Rust in electrical panels, sources of water leaks into electrical panels:

A Study and Report on Frequency and Causes of Rust & Corrosion inside of residential electrical panels.

Field observations of residential service panel connections and components discovered significant occurrences of rust, corrosion, and damage to electrical equipment, risking failure to trip on overcurrent and thus risking building fires.

These observations led to a study of the frequency and cause of water damage, rust, corrosion, or other moisture-related unsafe conditions in residential electrical panels.

This report by Daniel Friedman was presented to the electrical engineering community at the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts.

Rust and Corrosion in Electrical Panels - Field Observations of Residential Service Panel Connections and Components

This page continues with supporting research citations and bibliographical details supporting

CORROSION in ELECTRICAL PANELS - Holm Conference Study, or more-formally, IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, Daniel Friedman, Poughkeepsie, NY, October 19, 1992, updated 12 March 2015

[Click to enlarge any image]

• Dr. Jess Aronstein, protune@aol.com is a research consultant and an electrical engineer in Schenectady, NY. Dr. Aronstein provides forensic engineering services and independent laboratory testing for various agencies.
  
  Dr. Aronstein has published widely on and has designed and conducted tests on aluminum wiring failures, Federal Pacific Stab-Lok electrical equipment, and numerous electrical products and hazards. See Aluminum Wiring Bibliography and see FPE HAZARD ARTICLES, STUDIES for examples.
• Waldeman, Jonathan, "Rust: The Longest War", [at Amazon.com], Simon & Schuster, (2015), ISBN-10: 1451691599, ISBN-13: 978-1451691597
  
  
  Excerpt: Rust has knocked down bridges, killing dozens. It’s killed at least a handful of people at nuclear power plants, nearly caused reactor meltdowns, and challenged those storing nuclear waste. At the height of the Cold War, it turned our most powerful nukes into duds.
  
  Dealing with it has shut down the nation’s largest oil pipeline, bringing about negotiations with OPEC.
  
  It’s rendered military jets and ships unfit for service, caused the crash of an F-16 and a Huey, and torn apart the fuselage of a commercial plane midflight. In the 1970s, it was implicated in a number of house fires, when, as copper prices shot up, electricians resorted to aluminum wires.
  
  More recently, in the “typhoid Mary of corrosion,” furnaces in Virginia houses failed as a result of Chinese drywall that contained strontium sulfide. They rusted out in two years. One hundred fifty years after massive ten-inch cast iron guns attacked Fort Sumter, rust is counterattacking.
  
  Union forces have mobilized with marine-grade epoxy and humidity sensors. Rust slows down container ships before stopping them entirely by aiding in the untimely removal of their propellers.
  
  It causes hundreds of explosions in manholes, blows up washing machines, and launches water heaters through the roof, sky high. It clogs the nozzles of fire sprinkler heads: a double whammy for oxidation. It damages fuel tanks and then engines. It seizes up weapons, manhandles mufflers, destroys highway guardrails, and spreads like a cancer in concrete. It’s opened up crypts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY - of Electric Panel/Wiring Inspection and Defects in buildings

• Linda E. Smith, Dennis McCoskrie, "What causes wiring fires in residences?" Fire Journal, (Boston) Vol. 84 No. 1, Jan-Feb 1990 7p, ISSN 0015-2617. [Report of second phase of CPSC sponsored study, 149 fires investigated.]
• Wilhelm Popper, "Circuit Breakers or Safety Fuses in Residential buildings, Considerations Associated With the Design of Electric Installations," Bulletin de L'Association Suisse des Electricians, Vol. 65 No. 13, June 29, 1974, p 957-963. [Selecting between fuses and circuit breakers.]
• R.L. Hicks, P. Liberatore, D. Bartlett, R. Major, "Reduction of fires caused by residential service entrance panel boards," Research Report, Canadian Electrical Association, No. 83-33, December 1983, 27p. [Ontario Hydro] [Field data identifies residential service panels as source of electrical fires. Not focused on corrosion-related failures.]
• W.J. Meese, Robert W. Beausoleil, "Exploratory Study of Glowing Electrical Connections," NBS Building Science Series, No. 103, October 1977 22p. ISSN 0083-1794.[Effects of loose electrical connections in residential branch circuits.]
• "Performance of Residential Electrical Wiring System Component Parts," Research Report, Canadian Electrical Association, No.000-U114, March 1982 112p, B.C. Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada. [Broad survey of residential electrical wiring component performance, addresses design, unpredicted usage, poor workmanship, not focused on corrosion.]
• "Standards of Practice," American Society of Home Inspectors, 1987-1991 (Rev.), 1735 N. Lynn St. Suite 950, Arlington, VA 22209-2022. [Includes minimum standards for visual inspection and reporting of the condition residential site, building, and mechanical systems during a home inspection.]
• D.J. Friedman, A. J. Carson, "Safety considerations for the electrical inspector," The ASHI Technical Journal, Vol. 2 No. 1, 1992, p. 9-14., ISSN 1061-7035. [Addresses safety limitations and concerns for home inspectors which in turn bound the field data collected from this source regarding connector failures and device corrosion.]
• D. Hansen, "Residential Electrical Inspection," Inspection Training Associates, Ver. 6.1, 38pp, October 1991, Los Altos, CA. [Detailed electrical inspection procedures for home inspectors.]
• C. Keyes, "Development of Design Guidelines and Practices for Improving Residential Service Entrances," Research Report, Canadian Electrical Association, 228-U-359, May 1987, various pagings, ISSN 0823-2660. [Identifies fusible panelboards as major source of electric fires.]
• J.F. Breedis, R. J. Hauser, "A new high strength copper alloy for electronic/electrical connectors," Eighteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection Technology Symposium Proceedings, Philadelphia, PA, 1985. [Available from Olin Corporation, New Haven, CT]
• H. St-Onge, "Preventing Service Connection Corrosion," Water and Pollution Control, Vol. 124 No. 5, pp. 16-17, June 1986, Don Mills, Canada, ISSN 0043-1117.[Discusses copper services and corrective measures to avoid corrosion. Also addresses buried services not considered in this paper.]
• Acknowledgements: Invaluable assistance in editing this paper was provided by Dr. Laura Waterman and in editing technical content and organization by Dr. Jesse Aronstein

LITERATURE SEARCH - Rust and Corrosion in Electrical Service Panels

Search Arguments and Databases scanned in 1990 looking for reports on rust and corrosion damage to electrical components and service panels:

In ENGI1 database
Set  Items   Description
S1 6327   ELECTRIC AND (SERVICE OR PANEL)
S2 1206   S1 AND (CORROS? OR RUST? OR BURN? OR BREAK? OR SHORT? OR D-EFECT? OR FIRE? OR BREAK?)
S3   54   S2 AND RESID?
S4   28   S3 AND RESIDENTIAL
S5  917   S2 NOT (ENERGY OR CONSERV? OR UTILIZ? OR COGENER? OR TRANSFORM?)
S6   91   S5 AND (CONNECT? OR WIRE)
S7   80   S6 NOT (POLLUT? OR SANIT? OR COMMERC?)
S8   71   S7 NOT MOTOR?
S9   71   S8 NOT CIVIL ENGINEERING
S10  71   S9 NOT CIVIL?
S11  65   S10 NOT (EARTHQU? OR TRANSMISSION)
S12  44   S11 NOT CONDUCT?
S13  26   S12 AND CONNECT?

S1 6327   ELECTRIC AND (SERVICE OR PANEL)
03036115   E.I. Monthly No: EIM9103-010031
  Title: Aging tests of amorphous current transformers used in ground fault
interrupters.
  Author: Nafalski, A.; Matras, G.; Wac-Wlodarczyk, A.; Stryczewska, H.
  Corporate Source: Lublin Tech Univ, Poland
  Conference Title: 1990 International Magnetics Conference - INTERMAG
  Conference Location: Brighton, Engl   Conference Date: 1990 Apr 17-20
  Sponsor: IEEE Magnetics Soc
  E.I. Conference No.: 14086
  Source: IEEE Transactions on Magnetics v 26 n 5 Sep 1990. p 2005-2007
  Publication Year: 1990
  CODEN: IEMGAQ   ISSN: 0018-9464
  Language: English
  Document Type: JA; (Journal Article)   Treatment: A; (Applications); X;
(Experimental)
  Journal Announcement: 9103
  Abstract: It is pointed out that the magnetic material for cores of a
differential current transformer (DCT) of a ground fault interrupter (GFI)
should be characterized by high initial permeability, little dependence on
temperature, and a low remanence. These parameters have been taken into
consideration during selection of the most suitable annealing regime of
Co-based (CoFeMnMo)//7//7(SiB)//2//3 material. It is assumed that a GFI is
required to have a service life of 20-years continuous operation. Hence,
the magnetic properties of the core of the DCT must be highly stable and
exhibit virtually no deterioration over this period. During its operational
lifetime, the core may be subjected to rapid saturation due to short
circuits and earth faults, etc., as well as cyclic temperature changes. The
effects of temperature aging and high current transients on the performance
of the DCT were investigated. It is concluded that current shocks do not
significantly alter the small-signal magnetic permeability of Co-based
amorphous cores of selected annealing. The material examined exhibits
degradation of magnetic properties due to aging greater than that reported
for Fe-based materials. The relatively rapid aging is probably connected
with the selected quick quenching in water following annealing. 9 Refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS--*Aging; MAGNETIC
MATERIALS--Amorphous; ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKERS; MAGNETIC CORES
  Identifiers: GROUND FAULT INTERRUPTERS; AMORPHOUS CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
  Classification Codes: 714  (Electronic Components); 421  (Materials
Properties); 708  (Electric & Magnetic Materials); 701  (Electricity &
Magnetism); 704  (Electric Components & Equipment)
  71  (ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS); 42  (MATERIALS PROPERTIES & TESTING);
70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

02192698   E.I. Monthly No: EI8704034809
   Title:  METHODS  FOR  MITIGATING  CORROSION OF COPPER CONCENTRIC NEUTRAL
WIRES IN CONDUIT.
  Author: Anon
  Source: Electr Power Res Inst Rep EPRI EL 4981 Jan 1987 116P
  Publication Year: 1987
  CODEN: EPELD3
  Language: ENGLISH
  Document Type: RR; (Report Review)   Treatment: X; (Experimental)
  Journal Announcement: 8704
  Abstract: A method perfected in this study makes it possible to locate
and assess corrosion in underground distribution cables in conduit. In
addition, the study identified two techniques utilities can use to protect
such cables from corrosion, which has been an increasing problem in many
residential service areas. (Edited author abstract)
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION--*Underground Installation;
ELECTRIC CABLES--Corrosion Protection; ELECTRIC CONDUITS; ELECTRIC
MEASUREMENTS--Resistance
  Identifiers: CORROSION EXTENT MEASUREMENT; UNDERGROUND RESIDENTIAL
DISTRIBUTION
  Classification Codes: 706  (Electric Transmission & Distribution); 539
(Metals Corrosion & Protection); 942  (Electrical & Electronic Measuring
Instruments)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 53  (METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING); 94
(INSTRUMENTS & MEASUREMENT)

02102866   E.I. Monthly No: EIM8607-045187
  Title: ECONOMICS OF DIRECT CONTROL OF RESIDENTIAL LOADS ON THE DESIGN AND
OPERATION  OF  THE  DISTRIBUTION  SYSTEM:  PART  III. THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD
MANAGEMENT.
  Author: Davis, Murray W.; Krupa, Theodore J.; Diedzic, Matthew J.
  Corporate Source: Detroit Edison Co, Detroit, MI, USA
  Conference Title: IEEE Power Engineering Society 1982 Summer Meeting.
  Conference  Location:  San Francisco, CA, USA   Conference Date: 1982 Jul
18-23
  Sponsor: IEEE Power Engineering Soc, New York, NY, USA
  E.I. Conference No.: 01344
  Source: Publ by IEEE, New York, NY, USA Pap 82 SM 441-4, 8p
  Publication Year: 1982
  Language: English
  Document Type: PA; (Conference Paper)
  Journal Announcement: 8607
  Abstract: This paper is the third in a series of three papers which
address the economics and effects of controlling central air conditioners,
electric water heaters, and service voltage on the design and operation of
the distribution system. The load characteristics measured throughout a
single distribution circuit over a five year period were used as a basis
for evaluating the benefits and costs of direct load control on the
distribution system. Models were developed to evaluate the impact of
various load control strategies on distribution system losses and on
changes in the thermal capacity of transformers and cables. A cost summary
is presented along with a break-even analysis which incorporates T&D system
benefits in an overall economic evaluation of load control. (Author
abstract) 4 refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION--*Economics; ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEMS--Load Management; buildings--Air Conditioning
  Identifiers: DIRECT CONTROL; RESIDENTIAL LOADS; SINGLE DISTRIBUTION
CIRCUIT; THERMAL CAPACITY; LOAD CONTROL STRATEGIES; CENTRAL AIR
CONDITIONERS
  Classification Codes: 706  (Electric Transmission & Distribution); 911
(Industrial Economics); 402  (buildings & Towers); 643  (Space Heating &
Air Conditioning)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 91  (ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT); 40  (CIVIL
ENGINEERING); 64  (HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS)

02820962   E.I. Monthly No: EIM8911-040960
  Title: Assessment of conductors.
  Author: Zollars, William B.
  Corporate Source: Alcoa Conductor Products Co, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
  Conference Title: Proceedings of the Sessions Related to Steel Structures
at Structures Congress '89
  Conference  Location:  San Francisco, CA, USA   Conference Date: 1989 May
1-5
  Sponsor: ASME, New York, NY, USA
  E.I. Conference No.: 12363
  Source:  Proc  Sess  Relat  Steel  Struct Congr. Publ by ASCE, New
York, NY, USA. p 74-82
  Publication Year: 1989
  ISBN: 0-87262-697-0
  Language: English
  Document Type: PA; (Conference Paper)   Treatment: X; (Experimental)
  Journal Announcement: 8911
  Abstract: This paper deals with the mechanical integrity of conductors
after several years in service and discusses current innovative conductor
designs which benefit the structural designer working to re conductor lines.
Conductor properties may be altered due to fatigue from aeolian vibration,
operation at elevated temperatures, and atmospheric corrosion. Loss of
strength and additional sag due to elevated temperature operation are also
discussed. (Edited author abstract) 2 Refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS, WIRE--*Testing; ELECTRIC LINES--Towers
  Identifiers: TRAPEZOIDAL STRANDS; ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS
  Classification Codes: 704  (Electric Components & Equipment); 421
(Materials Properties); 422  (Materials Testing)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 42  (MATERIALS PROPERTIES & TESTING)

02317438   E.I. Monthly No: EI8710103817
  Title: PREVENTING SERVICE CONNECTION CORROSION.
  Author: St-Onge, Hank
  Corporate Source: Duratron Systems Ltd
  Source:  Water  and  Pollution  Control (Don Mills, Canada) v 124 n 5 Jun
1986 p 16-17
  Publication Year: 1986
  CODEN: WPCOAR   ISSN: 0043-1117
  Language: ENGLISH
  Document Type: JA; (Journal Article)   Treatment: A; (Applications)
  Journal Announcement: 8710
  Abstract: Service connections and buried electrical systems joined to
non-metallic mains require special corrosion control measures. This article
discusses copper services and corrective measures that may be taken to
protect them. Also discussed are buried electrical systems, corrective
measures, sacrificial anode applications, and anode requirements.
  Descriptors: *PIPELINES--*Corrosion Protection; ELECTRIC LINES--Corrosion
Protection; CORROSION PROTECTION, ANODIC
  Identifiers: SERVICE CONNECTION
  Classification Codes: 619  (Pipes, Tanks & Accessories); 539  (Metals
Corrosion & Protection); 706  (Electric Transmission & Distribution)
  61  (PLANT & POWER ENGINEERING); 53  (METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING); 70
(ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

02278688   E.I. Monthly No: EIM8710-067724
   Title: C724 - A NEW HIGH STRENGTH COPPER ALLOY FOR ELECTRONIC/ELECTRICAL
CONNECTORS.
  Author: Breedis, J. F.; Hauser, R. J.
  Corporate Source: Olin Corp, New Haven, CT, USA
  Conference   Title:  Eighteenth  Annual  Connectors  and  Interconnection
Technology Symposium Proceedings.
  Conference  Location:  Philadelphia,  PA, USA   Conference Date: 1985 Nov
18-20
  Sponsor: Electronic Connector Study Group Inc, Fort Washington, PA, USA
  E.I. Conference No.: 09575
  Source:   Annual  Connectors  and  Interconnection  Technology  Symposium
Proceedings  18th. Publ  by  Electronic  Connector  Study  Group Inc, Fort
Washington, PA, USA p 123-130
  Publication Year: 1985
  CODEN: ACIPE3
  Language: English
  Document Type: PA; (Conference Paper)
  Journal Announcement: 8710
  Abstract: A new high strength, precipitation hardened copper alloy has
been developed for the electronic/electrical connector market in response
to the need for high reliability and stability in service, while minimizing
material cost. The alloy, designated as C724, has a Cu-Ni-Al base
composition with supplemental additions of Mg and Mn. Physical and
mechanical properties of this alloy that are important to designers of
electronic/electrical connectors are summarized, as well as compared with
other copper alloys used in this application. C724 is available in two mill
hardened tempers encompassing yield strengths of between 100 to 140 KSI
with isotropic longitudinal and transverse minimum bend radius limits of 1.
5-3t. The alloy is resistant to stress relaxation with at least 90% of the
initially imposed stress expected to remain after 10 years at 221 DEGREE F
(105 DEGREE C). The alloy also has excellent stress corrosion resistance,
comparable to mill hardened beryllium copper alloys. (Edited author
abstract) 4 refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC CONNECTORS--*Materials; COPPER AND ALLOYS--
Applications
  Identifiers: HIGH STRENGTH COPPER ALLOY; ELECTRONIC/ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS
; CONNECTOR MATERIALS DESIGN; STRESS RELAXATION; STRENGTH RELAXATION;
ISOTROPIC BEND PROPERTIES
  Classification Codes: 704  (Electric Components & Equipment); 544
(Copper & Alloys); 714  (Electronic Components)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 54  (METAL GROUPS); 71  (ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATIONS)

01890891   E.I. Monthly No: EIM8509-052110
  Title: INFRARED INSPECTION OF UNDERGROUND SECONDARY CONNECTIONS.
  Author: Gitto, Joseph F.; Perl, Martin
  Corporate  Source:  Consolidated Edison Co of New York Inc, New York, NY,
USA
  Conference Title: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Engineering Conference on
Reliability for the Electric Power Industry.
  Conference Location: Hershey, PA, USA   Conference Date: 1982 Jun 16-18
  Sponsor:  IEEE  Reliability  Soc,  New York, NY, USA; AIIE, Lehigh Valley
Chapter,  USA;  EPRI,  Palo  Alto,  CA, USA; ASQC, Milwaukee, WI, USA; ANS,
Delaware Valley Section, USA; et al
  E.I. Conference No.: 05668
  Source: Publ by ASQC, Milwaukee, WI, USA p 294-296
  Publication Year: 1982
  Language: English
  Document Type: PA; (Conference Paper)
  Journal Announcement: 8509
  Abstract: The application of infrared (IR) scanning by utilities for
aerial surveys of residences, inspection of substation equipment and
overhead connections is well known. This paper describes a new application
for IR scanning - inspection of underground secondary connections in
manholes and secondary service boxes. Infrared scanning of underground
secondary connections, at Con Edison, has been found to be a viable method
for preventive maintenance. Detection of potential failures permits an
orderly and timely repair of the defective condition before the existence
of an emergency (customer outage) condition.
  Descriptors: *THERMOGRAPHY--*Applications; ELECTRIC CONNECTORS--
Nondestructive Examination; FAILURE ANALYSIS
  Identifiers: INFRARED INSPECTION; SCANNING; UNDERGROUND SECONDARY
CONNECTIONS
  Classification Codes: 944  (Moisture, Pressure & Temperature, & Radiation
Measuring Instruments); 704  (Electric Components & Equipment); 714
(Electronic Components); 421  (Materials Properties); 422  (Materials
Testing)
  94  (INSTRUMENTS & MEASUREMENT); 70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 71
(ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS); 42  (MATERIALS PROPERTIES & TESTING)

 30mar91 15:21:50 User042798 Session B20.4
  $9.67 0.406 Hrs FileKI
  $9.67  Estimated total session cost   0.406 Hrs.
Logoff: level 25.02.16 B  15:21:50

(second access, same date) In ENGI1 database
Set  Items   Description
S1 0   RESIDENTIAL SERVICE PANEL
S2 1401   ELECTRIC? AND (RESIDENTIAL)
S3   23   S2 AND PANEL?
S4   22   S3 NOT PANEL MEASUREM?
S5   21   S4 NOT COGENER?
S6   19   S5 NOT LOAD MANAGEMENT
S7   16   S6 NOT POWER GENERATION
S8   16   S7 NOT CONSERVAT?
S9   16   S8 NOT VIDON
S10  15   S9 NOT UNDERGROUND
S11  11   S10 NOT PHOTOVOLTAIC
S12  11   S11 NOT OPTICAL

 11/L/7
01476082   E.I. Monthly No: EI8401002616   E.I. Yearly No: EI84040628
   Title:  PERFORMANCE  OF  RESIDENTIAL  ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM COMPONENT
PARTS.
  Author: Anon
  Corporate Source: B. C. Research, Vancouver, BC, Can
  Source: Res Rep Can Electr Assoc n 000 U 114 Mar 1982 112p
  Publication Year: 1982
  CODEN: RCEADM
  Language: ENGLISH
  Journal Announcement: 8401
  Abstract: The general performance of many residential electrical wiring
system components is examined, and some components, like receptacles,
extension cords, incandescent light fixtures, fluorescent light ballasts,
panelboards, and nylon-sheathed wire, are found unacceptable because of
poor quality control, poor design, unpredicted current 'normal' use
conditions, lack of compatible accessories, poor installation workmanship,
manufacturing economics, and other factors. A case is made for the
imposition of improved performance standards for some residential
electrical wiring components on the grounds of reducing annoyance,
apprehension, and the incidence of serious consequences of component
failures. Better means for inspection authorities are suggested to gather
and collate information on performance for prompt forwarding to the
standards committees empowered to enact and improve performance standards.
Refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC WIRING, buildings--*Components; ELECTRIC WIRING--
Performance
  Identifiers: RESIDENTIAL WIRING COMPONENTS PERFORMANCE
  Classification Codes: 402  (buildings & Towers); 706  (Electric
Transmission & Distribution)
  40  (CIVIL ENGINEERING); 70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

?f residential service entrance and (electric? or panel)
   5622  RESIDENTIAL
  47149  SERVICE
   3715  ENTRANCE
   4  RESIDENTIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE
 315005  ELECTRIC?
   9233  PANEL
  S14 4  RESIDENTIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE AND (ELECTRIC? OR PANEL)
 14/L/1
02530600   E.I. Monthly No: EI8803023150
   Title:  DEVELOPMENT  OF  DESIGN  GUIDELINES  AND PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING
RESIDENTIAL SERVICE ENTRANCES.
  Author: Keyes, C.
  Corporate Source: Ontario Research Foundation, Toronto, Ont, Can
  Source: Res Rep Can Electr Assoc 228 U 359 May 1987 var pagings
  Publication Year: 1987
  CODEN: RCEADM   ISSN: 0823-2660
  Language: ENGLISH
  Document Type: RR; (Report Review)   Treatment: T; (Theoretical); X;
(Experimental)
  Journal Announcement: 8803
  Abstract: Residential service entrance fusible panelboards are a major
identifiable cause of electric fires. Although some remedial measures have
been taken, a continuing change to more cyclic loading on panelboards in
the form of electric heating may cause a resurgence of failures in the
future. The primary objectives of this three-part report were to
investigate the problems associated with new and existing service entrance
equipment and to establish design guidelines and practices for improved
reliability particularly where loads such as electric heat are involved.
Parts I and II explore in detail the reliability issues surrounding
existing and new service equipment respectively. Based on the conclusions
and recommendations of these two parts, the guidelines for improving
service entrance equipment reliability, found in Part III, are developed.
38 refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC SWITCHBOARDS--*Reliability; ELECTRIC LOADS;
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKERS; ELECTRIC SWITCHES--Testing; STANDARDS; ELECTRIC
CONTACTS--Failure
  Identifiers: RESIDENTIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE RELIABILITY TESTING; INSULATION
TESTS; ELECTRICAL TESTS; WEIBULL STATISTICS; ARRHEMIUS MODEL
  Classification Codes: 704  (Electric Components & Equipment); 706
(Electric Transmission & Distribution); 922  (Statistical Methods); 902
(Engineering Graphics & Standards)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 92  (ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS); 90  (GENERAL
ENGINEERING)

 14/L/2
02294586   E.I. Monthly No: EI8708079092
  Title: RESIDENTIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE CURRENT UNBALANCE.
  Author: Anon
  Corporate Source: Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ont, Can
  Source: Res Rep Can Electr Assoc 234 U 384 Apr 1985 80p
  Publication Year: 1985
  CODEN: RCEADM   ISSN: 0823-2660
  Language: ENGLISH
  Document Type: RR; (Report Review)   Treatment: A; (Applications); X;
(Experimental)
  Journal Announcement: 8708
  Abstract: The residential service entrance current unbalance study is a
preliminary survey of line-to-line current unbalances at the service
entrance of typical homes during the heating season. This information is of
interest to heating equipment and control manufacturers and the electrical
utilities involved in the off-oil program. The results provide an
indication of the improvements possible from electrical load redistribution
and whether the electrical distribution panelboard and plenum heaters are
being utilized to the full potential. 2 refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS--*Load Distribution; HEATING--
Electric; ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION; ELECTRIC APPLIANCES
  Identifiers: LOAD DISTRIBUTING CONTROLLER; SPACE HEATING SYSTEMS; CURRENT
UNBALANCES; HOMEOWNERS' ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
  Classification Codes: 706  (Electric Transmission & Distribution); 643
(Space Heating & Air Conditioning); 704  (Electric Components & Equipment)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 64  (HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS)

?f circuit breaker?
  83508  CIRCUIT
   4587  BREAKER?
  S15 3517  CIRCUIT BREAKER?
?f s15 and residential
   3517  S15
   5622  RESIDENTIAL
  S16   10  S15 AND RESIDENTIAL
?type s16/l/all

00404433   E.I. Monthly No: EI7410060568
   Title:  Circuit  Breakers  or  Safety  Fuses  in  Residential buildings.
Considerations Associated with the Design of Electric Installations.
  Title: LEITUNGSSCHUTZSCHALTER   ODER   SICHERUNGEN   IM   WOHNUNGSBAU.
UEBERLEGUNGEN BEI DER PLANUNG ELEKTRISCHER INSTALLATIONEN.
  Author: Popper, Wilhelm
  Corporate Source: Bernische Kraftwerke, Bern, Switz
  Source:  Bulletin  de l'Association Suisse des Electriciens v 65 n 13 Jun
29 1974 p 957-963
  Publication Year: 1974
  CODEN: BUSEAH   ISSN: 0004-587X
  Language: GERMAN
  Journal Announcement: 7410
  Abstract: Criteria for the selection between circuit breakers and fuses
are indicated. The importance of maximum short-circuit current is pointed
out and a simple method for its determination is presented, along with two
practical examples. The effect of local conditions on the decision between
circuit breakers and fuses is discussed. Problems associated with series
connection of circuit breakers are considered. 2 refs. In German.
  Descriptors: *buildings--*Electric Equipment; ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKERS;
ELECTRIC FUSES
  Classification Codes: 402  (buildings & Towers); 704
(Electric Components & Equipment); 914  (Safety Engineering)
  40  (CIVIL ENGINEERING); 70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING);
91  (ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT)

 21/L/1
02523070   E.I. Monthly No: EIM8801-003024
   Title:  EFFECT  OF  HARD  WATER  SCALE  BUILDUP  AND
WATER TREATMENT ON RESIDENTIAL WATER HEATER PERFORMANCE.
  Author: Talbert, S. G.; Stickford, G. H.; Newman, D. C.; Stiegelmeyer, W.
N.
  Corporate Source: Battelle, Columbus Div, Columbus, OH, USA
  Conference  Title:  ASHRAE Transactions 1986. (Technical Paper Presented
at the 1986 Annual Meeting.)
  Conference Location: Portland, OR, USA   Conference Date: 1986 Jun 22-25
  Sponsor: ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, USA
  E.I. Conference No.: 10599
  Source: ASHRAE Transactions 1986 v 92 pt 2B. Publ by ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA,
USA p 433-447
  Publication Year: 1986
  CODEN: ASHTAG   ISSN: 0001-2505
  Language: English
  Document Type: PA; (Conference Paper)
  Journal Announcement: 8801
  Abstract: Conventional gas and electric storage-type residential water
heaters were operated at four different U. S. cities under accelerated test
conditions to measure the effect of scale buildup on efficiency and to
assess the benefits and limitations of common water treatment methods. The
four selected test sites had hard water supplies with expected
scale-forming tendencies and were located in Columbus, OH; Lisle, IL;
Roswell, NM; and Marshall, MN. The main conclusions are as follows. After
60 lbs (27 kg) of scale buildup at two of the test sites (representing an
estimated 20 years of equivalent scale buildup), the efficiency of the gas
water heaters gradually declined about 5%, while that of the electric water
heaters remained constant. However, the buildup of scale in the electric
heaters caused the electric heating element to fail periodically, and in
the gas-fired heaters, it caused the tank metal temperatures near the
burner to operate hotter. (Edited author abstract) 3 refs.
  Descriptors: *WATER TREATMENT; WATER HEATERS--Performance
  Identifiers: WATER TREATMENT METHODS; SCALE DEPOSITS; ANODE-CORROSION
PROBLEMS; EFFICIENCY TEST RESULTS; CORROSION TESTS; SCALE BUILDUP
COMPARISON STUDIES
  Classification Codes: 433  (Railroad Transportation); 643  (Space Heating
& Air Conditioning); 913  (Production Planning & Control)
  43  (TRANSPORTATION); 64  (HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS); 91  (ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT)

00101338   E.I. Monthly No: EI70X149050
   Title:  Comparison  of  concrete  encased grounding electrodes to driven
ground rods.
  Author: WIENER, P.
  Corporate Source: Dept of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif
  Source: IEEE Trans Ind Gen Appl v IGA-6 n 3 May-June 1970 p 282-7
  Publication Year: 1970
  Language: ENGLISH
  Journal Announcement: 70X1
  Abstract: An experimental study was made to compare the efficacy of
concrete encased grounding electrodes to that of driven ground rods for
grounding residential and small commercial electric services. The
resistance of the concrete encased electrodes was generally lower than that
of the driven ground rods and the concrete encased electrodes were more
effective in carrying current from the 120/ 240 v systems.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT--*Grounding; ELECTRODES--Corrosion;
ELECTRIC LINES--Grounding
  Classification Codes: 704  (Electric Components & Equipment); 706
(Electric Transmission & Distribution)

Set  Items   Description
S1 0   RESIDENTIAL SERVICE PANEL
S2 1401   ELECTRIC? AND (RESIDENTIAL)
S3   23   S2 AND PANEL?
S4   22   S3 NOT PANEL MEASUREM?
S5   21   S4 NOT COGENER?
S6   19   S5 NOT LOAD MANAGEMENT
S7   16   S6 NOT POWER GENERATION
S8   16   S7 NOT CONSERVAT?
S9   16   S8 NOT VIDON
S10  15   S9 NOT UNDERGROUND
S11  11   S10 NOT PHOTOVOLTAIC
S12  11   S11 NOT OPTICAL
S13   1   RESIDENTIAL WIRING COMPONENTS
S14   4   RESIDENTIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE AND (ELECTRIC? OR PANEL)
S15   3517   CIRCUIT BREAKER?
S16  10   S15 AND RESIDENTIAL
S17   0   S2 AND NEUTRAL BUS
S18  43   S2 AND RUST? OR S2 AND CORROSION
S19  43   S18 AND RESIDENTIAL
S20  41   S19 NOT SILICON
S21   8   S20 NOT UNDERGROUND
S22  17   S2 AND FIRE

 22/L/1
02965808   E.I. Monthly No: EI9010117824
  Title: What causes wiring fires in residences?.
  Author: Smith, Linda E.; McCoskrie, Dennis
  Source: Fire Journal (Boston) v 84 n 1 Jan-Feb 1990 7p
  Publication Year: 1990
  CODEN: FIJOAU   ISSN: 0015-2617
  Language: English
  Document Type: JA; (Journal Article)   Treatment: G; (General Review); X;
(Experimental)
  Journal Announcement: 9010
  Abstract: The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) first
sponsored a project to identify the causes of residential fires involving
the electrical distribution system in 1980. To augment this effort, CPSC
sponsored a second phase of data collection in additional cities in 1984
and 1985. This second phase used the same data collection criteria and
questionnaire as the first phase, but a different contractor delivered the
training. Overall, 16 fire departments participated in the study and
contributed 149 fire investigations that met the criteria for the project.
This article presents the results of these combined efforts.
  Descriptors: *HOUSES--*Building Wiring; ELECTRIC WIRING, buildings--Fires
  Identifiers: US CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION
  Classification Codes: 402  (buildings & Towers); 706  (Electric
Transmission & Distribution); 914  (Safety Engineering)
  40  (CIVIL ENGINEERING); 70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 91  (ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT)

 22/L/7
02275376   E.I. Monthly No: EIM8709-063447
  Title: FIRE RELATED HAZARDS OF CABLES: THE CANADIAN POSITION: DEVELOPMENT
OF FIRE RESISTANT INSIDE WIRING CABLE.
  Author: Hartley, M. D.; Jaques, R. E.
  Corporate Source: Canada Wire & Cable Ltd., Toronto, Ont, Can
  Conference  Title:  Proceedings  of  35th  International  Wire  and Cable
Symposium.
  Conference Location: Reno, NV, USA   Conference Date: 1986 Nov 18-20
  Sponsor:  US  Army Communications-Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ,
USA
  E.I. Conference No.: 10049
  Source:  Proceedings of International Wire and Cable Symposium 35th. Publ
by  US  Army  Communications-Electronics  Command, Fort Monmouth, NJ, USA p
554-559
  Publication Year: 1986
  CODEN: PIWSDG   ISSN: 0091-7702
  Language: English
  Document Type: PA; (Conference Paper)
  Journal Announcement: 8709
  Abstract: The Canadian Electrical Code and the National Building Code in
Canada recognize only two designations in regards to fire resistance of
cables; cables for use in combustible (residential) buildings and cables
for use in non-combustible buildings. The Test standard for cables for
non-combustible buildings resembles IEEE-383. However, it is more severe;
particularly for small nonarmoured cables such as Inside Wiring Cable. This
forthcoming requirement has necessitated material and product development.
Although an Inside Wiring Cable modification of both insulation and jacket
was undertaken, the large volume fraction of combustible material in the
jacket vis a vis the insulation made it the area of greatest impact. The
paper outlines the development and its effect on cable performance. (Author
abstract) 12 refs.
  Descriptors: *TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES--*Fire Protection; FIRE PROTECTION
--Safety Codes
  Identifiers: FIRE HAZARDS; CSA STANDARD C22. 2; FIRE TESTS
  Classification Codes: 716  (Radar, Radio & TV Electronic Equipment); 718
 (Telephone & Line Communications); 914  (Safety Engineering)
  71  (ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS); 91  (ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT)

 22/L/9
01939666   E.I. Monthly No: EI8601002264   E.I. Yearly No: EI86036463
  Title: ARCING FAULTS IN METALLIC CONDUIT AT 120 AND 240 V.
  Author: FULLER, JACKSON F.; HANNA, WILLIAM J.; KALLENBACH, GENE A.
  Corporate  Source:  UNIV  OF  COLORADO,  DEP  OF  ELECTRICAL  &  COMPUTER
ENGINEERING, BOULDER, CO, USA
  Source: IEEE TRANS IND APPL V IA-21 N 3 1985 P 820-825
  Publication Year: 1985
  CODEN: ITIACR   ISSN: 0093-9994
  Language: ENGLISH
  Document Type: JA; (JOURNAL ARTICLE)   Treatment: T; (THEORETICAL)
  Journal Announcement: 8601
  Abstract: OVER THE YEARS, MANY FIRES HAVE BEEN BLAMED ON THE FAILURE OF
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT OR WIRING IN RESIDENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL INSTALLATIONS.
TO HELP RESOLVE THE QUESTION OF WHETHER OR NOT THESE ACCUSATIONS HAVE
SUBSTANCE, MANY TESTS HAVE BEEN PERFORMED TO EVALUATE VARIOUS TYPES OF WIRE
AND INSULATION IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS ON 120-V AND 240-V AC CIRCUITS.
EVIDENCE FROM A RECENT FIRE IN A LOCAL COMMERCIAL INSTALLATION AT 208/120 V
INDICATED THAT PAPER PRODUCTS LYING ON THE EXTERIOR OF A CONDUIT WERE
IGNITED BY AN INTERNAL ARC BETWEEN A CONDUCTOR AND THE METALLIC CONDUIT
WALL. THE FAULT CURRENT DID NOT TRIP A STANDARD 100-A PLASTIC CASE PANEL
BREAKER. LABORATORY TESTS WERE PERFORMED IN AN ATTEMPT TO DUPLICATE THE
CONDITIONS AND CONFIRM THE CONCLUSIONS. THE RESULTS ARE REPORTED. 17 REFS.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC FAULT CURRENTS; ELECTRIC WIRING--FIRE PROTECTION;
ELECTRIC ARCS; ELECTRIC CONDUITS
  Identifiers: AC ARCS; ARCING FAULTS
  Classification Codes: 706  (Electric Transmission & Distribution); 701
(Electricity & Magnetism); 402  (buildings & Towers); 914  (Safety
Engineering)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 40  (CIVIL ENGINEERING); 91  (ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT)

 22/L/10
01868164   E.I. Monthly No: EIM8505-024805
  Title: ARCING FAULTS IN METALLIC CONDUIT AT 120 AND 240 VOLTS.
  Author: Fuller, Jackson F.; Hanna, William J.; Kallenbach, Gene A.
  Corporate  Source:  Univ  of  Colorado  at  Boulder,  Dep of Electrical &
Computer Engineering, Boulder, CO, USA
  Conference  Title:  Conference  Record  -  Industrial  & Commercial Power
System  Technical  Conference  1984. ( Papers presented at the 1984 Annual
Meeting - IEEE Industry Applications Society.)
  Conference Location: Atlanta, GA, USA   Conference Date: 1984 May 7-10
  Sponsor:   IEEE   Industry   Applications  Soc,  Static  Power  Converter
Committee, New York, NY, USA; IEEE, Atlanta Section, Atlanta, GA, USA
  E.I. Conference No.: 04511
  Source: IEEE Conference Record of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
Technical  Conference 1984. Publ by IEEE, New York, NY, USA. Available from
IEEE Service Cent (Cat n 84CH2040-4), Piscataway, NJ, USA p 108-111
  Publication Year: 1984
  CODEN: CRICDM
  Language: English
  Document Type: PA; (Conference Paper)
  Journal Announcement: 8505
  Abstract: Over the years many questions have been raised about the number
of fires that have actually been caused by the failure of electric
equipment or wiring in residential or commercial installations. To help
resolve these questions, many tests have been performed to evaluate various
types of wire and insulation in different environments on 120 and 240 volt
ac circuits. Evidence from a recent fire indicated that combustible
material lying on the exterior of a conduit was ignited due to an internal
arc between a conductor and the metallic conduit wall. Laboratory tests
were performed in an attempt to duplicate the conditions and confirm the
conclusions. This paper is a report of the results. 17 refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC ARCS; ELECTRIC WIRING, buildings; ELECTRIC FAULT
CURRENTS; ELECTRIC CONDUITS; buildings--Fire Protection
  Identifiers: ARCING FAULTS; BUILDING FIRES; ARC PHYSICS
  Classification Codes: 701  (Electricity & Magnetism); 706  (Electric
Transmission & Distribution); 402  (buildings & Towers); 931  (Applied
Physics)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 40  (CIVIL ENGINEERING); 93  (ENGINEERING
PHYSICS)

 22/L/11
01599826   E.I. Monthly No: EI8412130645   E.I. Yearly No: EI84040368
   Title:  REDUCTION  OF FIRES CAUSED BY RESIDENTIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE PANEL
BOARDS.
  Author: Hicks, R. L.; Liberatore, P.; Bartlett, D.; Major, R.
  Corporate Source: Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ont, Can
  Source: Res Rep Can Electr Assoc n 83-33 Dec 1983 27p
  Publication Year: 1983
  CODEN: RCEADM
  Language: ENGLISH
  Journal Announcement: 8412
  Abstract: The performance of residential electrical service entrance
panelboards is reviewed. Field data identifying them as an identified cause
of electrical fires are presented. Remedial measures already taken and
additional steps which might further reduce the possibility of fires from
panelboards are identified. Recommendations are made to carry out
evaluative tests in support of remedial measures and to prepare guidelines
on the design of future service entrances. 31 refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC SWITCHBOARDS--*Fire Protection; ELECTRIC WIRING,
buildings--Fire Protection; HOUSES--Electric Equipment; buildings--Electric
Equipment; APARTMENT HOUSES--Electric Equipment
  Identifiers: ELECTRICAL SERVICE ENTRANCE; PANEL BOARDS
  Classification Codes: 704  (Electric Components & Equipment); 706
(Electric Transmission & Distribution); 402  (buildings & Towers)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 40  (CIVIL ENGINEERING)

 22/L/16
00774475   E.I. Monthly No: EI7803016949
  Title: EXPLORATORY STUDY OF GLOWING ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS.
  Author: Meese, William J.; Beausoliel, Robert W.
  Corporate Source: NBS, Washington, DC
  Source:  National  Bureau of Standards, Building Science Series n 103 Oct
1977 22 p
  Publication Year: 1977
  CODEN: BSSNBV   ISSN: 0083-1794
  Language: ENGLISH
  Journal Announcement: 7803
  Abstract: This report describes and characterizes with quantifiable
electrical and thermal measures the extent to which loose electric
connections in residential-type branch circuits have overheated in the
laboratory. With loose electric connections, which conceivably could be
inadvertantly duplicated in field installations, but with otherwise normal
installation and operating conditions, visible glows have been observed
under laboratory test conditions in nominal 120 v, 15 and 20 amp branch
circuits with both copper and aluminum wire. Characteristics of the glow
condition are differentiated from arching/sparking as sometimes observed in
making or breaking electric circuits. 8 refs.
  Descriptors: *ELECTRIC CONNECTORS; ELECTRIC SPARKS; ELECTRIC ACCIDENTS--
Prevention; FIRE PROTECTION
  Identifiers: ELECTRIC CONNECTIONS; GLOWING ELECTRIC CONNECTIONS; FIRE
HAZARDS
  Classification Codes: 701  (Electricity & Magnetism); 704  (Electric
Components & Equipment); 714  (Electronic Components); 914  (Safety
Engineering)
  70  (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING); 71  (ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS); 91
(ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT)

PANEL CORROSION DATA - Raw Data on Electric Panel Corrosion Investigation

HOLM93A
0   600   600  15.2 16.5 13.8 13   18
.5  600   600  18.1 20.9 15.3 14   28
.9  600   600  20.4 27.6 13.2 13   48
9.3 600   600  56.9 79.2 34.6 21.9 115.9

X Y1 Y2 Y3  Y4 Y5  Y6 Y7

NOTE: Y1 AND Y2 HAVE BEEN INSERTED IN ORDER TO GET A DOTTED
   LINE FOR THE FINAL GRAPH. SPLOT DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE
   ANY OTHER WAY TO DO THIS. THE PLOTS OF Y1 AND Y2 WITH
   SOLID AND DASHED LINES WILL NOT PRINT IF ABOVE THE UPPER
   Y-AXIS LIMIT.
DO THIS. THE PLOTS OF Y1

HOLM93B.DAT
2   8.2   9.2  7.2  5.9  9.5
4  39.6   58.5 20.5 18.1 88.3
6  45.5   74.2 16.8 20.6 187.7

X Y1 Y2 Y3  Y4 Y5  Y6 Y7

.2  7.2  5.9  9.5
4  39.6   58.5 20.5 18.1 88.3
6  45.5   74.2 16.8 20.6 187.7

X Y1 Y2 Y3  Y4 Y5

HOLM93C
1 600
5 600
7 600
-0.12   57.4
2.88 87.3
10.3 151.1
-0.12   62.9
2.88 102.6
10.3 221.6
-0.12   51.8
2.88 71.9
10.3 80.6
-0.12   47.7
2.88 60.9
10.3 106.3
-0.12   87.1
2.88 121.7
10.3 218
0.12 111
3.12 179.3
10.5 348.7
0.12 133.7
3.12 231.2
10.5 411.7
0.12 88.3
3.12 127.4
10.5 285.5
0.12 69.5
3.12 90.3
10.5 258
0.12 146.8
3.12 286
10.5 434
133.7
3.12 231.2
10.5 411.7

...

Continue reading  at CORROSION & MOISTURE SOURCES in PANELS or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

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• ELECTRICAL PANEL MOISTURE / WATER SOURCES - Holm Conference Study Details
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