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 Asbestos in Building Siding Materials
How to identify asbestos-cement wall siding
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InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.
Asbestos-containing building siding identification: this document provides a photo guide and text for the identification of asbestos-containing wall siding products like asphalt shingles & asbestos-cement siding shingles. This document assists building buyers, owners or inspectors who need to identify asbestos materials (or probable-asbestos) in buildings by simple
visual inspection. In the website sections listed below, we provide photographs and descriptive text of asbestos insulation and other asbestos-containing products
to permit identification of definite, probable, or possible asbestos materials in buildings. While an expert lab test using polarized light microscopy may be needed to identify the specific type of
asbestos fiber, or to identify the presence of asbestos in air or dust samples, many asbestos-containing building products
not only are obvious and easy to recognize, but since there were not other look-alike products that were not asbestos, a visual identification of this material can be virtually a certainty in many cases.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
Photo Guide to Cement-asbestos Wall Shingles or Siding Products
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 Is it safe to buy a home with cement asbestos siding? Most cementious building materials are considered to be non-friable, and are probably less hazardous than other friable asbestos products such as asbestos pipe insulation. However removal of asbestos-containing roofing products is regulated as we discuss at ACRM Roofing Disposal Regs.
Asbestos-cement products were developed in an era of ingenuity for creating easy to install and economic building materials. Although asbestos-cement has acquired a poor reputation by association of its title, it has not gained that reputation through a lack of durability or utility. In order to preserve this twentieth-century material, understanding what makes, or does not make, asbestos a hazard is truly important. In this case, no hazard is created when asbestos-cement building materials are sound and left in place, or when treatments incorporate non-abrasive means. - "Keeping a Lid on It...|, Woods, NPS technical brief
Asbestos cement wall shingles were in popular use in the U.S. from the 1920's (est) through the 1960's (est). A mixture of asbestos fibers and portland cement the material was durable and fire resistant.
Siding materials that use fibers and aggregate other than asbestos are properly called "fiber cement" building siding products. Some manufacturers use the term "fiber-reinforced cement" for these products.
All of these products use some sort of fiber along with cement. Before 1978 in the U.S. the common fiber used was asbestos.
In this photo of a house in New York State we can see both original cement-asbestos wall shingles and newer fiber cement replacement wall shingles that do not contain asbestos. But only an expert or a lab can tell the new fiber cement from the old asbestos fiber cement shingles - or you can with help of the inspection and repair tips we provide below.
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Also see other cementious siding materials such as JamesHardie HardiePlank Siding (also see Hardie's Fibrolite™ or Fibro where used in Australia) and cementious roofing materials such ASBESTOS CEMENT ROOFING and Corrugated Cement-Asbestos Roofing. Also see Environmental Issues - Asbestos Roofing/Siding. Readers should also see SIDING TYPES, INSTALLATION, DEFECTS.
How can we tell the difference between asbestos-containing shingles and fiber-cement wall shingles?
It's tricky. But here are some ways to distinguish between asbestos containing shingles and non-asbestos fiber-cement shingles:
- Age or date of installation: installed before 1978 the shingles probably contain asbestos.
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- Layers of paint or finish coatings; the original shingles of both asbestos-cement and fiber cement usually come from the factory painted white on one side.
Owners often painted cement asbestos shingle siding to make it look fresh, or if it was weathered and fuzzy, to preserve it. On a building that has has a portion of its original cement asbestos shingles replaced with newer fiber cement shingles, and where some original asbestos cement shingles remain, you'll see a difference in the thickness of layers of paint on the two materials.
The shingle at the right in this photo clearly has fewer paint layers than the one at left. The left shingle is an older asbestos-cement shingle and the right photo is a new fiber cement shingle we installed.
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If an asbestos-cement sided home has been re-modeled such as by adding a window or door, it's likely that the old asbestos cement shingles were broken around that new opening during the construction work - expect to see newer fiber cement shingles there.
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- The back of a new fiber cement wall shingle will probably have a code stamped on it such as we show here.
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- The presence of old dirty demotion materials may suggest that old asbestos cement shingles have been removed from the home even when new, completely different materials are installed.
We found this cement asbestos siding debris on the ground around a home that boasted new vinyl siding.
- The presence of multiple layers of exterior siding can be spotted by noticing that the wall cladding extends out past the original window or door trim. But beware; when we renovated the building shown above we built-out the exterior trim so that it would continue to project beyond new vinyl siding installed on some wall surfaces.
- The nails used to secure the shingles probably won't help unless some are obviously different from others; installers use the same galvanized box nails to hang these shingles as they did in 1955.
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Planning demolition of cement asbestos siding or shingle siding materials?
The risk of high levels of airborne asbestos from cementious products is probably very low unless the workers are using power equipment like sanders and saws on these substances.
Using cement asbestos roofing products as an example, according to NRCA, the National Roofing Contractors' Association, their studies up to February 1992 had not found a single roofing job at which these limits were exceeded, and NRCA reported that in some cases no fiber release was detected. But it appears that the association may have been referring only to asphalt-based roofing materials, not jobs involving the demolition of other ACRM such as cement-asbestos roof shingles (or "asbestos roof tiles" as some consumers refer to them) which might produce different statistics.
See ASBESTOS MATERIAL REGULATIONS and ASBESTOS REGULATION Update that address the handling of asbestos containing building materials, including ACM (asbestos containing materials), PACM (presumed asbestos containing materials), SACM (suspect asbestos containing materials), and ACRM (asbestos containing roofing materials).
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Asbestos-Cement Building Siding
Question: I have some cement-asbestos siding from 1972; it's cracked. Is it safe to remove?
I have siding from 1972. Some are cracked and I have replacements. Is it a risk to remove the old ones? - Joe 6/28/11
Reply:
Cement asbestos siding from 1972 could release substantial asbestos fibers during demolition, especially depending on how it is removed. Breaking up into small pieces, running power tools, etc. make the problem worse.
Question: Should we be worried about buying a house with asbestos-cement siding? Can we cover it up?
we are looking at a house that has concrete asbestos siding on part of the house, should we be concerned about it, or can we cover them with vinyl without the removing the old ones. please reply - Jerry Massie 7/25/11
Reply:
Jerry you'll want to avoid demolition, using power tools like saws, or something that creates a lot of dust. You can paint cement asbestos siding to bring the potential surface fiber release down close to zero, or you can side over it, taking care not to generate a lot of broken scraps in that process. Functionally you don't have to remove the old material, though for aesthetic reasons, adding layers of siding to a building can look funny at windows and doors unless you also build out the window and door trim - that's what I'd do.
Question: I have to drill holes through cement asbestos shingles
I’m an amateur remodeling the third floor of our 1890s house. To create roof ventilation, required by code, I may have to drill 2-inch vent holes through the exterior wall in between each pair of rafters. This would mean drilling through the top row of shingles, which look like cement asbestos shingles. Should I try to remove the top row of shingles instead? (It’s a long way up the ladder.) Or is it unrealistic for a do-it-yourselfer to deal with this problem? My budget is extremely tight. - Paul 7/28/11
Reply:
Paul
Be careful when asking for advice, especially from strangers or consultants. It's always safer for others to spend more of your money to reduce their risk.
That caveat made, and with the emphasis that what follows is mere unsubstantiated OPINION, you might consider following the same procedure to drill two holes through possibly-cement-asbestos-siding shingles as you would if you were obtaining a sample to send to a lab - control the dust - that's the key. Wetting the surfaces, using slow speed cutting, cleaning up all of the dust and crud, can minimize the hazard. Wear a HEPA dust mask. Don't leave a dusty mess.
My OPINION in conclusion is that the risk of an injury from climbing up to a great height on a ladder to try to remove two sections of suspected-cement-asbestos-shingle-siding is greater than the hazard from careful cutting two holes through the material. (Normally we avoid power tools because we want to minimize dust).
Finally, unless you're experienced, the chances that you can remove just two shingles of this material without breaking their neighbors, are low.
Keep us posted, send some photos.
Reader follow-up:
Many thanks. I will start by drilling one hole to see how it goes. It may be difficult to control the dust because the 2-inch-round drill bit will have to go through the wood cladding (about 3/4 inches thick) first, and then through the shingle. I'll definitely follow your recommendations as best as I can. I am concerned, however, that the drilled-out hole and the dust will fall to the ground, 30 feet below. I will try to post some pictures in the next couple of days. Again, I appreciate the thoughtful advice very much.
Comment:
Paul, try also hooking up a HEPA vacuum and use that to collect what dust you can from inside as you drill. Frankly I suspect that the escaped dust from the siding will be below the ability of most tests to detect after this project is over.
Question: Is there a tool for removing nails in cement asbestos shingle siding?
Is there a specific pry or cutting tool to grab and cut the nails On broken shingles you want to replace? - Catfishlynd 9/20/11
Reply: how to remove individual fiber cement or asbestos cement siding or roof shingles
Watch out: don't pry against the cement asbestos shingle with the nail puller nor other tools or you'll risk breaking the shingle below.
What we found worked best was to use a pair of end-cutting pliers, called by some folks nippers or a "nail biter" - sold at hardware stores in various sizes.
Buy a tool whose handle and cutting face will be at right angles to the work surface and whose cutting face is flush (with the cutting angle filed just on the inside of the cutting edges. Working CAREFULLY we found we could usually grab the nail head protruding just proud of the fiber cement shingle and pull it straight out.
We use pliers made by Channellock, like the Channelock 358 8-inch End Cutting Pliers tool
"Grab the nail head and yank" straight out seemed to work best but for full details on how to do this job please see Remove & Replace Asbestos Cement Shingles
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Question: reader warns about amateur cement-asbestos shingle siding or roofing removal
To all those reading this comment feed, know that most of what these people are saying is incorrect. If you are a contractor know that 29 CFR 1926.1101 OSHA asbestos standards apply and you need to remove the material properly. A dust mask (N95) will not protect you or your employees. Contact an asbestos abatement company to remove the asbestos and DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REMOVE THE MATERIAL YOURSELF. Your just asking for mesothelioma (lung cancer) if you do. - Inspector 5/11/12
Reply: be careful, understand voluntary asbestos standards, be reasonable
Thanks Inspector. We agree that there are both health and legal hazards in removing asbestos-containing materials, even cementious ones. In our experience there are often local regulations or ordinances that describe the level of site and dust control required when demolishing cement-asbestos materials (roof shingles or siding usually) outdoors.
But it's also fair to point out that the standard you cite is "...a non-mandatory appendix to the asbestos standards for construction and for shipyards." Details about asbestos removal and handling regulations including the actual standards and recommendations are at OSHA Regulations, Asbestos Roofing, Siding
In our OPINION, even non-mandatory standards involving health and safety ought to be followed, though it is reasonable to guess that some adjustments may be needed for the variation in individual cases and environments. For example, we seriously doubt that a homeowner or even a small contractor is going to set up a tent, containment, negative air, air monitoring and testing, and expert trained supervision simply to pull two nails and replace one cracked asbestos-cement wall shingle with a new fiber-cement shingle that fits into the same space.
CFR 1926.1101 OSHA asbestos standards refers to the U.S. OSHA regulations and standards PART 1926 Safety and Health Regulations for Construction - retrieved 8/10/12, original source: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=1926
Within that OSHA standard, 1926 Subpart Z - Toxic and Hazardous Substances contains subsection 1926.1101 - Asbestos which in turn contains quite a few sections and a bit of advice. We quote from the introduction to the standard here
This is a non-mandatory appendix to the asbestos standards for construction and for shipyards. It describes criteria and procedures for erecting and using negative pressure enclosures for Class I Asbestos Work, when NPEs are used as an allowable control method to comply with paragraph (g)(5)(i) of this section. Many small and variable details are involved in the erection of a negative pressure enclosure. OSHA and most participants in the rulemaking agreed that only the major, more performance oriented criteria should be made mandatory. These criteria are set out in paragraph (g) of this section. In addition, this appendix includes these mandatory specifications and procedures in its guidelines in order to make this appendix coherent and helpful. The mandatory nature of the criteria which appear in the regulatory text is not changed because they are included in this "non-mandatory" appendix. Similarly, the additional criteria and procedures included as guidelines in the appendix, do not become mandatory because mandatory criteria are also included in these comprehensive guidelines.
In addition, none of the criteria, both mandatory and recommended, are meant to specify or imply the need for use of patented or licensed methods or equipment. Recommended specifications included in this attachment should not discourage the use of creative alternatives which can be shown to reliably achieve the objectives of negative-pressure enclosures.
Requirements included in this appendix, cover general provisions to be followed in all asbestos jobs, provisions which must be followed for all Class I asbestos jobs, and provisions governing the construction and testing of negative pressure enclosures. The first category includes the requirement for use of wet methods, HEPA vacuums, and immediate bagging of waste; Class I work must conform to [additional detailed provisions that describe supervision, dust control, air monitoring, worker safety]. - retrieved 8/10/12, original source http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10868
Question: Did or does China Glaze house siding / shingles (installed by Sears) Contain Asbestos?
Years ago I sided my house . Sears did the siding and and they called it China Glaze at that time. Would that have been an asbestos shingle?
I want to take my siding to the landfill. If it is asbestos I will have to prepare it for them to accept it . Is it your opinion that my siding is asbestos?
How can I tell if my siding is asbestos?
- Charles Beranek 8/10/2012
Reply: China Glaze siding was an asbestos cement siding shingle product trademarked by U.S. Gypsum
Certainly lots of old cement-based exterior shingle type siding products contained asbestos - cement asbestos products if properly named. "China Glaze siding" was popular in the 1950's - by era alone, as a cementious product it would at least be treated as PACM (presumed asbestos containing material).
China Glaze was a trademarked name for a cement-asbestos siding shingle filed by U.S. Gypsum and trademarked in 1962. Our research found that the term "china glaze siding" was first used in February 1957. So it would be reasonable to treat your siding as presumed asbestos-containing material. I will post details of our research in the FAQs section just above in this article.
You can tell for sure if your siding is asbestos by having a lab test a small sample of it. The typical cost is around $50. Be sure to use a certified asbestos test lab.
You might want to ask your landfill director what the actual regulations are for accepting construction demolition debris, containing asbestos, presumed asbestos, or asbestos-suspect materials, or not.
On Monday, December 03, 1962, a U.S. federal trademark registration was filed for CHINA-GLAZE by United States Gypsum Company. The USPTO assigned the CHINA-GLAZE trademark serial number of 72158404. The current federal status of this trademark filing is expired. - retrieved 8/10/12 web search, http://www.trademarkia.com/chinaglaze-72158404.html
From that citation, the trademark registration was owned by the United States Gypsum Company, and the trademark application number and date were 0775204 and 8/18/1964 respectively. The application description provided to the USPTO for CHINA-GLAZE was "ASBESTOS CEMENT SHINGLES AND SIDING". The trademark expired in 1984.
In our OPINION the term "china glaze siding" may well have been more widely used or applied to cementious-based or even cement-asbestos shingle siding than just products sold by U.S. Gypsum, as we find the phrase "my house was sided with China Glaze siding" appearing in quite a few more vague descriptions of homes dating from the 1950's into the 1970's.
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
- Asbestos products and their history and use in various building materials such as asphalt and vinyl flooring includes discussion which draws on Asbestos, Its Industrial Applications, D.V. Rosato, engineering consultant, Newton, MA, Reinhold Publishing, 1959 Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 59-12535 (out of print).
- "Handling Asbestos-Containing roofing material - an update", Carl Good, NRCA Associate Executive Director, Professional Roofing, February 1992, p. 38-43
- EPA Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in buildings, NIAST, National Institute on Abatement Sciences & Technology, [republishing EPA public documents] 1985 ed., Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,D.C. 20460
- Copy on file as - /hazmat/Asbestos_in_Your_Home_US_EPA.pdf - Asbestos in Your Home - U.S. EPA, Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,D.C. 20460
- NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual, 4th Ed., available from the National Roofing Contractors' Association.
- "Tips for working with fiber-cement roofing products", Thomas L. Smith, AIA, RRC, Professional Roofing, September 1996
- Bullet Tools 920 Pro Magnum Shear I-20 Electricity Free 20 Inch Flooring and Siding Dust Free Cutter -(sold at Amazon and at other tool distributors) this is a great tool, but $900. http://www.bullettools.com/ Bullet Tools Company, 3390 W. Hayden Ave., Hayden ID 83835 - 800-406-8998 or international: 208-772-0175. sales@bullettools.com
- "Copy on file as - /exterior/Asbestos_Cement_Shingles_NPS.pdf - Keeping a Lid on it - Asbestos Cement Building Materials - ", Amy Lamb Woods, Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service, 2000. Web search 07/08/2010 original source: http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/recent past/asbestosarticle.htm
Asbestos-cement products were developed in an era of ingenuity for creating easy to install and economic building materials. Although asbestos-cement has acquired a poor reputation by association of its title, it has not gained that reputation through a lack of durability or utility. In order to preserve this twentieth-century material, understanding what makes, or does not make, asbestos a hazard is truly important. In this case, no hazard is created when asbestos-cement building materials are sound and left in place, or when treatments incorporate non-abrasive means.
- END NOTES to the above article provide excellent historical references for asbestos cement products:
1D.V. Rosato, Asbestos: Its Industrial Applications (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1959), 1, 62. This text is an excellent resource for information on the manufacture and production of asbestos products.
2 L. Michaels and S.S. Chissick, eds., Asbestos, Properties, Applications, and Hazards (New York: Wiley, 1979), 1-2. Resource for various kinds of asbestos, their properties and chemical constituencies.
3 Arnon Bentur and Sidney Mindess, Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites (London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1990), 288-304. This text reviewed long-term performances of asbestos-cement and concluded that “in natural weathering the composite is excellent.” More detailed quantitative material properties are also given in this text.
4 L. Michaels and S.S. Chissick, eds., 306-312
5 United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines, Materials Survey: Asbestos, (Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office 1952), I-1 - I-4.
6 Caleb Hornbostel, Construction Materials: Types, Uses and Applications (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978), 82.
7 H. W. Johns, Patent Trademark Materials: Asbestos (New York: H. W. Johns Manufacturing Co., 1878), 12.
8Rosato,63.
9 D.A. St John, A.B. Poole, and I. Sims, Concrete Petrography: A Handbook of Investigative Techniques (London: Arnold Publishers, 1998), 320-322.
10"Asbestos-Cement Products for War buildings," Asbestos (April 1942), 2-4
11 Rosato, 75.
12 The National Board of Fire Underwriters, Dwelling Houses (New York: The National Board of Fire Underwriters, 1920), 36-37.
13 Ernest G. Blake, Roof Coverings: Their Manufacture and Application (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1925), 144-171. Resource for detailed descriptions of many asbestos-cement roof shingle forms, styles, and hardware.
14 James McCawley, Asphalt and Asbestos-Cement Shingle Residing (New York: United Roofing Contractors Association, 1940).
15 E. Lechner, “Recent Innovations in the Manufacture of Asbestos-cement,” Cement and Cement Manufacture, 7:6 (June 1934), 180-181.
16 R.C. Smith, Materials of Construction, Third Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979), 358-359
17 Asbestos Shingle, Slate and Sheathing Company, Asbestos Corrugated Sheathing (Ambler, Pennsylvania: The Keasbey & Mattison Company, 1913), 1.
18 “Johns-Manville” product advertisement, Sweet’s Catalogue of Building Construction (F. W. Dodge Corporation, 1906-1961), 8b/4.
19 Rosato, 63.
20 National Trust for Historic Preservation, "Coping with Contamination: A Primer for Preservationists," Information Bulletin No. 70 (1993), 12.
21 Bentur and Mindness, 304.
22 Guidance given here only makes recommendations based on national agency laws and regulations; all applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations must be followed for any asbestos-containing material project.
23 Roger C. Whitman, More First Aid for the Ailing House (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1977), 282.
24 Martin E. Weaver, Conserving buildings, Guide to Techniques and Materials (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993), 26.
25 D.J. Hannant, Fibre Cements and Fibre Concretes (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978), 146-155. This reference give quantitative engineering properties for asbestos-cement and other fiber-cements..
26 "The Industrial Uses of Asbestos," Scientific American (22 April 1876), 258-259.
27 John E. Wilden, A Guide to the Art of Asbestos Cement (Winchester, England: Taylor & Partners Translations, 1986), 108. This resource is primarily concerned with the experience or art of producing asbestos-cement and reflects the practical side of production.
- Malco® TSFC Tubo Shear fiber cement cutting tool (sold at Amazon and at other tool distributors) and also the Malco TSF2A Shear Cutting Tool, a heavy-duty pneumatic shear cutting tool for the same purpose (available at Amazon.com) Malco Products, http://www.malcoproducts.com/ specializes in producing tools for the HVAC trade. Malco Products, Inc. - PO Box 400, 14080 State Highway 55 NW, Annandale, MN 55302-0400 P: 800-328-3530, F: 320-274-2269
- Environmental Health & Investigation Bibliography - our own technical library on indoor air quality inspection, testing, laboratory procedures, forensic microscopy, etc.
- Asbestos Identification and Testing References
- Asbestos Identification, Walter C.McCrone, McCrone Research Institute, Chicago, IL.1987 ISBN 0-904962-11-3. Dr. McCrone literally "wrote the book" on asbestos identification procedures which formed
the basis for current work by asbestos identification laboratories.
- Stanton, .F., et al., National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 506: 143-151
- Pott, F., Staub-Reinhalf Luft 38, 486-490 (1978) cited by McCrone
- Asbestos in Your Home U.S. EPA, Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,D.C. 20460
- Asbestos NESHAP Adequately Wet Guidance, EPA340/1-90-019, December 1990, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Stationary Source Compliance Division, Washington, DC 20460,original web source: http://www.epa.gov/region04/air/asbestos/awet.htm
- Asbestos paper duct wrap
- Asbestos products and their history and use in various building materials such as asphalt and vinyl flooring includes discussion which draws on Asbestos, Its Industrial Applications, D.V. Rosato, engineering consultant, Newton, MA, Reinhold Publishing, 1959 Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 59-12535 (out of print, text and images available at InspectAPedia.com).
- "Handling Asbestos-Containing roofing material - an update", Carl Good, NRCA Associate Executive Director, Professional Roofing, February 1992, p. 38-43
- EPA Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in buildings, NIAST, National Institute on Abatement Sciences & Technology, [republishing EPA public documents] 1985 ed., Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,D.C. 20460
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
 The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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