Well water pump diagnostic FAQs:

this article provides answers to frequently-asked questions about how to diagnose problems with the water pump bring well water to a building or boosting water pressure at a building.

If the well pump runs too often, is noisy, seems weak, runs intermittently with no apparent reason, or is otherwise misbehaving, these questions will help sort out what's wrong.

FAQs on fixing problems with well pumps

Questions & answers about well pumps that run too often (short cycling), well pumps that won't stop running, noisy well pump, well pumps won't start.

Recent questions & answers about well pump diagnosis and repair, originally posted at the end of this article or at other water pump diagnostic articles such as WATER PUMP REPAIR GUIDE - home.

You'll like the diagnostic and repair help given there.

On 2017-12-07 by Auryn - pump died after a few days

So. I bought a new pump about a month ago and when I first ran it after priming it, it ran smooth for a few days.

This was just to test it out. I then had the pump disconnected and in storage for about 10 days before connecting it all up again to start pumping. ( I didn’t want it exposed to the weather while it was not being used).

However after setting it up the second time, the pump stopped pumping, i.e no pressure.

I checked the inlet pipe to the pump for air leaks it and blockage and everything seems fine. When I started the pump with the faucet closed and open it after it started, the pump just spews all the water from the pump and then nothing more.

The only thing I can think of is it may be busted on the inside. Any advice for someone who knows very little about these sorts of things?

On 2017-12-06 by (mod) - why the wellpoint pump shuts itself off.

Graeme

The well point pump might turn off when it is not finding water (the well runs dry) if it is protected from damage by a pump protection switch - a feature included in some pump control switches.

Or the motor could be overheating - which of course is damaging it.

See WATER PUMP PROTECTION SWITCH at https://inspectapedia.com/plumbing/Pump_Protection_Switches.php

On 2017-12-06 by Graeme

Is there a reason why the wellpoint pump shuts itself off. Could this be from overheating and if so why would it overheat. Thank you.

On 2017-12-02 by Anonymous

Sounds as if perhaps a pump protection switch is doing it's job, shutting off the pump to avoid damage when there is no water.

On 2017-12-02 by Rick

When turning on my pump, it runs for a few seconds then cuts out, Why? If I depress the switch it start fine, but cuts out after a few second.

What is the problem?

Thanks

On 2017-11-28 by (mod) - get more water from the well

Sarah

Sometimes it's possible to restore water flow into a well using any of several methods such as hydro fracking.

Take a look at WELL YIELD IMPROVEMENT https://inspectapedia.com/water/Well_Yield_Improvement.php and keep me posted on what you decide to try

On 2017-11-27 by Sarah

We have a 30 foot well and it went dry on us a couple of months ago. We have been using out of a cistern we have on site (not hooked to the house).

We have checked the Well once a week and it’s not getting any higher. Does this mean the Well is finished?

On 2017-10-21 by (mod) - signs of a well with limited water flow or supply

Carol,

I suspect a problem of low flow into the well, Or a worn pump or bad impeller, oe clogged foor valve, or possibly a defective pressure control switch. But there could be other causes. Even a piping leak.

At

inspectapedia.com/water/Water_Pressure_Table_3.php

We have a list of common causes for the situation that you describe -- a pump that keeps on running without reaching the cutoff pressure.

please take a look through those Diagnostics and then post another comment or contact me by email to let me know how that works for you and we can proceed from there.

On 2017-10-21 by Carol mckee

I have a Myers on top of the ground well pump it will pump up and hold pressure at 40 but won't shut off just keeps running so we kick it off by hand and it holds pressure but as soon as we turn the shut off to the house on the pressure drown to 10 and just runs! What can be wrong we have checked everything that we can see!!

On 2017-10-18 by (mod) - is the submersible pump submerged under water?

Dean,

I would check first that the pump is actually well below the surface of the water in the well.

On 2017-10-17 y Dean

I pulled the pump up and there was no check valve on the pump at all. I installed and tried again with the same result.

So i pulled it up and removed everything but the except the pipe coming out of the pump to the surface then i tried it in the dam where i laid it down horizontally 1ft below the surface and it worked with no issue, so i put it back down the bore and it did the something again.

I don't know whats going on. The system now only consists of a 3hp submersible bore pump to a check valve and to 30m of 1 1/2" thick walled polypipe which just spills out on the ground.

On 2017-10-17 by (mod) -

I'm sorry but I don't have a clear understanding of your installation. However if you're hearing air bubbles then it does sound as if there's a leak in the oil piping or a bad check valve that's losing the water in the downpipe

On 2017-10-17 by Dean

Ran the cable down still happened. Sounded like air bubbles when it stopped and get noisier. Its defiantly under water though. Any ideas could it be the check valve.

On 2017-10-15 by Anonymous - dirty well water

I thought that may be the case but the generator is 3000W rated with a max of 4500 to 5000 and the pump is 2200W. Its just the first time i used it it made 150m up the hill now its got no chance it only gets to my tee at the top of the bore and it stops regardless of weather i send it up the hill or not.

I was worried that the starting wattage may be too high but once it starts coming out i thought it would be right especially because it ran much longer the first time maybe 3 to 5mins before i turned it without any stall off because the dirty water didn't clear

Could the dirty water have effected the pump it was quite dirty and even got in to the joins of the polypipe past the rubber and into the thread. Or should i try running a cable down to it. Its 200m down the hill so its a long way for cable i got some 4mm2 cable there i could try Or is it worth trying to clean it some how like i could use like some CLR calcium lime rust remover stuff in the bath with it.

On 2017-10-15 by rich

Question i had a new pump put in when we tried to start it i got a light humming noise from the control box i put a new switch and control box on same problem voltage and ohms are good still no water. the well guy is avoiding me it seems like

On 2017-10-15 by John

We have a well system and the 3500 G cistern is near empty. I turned the float upside down and back in the cistern and the pump turned on and water was filling the tank.

But.. air is coming in like crazy off and on in the well line. (submersible pump). How does a submersible well pump behave when water in well is not replenishing quickly enough?

Does it over heat and take a break and turn on again? The pump seems to be coming back on after a while and it has me wondering what is going on. Thanks!

On 2017-10-05 by Donny

Ran out of water the other day due to no rain, got some rain today and filled the well about halfway.

The kitchen faucet gets good pressure on both hot and cold, the toilet tank fills as it should, bathroom faucet has good pressure for hot water but absolutely nothing on cold and the shower pressure is almost non-existent. Can someone please explain this because I'm at a loss, thanks.

On 2017-09-30 by (mod) -

It sounds as if perhaps you have been exhausting the well. It would be worth finding out the actual parameters for your well including the depth of the static head and the will flow rate. You can search inspectapedia for those terms to read details.

On 2017-09-30 by Michele

I filled a 500 gallon water tank to water orchard and now the pressure switch kicks off when I turn on outside spigots(3) and occasionally when you flush toilet and wash hands while the toilet tank Is filling. I have farm animals and fill about five 5gallon buckets of water every day, if I barely turn the spigot on I can (slowly) fill them but if I lift the handle all the way up the pressure switch shuts off instantly.

I often have to restart the well several times to get the buckets filled

. However when it shuts off from water use inside the house I typically only have to go to the pump house once. This happened twice before when we replaced two of the outside spigots and it the water lines connected them were busted and started pouring out water and again when we tried to fill the pool.

We fought it for months before it stopped both times. We bought a new pressure tank (large), new on demand water heater, new electrical lines to the well and we replace pressure switches every few months (mostly because ants get between the contacts ). We actually keep a supply on hand because of the frequency.

The well is supposed to be 150' deep, the pump is 70' deep. Pressure tank is set at 30/50, cut in pressure is 28.

I keep reading articles that say that this problem is caused by the well being dry but I use tons of water everyday it only shuts off when too much water comes out at one time (watering animals).

Could the submersible pump not be keeping up with the spigot flow .

I cannot understand how it could be lack of water when I can flip the pressure switch back on do laundry and baths etc. all day long with no problems. Water is clean, soft and tastes good, slightly high in iron. well is approx.. 20 years old.

On 2017-09-24 by (mod) -

Monty,

the article that should help you most to deal with a short cycling well pump as you described will be found

at WATER PUMP SHORT CYCLING - home

On 2017-09-24 by Monty

Water pump cycles every 4 seconds when the water is turned on.

On 2017-09-11 by (mod) -

Good going Kevin, sounds as if debris or muck in the switch sensor port was the problem. If it happens again check also the tube that conducts pressure to the switch.

On 2017-09-11 by kevin

Thanks for the advice. I replaced the switch, so far haven't run into the same issue. Thanks!

On 2017-09-08 by K Holloway

Changed out pump and and wet end on hot tube now the jets and circulation are backwards jets come on when it's supposed to be filtering water and when I engage jet it just circulates

On 2017-09-05 1 by (mod) -

Usually I trace the problem you describe to a slow-responding pressure control switch that in turn has become debris clogged, or to debris clogging of the tube or pipe that conducts water pressure to the switch sensor port on its base. Try replacing both of those and let me know how that works for you.

On 2017-09-05 by kevin

15-year old pump system, never had problem

. Recently it starts to have pressure drop in the morning (to about 10psi on pressure gauge), then come back to normal all by itself after 2-5 minutes. After that the whole day goes fine. The well company came here but couldn't find anything wrong.
Any suggestions?
Thanks in advance.

On 2017-09-03 by fred

the pump runs continuously but wont build more than 25 psi

On 2017-09-03 by Hardy's

We are in Rockport Tex and just experienced hurricane Harvey. Our well worked fine until now. I have pressured the tank up, replaced the switch and still nothing.

I opened the tank valve and it shot muddy water out. I pressured the tank back up and opened the valve up again and now nothing comes out including air. I know that I have 40psi in it.

On 2017-08-14 by Susan

My hot water heater was leaking an extreme amount. Before this was figured out air was put into our blatter tank and it was lost in the water heater. Once a new water heater was put in we now have zero water. The pump above ground is kicking on bit still don't have any water. Any clue.

On 2017-08-13 by Jake

When my well pump kicks on (at 30 psi) the pressure gauge instantly jumps up to about 50psi. The pump runs for a couple of minutes and stops when the pressure gauge reaches 65psi. When the pump stops, the gauge immediately drops to 45psi. It's ben like this for years and never caused me any problems.

My switch (30/50) recently developed a leak and had to be replaced. When I put the new one in, it kept short cycling because as soon as the pump kicked on, it sensed the 50 psi and shuts off. So, I adjusted the range to make it shut off like the old switch (at 65psi) and it's working fine. But why is this happening? Is it anything to be concerned about?

On 2017-08-01 by Mark G

My well pump continues to build pressure after the pump love off causing my pressure relief valve to activate. Any suggestions what would cause this?

On 2017-04-30 by Harry

This morning there was no water coming from the taps. We live in the countryside and have our own well with the pump in the shed. There is a little lever/switch on the side of the pump with what looks like some kind of pressure gauge beside it.

When I lift the little switch for a few seconds the water starts pumping again. And there will be water in the taps for another while. But an hour later there is nothing again. I have repeated this process many times today. What could be the issue?

On 2017-04-30 by Jim Taylor

My water

Pump is in the basement. About every 5-7 minutes it kicks on for 10 seconds then cuts off. I have no leaks anywhere in the house. Could my air pressure in the tank be a little too low or high?

On 2017-04-26 by (mod) can a pump run if its pressure switch is removed?

Axel

That's unlikely in most circumstances as removing the pressure control switch interrupts the path of electrical power to the well pump.

However an exception could be a higher horsepower well pump that is operated by a separate well pump relay switch.

IN those systems when the pressure control switch closes to turn on water it is actually switching a separate heavier-duty relay in a separate control box. The second relay turns on the pump.

In that second situation, even without operation of the pressure control switch at the pressure tank, a short circuit or defective relay or manual intervention in the separate pump control relay box might turn on the pump.

On 2017-04-26 by axel hischer

is it possible for a in ground well pump to turn on if the psi switch is removed or disconnected

On 2017-04-26 by (mod) will shocking the well damage the pump?

Mary:

Putting chlorine bleach into a well is a common well sanitizing procedure, but it has to be done using the proper amount and type of bleach or you may have trouble flushing the chlorine out or the amount could be ineffective.

Use the InspectApedia search box just above to find our article

on WELL CHLORINATION SHOCKING PROCEDURE

On 2017-04-26 by mary

pls can putting chlorine into the well when pumping machine is inside spoil it?

On 2017-04-24 by (mod) well light went out, now losing pressure

Anon

If you mean that your home lost all electrical power for a time and now you have no water pressure, this is a common situation when the well has a bad foot-valve;

With power when water leaks back down the well pipe from the pump and pressure tank the pressure falls and the pump turns on and recovers water and pressure before losing all water out of its piping and tank.

But without electrical power when water leaks back into the well through a leaky check valve or foot valve then the pump loses prime completely.

Search InspectApedia for WATER PUMP PRIMING PROCEDURE for a temporary recovery,

but really your well probably needs a new foot valve.

On 2017-04-24 by Anonymous

I have well water and my light went out last night. Now im losing water pressure. Whats happening

On 2017-04-24 by (mod) new pressure switch, short cycling pump

David, other common causes include a waterlogged water pressure tank. Use the on-page search box at the top or bottom of this page to find our article on WELL PUMP SHORT CYCLING or else on WATER TANK AIR, HOW TO ADD for detailed help.

On 2017-04-23 by David

Changed pressure switch on well pump but it still only runs a few minutes and cuts off

On 2017-04-22 1 by (mod) pump runs, no water delivered

JOhn if the pump runs but no water is delivered, the problem can be any of several listed in a nice diagnostic article found by using the Search InspectApedia box just above to find LOST WATER PRESSURE

On 2017-04-22 by John

I have power at my pump but it is not letting the pump push water through the house or through the outside hoses

On 2017-04-19 by (mod) vapor lock pump when running the sprinkler system?

Perhaps a sticking valve or control

On 2017-04-19 by Benny

I have a shallow well at 23 ft depth , I havery 60 psi and about 15 gallon per minute, occasionally when running my sprinkler system.

I don't know what it would be called but it seems as if I get a "vapor lock" my well pressure stays the same but the sprinkler heads don't come up the sand filter is clean. ...any help would be great

On 2017-04-14 by (mod) cleaned pressure switch contacts, pump won't run

Joel:

Since your pump is submersible it's down in the well. To me that means it would be difficult to hear noises that are originating at the pump itself; more likely you're hearing noises at the water pressure tank or the control(s) that switch the pump on and off.

Before pulling the pump itself I'd try using a mechanic's stethoscope (do not touch live electrical contacts or you may be, by death, unable to give me follow-up on what you found - see if you can isolate the noise to a control or component and let me know what you find.

On 2017-04-14 by Joel Gerow

I have a submersible well pump. The pressure is fine, but it has started to make a bad grumble and growl (from the well) every time, just prior to the pressure reaching cutoff.

I looked at the pressure switch and cleaned the contacts. The pump is 220V and both sets of contacts are opening cleanly and together. I am planning to replace the pump, but thought I'd ask, in-case it could be something else.

On 2017-04-14 by Joel Gerow re: growling noise from submersible well pump system: check first before pulling the pump

I have a submersible well pump. The pressure is fine, but it has started to make a bad grumble and growl (from the well) every time, just prior to the pressure reaching cutoff. I looked at the pressure switch and cleaned the contacts.

The pump is 220V and both sets of contacts are opening cleanly and together. I am planning to replace the pump, but thought I'd ask, in-case it could be something else.

On 2017-04-14 by (mod)

Joel:

Since your pump is submersible it's down in the well. To me that means it would be difficult to hear noises that are originating at the pump itself; more likely you're hearing noises at the water pressure tank or the control(s) that switch the pump on and off.

Before pulling the pump itself I'd try using a mechanic's stethoscope (do not touch live electrical contacts or you may be, by death, unable to give me follow-up on what you found - see if you can isolate the noise to a control or component and let me know what you find

On 2017-04-01 by (mod) re: air discharge at faucets (Original question follows this reply)

Lisa, please use the search box just above to search inspectapedia for air discharge at faucets. I think that the diagnostic and repair suggestions there will help you out. You keep me posted.

On 2017-04-01 by Lisa

I just bought a new house that's been rerenovated . When I take a shower .

Wash dishes ,do laundry seem like there's alot of air in my water cause when the water comes out it spits hard and some water comes out and some doesn't ? What should I do to check it out I'm pretty handy ?

On 2017-03-24 by (mod) re: identifying a well pipe leak

I D

That sounds to me like a well pipe leak

Perhaps you can find a service who can lower an inspection camera down the well bore - before just pulling the piping to inspect and test it.

Also look for openings in or damage to the casing.

On 2017-03-24 by l d hall

With well head off can hear water running in well while pump is on and can continue to hear water running thirty minutes after pump is turned off. Pressure will only get to 36psi have 40/60 pressure switch. takes forever to fill tank.

On 2017-03-19 by (mod) re: well pump turning on and off to often (Original question follows this reply)

Andrew

Please use the search box at the top or bottom of this page to

find WATER PUMP SHORT CYCLING - topic home, to see the ususal causes.

Perhaps the pump is short-cycling when it's reaching the cut-off pressure: that can be a failing pressure control switch, burned contacts in the switch, or ... I don't know I'll think more about the question.

On 2017-03-19 by Andrew F

Often after I turn off the shower or tap, the water pump makes a funny noise, in that it sounds like it is starting and stopping.

If I turn the shower/tap back on and then slowly turn it off, the noise stops, what could be the cause/what is the fix?

On 2017-03-14 by (mod) re: water pressure goes away sometimes, then returns

Pat use the search box at the top or bottom of this page to

find WATER PRESSURE INTERMITTENT LOSS to see some helpful diagnostics.

I suspect that your well water level is low and flow rate is low.

On 2017-03-14 by Pat

While taking a shower,we seem to run out of water or water pressure. When I turn the water off for a few minutes the pressure comes back but only for a few minutes.

On 2017-03-14 by (mod) re: hearing sound of air in water pipes

I suspect the pump is not in deep-enough water or there is an air leak in the piping

On 2017-03-14 by PRAKASH RAI

I have a 140ft sumersible pump,here we call it boring of underground water.Our house is in the high altitude.The pump is unable to pump the water.The technician told us that the wire was shortcircuit then we changed the wire but water didnt came.

Then the technician took out the pump and he checked it in a drum full of water the machine worked.

But when we put the machine inside, the sound of water moving is heard but only air comes out.What is the reason behind this?Is it the water level that dropped down than machine or anyother technical problem? Please help us with this.Thankyou-Prakash

On 2017-02-07 by Kathy

My pump was not cutting on...the point system was not working properly,I had to hold it down manually, I bought a new one...same thing,as soon as I plugged it in it cuts on then trips off, I can hold it down with my fingersand it stays on but when I let it go it won't stay on

On 2017-01-25 by shawn

my well tank float seems to work but the pump in the ground won't shut off. i pulled the float and can hear it click when i point it up to down and vice versa. any suggestions?

On 2017-01-09 by (mod) re: clogged pressure control switch doesn't sense actual water pressure

Justin

I suspect that the pumps pressure control switch is not correctly sensing water pressure.

This can't happen from debris clogging the small diameter pipe or tube that conducts water pressure to the switch. You might find that replacing the switch will fix the problem. Keep me posted

On 2017-01-08 by Justinsayne

So we had a freeze and I had a piece of pipe that burst. After I replaced the piece of pipe my well pump is now acting weird. once I run the water to where there is no pressure, the well pump does not kick back on automatically as it always has.

I now have to go outside and switch it on manually, then once the pressure is full again, it shuts on and off about 10 times quickly before it turns off for good.

The man who replaced the piece of pipe said it was because my filter was dirty but I put a cleaner filter in there and it is still acting weird.. HopingFor Help...

2016-11-27 by John - My pressure switch stops working and opens allowing pressure to drop through use of water and causing water loss

Water in house has been off and on. Breaker to well not popped. Pressure switch has power.

220 at top of well when working properly. My pressure switch stops working and opens allowing pressure to drop through use of water and causing water loss in house. I changed out the switch and new one same problem after a few cycles.

I have an artisian well with water always trickling out from under the top cap when not being used in house so I don't think its a matter of no water in well. Any suggestions of cause for that pressure switch to open?

2016-11-04 by Jeff

Pump turns off and every 15 minutes no leaks that i can see shut water to the house and still did it

Reply:

John and Jeff:

I suspect debris is colgging the pressure switch so it's not turning on the pump when pressure falls. SeeWATER PUMP PRESSURE SWITCH REPAIRS

2016-11-04 by Richard - pump going to seize up

My pump hasn't been started in a couple of years and when I started it it is sounding like it's going to seize up so I turned it off can this water pump be oiled

Reply:

Oiling wont' fix a seizing water pump but it may be possible to have the pump rebuilt.

2016-10-27 by Hank - Pump clicking off and on

Pump clicking off and on

Reply:

Hank,

Please use the search box just above to find the article WATER PUMP SHORT CYCLING to see how to diagnose and repair the problem you cite

Question: house trailer water system ruined - pump fell over

(May 21, 2014) Anonymous said:

At our house trailer in northern Michigan. a lot of snow melt and water rise lifted the pump until it fell over. never happened before so the hose may have tipped it over. when turned on, it hummed for a moment then stopped. power is off now. would water in the pump short it out so it will need to be replaced or can it easily be fixed.

getting water is no problem as there are many springs in this lake area.

tom sydor

Reply:

Sorry Tom Sydor, I'm not sure what the question is. You described a ruined water supply system that sounds as if it needs to be rebuilt, and what sounds like a shorted, burned-up motor or motor start capacitor or control.

Question: pump runs intermittently

(Jan 21, 2015) Ray said:

My pump (from tank to house) has been running intermittently and actually shut down twice in the last 24 hours.

I went to the pressure switch and was able to manually restart the motor twice, once last night and once this morning. It happened a third time this morning and I was unable to restart it.

When I try the manual restart the switch sparks and then I hear only a hum rather than the pump kicking on. I replaced the pressure switch because the contacts looked burned.

Still no pump start. I also cleaned out the filter and checked the pressure in the bladder tank. Pressure was very low so I added air up to 25 psi but still have no pump start. Pump is at leat 10 years old. What next?

Reply:

Ray

This sounds like there is a leak somewhere, perhaps a bad foot valve, a leak in well piping, or water running somewhere - that is exhausting water in the well. If the pump no longer starts it may have been damaged by running dry. Start by checking for power, reset switches, etc. to be sure the pump gets power.

If you added enough air pressure to put the tank pressure above the pump cut-in pressure, of course, it'll never start.

SeeWATER PUMP INTERMITTENT CYCLING

Question: pressure gauge over 100 psi

(Feb 21, 2015) calvin said:

Well water. the gage is reading is over 100ps, I bleed the tank and it went back to 60ty and the pump came on the pressure went back to 100ps which cut the relay off, no water getting to water heater,

Reply:

Watch out: If the pressure really is that high the situation is dangerous as you can blow the tank or piping, causing injury.

Or the gauge is debris clogged and or faulty.

Check the actual system, pressure independently.

...

Continue reading at WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE for table listing causes & cures for well pump or water pressure problems, or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

Or see WATER PUMP DIAGNOSTIC FAQs-6 - morerecent diagnosis & repair questions and answers for well & water pumps

Or see these

Recommended Articles

• PUMP PRIME, REPEATED LOSS of if you can't keep the pump primed
• WATER PRESSURE LOSS DIAGNOSIS & REPAIR - home
  • MUNICIPAL WATER PRESSURE DIAGNOSIS - If your water supply is from a city or municipal water system
  • WATER PRESSURE PROBLEM DIAGNOSIS TABLE - succinct guide to pump & well problem causes & cures
  • WATER PRESSURE TABLE 1: PUMP WON'T RUN, WON'T STOP, or CYCLES
  • WATER PRESSURE TABLE 2: PUMP RUNS, WEAK or NO WATER PRESSURE
  • WATER PRESSURE TABLE 3: PUMP RUNS, NO WATER or INSUFFICIENT WATER
• WATER PUMP CONTROLS & SWITCHES - home
• WATER PUMP PRIMING PROCEDURE
• WATER PUMP REPAIR GUIDE - home

...

Suggested citation for this web page

WATER PUMP DIAGNOSTIC FAQs-5 at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.

Or see this

INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES: ARTICLE INDEX to WATER SUPPLY, PUMPS TANKS WELLS

Or use the SEARCH BOX found below to Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia

Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia

Try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly.

Note: appearance of your Comment below may be delayed: if your comment contains an image, photograph, web link, or text that looks to the software as if it might be a web link, your posting will appear after it has been approved by a moderator. Apologies for the delay.

Only one image can be added per comment but you can post as many comments, and therefore images, as you like.
You will not receive a notification when a response to your question has been posted.
Please bookmark this page to make it easy for you to check back for our response.
Our Comment Box is provided by Countable Web Productions countable.ca

Citations & References

In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.

---

ADVERTISEMENT

---