Drinking water test choices and costs:

How to decide what drinking water contamination tests you should order: this article describes the types of water testing available, outlines common water test fees, describes the details of what parameters are included in various water test options, and gives advice to assist you in deciding what tests to order.

To avoid any conflict of interest we recommend that home inspectors and water testing companies follow (as some do) a simple fee policy: a flat fee, for example, $75.00 is charged plus whatever lab fees apply for whatever water tests you select. By this method you can be assured that any water test selection advice you hear is motivated only by your interest and not by possible profit on various lab fees.

We mention the warning just above because a few water test companies aggressively market "selling water tests" to building inspectors as a way to increase their bottom line. Inspectors are required to avoid conflicts of interest with those of their clients.

Drinking Water Test Types, Parameters & Test Selection Advice

at COLIFORM STANDARDS for DRINKING WATER we explain that virtually all standards, world wide, for water potability require that the level of both total coliform and E-coli in drinking water be at 0 per 100 ml of water.

So what should you do if your water test finds either or both of coliform and E-coli in the drinking water?

The presence of E-coli means that sewage bacteria (and pathogens) are in the drinking water. That's an immediate health hazard to people drinking the water.

If E-coli is absent but the total coliform test still detects coliform bacteria (at a level of more than 0 per 100 ml of water) the drinking water safety still needs to be addressed.

Watch out: the presence of bacteria in drinking water from a well has more significance than just the possibility of a bacterial health hazard itself.

That means that bacteria testing is a check for a well-contamination indicator.

Before installing a well-water disinfection system such as a UV ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT WATER TREATMENT

or before installing CHLORINATORS & CHARCOAL FILTERS it is essential to perform further tests to screen for other contaminants in the bacteria-contaminated well. Otherwise you may be treating just the indicator organism and leaving other contaminants in your water.

Because the most-common source of bacteria in well water is the entry of surface-runoff into the well water supply, any other contaminants (besides bacteria) that are on or near the ground surface may also be contaminating the well water.

A list of other possible contaminants in a bacteria-contaminated well is very long - far too long to make exhaustive water testing economical or even feasible.

8 Steps to Take Before Choosing Additional Water Tests

Of the small, private and un-regulated drinking water wells serving 43 million people in the United States, one in every five wells in the U.S. has been found to contain drinking water contaminants. [NY Times reporting in 2018 on USGS data cited below]

If your well has "failed" a bacteria test, before ordering specific water contamination tests in response to a failed bacteria test, it makes sense to try to make some intelligent guesses about which water tests to choose.

That's because, unfortunately, there is no single comprehensive "water test for everything" - at any price.

We suggest going through these eight steps to investigate the condition of your well.

First Look at the Type of Water Supply You Have

1. Inspect your well itself for sources of contamination. Some common examples of surface water leaks into a drilled well include:
   
   Cracked or damaged well casing
   
   Flooding - recent floodwaters inundated the well - see FLOOD CONTAMINATED WELL RESTORE & PROTECT
   
   Missing or damaged well casing cap above ground, close to ground, or in a well pit.
   
   Leaks at the Pitless Adapter connecting water pipes to the casing side (buried well casing tops)
   
   If you find a simple and obvious source of surface water leakage into your well, fix that, shock the well, and re-test.
   
   See
   
   FAILED WATER TESTS - WHEN to RE-TEST
   
   And
   WELL CHLORINATION SHOCKING PROCEDURE
   
   
2. Note the type of water source you are using: some private water sources are more likely to be contaminated and may be impossible to keep sanitary, requiring a permanent water treatment system.
   
   Also shallow wells, at 25 ft. or less, even if drilled or driven-point type, are more-likely to become contaminated with surface water or surface runoff.
   
   CISTERNS
   
   DRIVEN POINT WELLS
   
   DUG WELL POTABILITY TEST
   
   SPRINGS as WATER SUPPLY
   
   
3. Inspect your property for possible sources of contamination such as
   
   The location of your septic system, tank and absorption or soakaway beds and test and inspect the septic system for proper operation
   
   The present or previous use of fertilizers or pesticides on your property or on adjoining properties that drain onto your property.
   
   Nitrates, from fertilizer or from spreading manure on the land, are one of the most-commonly-found contaminants in private drinking water wells.
   
   Check the history of use of your property and of adjoining properties.
   

Next Get Advice on Local Sources of Water Contamination

4. Ask your local water testing laboratory for advice on what water tests should be performed.
   
   The water test lab, having performed thousands of water tests of various types, can often tell you which water contaminants have been found in water wells nearby to your own well or water source.
5. Ask your neighbors. Depending on the population density where you live, neighboring wells may be close to your own, often even tapping into the very same aquifer.
   
   Ask neighbors if they have found any contaminants in their wells.
   
   Using this approach at a rural property a neighbor was able to tell us that years ago a local business had dumped acetone onto the property across the street from a well we were testing.
   
   A test for acetone detected high levels still in the well's water supply. Nobody would have thought of testing for acetone without that informal research.
6. Check USGS or other maps of known water contamination sources to see if one is near your well.
   
   In the U.S. the USGS has published an interactive map consolidating water quality data over many areas. However in our OPINION, while this is critical data for government and community water quality management, it may not reflect smaller or very local contaminant sources that affect your well.
   
   USGS Website: https://www.usgs.gov/news/first-its-kind-interactive-map-brings-together-40-years-water-quality-data [as of 2018/11/05]
   Excerpt:
   A new U.S. Geological Survey interactive map provides a comprehensive, long-term look at changes in the quality of our nation’s rivers and streams over the last four decades.
   
   For the first time, monitoring data collected by the USGS and 73 other organizations at almost 1,400 sites have been combined to provide a nationwide look at changes in the quality of our rivers and streams between the 1972 passage of the Clean Water Act and 2012.
7. Check local toxic site maps and superfund sites to see if one is near your well. However as with the USGS maps, the U.S. toxic sites maps will not include all local toxic dumps or fills or spills that could affect your well.
   
   US Toxic Sites Website: http://www.toxicsites.us/
8. If you do not find a specific or likely contaminant for which to test, order a common screening test that combines often-found water contaminants
   
   such as the FHA/Hud Short Series (Coliform, Lead, Nitrite, Nitrate, Iron, Manganese, Sodium, pH, Hardness (Ca, Mg), Alkalinity, Turbidity).
   
   Your water test lab can give further advice about these test packages.
   
   

Choices of Water Tests and Fees

Here are some typical water test lab fees for the minimum test (bacteria presence/absence) and more popular comprehensive water tests which look for groups of common water contaminants:

• Bacteriological sampling: (Total Coliform and E-Coli): $25-$30. This is the most-basic screen for drinking water safety. If bacteria is found then further investigation and tests (for other contaminants) is in order.
  
  See BACTERIA TEST GUIDE
• FHA-Short Series: Coliform, lead, nitrate, nitrite: $75-$100.
  
  - be sure to review the guidance at
  
  US FHA HUD WATER TESTING ADVICE
• FHA/HUD or "FHA-Short" Water Test Series: Coliform, Lead, Nitrite, Nitrate, Iron, Manganese, Sodium, pH, Hardness (Ca, Mg), Alkalinity, Turbidity: $170-$250.
• FHA-Long Series: Coliform, pH, Chloride, Conductivity, MBAS, Nitrite, Nitrate, Ammonia, Lead, Copper, Total Hardness (Ca, Mg), Iron, Manganese, Zinc: $200.-$275.
  
• Individual water tests for specific substances and the associated fees are listed in more exhaustive detail in
  
  INDIVIDUAL WATER CONTAMIANANT TESTS

Note: these tests and fees will vary depending on lab chosen and subject to lab rate changes.

Check the License of Your Water Test Lab

Be careful: some laboratories doing business in some U.S. States are NOT fully certified for all of the tests they are offering and in some cases are not certified at all.

More tricky, an out of state lab may hold a testing license in New York for one type of test, such as lead or asbestos, but may be selling other services, typically bacteriological testing, for which they are specifically not licensed.

Tests by such agents could be illegal and may also be conducted improperly. Discuss any concerns with your home inspector or test consultant.

One Connecticut "water test lab" offering water test services in New York, for example, is not licensed to offer bacteriological test services but does so, claiming that they are "licensed" because they have N. Y. license to perform certain other tests.

Even if the lab's technology and procedures are sound, this can be more serious than a technicality if a later issue arises about the water quality and the tests that were performed at a property. Or you could risk losing a mortage commitment at the last minute.

Watch out: also when using a distant water test lab to whom you plan to mail your water samples. To be valid and even to permit processing at all, some water tests must be delivered to the water lab within 24 hours of collecting the water sample. Check with your water test lab about their requirements for speedy sample delivery.

Water Quality Tests vs. Other Water Ingredients

Watch out: this discussion and the list of water tests below focused on well water quality - what is "in" the well water that may make it unsafe or unpalatable to drink.

Water tests that focus on water potability (is the water safe to drink) as we do on this page may miss other important water conditions, such as water that is too high in mineral content, clogging pipes and water heaters.

Water hardness and mineral content are discussed at MEASURE WATER HARDNESS.

Water that is too acidic or corrosive can cause leaks in copper piping.

See WATER ACIDITY CORROSIVITY.

Water Quality vs. Water Quantity

Testing water quality (what's in the water or is it nice to drink) tells you nothing about how much water you can actually obtain from your well.

At least as important as water quality is the question is "does the well provide enough water" - a topic discussed

at WELL FLOW RATE

and at WELL FLOW TEST PROCEDURE

Really? I suppose if you run out of water it won't matter if the water you can't obtain would have been safe to drink or not. But it'll be annoying.

Common Water Quality Tests

These articles describe the parameters in each test.

Watch out: we do not advise simply ordering these tests arbitrarily. Discuss your concerns with your water test laboratory. Otherwise you're "shooting in the dark" and risk failing to test for something important, falsely assuming your drinking water is safe.

• ARSENIC in WATER - arsenic contaminants in water may occur naturally in some soils
• BACTERIA TEST GUIDE - tests the level of microbial contaminants in water. The basic "present/absent" or "P/A" test is the minimum water potability test required by many home mortgage lenders. Also see HPC Heterotrophic Plate Count and be sure to see these articles
• CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS in WATER
• CHLORAMINE TESTS, WATER
• COMPREHENSIVE WATER TEST DETAILED PARAMETER LIST
• COMPREHENSIVE + PESTICIDES list of water contaminant test parameters
• CORROSIVITY or ACIDITY of WATER - corrosive water risks leaky copper water pipes; the Langelier Saturation Index..
• FHA WATER TESTS REQUIRED - specific list of test parameters for FHA mortgage borrowers
• GENERAL CLASSES OF WATER CONTAMINANTS for Comprehensive Water Testing
• GENERAL WATETR TEST - water test parameters
• HARDNESS of WATER - water high in minerals, typically calcium or manganese, risk clogged pipes & water heaters
• HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION in WATER - water test parameters
• HPC HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT BACTERIA - also see BACTERIA TEST GUIDE.
• INDIVIDUAL WATER CONTAMINANT TESTS microbiological, metals, general water chemistry, organics, radiological and lead tests for contaminants in drinking water
• LEAD CONTAMINATION in WATER, HOW to TEST - also see Lead Contamination in Drinking Water: how to test & correction lead in drinking water
• LEAD CONTAMINATION FROM WATER SUPPLY LINES/ENTRY MAINS, Lead Testing & Correcting Contamination from - Lead Pipe Problems/Advice
• Nitrate level in water, identifies contamination from septic system effluent or possibly from nearby animal or livestock facilities or barns.
  
  See NITRATE/NITRITE TOXICITY [PDF] ATSDR: [Big, Slow-Loading File] U.S. Government ATSDR Science Corner - 2.5MB PDF
• PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION TEST - water test parameters - how to check for pesticide contaminants in drinking water
• MINERAL CONTENT of WATER - water high in minerals, typically calcium or manganese, risk clogged pipes & water heaters
• MUNICIPAL Water Test Parameters - how to check for pesticide contaminants in drinking water
• PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION TEST - also see  Pesticides in Water, Tests
• TOTAL COLIFORM TESTING - also see BACTERIA TEST GUIDE
• Turbidity test for drinking water - can indicate whether the water supply is contaminated with groundwater or flood waters
• STANDARD VA FHA - water test parameters - how to check for pesticide contaminants in drinking water
• TITLE 5 WATER TEST - water test parameters - how to check for pesticide contaminants in drinking water
• Total dissolved solids in water (TDS test) (also measures conductivity or a "conductivity test") identifies the mineral content of water.
  
  Water with high levels of salts or minerals may be a health hazard, and high mineral content or "hard water" risks problems with clogged plumbing equipment, pipes, water heaters. Also
  
  see WATER SOFTENERS & CONDITIONERS.
• WELL CHLORINATION SHOCKING PROCEDURE - how to sanitize a drinking water well

Contamination of Drinking Water Wells - Research

• Allaire, Maura, Haowei Wu and Upmanu Lall, "National trends in drinking water quality violationsNational trends in drinking water quality violations", PNAS 2018; published ahead of print February 12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719805115
  Abstract
  
  Ensuring safe water supply for communities across the United States is a growing challenge in the face of aging infrastructure, impaired source water, and strained community finances. In the aftermath of the Flint lead crisis, there is an urgent need to assess the current state of US drinking water. However, no nationwide assessment has yet been conducted on trends in drinking water quality violations across several decades.
  
  Efforts to reduce violations are of national concern given that, in 2015, nearly 21 million people relied on community water systems that violated health-based quality standards. In this paper, we evaluate spatial and temporal patterns in health-related violations of the Safe Drinking Water Act using a panel dataset of 17,900 community water systems over the period 1982–2015. We also identify vulnerability factors of communities and water systems through probit regression.
  
  Increasing time trends and violation hot spots are detected in several states, particularly in the Southwest region. Repeat violations are prevalent in locations of violation hot spots, indicating that water systems in these regions struggle with recurring issues.
  
  In terms of vulnerability factors, we find that violation incidence in rural areas is substantially higher than in urbanized areas. Meanwhile, private ownership and purchased water source are associated with compliance.
  
  These findings indicate the types of underperforming systems that might benefit from assistance in achieving consistent compliance. We discuss why certain violations might be clustered in some regions and strategies for improving national drinking water quality.
  
• "Bacteria in Drinking Water" - "Chlorine," Karen Mancl, water quality specialist, Agricultural Engineering, Ohio State University Extension. Mancl explains factors affecting the effectiveness of chlorine in water as a means to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms. OSU reports as follows:
  • Chlorine kills bacteria, including disease-causing organisms and the nuisance organism, iron bacteria. However, low levels of chlorine, normally used to disinfect water, are not an effective treatment for giardia cysts. A chlorine level of over 10 mg/1 must be maintained for at least 30 minutes to kill giardia cysts. -- http://ohioline.osu.edu/b795/index.html is the front page of this bulletin
• Colburn, Theo, et alks, Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival?--A Scientific Detective Story [Book purchase link at Amazon], Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, John Peter Meyers. Plume-Penguin Publishing, 1997, ISBN 0-452-27414-1., ISBN13: 9780452274143. This book is a seminal work on endocrine disruptors (chemical contaminants having impact at extremely low levels in the environment).
  
  Recommended by Daniel Friedman, this book is a critical update to the landmark Silent Spring by Rachel Carson and discusses the effects of minute trace amounts of chemical contaminants in the environment. The text "Identifies the various ways in which chemical pollutants in the environment are disrupting human reproductive patterns and causing such problems as birth defects, sexual abnormalities, and reproductive failure. Reprint. Tour. NYT."
  
  Amazon.com Review: By O T (Ontario, BC) - 'Our Stolen Future' is a great introduction to one of the most important scientific discoveries in our time. Having recently completed a thesis project at university on Endocrine Disruptors, I have reviewed hundreds of
  papers on the subject. This book is a good clear overview of the scientific literature on EDs.
  
  The authors are experts - Theo Colborn is largely responsible for creating the field by bringing together diverse researchers so they could see the big picture of their work.
  
  Many of the principle investigators are interviewed and quoted at length on the way chemicals participate in and interfere with delicate hormonal systems in animals (including humans). The major accomplishment of the book is to make an easy-to-follow story out of complex research.
  
  Many resources are available to help you assess the reliability of this story, and the best thing to do if you have any doubts is read review articles in scientific journals (which are easier to understand than technical papers).
  
  The Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) have a guidebook for health-care professionals on Endocrine Disruptors, and the US EPA has many reports on the matter. Beware of people or websites who try to 'debunk' this book (or the science behind it) by simply declaring it false, flawed or disproven. There is far too much supporting research for so simple a refutation.
  
  OPINION: Significant and discussed in this book is the observation that at certain critical points in the development of animals, presumably including humans, exposure to extremely low levels of endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDC's)
  
  (such as BPA - BISPHENOL-A [Web article] or BPA,
  
  DIETHYLSTILBESTROL - DES [Web article] dioxins, PCBs, and chemicals used in the production of certain cleansers, dyes, flame retardants, plastics, pesticides, white papers ) perhaps just a few molecules, or in the parts per trillion, is sufficient to cause disruption of the animal's development, including proper sex differentiation, or the lack of it that produced androgynous ducks unable to reproduce under such conditions.
  
  A endocrine disruptor is a synthetic chemical compound that mimics natural hormones when it is taken into the body of a human or other animal. It "disrupts" the endocrine system by turning on or off normal chemical signals that in turn can affect normal hormone levels, bodily functions, and significantly, the development of embryos.
  
  Further, unlike naturally occurring hormones ingested, for example from plants (phytoestrogens), synthetically-generated hormones accumulate in the body and can have a half-life of decades or longer.
  
  One significance of this finding includes the observation that an important medical effect that occurs with exposure to chemicals in extremely low concentrations means that experiments to test for correlations between chemical exposure and subsequent serious medical problems will be deeply flawed if, for example, the experimental design does not include testing for the presence of the chemical at extremely low levels.
  
  A related concern is that even if harmful effects from exposure to extremely low concentrations of an endocrine disruptor are occurring, teasing out and proving that relationship can be also extremely difficult.
• "Drinking Water Safety in Emergencies", University of Minnesota extension, extension.umn.edu/info-u/nutrition/BJ646.html
• Endocrine Disruptor Exchange, Dr. theo Colborn (also see Our Stolen Future cited below). From that website at https://endocrinedisruption.org/
  
  The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, Inc. is the only organization that focuses primarily on the human health and environmental problems caused by low-dose and/or ambient exposure to chemicals that interfere with development and function, called endocrine disruptors. ...
  
  TEDX's work focuses on the endocrine system, which is the exquisitely balanced system of glands and hormones that regulates such vital functions as body growth, response to stress, sexual development and behavior, production and utilization of insulin, rate of metabolism, intelligence and behavior. Hormones are chemicals such as insulin, thyroxin, estrogen, and testosterone that interact with specific target cells.
  
  The interactions occur through a number of mechanisms, the easiest of which to conceptualize is through a lock and key arrangement.
• Giardia exposure limits for drinking water: see www.mass.gov/dep/water/drinking/standards/giardia.htm is the current regulatory exposure limit (your minimum target for sterilization)
• Healy, Jack, "Rural America's Own Private Flint: WelL Water Too Poluted to Drink", The New York Times, p. 16, 4 November 2018
  
  Excerpts: President Trump's actgions to loosen clean water rules have intensivied a battle over regulations and environmental protections unfolding on the most intensely local level: in people's own kitchens and faucets.
  ...
  There are no precise water-quality surveys of private wells that serve 43 million people in the United States, but sampling by the United States Geological Survey has found contamination in about one of every five wells.
  ...
  In Wisconsin, a state report recently found that as many as 42,000 of the state's 676,000 private wells, or 6 percent, were likely to exceed the federal health standards for nitrates, which can come from fertilizer use and manure spreading. Nitrates have been linked to a dangerous blood condition in babies and may increase cancer risks in adults.
• Kristof, Nicholas D., "Chemicals and Our Health", Nicholas D. Kristof, New York Times, 16 July 2009, p. 27. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/opinion/16kristof.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=chemicals and our health&st=cse This outstanding editorial calls for improvements in public health policy to address phthalates and other environmental contaminants from common chemicals and products in everyday use. - DJ Friedman
• Lead Contamination from Water Supply Lines/Entry Mains, Lead Testing & Correcting Contamination from - Lead Pipe Problems/Advice
• Ohio State University: Concentration of chlorine necessary to act as an effective disinfectant, and the effects of the water's pH and temperature: See http://ohioline.osu.edu/b795/b795_7.html for details.
• US EPA: list of drinking water contaminants: see http://www.epa.gov/safewater/contaminants/index.html
• USGS Interactive Map of Contaminated Waterways, Website: https://www.usgs.gov/news/first-its-kind-interactive-map-brings-together-40-years-water-quality-data [as of 2018/11/05]
• USGS, "Contamination in U.S. Private Wells" [web article reporting on a podcast], retrieved 2018/11/05, original source: https://water.usgs.gov/edu/gw-well-contamination.html
  Excerpt:
  
  In 2005, about 43 million Americans supplied their own home water and over 99 percent of that water came from groundwater.
  
  Naturally, the quality and safety of water in these wells is an issue of concern, and in 2009, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) studied the water quality of over 2,000 private wells to measure the existence and extent of contamination.
  
  The study found that about 23 percent of them did have at least one contaminant at a level of potential health concern.
  
• US FHA HUD WATER TESTING ADVICE - HUD letter Outlines FHA Repair, Inspection, & Water Testing Requirements
• U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations - The complete regulations regarding these contaminants available from the Code of Federal Regulations Website -(United States)
• US Toxic Sites Website: http://www.toxicsites.us/

...

Continue reading at WATER TESTING ADVICE - when to test your drinking water, or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

Or see WATER QUALITY TEST CHOICES & WATER TEST FEE FAQs - questions and answers posted originally on this page.

Or see these

Recommended Articles

• CHEATING ON WATER TESTS Testing Water for Real Estate Transactions - make sure your water test is valid
• CONTAMINANT CLASSES, in WATER & links to home buyer advice about water testing, drinking
• DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANT LEVELS - MAXIMUM ALLOWED
• DRINKING WATER CONTAMINATION AND POLLUTION How to Detect, Test, Correct, and Prevent Well Water Contamination - US EPA - Groundwater
• DRINKING WATER TESTING ADVICE FOR HOME BUYERS HOME OWNERS HOME INSPECTORS
• FAILED WATER TESTS - WHEN to RE-TEST what to do, when to do it, treatment alternatives, equipment, filters, etc.
• LEAD in WATER, ACTION LEVELS - Lead Pipe Problems/Advice, Lead Testing & Correcting Contamination from Lead Water Supply Lines/Entry Mains
• WATER CONTAMINANT LEVELS & LIMITS - maximum allowable contaminants in drinking water
• WATER TESTS for CONTAMINANTS - home
• INDIVIDUAL WATER TEST PARAMETERS
• WATER TEST INTERPRETATION what the results mean and what to do about them
• WATER TESTS for CONTAMINANTS - Water supply contamination Levels, wter testing procedures
• WATER TESTING ADVICE
• WELL CHLORINATION & SHOCKING - Procedure for Shocking a Well to (temporarily or maybe longer) "Correct" Bacterial Contamination

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WATER QUALITY TEST CHOICES & WATER TEST FEES at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.

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INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES: ARTICLE INDEX to WATER TESTING

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