up? what causes this?

On 2020-06-28 - by (mod) - what causes well casings to rise out of the ground?

well casing rising up out of ground

Mike

Is your well in a freezing climate?

Ice lensing can push a casing up out of the ground in some instances.

We explain ice lensing or "frost lensing" at FOUNDATION DAMAGE by ICE LENSING

Expansive clay soils or an artesian well could also push a casing up from its original installation position.

On 2020-06-29 by Anonymous

Nope never freezes here its come up about 2 inches cracking the concrete, so strange.

thanks for the reply

On 2020-06-29 - by (mod) -

Artesian well?

On 2020-06-29 by Anonymous

No just a standard steel casing well, water at about 40 ft. The steel casing has some rust on it, but its lifting the concrete up around the casing.

On 2020-06-29 - by (mod) -

Is there expansive clay soil?

On 2020-06-29 by Mike Ur

Here [photo above] is a pic, mostly sandy loam, some clay 4-5 ft down, but I wouldn't call it expansive. Local well guy has not seen anything like it. Anyway here is a pic.

On 2020-06-29 - by (mod) - Causes of a rising well casing causes for a well pipe to rise out of the ground

Mike:

More on causes of a rising well casing causes for a well pipe to rise out of the ground

One wonders

how deep is the casing itself,

how old is the well installation

could water or expanding clay be pushing up soil under the concrete poured around the casing and could the concrete be so bonded to the steel well casing that it in turn lifted the casing

Is this well inside of the principal building or in an outbuilding?

Have there been leaks or has there been water entry around the well? It looks like that might be the case: the casing is quite rusted near the concrete and the soil under the concrete around the casing looks wet.

Watch out: the lifting well casing risks:

1. loss of sanitary seal on the outside of the casing, a potential case of water contamination

2. lifting nearby piping connections causing a leak that could flood the area


For other readers: this appears to be an unusual situation: either the well casing itself is being pushed upwards or something connected to the casing is lifting it upwards.

That well casing upwards movement can happen, depending on local climate (not all of these pertain to Mike's well casing)
due to things we've listed so far, but the cause of Mike's rising wall casing may be different

- expansive clay soils

- an unexpected artesian well water supply pressure increase that fills the casing and pushes it upwards

- frost heave of surrounding building materials or piping connected to the casing - shouldn't happen if runoff and groundwater are kept away

- the well pipe isn't rising up out of the ground but rather the soils surrounding the well casing are settling downwards for any of a variety of reasons such as pumping out of the groundwater in the area, limestone or other geological formations settling, etc.

- something else we've not discovered

- Ice lensing uplift of a well casing - shouldn't happen if the casing is well sealed against surrounding groundwater

On 2019-01-07 by Amy - standing water around the well head

We have water standing around the well head but we have also had an abnormally amount of rain. The water is not standing in any other location of the yard which is concerning. Sometimes when using the water in the house we get a little air in the pipe. Is this normal for a well?

On 2019-01-07 - by (mod) -

Amy

Take a look at the soil surface slope or grading around the well; if there is a depression around the casing that might explain water collection there.

It is also possible that some wells can be flooded by local rainwater, either entering from the aquifer ( normal) or entering the well casing from a leaky well casing side or top.

if the latter is going on, such a well may temporarily act like an artesian well, sending water up and out near the casing top or at a leaky pitless adapter if your casing uses one of those below ground.

Your plumber or well service company may want to open the well casing and inspect the entire casing for damage using a well bore camera.

Let me know what you're told and we can take it from there.

For air discharge at fixtures there are several explanations.

See details at AIR DISCHARGE at FAUCETS, FIXTURES https://www.inspectapedia.com/water/Air_Discharge_at_Faucet.php

Certainly if there are leaks into the well casing from holes, rust, splits, bad piping connections etc. then the well water may not be sanitary.

Reader Question: can we replace a damaged well casing ourselves?

can we fix it ourself if not how much will it cost we put everything new on it but a well and a casing how do you put a casin on do you put a new wraping around it or what i dont have 2500dallors what do i need to do who do i need to call. - Christine Hobbs 8/16/11

Reply:

Replacing a well casing is not something a homeowner has the equipment nor knowledge to do - if that's what's needed.

But well casing that is damaged close to the top of the ground, say by a crack, might be "repaired" by a homeowner who dug to that point, cleaned the surface, and tried a patching expoxy.

A pro might use welding instead. I'm not sure what "put everything new on it" means. I suggest getting a detailed problem diagnosis and repair estimate from a plumber or well driller in your area. Let us know what you're told.

...

Continue reading at WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

Or see WELL CASING LEAK REPAIR FAQs - questions & answers posted originally at this article

Or see these

Recommended Articles

• WELL BORE CAMERA SYSTEMS
• WELL CAPS & COVERS
• WELL CONSTRUCTION & MAINTENANCE
• WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE
• WELL CASING LEAK REPAIRS - a cracked or rusted well casing can be a source of well contamination, mud, water loss.
• WELL CHLORINATION & DISINFECTION if the cleaning your well needs is to address bacterial contamination
• WELL FLOW RATE
• WELL PIPING LEAK DIAGNOSIS - leaks out can also suck debris into water piping
• WELL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS for other reasons (besides clogged well screens or clogged filters) that can explain poor water pressure or flow.
• WELL RETRIEVAL TOOLS - fish out stuff dropped into a well
• WELL WATER CONTAMINATION: CAUSES, CURES - home

Suggested citation for this web page

WELL CASING LEAK REPAIRS at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.

Or see this

INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES: ARTICLE INDEX to WATER SUPPLY, PUMPS TANKS WELLS

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Citations & References

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