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Creosote wood treatment preservative currently sold in South Africa - at InspectApedia.com Creosote Hazards

History, uses, carcinogenicity, bans of creosote

Creosote history & hazards.

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Creosote: definition, ingredients, uses, history, hazards

Creosote leaking from a chimney (C) Daniel FriedmanCreosote, a black or brownish oil consisting of a complex mixture of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons is prepared by distilling coal tar obtained from coal-coke or oil shale, was first patented in 1716 and was patented as a wood preservative in 1851.

Creosote was produced in several forms from more than one source but the most-widely-used form of creosote used as a wood preservative and insecticide was coal tar - itself a complex mixture of about 300 organic compounds. (ATSDR) Coal tar pitch, coal tar creosote, and coal tar pitch volatiles are all similar in composition and similar in health risk.

Creosote has been used directly as produced or used in mixed forms including a blend of creosote and coal tar or separately, as a blend of 50% creosote (by volume) and petroleum oil to produce a more-easily applied penetrating wood preservative solution.

Currently it is recognized that both creosote used as wood preservative and creosote formed by burning wood or coal are potential carcinogens and in or on buildings may be a chimney fire hazard as well.

Here we discuss the ingredients in, history of, uses of, and health hazards from creosote in various forms.

Photo: heavy soot and creosote deposits at an unsafe chimney in a pre-1900 home in Dutchess County NY. In this context the more-immediate hazard than creosote itself is the risk of a chimney fire or building fire.

[Click to enlarge any image].

Watch out: Creosote is a coal tar product which contains varying amounts of mutagenic and carcinogenic substances such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene. Marketing and use of creosote and preparations containing creosote, as well as creosote-treated wood, are regulated by a EU Directive. - (Holme 1999)

Creosote is a complex chemical mixture with major use as wood preservative. Recent chemical and biological investigations have shown that creosote contains a number of highly biologically active organic components and exerts toxic effects, especially against aquatic organisms.

Many components are also chemically and biologically stable and environmental contamination from creosote persists for many years.

he general use of creosote as a pesticide has accordingly been questioned and its use been restricted in some countries. - ( Sundström 1986)

Daniel Friedman under the creosote-treated pier at Lindan on the Rappahannock ca 1945 (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.comIn assessing the risk of human exposure to creosote hazards today, the U.S. ATSDR concluded:

The general public is unlikely to experience any significant exposure to liquid creosote through the direct use of wood preservative products because EPA canceled all non wood uses of the material and restricted use of coal tar creosote products to certified applicators in January 1986 (EPA 1986b; R.U.P. 1994).

Opinion having been around creosote literally since I was in diapers (photo above), I figure that ATSDR is probably right - partially-so - as long as creosote-treated products are either left alone or are covered over.

However there may be creosote exposure risks from skin contact or from handling, sawing, moving creosote-treated wood that remains in many locations in the form of beams, posts, pilings, railroad ties, etc.

Other experts have cited the leaching of some harmful chemical compounds out of creosote-treated wood and into water either as surface-runoff or as contaminants leaching into water where creosote pilings, beams, or seawalls were driven into the bottom of bodies of water.

See seawall discussion at SINKHOLES in MINNESOTA

Above and in more photos below we describe a creosote-treated dock on which the author worked and walked and played in the 1940s, some components of which remain in place fifty years later and may still be in place in 2019.

The photo above shows the author, Daniel Friedman, ca 1945, still in diapers at the Rappahannock River, snuggling up to a creosote-coated dock piling.

As children we soon learned to avoid touching creosoted surfaces as the result was often painful.

 

How to Identify Creosote & Creosote-Treated Wood

Creosote treated beams and railroad ties, Dolores Highway, Guanajuato Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.comCreosote is a yellowish to dark brown, oily liquid which is produced from heating and separation of Coal Tar. It is used in construction (roofing), railroad and utilities industries, and for wood treatment and waterproofing. - NJ DOH cited below.

In most countries creosote is either banned entirely or its use is very circumscribed today (2019) but it was widely used for nearly 100 years as a wood preservative and insecticide, principally on wood that was in ground or water contact such as railroad ties, dock and pier pilings, beams, decking, railroad and bridge trestle construction, outbuilding construction.

Our photo shows creosote-treated railroad ties for sale at a "Junkatique" along the highway between San Miguel de Allende and Dolores Hidalgo in Guanajuato, Mexico.

In the hot sun even these old creosote-treated beams and railroad ties can exude sticky tar-like creosote.

It would be unusual to find creosote used in the treatment of beams or posts in buildings built for human occupancy because most people found the smell objectionable even before its health risks were understood.

You can often identify creosote on existing wood products, some of which could easily be 50 to 75 years old by the context of use as well as by appearance and odor.

Creosote treated beams and railroad ties, Dolores Highway, Guanajuato Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

Creosote exposure limits

Photo below: chunks of creosote removed from Paul Galow's woodstove, discussed at

CREOSOTE FIRE HAZARDS

Creosote can be absorbed by skin contact and possibly some of its harmful chemicals by breathing its fumes, particularly in new or fresh applications.

There is no occupational exposure limit established for creosote, but this does NOT mean that creosote is harmless.

Creosote is a probable carcinogen in humans (and surely other animals). Most sources currently assert that there may be no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen, so all contact with creosote or creosote-coated materials (wood) should be avoided.

Jotul No. 118 wood stove cleaned of creosote and avoiding a chimney fire (C) Daniel Friedman Paul Galow

That means wearing appropriate protective gear when handling creosote-soaked or coated materials, washing immediately after exposure, and avoiding breathing sawdust produced by cutting creosoted wood beams or posts.

Medical Uses of Creosote

Beechwood creosote has been used [in the past] as a disinfectant, a laxative, and a cough treatment. In the past, treatments for leprosy, pneumonia, and tuberculosis also involved eating or drinking beechwood creosote.

[Creosote] is rarely used today in the United States by doctors since it has been replaced by better medicines, and is no longer produced by businesses in the United States. It is still available as an herbal remedy, and is used as an expectorant and a laxative in Japan. The major chemicals in beechwood creosote are phenol, cresols, and guaiacol. (US DEHS 2000)

Durability & Fire Hazards of Creosote-Treated Telephone Poles, Railroad Ties, Bridge Timbers

Telephone pole along the Maybrook Rail Line, now the Dutchess Rail Trail, Poughkeepsie NY (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

Creosote Treated Poles & Ties Along The Maybrook Railway Line (Dutchess Rail Trail)

The telephone pole shown above is one of many found along the 125-year-old Maybrook Railway Line, now the route of the Dutchess Rail Trail found in Dutchess County New York.

These creosote-treated poles and cross ties along with an occasional abandoned-railroad tie are visible along much of the Rail Trail, evidence of the durable nature of creosote-treated wood.

Telephone pole along the Maybrook Rail Line, now the Dutchess Rail Trail, Poughkeepsie NY (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

The Maybrook line, begun originally by the Dutchess & Columbia Railroad in 1871, was completed from Waterbury CT to Hopewell Junction NY by the New York & New England Railroad in 1892.

Telephone pole along the Maybrook Rail Line, now the Dutchess Rail Trail, Poughkeepsie NY (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

From that point the rail line connected with the D&C line to continue to the Hudson River - where the line crossed over to Highland NY.

Creosote-Treated Railway Tie Fire at the Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge

Poughkeepsie railroad bridge around the time of the 1974 bridge fire (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.comReferred to as the Poughkeepsie-Highland railroad bridge first opened on 1 January 1889 and today a Walkway over the Hudson River, the bridge was the only train crossing over the Hudson River between New York City and Albany NY.

The 6,768 foot long bridge is 212 feet above the Hudson River.

Creosote itself is highly combustible. Mixed with grease and oil and coating bridge timbers or railroad ties the result can be a fire hazard.

On the 8th of May in 1974, the last day that any train ever crossed the Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge, attracted by plumes of dense black smoke, I [DJF] stood on Parker Avenue watching firemen fighting the a fire raging on the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge.

The fire forever stopped use of the bridge for train traffic.

Most-likely sparks from the brakes of a crossing train or possibly from the engine exhaust landed in the thick coating of grease and creosote atop the creosote-treated rail ties and bridge timbers to ignite an intense fire.

Below: The Poughkeepsie-Highland railroad bridge around the time of the 1974 bridge fire [photos by the author.]

Ten years later in 1984 Dutchess County purchased the Maybrook Line right-of-way as a potential highway route later terminated. Once a passenger and freight route, the Maybrook line had lost nearly all of its traffic by 1993.

The route was purchased by Metro-North in 1993 but in that same year Conrail sold all of the track to Maybrook Properties and remaining freight traffic was re-routed.

Poughkeepsie railroad bridge around the time of the 1974 bridge fire (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

Today the route is referred to as the William R. Steinhaus Dutchess Rail Trail and provides 13.4 miles of a paved walkway used by hikers and bicycle riders. We estimate that the telephone poles along this route include creosote-treated standards that may be as much as 90 years old.

Below: The Poughkeepsie-Highland High Bridge over the Hudson River as it appeared from the Highland NY side in the late 20th century. Source: Wikipedia 2019/09/24.

The towers supporting the bridge are constructed of steel. Portions of the bridge itself were constructed using creosote-treated wood timbers along with creosote-treated railroad ties beneath the rails.

Poughkeepsie Highland bridge over the Hudson River in the  1900s, from the Highland side - Wikipedia 2019/09/24

Occurrence of Types of Wood Rot in Creosote-Treated Utility Poles

C.J.K. Wang and R.A. Zabel (Eds) Identification Manual for Fungi from Utility Poles in the Eastern United States - discussed and cited at InspectApedia.com

Above and continuing below, Wang and Zabel, studying the types of decay in utility poles in service in the eastern United States, point out that despite their history of being heavily treated with creosote, numerous fungi can infect and cause several types of wood decay or "rot" in utility poles.

The primary location of utility pole decay, in a phenomenon observed in other wood posts as well, decay development occurs principally just below the ground-line.

In the second photo above, four decay types are identified. The text discusses microscopic examination of wood decay, lab procedures for microscope slide preparation, and identification of the various genera/species of fungi involved in utility pole rot or decay. Excerpting:

A. Brown cubical rot

in the outer-treated zone of a creosote-treated southern pine distribution pole. The decay development was just below the ground line and note the associated wood shrinkage and collapse.

B. Advanced white rot

in the inner untreated and treated zones of the center of a 31-year-old creosote-treated southern pine distribution pole.

The decay was in the ground line zone of a street side pole encased in cement. Note the deep checks associated with decay development.

Types of wood decay from Wang and Zabel cited and discussed at InspectApedia.com

C. Soft rot

as seen on the surface of an older creosote-treated southern pine distribution p;ole. The maximum decay development was 15-30 cm below the groundline and the decay penetrated radially approximately 5 mm. (see arrows).

D. A surface view of soft rot

on a 15-year-old Cellon®-treated [pentachlorophenol in butane] southern pine pole at 15 cm below the groundline showing the shrinkage and rectangular patterns (see arrow) which the wood develops in the late states of development and prior to surface exfoliation.

Additional photographs and text in this outstanding study of wood rot illustrates microscopic examination of wood rot properties down to the level of individual wood cells.

History & Toxicity of Creosote as a Wood Preservative or Produced by Wood-Burning

Research on Creosote Hazards & Bans & Effectiveness of Creosote in Preventing Wood Rot

Author and his sister Linda at the Lindan Dock ca 1948 (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

Photo above: the author and his sister atop the creosote-treated dock built extending into the Rappahannock River, Dunnsville Virginia, ca. 1948 (no longer in diapes) and extended to include a large boathouse in 1952.

My sister Linda is the cute one. I'm the one in the short pants.

Notice that we were smart enough to put on tennis shoes rather than walk barefoot on the splinter-prone pier boards, creosote or not.

Second photo (below): portions of the same long pier extending out into the Rappahannock, visited by the author in fifty years later; most of the dock and pier were blown away by Hurricane Hazel in 1956.

Remains of the Lindan pier into the Rappahannock in the 1980s - creosoted pilings remain (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

The remains of the boat house are visible at the right end of the dock. Following the 1956 hurricane the aluminum roof and huge steel I-beams that supported chain hoists used to lift boats out of the water were found upside down, otherwise intact, several miles upstream.

The creosote-treated pilings that remain include wood that was hammered into the Rapphannock river bed in the 1940s and 1950s!

[Click to enlarge any image]

Below: Creosote-treated pilings and dock timbers at the remains of the Newburg N.Y. ferry terminal photographed by the author ca 1969.

Remains of the Newburgh NY ferry terminal in 1969. The ferry transported people and vehicles between Pougheepsie and Newburgh from before the construction of the Poughkeepsie-Highland bridge (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

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Reader Comments, Questions & Answers About The Article Above

Below you will find questions and answers previously posted on this page at its page bottom reader comment box.

Reader Q&A - also see RECOMMENDED ARTICLES & FAQs

Does creosote that is created by burning woodchips to smoke meats have the same risks as coal tar creosote?

does creosote that is created by burning woodchips to smoke meats have the same risks as coal tar creosote?

i have to clean the smoke generators and flu pipes for a commercial smoke house company a lot and they don't offer any good PPE.

I have gotten creosote on my hands quite a lot from said activities. - On 2022-08-01 by sbc -

Reply by InspectApedia-911 (mod) - Difference Between Wood Fire Creosote & Coal Tar Creosote

@sbc,

The toxicity of coal tar creosote (such as was used on railroad ties) is a bit different from the creosote created when burning wood, and wood creosote varies considerably further depending on the wood species burned and its moisture or sap content. (Green wood - more creosote).

There are other variables too like oxygen supply to the fire and fire temperature that affect the creosote deposited in the wood burning appliance or chimney.

Take a look at this citation from the page above

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR WOOD CREOSOTE, COAL TAR CREOSOTE, COAL TAR, COAL TAR PITCH, AND COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES

https://inspectapedia.com/Environment/Creosote-Toxicology-USDEHS.pdf

Continuing, in that document the authors compare the two creosote types

4.2.1 Wood Creosote - see page 216
4.2.2 Coal Tar Creosote, Coal Tar, and Coal Tar Pitch - see page 220

...

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