Aluminum Electrical Wiring Hazards & Aluminum Wiring Repair Method Questions & Answers:

Frequently-asked questions and replies concerning the hazards of aluminum electrical wiring and repair methods for aluminum electrical wiring or its connections & connectors.

This Aluminum Wiring Website answers just about any question concerning aluminum electrical wiring, aluminum wiring failure causes, cures, repairs, and prevention. We include authoritative, expert aluminum wiring failure research, field failure reports, and descriptions of approved aluminum wiring repair procedures and products.

Photo at page top show an improper aluminum-to-copper pigtail splice which is overheating (courtesy of G. Cohen). Aluminum wire connections can overheat enough to start a fire without ever drawing enough current to trip a circuit breaker.

Aluminum Electrical Wiring Risk & Hazard FAQs

Recently posted questions & answers about the hazards of aluminum electrical wiring

These questions and replies were posted originally at ALUMINUM WIRING HAZARDS & REPAIRS

On 2019-11-17 by (mod) -

Sorry but no. Those devices have an equally High failure rate.

ALUMINUM WIRING REPAIR COALR & CU-AL - that is, CO/ALR dual receptacles and switches that some people like to recommend or to sell are *NOT* recommended by the US CPSC for aluminum wiring repairs. The U.S. CPSC is the key authority in this matter - folks who have taken pains to specify which aluminum wiring repairs work and are safe when properly executed

On 2019-11-16 by Colby Roper

Is it even worth changing the devices out to "aluminum only" devices in an aluminum wired home? Customer is trying to save money, although I know that this is probably not even a good idea! She still wants some kind of pricing on the different repair methods.

On 2018-12-26 by (mod) -

Kristi

Tinned copper electrical wire was widely used and you might indeed find it with knob and tube circuitry
As well as with the next generation of number 14 wire that you have found in your house in armored cable.

The fact that the wire is 14 gauge rather than 12 is an argument for its being copper since if aluminum wiring were used on a 15 amp circuit it would have been the next larger size or number 12 aluminum.

Regarding the circuit breakers that were stamped is cu / Al, manufacturers were permitted to claim that their device would work with both copper and aluminum electrical wire. However if you research through this article series you'll find that there is no actual independent research supporting the reliability of that stamping.

However it that's no reason to change your circuit breakers. That is from your description they're not using aluminum wiring anyway.

There could be, however, other electrical safety conditions in your home concerning the wire or the devices to which the wiring is connected. Simply because the building is old and the condition of circuits is unknown, a thorough inspection would be in order.

On 2018-12-24 by kristi

I decided to change over my 2 prong receptacles to grounded 3 pronged. My house was built in '51 & was at one point converted from knob & tube. I did my homework. Consulted with people who had done this & an electrician I happened upon at the Home Depot. As I progressed in my research as well as having a looksee at some of the outlets, the whole copper/aluminum issue began to arise

. I became concerned because I do understand there may be things I should not be messing with, however this does not stop me from researching because even if a "professional" is needed, I still wanna know what's going on. Anyway, I saw that each circuit breaker had "cu-al" printed on it. Some things didn't jive with my research though.

For one, the conduits running from the box to the upstairs are armored. The basement is covered by original clothed & two 14/2 grounded. Secondly, when I was having my looksee at the outlets I could see hints of copper where the pliers had scratched at the wire & all my research indicated that aluminum could be involved in two ways, either the wire strand being all aluminum or copper coated. What I was seeing was neither. So back to the research board learning about all the wiring since the dawn of time.... & it finally showed up, the only option that made sense, tin coated copper. I have since been through every outlet with a fine tooth comb. Each has tinned copper.

So my questions.... The electrician who did this is now 90 years old according to a quick internet search.

He may even be deceased.

I don't have the money to pay an electrician to come inspect & change the breaker switches or whatever would be needed to rectify the problem. Is this really my only option though? I mean I imagine I can't just slap a big ol' sign on the box & call it macaroni, correct?
Thank you

On 2018-12-08 by (mod) -

Physically can, yes. Should be so connected no. Conventional Twist on connectors will overheat and you're risking a fire.

On 2018-12-07 by Mike

Can aluminum wire be connected to plated wire with regular wire nuts?

On 2018-11-30 by Richard Gerbeth

Should aluminum wires be tightened in the breaker box? If so how tightly? Thank you

On 2018-01-05 by Wes

What is the smallest aluminum braided wire?

On 2017-04-14 by (mod) -

John, there are very good toilet water supply riser pipes readily available from plumbing and building suppliers. I prefer the rubber or plastic piping that is surrounded by a woven metallic sheath as durable and reliable and easy to install. Just measure the length from the toilet water supply shutoff valve to the toilet tank and buy a flexible line a bit longer than that.

Use the search box just above to find TOILET REPAIRS at InspectApedia to see a whole series of articles on toilet parts, leaks, repairs.

On 2017-04-14 by John Esposito

From cjjjespo@yahoo.com. I have a water supply coming in copper pipes to the toilet and there is a plumbing connection of aluminum pipe carrying the water into the toilet. The aluminum is oxidizing and the water pressure is creating a tiny leak. I think I should replace the aluminum with a plastic that does not rust. Help me with my idea. Thank you. John

On 2017-02-25 by (mod) - Edeward: opinion vs. objective data and facts

Edward,

The fact that an individual doesn't "see" a difference between the performance of different electrical connectors does not unfortunately constitute objective data nor scientific research. I understand the temptation to choose alterntive "facts" that we like even if they are not truly facts and in fact not even true.

I have never personally seen a Yak nor have I seen the inside of the Oval Office in the White House, but that lack on my part is no justification to claim that yaks and the Oval Office don't exist.

A closer look shows that the performance of connectors varies widely, perhaps for reasons that you could not "see" but that are there nonetheless. Example: the Twister performs poorly, melts, fails, as an aluminum wiring repair connector and so it was not recommended for use by the US CPSC.

A close look at the connectors design may explain part of the failure mechanism: the total contact areas between wires and connector spring differ with different connectors. In some connector designs the electrical current end up traveling through the connector's internal spring rather than moving directly from wire to wire. The result is extreme overheating and connector failure.

On 2017-02-23 by Edward - sees no difference in aluminum-copper electrical connector hazards

I can see no difference between twisting an aluminum and a copper wire together, and then covering this connection with a marrette that contains an antioxidant, like the Ideal Twister #65, and connecting the wires by laying them side by side, coated with an antioxidant, in a butt connector and then crimping them.

On 2016-11-29 by (mod) respect for actual facts is important

Thank you EJ. We agree. Now more than ever, respect for actual facts is important.

Unfortunately, Anon, your "opinion" that copper wire and aluminum electrical wire are equally hazardous is simply dead wrong. Independent expert research now extending over nearly fifty years has studied failure rates and failure mechanisms. "Losse" connections is not "the issue" with aluminum electrical wiring as you state, although I agree that loose electrical connections are indeed improper and unsafe as a separate hazard.

At the end of any InspectApedia article on aluminum electricial wiring hazards and on the best repair methods you will find aReferences or Citations section that cites authoritative, expert research. Please read at least one of those articles for a better understanding of the aluminum wiring failure mechanism (basically oxidation, microfretting, overheating).

On 2016-11-29 by EJ - Anon is mistaken

Anonymous (Nov 15, 2016),

In response to your post, any lose connection (copper or aluminum) is a fire hazard.

Aluminum for the many reasons stated on this site has additional hazards. I have been involved with electrical for 30 years and have seen several. I'm not affiliated with this site, just needed to respond to your comment that seems inaccurate.

On 2016-11-16 by Anonymous - who, preferring to remain nameless, says he or she thinks aluminum wiring is safe

It is sad that people in 2012 have not realized or admitted that the very same hazards exist with copper wiring. It is not aluminum wiring (technically speaking) that is the problem. It is the installers problem. Iahve seen all of the these problems audit has never been aluminum wiring. Granted that aluminum is more delicate and difficult to do a a good job terminating the wiring but when done properly it just as safe as copper or gold.

The whole issue that I have seen in your piictures that blame aluminum is improperly terminated wire. One of the pictures is an outlet burned at the connection of the plug and the receptacle. It was a loose connection. Losse connections are the issue. Why has no one mentioned that this happens all the time especially with do it yourself installers that do not now that it is important to have tight connections and do not know how to make them. ALUMINUM is NOT the problem.

Knowledge or the LACK thereof is the problem. Why as media and information experts are you not able to determine the real problem ? Because you have not repaired electrical failures for 40 years . I have.

On 2016-09-24 by (mod) - in current construction electicians do not run solid conductor aluminum wire for residential branch circuits

Dane,

I would be stunned to see that an electrician, in 2012, would have re-wired a home with aluminum electrical wire. Where would he even have obtained it? Solid conductor aluminum branch circuit wiring is not sold for residential electrical wiring anywhere in North America - to my knowledge.

What country and city is this?

In any event it's easy enough to find out by opening and visually inspecting various electrical boxes, switches, panels, and receptacles.

Watch out: there are risks of death by electrocution if you're not trained to make safe inspection of electrical wiring.

Use the page bottom CONTACT link, to send me sharp photos of the electrical wiring in the electrical panel as well as labels and markings on the wire itself.

On 2016-09-23 by Dane

Hello I just bought a house that was built in 1975 but has been updated, my only concern and question is that in 2012 the electric was completely redone but with aluminium wire by a contractor.

The panel looks clean and everything looks wired great. Why would the contractor choose aluminium over copper in 2012?

On 2016-08-11 by (mod) - different risks of aluminum wire to a water heater

Steve

There is no question that solid conductor aluminum branch circuit wiring is a fire hazard.

The same overheating-risks occur in single-strand solid conductor higher-amp circuits and also in multi-strand wire circuits wired with aluminum.
And I have certainly had reports from readers about overheating problems at single-use high-amp aluminum circuits such as at air conditioning compressor/condenser units.

However in my OPINION the risk is statistically lower on a water heater circuit than on a lighting or electrical outlet circuit, simply because there are many fewer connections: probably six total (3 at each end of the water heater circuit wire) compared with perhaps 40-60 connections on a receptacle circuit. The overheating problems in aluminum-wired circuits occur almost always right at the connections.

In addition your electrician can look for signs of overheating; he or she can

- inspect the six points of connection since they are usually readily accessible and visible at the electrical panel and at the water heater

- be sure that the best-practices are used to make these connections: abrading the wire ends through an application of antioxidant

- be sure that the connections are properly tightened

So you can reduce the risk by examination and good practices.

In sum: the safest step would be to replace the solid conductor aluminum wire with copper to power your water heater. You're being accurately informed but perhaps incompletely in that the relative risk of the simpler circuit is statistically lower as I explained. We don't have and probably won't have good statistical data on the circuit risk differences. And missing is any site specific data that would increase or decrease the specific fire risk at your home.

The underlying problem is that any professional who walks into your home knows that she or he may be held accountable for failing to warn you about a hazard that she or he could have known or should have known about.

At OTHER PEOPLE's MONEY - inspectapedia.com/home_inspection/Other_Peoples_Money.php we discuss the problem of consultants giving advice that is safe for them at your expense. They reduce their risk (that you'll sue them for failing to warn you of even obscure hazards) at no cost to themselves by telling you to do whatever is safest regardless of the cost - since you're paying the cost not the consultant.

On 2016-08-11 by Steve

My house is @ 40 yrs old built in 1977 and to my knowledge all of the wiring is origional to house. I was told that there is Aluminium wire running to my water heater from the breaker box that need to be replaced because its a fire hazard. My water heater is about 30 yrs old and is 240 volt and has a 19amp rating. The aluminium wiring is 8 guage single strand wire and is on a 30 amp circuit. in your opinion does this really need replacing or am i being misinformed?

On 2016-07-06 by (mod)

I don't know what an ESA inspection is nor its criteria nor whether or not there are "pass/fail" criteria, but that is absolutely independent of whether or not there is a fire hazard in your home, Stu. You should be certain that ALL of the aluminum wiring connections are properly repaired, ESA or no-ESA.

On 2016-07-05 by Stu

Bought a home with aluminum wiring and copper wiring, does anything need to be done to the aluminum wiring to pass an ESA inspection?

On 2015-07-17 20:36:50.176653 by (mod) possible connections between aluminum wiring and burned phone charger wires

Mary:

I can SPECULATE about possible connections between aluminum wiring and the problems you describe in that overheating aluminum wiring (or any electrical wiring) connections might cause the receptacle into which you've plugged a phone charger (for example) to get hot enough to damage the charger.

But Watch out: the real problem here is the risk of a house fire from overheated electrical wiring.

On 2015-07-13 by Mary - fire from an electrical outlet

I appreciated the responses in the FAQs, so here's my dilemma! I recently moved to a mobile home park. I began to have problems with charred phone charger wiring & fire from an outlet. Electrician was called and said that it was due to aluminum wiring in the unit. All the while I was experiencing problems with my printer & stereo receiver which gets unusually hot which disables one of the speakers on a regular basis.

Remembering the charred phone charger wiring, I wondered if perhaps the aluminum wiring could be affecting my receiver and speaker as well. Is this a possibility & is there a prevention I can take to solve the issue before ruining my receiver?

Question: Can Aluminum House Wiring Cause or Contribute to Appliance Failures?

I read your 5/21/07-updated report on Reducing the Fire Hazards in Aluminum-Wired Homes I can't tell you how grateful I am to you for making this info readily available to the (semi) average consumer in such an unbiased fashion. We bought an aluminum-wired home 10 years ago and didn't give it an incredible amount of thought at the time. We also weren't planning to ever have children, but now that we have a three-year-old child, our choices and priorities are different than they were when it was just us!

We seem to be having an unusual number of electrical appliance failures

I have re-visited this issue for another reason (and in so doing, realized that we did not take it seriously enough for our current family situation). We have had a seemingly (to me) inordinate amount of appliances fail, particularly in the last few (say, 3-5) years.

This year alone, we've had a dryer (the second), a fridge (the second), a microwave (the second or third), our very large, very expensive TV (the second problem, the first fixed under extended warranty about 5 years ago) and some other suspicious appliances "stop" working.

Granted, quality isn't what it used to be, and both dryers were old (the second one was VERY old, like 25+ given to us as a replacement for the first), but both fridges were relatively young (one 5, very expensive, one 3 or less, a moderate replacement), one microwave was newer (less than 2 and large and expensive convection/bake model, given as a gift to replace our old one), and our TV is about 10 years old.

I think there's something going on with our built-in electric cooktop, too. We've also had a couple of computers that required replacement of the power supply (two different models, both not terribly old), which I know can be even less-relatable.

This makes me wonder if somehow our electrical system itself or the presence of Aluminum wiring is connected with these failures?

All of this makes me wonder if somehow our Aluminum wiring is connected with these failures? I think there may have been one or two smaller appliances, too, that I'm forgetting?

I haven't really found anything on [the role of electrical wiring in appliance failures] online - only the stuff relating to electrical fires. My husband, who is not licensed, but as a maintenance technician at a large plant for many years, has a fair amount of knowledge about electrical work also says he can't see how the aluminum wiring could cause these things to go bad (and it logically seemed correct, the way he explained it to me), but he also admits "anything is possible". I know it's anecdotal, but no one else I know of has had the kind of "bad karma" we've had with appliances of all kinds.

I'm sure you field all kinds of wacko questions, and I realize this might be something you simply can't answer based on what I've told you, but I appreciate any time and effort you might be able to give in response. - Wendy Moses

Reply: Electrical appliance failures may in fact be related to the electrical system and its connections

Your questions are good. The electrical appliance failures may in fact be related to the electrical system and its connections.

There are two ways that these failures can occur from problems in the electrical system.

First, there may be one or more high resistance or open connections in the neutral and/or ground leg of the electrical service. It may be at the power company's pole transformer, in your circuit breaker panel, or somewhere in-between. A high resistance or open connection in the neutral leg of the electrical service causes low voltage on heavy loads on one side (normally 120volt) of the split 240V system and high voltage on the other side (also normally 120volt).

This can cause early failure of motors, which tend to overheat on low voltage, or electronics and lamps, which are sensitive to over voltage. This can be checked for by loading one side of the system and checking voltage on both sides. If there is only a small change in the voltage balance when one side is heavily loaded, then the neutral leg is probably OK. If there is a substantial change, then you have one or more high resistance connections in the neutral leg of the system.

Second, high resistance connections in the branch circuits can also be the cause, for similar reasons. Even in some 240volt circuits there are unbalanced loads. For instance, the dryer motors typically run on 120volts even though the appliance is nominally 240volts.

Keep in mind that abnormalities in the electrical system may pose a fire hazard in addition to the equipment reliability problem. For safety reasons, your system should be checked as soon as possible. - Jesse Aronstein, Ph.D., P.E., (845) 462-6452

Why does my home have a mix of copper and aluminum electrical wire?

Question: Why is only some wiring aluminum? I am dreading the repair cost.

A recent 4 point inspection of our home revealed aluminum wiring at 3 points ( for want of a better description ) in our circuit breaker. Why would only some of the wiring being aluminum? One of the areas was the "larger" wire. Is this a very costly repair? Thank you for your time and attention and expert information as I have no idea and am dreading what the cost might be to rectify this problem. - K.S.

Reply: Reasons for finding mixed copper/aluminum electrical wiring in a home; range of aluminum wiring repair costs

• A competent onsite inspection by an expert usually finds additional clues that help accurately determine the extent of aluminum wiring and other hazards in your home - I'm not sure how confident we should be in your "4 point inspection" - perhaps there are other points to check? That said, here are some things to consider:
• The cost to repair aluminum electrical wiring depends on the number of connections that need to be repaired and their accessibility, and to a degree also on technical details like electrical junction box size - how easy or hard it is to fit in the recommended copper pigtails and splicing connectors. Or the cost to completely rewire with copper, another recommended repair is more costly still.
• Individual electrical connections that need an aluminum wire repair are not a big project but the labor to find and fix every AL wire connection (the proper procedure) can be a big cost - you'll need to know just how much work there is to be done before a cost estimate makes any sense.
  
  But in any event the cost of a proper and safe aluminum wire repair job needs to be balanced against the risk of a fire and fire loss. Repair costs range from the standard minimum cost for an electrician to come to your home and fix one outlet (typically less than $100) to several thousand dollars or more for extensive repairs throughout a home.
• Watch out: an electrician who is willing to just repair a single overheating or bad behaving aluminum-wired electrical connection is leaving you and your home and the electrician also at risk of a future fire and loss. Most electricians, certainly those well informed about aluminum wiring, will refuse to perform "partial" repairs. The risk is that the homeowner thinks no hazards remain, leading them to ignore warning signs and leading to a future fire or loss.
• Watch out: your insurance company may not cover a fire loss if you have and did not properly address unsafe electrical conditions.
• High-amp circuits using multi-strand aluminum wiring are common even in brand new construction; typically these circuits connect just two points - the electric panel and the high amp device such as an air conditioner, water heater, or electric range.
  
  While those aluminum connections can also fail and overheat, especially if they were not properly prepared and made, statistically the overheat risk may be lower than a string of electrical outlets wired with aluminum, where there are many connections and where the devices themselves may be jiggled around (loosening connections) during use over the life of the buildings.
• Homes that have had renovations or additions that were performed in the 1970's when aluminum wire was in frequent use are examples of cases in which you may find both copper and aluminum wiring in the building.

Comment: Correct Part Number for Ordering the AlumiConn aluminum wire repair connector - where to order

Our company is the manufacturer of the AlumiConn. We have noticed on your site that you are providing item number 95103, this item number is a sample bag and is creating confusion when the consumer goes to a distributor. Can the item number be changed to 95135?. Thanks, Jennifer Smith, Customer Relations Coordinator,

King Innovation®
42 N. Central Drive
O’Fallon, MO 63366,
636-519-5431 (office) 636-519-5410 (fax),
jsmith@kinginnovation.com
www.kinginnovation.com

When reading the article we noticed it stated the Alcop Store was our company sales website.  They are actually an independent distributor.  I also saw that the link to the AlumiConn Site was directed to the Alcop Store as well.  The actual AlumiConn Site is http://www.kinginnovation.com/products/alumiconn/ This site has installation videos, Wire combinations, specification sheets,  and much more.

Reply:

Thanks so much Jennifer, we have posted the corrected part or item number for the AlumiConn connector.

Question: detection of evidence of a proper or improper repair of alumium electrical wiring

I recently received the attached home inspection report and im wondering if you could take a quick look at it and tell me a bit of info. Im trying to determine if the aluminum wiring has been pigtailed according to the info on the page. I am curious to know if you can tell by reading this if the aluminum non-metallic sheathed wiring means the wires have been “pigtailed”? does sheathed mean pigtailed? - Anon., Insurance Agent, British Columbia

Reply:

A competent onsite inspection by an expert usually finds additional clues that would permit a more accurate, complete, and authoritative answer than we can give by email alone. For example, though there is nothing in the report you attached that indicated that ANY repair had been made to the aluminum wiring, that observation is inconclusive - which leaves one disappointed in the value of the report or the thoroughness of its writer. Here are some things to keep in mind and that in my opinion are quite reliable:

Anon: the report you attached says that the inspector observed both non-metallic sheathed copper wiring and non-metallic sheathed aluminum wiring. The report states "There are 7 aluminum circuits including stove and dryer circuits" found in a 14-circuit 100A 240V electrical panel.

In this "lingo" "sheathed" refers to the insulating jacket of the wiring, not to connectors or repair devices. "Non-metallic sheathed ... wiring" means that the wire is insulated or that its external jacket is plastic or fabric or a similar non-metallic product. It has nothing to do with repairs or connectors.

Now if the only aluminum wire circuits were multi-strand high amp circuits supplying an electric stove and clothes dryer, while failures indeed still occur on such circuits, in part because the number of electrical connections in the circuit are very few (just two or three at each end of a normal stove or dryer circuit), and because multistranded wire is used, general practice is to leave such circuits in place and alone unless there is evidence of a need for repair such as corrosion or signs of overheating or loosening.

As you know, that is not the case for solid conductor aluminum branch circuit wiring, where typically there are many connections and for other reasons too, a higher probability of failure, overheating, and fire.

IF we spot solid conductor branch circuit aluminum wiring in the electrical panel and no repair has been done there - where the wires and circuits are normally quite visible, then you can safely conclude that no proper aluminum wiring repair has been done on the building. That's because no knowledgable professional would go into the building and touch just some of the alumium wired devices and circuits but leave others unattended - doing so would be to invite liability and blame should a future wiring-related fire occur.

Second, even if we do spot a repair effort in the electrical panel, you would want to know that it was done properly - at least that a US CPSC-recommended approach was used (either the AMP-TYCO crimp type connector, or the King Innovations approved terminal block repair connector). Other repair efforts such as by using twist-on connectors are not recommended and in fact may actually increase the hazard.

Third, it is fair to agree that the home inspector or mortgage company inspector is not, unless prearranged, going to make an exhaustive inspection of all of the wired devices (receptacles, switches, junction boxes) in the building - which is why the inspection and report of observations at the electrical panel is both critical and very informative.

Finally, since the inspector says there are 7 circuits and accounts for only two as high-amp (stove and dryer) it is reasonable to conclude that there are at least 5 solid conductor aluminum wired electrical circuits that need attention in the home.

Watch out: do not call for a repair but permit an unaccepted repair method or the electrical hazard may go from bad to worse.

Question: insurance companies' position on aluminum wiring

(June 17, 2014) Bob said:

Are there insurance companies that will insure a large building(91 units) with aluminum wiring?

Reply:

Bob,

My OPINION is that you may find some insurance companies that don't ask about the wiring type and that will issue a fire policy. But Watch out: you may find that should a loss occur that is blamed on the aluminum wiring you may find that coverage is not going to be provided.

Be sure to discuss the wiring and your concern with your insurance company - otherwise the coverage is a mere false sense of security.

For sure, some insurance companies will not insure an aluminum-wired building until the wiring has been properly repaired using an approved US CPSC Method.

(July 14, 2014) Anonymous said: OPINION

Hey Bob,

I have worked for three different insurance companies and the short answer is yes. In insurance you have two different markets, the standard market where 95% of people get insurance and the excess market where the other 5% get insurance. You would need to goto a suplus or excess market to get coverage.

Excess or surplus insurance companies have rates that are not restricted and because they often have no competition from other insurance companies they can charge a lot more.

Typically they are 3 to 5 times more expensive than a standard market insurance policy. You may be able to get a policy in the standard market but this would be a hazardous fact that you concealed from the insurance carrier and you would be denied coverage in the event of the claim.

Most companies always ask this question but either due to time constraints, the massive amount of work some insurance companies place on their employees, or human error there are people who are able to "sneak" by and get a policy in the standard market. In the event of a claim they will regret doing this as they will have been paying for insurance and not have the claim covered.

The best and only option you and everyone else who has a building with aluminum wiring have is to pay to have all the aluminum wiring replaced. The copalum method was deemed safe but only if you get every spliced connection and since you can never truly know that you got every splice or connection you should do the right thing and pay the high up front cost to have it all replaced.

It will save you a fortune in future insurance cost and potentially save someones life down the road. There are times in life where it is okay to cut corners but this is not one of them. The copalum method is a joke if you ask me and I hate they even mention it as being safe. With peoples lives on the line you don't cut corners.

Reply:

Anon,

You are right that failure to repair every aluminum wire connection using a US CPSC-recommended connector such as the COPALUM crimp connector or the King Innovations AlumiConn leaves risk and worse, in my OPINION, may actually increase the risk of a catastrophe since occupants whose home was improperly or incompletely repaired now may ignore dangerous warning signs and thus suffer a fire or loss.

You are a bit harsh and mistaken to call the COPALUM method a joke. Perhaps you've not found time to read the research nor study the connector and its performance. That device actually makes a very effective cold weld between the aluminum and copper wires to form a safe connection. A more legitimate problem with any pigtail repair vs. re-wire repair is the limitation of adequate working space inside the junction boxes. - Editor

Question: legal options when discovering aluminum wiring after buying a home

(Sept 9, 2014) MaryR said:

I recently purchased what I was told was a 1977 mobile home. It took the owners more than 3 months to get the title to at which time I found it to be a 1971.

Now I find that it also has Aluminum wiring, which was not disclosed. My electric bills are off the charts at $4 to 500 per month. I have tried to contact the owner (lives out of state) to no avail. Do I have any legal options here? It was a cash sale that the manager of the park took care of so I never got to speak to the actual owner and now that I have this new information, no one seems to be talking. There is nothing in writing in regards to the sale, just cash exchanging hands.

Reply:

Mary

The legal options are a question for you to take to your attorney, starting with the lawyer who helped you with the contracts for purchase of the home as s/he is likely to be familiar with local real estate laws.

In my OPINION (I'm not a lawyer) real estate sales are very much a "caveat emptor" or buyer beware deal. Only if you can show fraudulent misrepresentation might you have a wire to hang a case upon.

Separate from legal recourse, be SURE to read with care the aluminum wire fire hazard and safety recommendations in this article series; if you ignore danger signs or overheat a connector the legal question may become moot as you could have a life-threatening fire.

(Sept 23, 2014) Mary said:

Thanks for helping. Any and all information at this point is wonderful. There was no attorney involvement in the home transaction. The home sits in an already established community where I pay only the lot rent. When I purchased it the owners were up north and had the park manager doing the sale. It was a cash sale. I had two friends with me and a list of questions which included roof leaks, floors any and all known problems etc. I asked what the average electric bill was and was told around $50 to $60. Its been over $400 since I have been there.

I have roof leaks (was told the roof was new). The air conditioner does not work. The hot water heater quit in 2 days and then the neighbors began telling me the previous owners constantly had electrical issues. These things the park manager denies. I still have not spoken to the previous owners as the park manager said he was in charge of the sale. I expected to have things happen. Hot water heater etc in an older home, but I did not expect to be lied to about such a life threatening problem.

I can see were some of the outlets have been pigtailed, but I have no idea if its right or wrong. Or what was done at the box etc. In the lot rental agreement it states we have to have our homes insured. No one will insure mine so surely the previous owners were unable to insure it also.

I appreciate your help and any information you might have to help guide me. It took the park manager from Feb (purchase) till last month (august) to get the title to me so I was still believing I had a 1977 and didn't see the dangers. I will call an attorney, but right now it looking like I might just sell the thing and move on. I have grandchildren and cant risk it. Thanks so much

Reply:

Mary

I suspect that your attorney will tell you that the sale of a home with known hazards may not only put the future occupants at risk, but may be a liability for the seller unless fully adequate disclosure is made at the time of sale.

Question: aluminum electrical wiring in India

(Oct 6, 2014) Deepak Gidwani said:

Is aluminium wiring banned in India? When did that happen, which year? Pls let me know the correct legal position on this matter. Tks and rgds.

dgidwani123@gmail.com

Reply:

Deepak

Good question, I don't know. My search could not find references to a ban on aluminum wiring in India.

There is Indian research on aluminum electrical systems and components, whose authors can probably give you more detail. See especially the first two of these articles

Beniwal, N. S., D. K. Dwivedi, and H. O. Gupta. "Creep Failure and Prevention in Aluminum Wound Distribution Transformers." Journal of failure analysis and prevention 11, no. 5 (2011): 530-538.

Ramakrishnan, K. Mathangi, M. Babu, B. Ramachandran Mathivanan, S. Balasubramanian, and K. Raghuram. "High voltage electrical burn injuries in teenage children: Case studies with similarities (an Indian perspective)." Annals of burns and fire disasters 26, no. 3 (2013): 121.

Nath, Devender. "Indian experience with aluminum busbars, links, and cable terminations for use on low-voltage systems up to 1000 V." Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology, IEEE Transactions on 9, no. 1 (1986): 30-34.

Chowdhury, Kanchan. "Fires in Indian hospitals: root cause analysis and recommendations for their prevention." Journal of clinical anesthesia (2014).

Davis, Joseph R. Aluminum and aluminum alloys. Edited by Joseph R. Davis. ASM international, 1993.

Watch out for self-serving presentations.

Agrawal, Er Naresh Chandra, and Ashish Agarwal. "E-WASTE BY ELECTRICAL WIRES–IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEGMENT."

Mak, Alex, and P. Eng. "Successfully Countering Theft Of Copper Street-Lighting Cable."

Question: aluminum wired hot tub blows controller

11/13/2014 Ed said:

Hi, we have aluminum wiring for our hot tub. We have replaced 2 different packs (computer units that run the hot tub) in the last 2 years. We now have a third one from a different company. It is now giving us problems. The fuses keep blowing. The hot tub people are telling us that the amperage lowers when the hot tub is under a big load (both blower running, heater and lights) We have aluminum wiring from the house to the breaker and copper wiring from the breaker to the hot tub. Trying to figure out if we need to have something re-wired.

Reply:

I'd replace the aluminum circuit with copper and be sure to use adequately-sized copper wire to avoid any unacceptable voltage drop in the circuit.

...

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