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Photograph of an abandoned cisternRainwater Collection & Storage
Cistern Construction
Design recommendations for building a traditional rainwater storage cistern

Cistern construction recommendations: this article describes the construction requirements for a site-built water storage system and includes details for diverting rooftop rainwater drainage into the cistern fdor water storage. We also describe a simple graywater re-use system installed at the same building site.

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- Daniel Friedman, Publisher/Editor/Author - See WHO ARE WE?

Design Details for a Traditional Rainwater Collection, Storage Cistern, & Graywater Re-Use Systems

Rooftop rainwater collection area - Guanajuato, Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman

In a sequence of photographs here we describe a rooftop rainwater collection system that sends clean roof runoff into a very large masonry cistern built below a home in Guanajuato, Mexico. The building owners and system designers LM and DP live atop a mountain where water is scarce and expensive to have delivered.

Above we see a large low slope rooftop area that collects rainwater during the rainy season. Skylights, a rooftop access hatch, and a solar water heating system are also installed on this roof.

A masonry border or low parapet wall around the rooftop is penetrated at several drain locations to direct rainwater into pipes that in turn carry water to the basement cistern.

Rooftop rainwater collection area - Guanajuato, Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman

Screening (above) keeps eucaluptus leaves and other rooftop debris out of the piping. At initial rainfall water can be diverted away from the cistern so that water containing dust and bird droppings can be flushed from the roof and system before subsequent rainfall is diverted into the cistern itself.

Roof drainage is piped to a steel drum whose interior was cleaned and painted and filled with large rocks to absorb the shock of a heavy water flow into the system (below left).

The catch-drum outlet then directs water through the building's wall and into the rainwater storage cistern. The designers placed the drum outlet above its bottom to permit settlement of dust and debris that can be periodically removed.

Rooftop rainwater collection area - Guanajuato, Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman

A pump located in the cistern delivers water up to the building's various plumbing fixtures. At point of use in the kitchen where safe water potability must be assured, the owners installed a water purification system including a reverse osmosis treatment anda cascade of water filters (below).

Rooftop rainwater collection area - Guanajuato, Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman

This thoughtful rainwater catchment system in active use in a dry climate includes several interesting design features including the ability to have rain provide a rooftop dust flush before rainwater is diverted into the cistern and an extensive grayater collection system (orange arrows shown on the gray barrell at below left) that in parallel to the cistern conserves graywater for application to gardens and trees on the site.

A simple ball valve connected to the graywater container permits connection of a hose to direct graywater to where it is to be applied on nearby garden or trees.

More about graywater re-use systems is at GREYWATER SYSTEMS

Rooftop rainwater collection area - Guanajuato, Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman

For another very simple rainwater collection system see the rainwater collection and storage tank we show in our article

at PASSIVE SOLAR HOME, LOW COST)

also designed for collecting as much rainwater as possible when rainy weather occurs.

Reader Question: advice on building a traditional cistern

6/24/2014 Robert said:

I have questions regarding very much older durable cisterns. First, my Grandfather's was partially below and partially above ground and it was round, maybe 8 ft across diameter. It collected water off his galvanized tin roof and gutters that passed through some very fine screens into the cistern.

I seem to recall that the liner for lack of a better word was use of something like the white very flat rectangular brick sort of like Fire Brick and probably concrete mortar but that is as much as I can recall. It was used for drinking water and just about everything. He just used a small galvanized bucket to drop and pull up the water.

The question is are there old designs of this type to be found somewhere. All I know is it worked fine and I loved the water out of it. This did not hit the ground so there was no, at that time, concern for harmful bacteria.

I suspect our air was much cleaner then too. Anyway, I really want to try to find out how his may have likely been built because I would like to try building one primarily for drinking use or cooking. I also plan to have no trees near the house so no big problem with leaves.

I do not recall any trees anywhere in the vicinity of his gutters or the cistern; they were all away from the house.

Can you help me with some information?

Robert <raptor.1.robert@gmail.com>

Reply: Cistern Specifications & Design Tips

Robert,

As we corresponded by email, cisterns are still used all over the world for water storage; in addition to keeping out debris, you may need to test (or sanitize) the water before using it for drinking.

Cisterns tend to be site-built of masonry, often open-topped or concrete-topped and may be above-ground or below ground.

Water delivery to a restaurant cistern in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico (C) Daniel FriedmanSince traditional cistern construction is basically a masonry box lined with high-portland cement to improve its water tight properties, we don't find many plans or design specifications. But I can list a few features you'll want to consider besides building the cistern box itself:

Photo at left: water delivery to a stone cistern located in the floor of a restaurant in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico.

  1. Cistern wall & bottom construction:

    walls need to be strong enough to withstand weather, earth pressure (if below ground), and thermal movement (if in a freezing climate where you'd need to protect from frost push).
  2. Cistern top construction:

    must be strong enough to be perfectly safe against collapse or against someone falling in. A cistern constructed below a driveway, for example would need to be able to withstand heavy vehicle loading as well as earth cover loading and would also be at risk of contamination if a vehicle leaks oil or fuel in the area.
  3. Cistern location:

    locating a cistern where it can be filled by rainwater can be a critical consideration in dry climates where rainwater storage is essential.

    Even where rainwater is not to be used to fill a cistern, if you are going to add water by delivery from a truck consider the requirement for convenient vehicle access. Traditional construction of cisterns in building basements is not my preferred design in new construction in northern climates if the cistern is going to contribute un-wanted indoor moisture to the structure.
  4. Cistern water entry, water outlets, and drainage:

    we may need to include four water connections, depending on cistern design and location:
    1. One or more water inlets

       to supply the cistern from a water source. Our friends David and Linn in Guanajuato cleverly designed their home's roof to collect rainwater and to direct it into a large cistern. The initial roof drainage is directed out of the cistern until dust accumulated on the roof has been washed away, then subsequent roof runoff is aimed into the cistern.
    2. Cistern water supply to the point of use:

      may be by gravity for uphill or rooftop cisterns, or may require a pump system.

      See PUMP, WATER PRESSURE BOOSTING for a type of pump and tank suitable for supplying water from a cistern.
    3. Cistern overflow: provide

       for directing excess water to a safe location that won't damage the building if cistern input (say from rainwater) has filled the cistern to capacity.
    4. Cistern drainage:

      for the purposes of cleaning or repair it may be necessary to empty the cistern.
  5. Cistern inspection, entry, repair:

    most cisterns of large capacity include an access opening for inspection or repair.

I extend the "cistern" concept to include large plastic water tanks that are usually located above ground and sometimes on building roofs.

To consider the plastic tank alternative, see ROOFTOP WATER TANKS

More about using plastic tanks for water storage incuding possible health concerns associated with storing water in some types of plastic is

at PLASTIC RECYCLING CODES, TANKS, TYPES

In-Ground Cistern Installation in San Miguel de Allende

These photographs illustrate the excavation and construction of a vault into which a large (over 1300L) plastic cistern was installed in San Miguel de Allende in Guananjuato, Mexico in 2023.

This cistern will initially store water supplied by the city's municipal water supply system but may ultimately be modified to also accept and use harvested rainwater from the building's rooftop.

Below: the worker excavates a vault below what had been the floor of a small garage. The garage slab was broken up and removed, and the excavation was entirely by hand.

[Click to enlarge any image]

Constructing a vault and installing an in-ground cistern for water storage in San Miguel de Allende in 2023 (C) DJF InspectApedia.com

Workers commented that as the vault pit got quite deep, temperatures were actually hot in the pit.

Below: the worker is installing a simple single wythe brick wall to form the surround fodr the future tank fault.

Constructing a vault and installing an in-ground cistern for water storage in San Miguel de Allende in 2023 (C) DJF InspectApedia.com

Below: the enormous plastic water storage tank has been installed with its black cover facing the building's interior wall. You can see the finished brick vault walls whose purpose is simplhy to hold back soils away from the tank.

Constructing a vault and installing an in-ground cistern for water storage in San Miguel de Allende in 2023 (C) DJF InspectApedia.com

The contractor said they would install a sump pump in the front left corner of the tank vault so that in the now less-likely event of a tank leak or flooding groundwaters entering the tank vault, the water can be removed.

Below: the contractor uses steel-reinforced beams and concrete blocks to form the cover over the cistern vault. To fit the exact and non-standard sistance between the last pair of beams the contractor uses a concrete saw to custom-cut concrete blocks to fit.

Constructing a vault and installing an in-ground cistern for water storage in San Miguel de Allende in 2023 (C) DJF InspectApedia.com

Photo below: the architect is measuring the vertical distance between the floor surfaces and the top of the cistern. The concrete floor itself has not been installed bu tyou can see some of the steel reinforcing re-bar as well as rectangular wire mesh that will be used in the floor system.

Constructing a vault and installing an in-ground cistern for water storage in San Miguel de Allende in 2023 (C) DJF InspectApedia.com

And in our last photo, below, the garage floor concrete slab has been completed. You can see the rectangular access hatch in the floor as the remaining point of access to the cistern top and cover.

Exiting from that same point, and not yet installed, will be both electrical wiring for the pump used to deliver water from the storage tank and of course water piping connections in and out of the tank.

Constructing a vault and installing an in-ground cistern for water storage in San Miguel de Allende in 2023 (C) DJF InspectApedia.com

 

Cistern Construction & Rainwater Harvesting Research


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