Do asphalt-impregnated paper-acked floor tiles contain asbestos?
Thin bituminous-impregnated paper-backed floor tiles are similar in composition to sheet flooring used in many countries in the 1940's and 1950's, perhaps later.
Cut into 9x9" squares and adhered to a subfloor the tiles shown here were later painted to form a "rug" pattern desing.
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This article series explains the origins, history, production, and ingredients of asphalt-based and vinyl-asbestos based resilient flooring.
First this excerpt from FLOOR TILE HISTORY & INGREDIENTS:
Rosato described use of a felt underlayment to produce flooring materials:
Another application of asbestos with vinyl tile involves the use of asphalt saturated asbestos felt applied under 1/8 inch thick tile. This felt underlay provides for smoother finished flooring.
It is possible that this development is what led to continuous-sheet asbestos-felt-underlayment backed sheet flooring. But we point out that continuous sheet flooring and asphalt tile flooring has an older history.
[Click to enlarge any image]
The original resilient floor covering, linoleum, was used as a floor decking on British naval ships. Asphalt tile was first made as a mastic type of floor covering. The mastic was troweled on as a deck covering over wood. The original mixes included asphaltic binders, with fillers of asbestos; mixing was done on a rubber mill. - Rosato cited at the references section of this page.
The floor tiles shown on this page are probably what Rosato was describing, and they are similar if not identical in construction to asphalt-backed sheet flooring described at SHEET FLOORING NON-ASBESTOS EXAMPLES and also at IDENTIFY SHEET FLOORING TYPE, HOW TO.
But here the 9"x9" square asphalt-impregnated paper-backed tile flooring material was pre-cut into regular gray-colored squares installed as glued-down floor tiles in a U.S. home built in 1953. Our second photo above sports green lines showing (roughly) the positions of the original, now painted-over, floor tiles.
The homeowner who asked about this flooring explained about these painted, 9x9-inch asphalt-paper-backed floor tiles, painted-over here with a more-traditional sheet flooring "rug" pattern:
I am hoping you may be able to give some direction based on the photos attached. There are different tiles throughout the house but this room has damaged tiles from heavy furniture and some from water.
I am worried that they may contain asbestos as they are exposed now. I cannot identify much about the tiles as they have been painted about twenty years ago. They were all grey with a design of all green tiles around the middle of the room.
One photo shows the grey tile where water has removed the added paint but because the tiles are significantly cracked I cannot tell if they were plain grey or had any variations of grey in them. The other photo shows where furniture has worn through the tile. The added paint is multi colored but the green on the edges was the tile and I was hoping the black interior of the tile might give you some clue. They were installed in the house when it was built in 1953.
The entire floor was painted, the burgundy and floral pattern are acrylic paint covered with water based varnish that has been there about 20 years. It is difficult to see the lines separating the individal floor tiles because of the paint on top but the tiles are 9 x9 inches.
The [original, think 9x9 felt paper-backed floor ] tiles themselves were actually all grey with a square in the middle of the floor of all green tiles.
I will probably cover the floor as is but I have a few concerns about whether the fact that the tile is breaking will make for an unstable base, it is bulging in areas from the weight of furniture or even a computer chair. I don't know if it deterioration due to age.
Also whether there is room to fit new flooring, probably wood flooring, under the old radiators or would it be too difficult to lift them after all of these years. In an old house with low ceilings every inch of height counts, and I don't know if some sort of subfloor would be needed under new wood flooring to make it stable or safe.
In the meantime I have just covered the newly discovered areas where the tile is broken through with clear tape in the hopes that might keep any dangerous particles in place.
- Anonymous by private email 2017/05/07
These look like a very early floor tile made using the same process as sheet flooring comprised of a color layer and an asphalt-impregnated paper backer - that was a successor to true linoleum.
While your 9x9" felt-paper backed floor tiles may in fact be asbestos-free, knowing their age (ca 1953) and that some asphalt-impregnated paper backers contain asbestos you'll want to avoid a dusty demolition; we would not know for sure about the asbestos content of your asphalt-paper-backed floor tiles without a lab test. If you do not damage the tiles nor create a dusty mess the potential asbestos exposure hazard is likely to be below the limits of detection.
Your third photo, shown here with a tear in the flooring, shows a green component in the painted floor surface and the thin asphalt-impregnated paper (felt paper) backing of the floor tiles. The paper, impregnated with a bituminous compond or simply thinned asphalt, imparted both a moisture resistance to the flooring and a strength to the paper backer.
See ASPHALT-ASBESTOS FELT FLOORING for sheet flooring that was quite similar in composition and where we point out that asbestos was used in bituminous-impregnated building papers and flooring underlayments in some products.
ADVICE: For buildings with floor tiles or sheet flooring that can be assumed to have been installed in North America before 1986 it would be prudent to treat the flooring as "PACM" or "Presumed Asbestos Containing Material".
The presence of known or assumed asbestsos-containing flooring does not mean we should panic nor that we must undertake an expensive and dangerous asbestos removal project.
Asbestos is safe and legal to remain in homes or public buildings as long as the asbestos materials are in good condition and the asbestos can not be released into the air.
Generally the safest approach is to leave such flooring alone and to cover it over with a coating or with another layer of flooring. There are some thin real-wood laminate products that are quite nice, durable, and that do not add as much thickness to the finished floor as full 3/4" thick wood flooring.
See FLOOR, WOOD ENGINEERED, LAMINATE, INSTALL
See also therein ASBESTOS FLOORING HAZARD REDUCTION andASBESTOS FLOORING REMOVAL GUIDE
IF you are faced with a requirement for demolition and if you are uncertain about the flooring's asbestos content and cannot identify it through our guides, then you have a sample tested.
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Below you will find questions and answers previously posted on this page at its page bottom reader comment box.
A few years ago I removed an area of ceramic tiles from the floor of my house. They were about 6inches square and 0.5 inches deep and were ceramic or possibly concrete. I am unsure of there age but estimate late 70s early 80s Would it have been likely that these tiles contained asbestos or were asbestos containing tiles restricted to the vinyl type? If it makes any difference our location is England. Any information you could give would be gratefully received Thanks - A.H. PS - your website is great and really useful
From the age you give, and considering that the ceramic tiles could have been in stock for some time before they were installed, having been thus made in the 1970's, they indeed could have contained asbestos, but we have been unable to find an authoritative source that confirms that asbestos was ever used as a component of ceramic floor tiles or wall tiles.
Watch out: A more likely asbestos hazard one might encounter when removing ceramic floor or wall tiles would be an asbestos-containing tile mastic - the glue that was used to secure ceramic tiles on walls and floors in a thin-set installation methods. You would not expect to find asbestos below ceramic tiles at an older installation at which the tiles were bedded directly into cement - the "thick set" method for tile installation.
The history of asbestos use and regulation in the UK could have permitted your ceramic tiles, installed in the 1980's, to contain asbestos.
A documented asbestos-related death in the UK occurred as early as 1906. Asbestos regulation began in the UK in 1931, and in 1965 mesothelioma had been documented there. Imports of asbestos into the U. K. peaked in 1967.
By 1970 the UK had banned the import of raw crocidolite and amosite asbestos was banned (voluntary ban) in 1980.
More strict licensing regarding asbestos handling and remediation did not begin in the UK until 1980s. And the first licensing regulations date from 1983, while in the U. k. asbestos-containing product prohibitions date from 1985 with UK asbestos material regulation amendments in 1988, 1992, 1994 and onwards to a final "comprehensive ban" in 1999. Silverdell, [7]
The actual hazard of their removal would have depended on their condition, how they were removed, and the quantity. Generally the asbestos released from ceramic tiles removed relatively intact should be quite low.
Please take a look at CERAMIC TILE, ASBESTOS / LEAD? , where we discuss ceramic floor tiles that may contain asbestos, the hazards and some recommendations.
At References at the end of this article we cite authoritative sources for that information.
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Continue reading at FLOOR TILE HISTORY & INGREDIENTS for a guide to floor tile identification, history & composition, or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.
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Major Provisions of the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent Procedure PIC
The Convention covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which have been notified by Parties for inclusion in the PIC procedure. One notification from each of two specified regions triggers consideration of addition of a chemical to Annex III of the Convention, Severely hazardous pesticide formulations that present a hazard under conditions of use in developing countries or countries with economies in transition may also be nominated for inclusion in Annex III.
There are 40 chemicals listed in Annex III of the Convention and subject to the PIC procedure, including 25 pesticides, 4 severely hazardous pesticide formulations and 11 industrial chemicals. Many more chemicals are expected to be added in the future. The Conference of the Parties decides on the inclusion of new chemicals.
Once a chemical is included in Annex III, a "decision guidance document" (DGD) containing information concerning the chemical and the regulatory decisions to ban or severely restrict the chemical for health or environmental reasons, is circulated to all Parties.
Parties have nine months to prepare a response concerning the future import of the chemical. The response can consist of either a final decision (to allow import of the chemical, not to allow import, or to allow import subject to specified conditions) or an interim response. Decisions by an importing country must be trade neutral (i.e., apply equally to domestic production for domestic use as well as to imports from any source).
The import decisions are circulated and exporting country Parties are obligated under the Convention to take appropriate measure to ensure that exporters within its jurisdiction comply with the decisions.