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 Quick Guide Asbestos Building Material Regulations, Bans, Rules & Laws - current & historic
InspectAPedia® -
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InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.
Asbestos Bans, Rules, Regulations Guide: this article describes current asbestos exposure & handling regulations and lists the history of asbestos law and regulations for most countries. We include a list of countries where asbestos containing materials or products (ACM) are banned in various forms. We provide a summary of OSHA regulations for asbestos containing building materials, including assumed asbestos containing building materials (roofing, flooring, insulation, drywall, etc), suspected asbestos containing materials, and assumed asbestos containing materials. We address the handling of asbestos containing building materials, including the permissible exposure limits for asbestos particles or fibers in buildings (Asbestos PELs), ACM (asbestos containing materials), PACM (presumed asbestos containing materials), SACM (suspect asbestos containing materials), and ACRM (asbestos containing roofing materials). Also see ASBESTOS REGULATION Update where we include more recent asbestos regulations for the U.S. and other countries. That article clarifies just what products are currently permitted or not permitted to contain asbestos.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
Asbestos Containing Materials: Regulations, Bans, Exposure Limits
 This article provides:
Photo above left: presumed-asbestos-containing material (PACM) acoustic ceiling tiles found above a suspended ceiling.
History & Dates of Asbestos Containing Material Bans & Regulations & Related Occupational Safety Regulatory History
- 1877 Massachusetts passed the nation’s first safety and health legislation,
requiring the guarding of belts, shafts, and gears, protection on elevators,
and adequate fire exits in factories. [56]
- 1903, the U.S. Bureau of Labor began publishing detailed
studies of occupational fatalities and illnesses in the dusty trades [56]
- 1907: first testimony of illness or death due to asbestos exposure [27] , though there had been studies of asbestos-related illness before 1900 [28]
- 1913 U.S. Department of Labor established [56]
- 1927-1944: asbestos health hazards & fatalities reported in the U.S. The U.S. government began regulating asbestos exposure in 1926.
- 1934 U.S. Bureau of Labor Standards created [56]
- 1953: National Gypsum recommends acoustic plaster mixers wear respirators
- 1967: U.S. Gypsum ceiling tiles, reported produced using ingredients that included asbestos from 1967-1976[29]
- 1970: The Celotex Corporation of America introduced an isocyanurate foam ceiling tile [11] (not an asbestos-containing product). Asbestos widely used as fireproofing in roofs, floors, ceilings.[28] In the U.S.
OSHA began functioning in the U.S. at the very end this year (29 December) but did not issue asbestos regulations until 1971.[54][55]
- 1971 OSHA issued emergency regulations for asbestos exposure. Quoting OSHA: OSHA first regulated asbestos on 1971 when, under authority of section 6(a) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, it adopted the existing Federal standard for asbestos under the Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act. [54][55]
The Occupational Safety & Health Act was passed into law;
NIOSH founded
- 1972 OSHA issued a permanent asbestos exposure standard. Quoting OSHA: OSHA conducted rulemaking and issued a permanent standard under section 6(b) of the OSH Act, which regulated occupational exposure to asbestos. The standard defined asbestos as chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite [29 CFR 1910.93a (later renumbered as Section 1910.1001); 37 FR 11318, June 7, 1972].
Note: Because the 1972 standard did not distinguish between asbestiform and non-asbestiform ATA, OSHA began to inspect employers whose employees were exposed to either mineralogic variety.
[55]
- 1975 OSHA proposed to reduce the PEL and otherwise revise and tighten the asbestos standard to protect employees against carcinogenic effects of asbestos (40 FR 47652, October 9, 1975).
[55]
- 1976:
E.U. ban on marketing & use of chrysotile asbestos [26]
- 1981-1991: New Zealand banned the import of raw amphibole (blue & brown) asbestos in 1984. Great Britain banned blue & brown asbestos materials in 1985. In 1989 : US EPA issued its "Asbestos Ban and Phase Out Rule", later overturned in court in 1991, thus continuing to permit asbestos in many products. Australia introduced a ban on all ACM in 1991 (in-stock materials continued to be sold) [28]
- 1983 OSHA issued an Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) for asbestos, lowering the permissible exposure limit from 2 fibers per cubic centimeter (2 f/cc) to 0.5 f/cc (48 FR 51086, November 4, 1983).
[55]
- 1986 OSHA granted a temporary stay insofar as the standards applied to non-asbestiform tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite (51 FR 37002).
- 1990 OSHA Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) proposing to remove non-asbestiform tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite from the scope of the revised standards for Asbestos. OSHA also presented and requested comment on various alternatives for regulating non-asbestiform ATA. The Administration Stay was extended to May 30, 1992
- 1992 Expiration of the 1986 temporary OSHA stay was on 30 Msy 1992. Pursuant to the stay and its extension, the standard, covering tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite were to remain in effect as they had applied to minerals under the previous standard. The 1972 standard was republished as 29 CFR 1910.1101 (1987).
- 1999: ASBESTOS MATERIAL REGULATIONS Update US EPA 1999. This document makes clear that EPA has no existing bans on asbestos-containing products other than items listed in this document: ACM ceiling tiles were not banned. Note: however because of public resistance to purchase or use of ACM products, many manufacturers discontinued of asbestos in various products, particularly after 1976. Check the individual product MSDS for confirmation of its content. - Ed. In this year Great Britain banned the sale or re-use of white asbestos. [26]
- 2002-2011: New Zealand banned white chrisotile asbestos. In 2003 E.U. directive 2003/18/EC banned all use of asbestos. Turkey banned all asbestos in 2011. [26] Also see EPA Asbestos Materials Bans: Clarification 2003 update
Australian, New Zealand, & Japan Regulation of Asbestos Containing Products
According to the Government of South Australia SafeWork SA,
- The use of all types of
asbestos in the amphibole group was banned in the mid 1980s.
- Chrysotile asbestos was banned on 31 December 2003
According to Australian contractor Bill Bradley, referring to Fibro asbestos-cement roofing, "Only cement sheet products made before 1987 contain the deadly stuff. In NSW, for example, the use of it was discontinued in cement sheets by 1982, in corrugated sheets by 1984 and in all other products by 1986. Products containing it have been totally banned in Australia since 2004."
In Japan asbestos production peaked in 1974 but did not significantly drop before 1990. - citation needed beyond Wikipedia
New Zealand banned the import of amphibole asbestos in 1984, and banned chrysotile asbestos in 2002
Complete List of Countries that Ban or Regulate the Use or Production of Asbestos
List of Countries Banning All Asbestos Use & Production as of 2005
- Chile
- Cyprus
- Finland
- Ireland
- Kuwait
- Latvia
- Malta
- Monaco
- New Zealand - banned the import of amphibole asbestos in 1984, and banned chrysotile asbestos in 2002.
- Norway
- Slovenia
- Sweden
List of Countries Banning Asbestos Use but Permitting Small Production or Trade in ACM
- Argentina
- Australia - We read other reports that Australia did not ban asbestos completely until 2004 - citation needed.(See Wittenoom, Australia: mine source for crocidolite asbestos ("blue asbestos") from 1917 to 1966. )
- Austria
- Belgium
- Coratia
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Japan - production did not significantly drop before 1990. - citation needed beyond Wikipedia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Poland
- Portugal
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovakia
- South Africa - a major source of asbestos production
- Spain
- Switzerland
- Netherlands, The
- United Kingdom, the U.K.
- Uruguay
List of Countries that Ratified the 1986 ILO 162 Rules on Asbestos Safety in the Workplace
- Belgium
- Bolivia
- Bosnia
- Brazil
- Cameroon
- Canada - a major source of asbestos production
- Chile
- Columbia
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Ecuador
- Finland
- Germany
- Guatemala
- Herzegovina
- Japan
- Macedonia
- Montenegro
- Portugal
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Switzerland
- Uganda
- Uruguay
- Zimbabwe
Definition of & Handling Rules for Suspect Asbestos Containing Materials (SACM) & Presumed Asbestos Containing Materials (PACM)
The term suspect ACM or SACM (Suspected Asbestos Containing Material) does not appear in either of the OSHA standards. The term, however, has long been used by the asbestos industry to refer to any building material that is suspected of being asbestos-containing (based on appearance, usage, age of building, etc.), but has not been proven conclusively to be ACM (asbestos containing material) (based on sampling and analysis, documentation, building records, etc).
For OSHA’s purposes, suspect material would include any material (including TSI, surfacing, and flooring) that a building owner suspects of containing asbestos and is found in a building constructed after 1980, or any material (excepting TSI, surfacing, and flooring) found in a building constructed prior to 1981.
Other typical suspect building materials would include ceiling tiles, asbestos-cement products (Transite®), and joint compound. The exercise of due diligence (as noted in the OSHA asbestos standards) requires that, where a building owner knows or should have known that materials other than PACM (presumed asbestos containing material) are asbestos-containing, these materials must be treated as ACM until proven otherwise.
This makes sense especially for building products for which a non-asbestos-containing-form was not ever produced, or was not produced during certain years. It is on this basis that we assert that it is possible to identify some asbestos-containing materials with confidence, even before any asbestos lab tests.
For examples of PACM (presumed asbestos containing materials), see:
CEILING TILES - Asbestos-Containing
Fireproofing containing Asbestos
TRANSITE PIPE AIR DUCTS
Transite Pipe Chimneys & Flues
Transite Pipe Water Supply Piping
A building constructed prior to 1981, therefore, could contain both PACM and suspect ACM. Newer buildings (constructed after 1980) would contain only suspect ACM.
Asbestos regulations for Ontario are published under the Occupational Health and Safety Act and are in Ontario Regulation 278/05 and provide a clearly-written and comprehensive guide to cleaning up and disposing of asbestos containing materials in or on buildings.
What is the Permissible Exposure Limit (PELs) for Asbestos in or at Buildings?
 Beginning in 1986 OSHA set a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.2 fibers per cubic centimeter (f/cc) of air over an 8-hour time-weighted average exposure period. OSHA also set an action level of 0.1 f/cc of asbestos for an 8-hour TWA average, and (the highest permitted short term asbestos fiber exposure) 1.0 f/cc "excursion limit" for a 30-minute time period.
Thanks to reader Thomas Sukeforth for pointing out a 1994 summary of changes made to the OSHA Asbestos Construction standard and for suggesting a discussion of PACM (below).
The time-weighted average (TWA) permissible exposure limit has been reduced to 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter. The Excursion Limit remains at 1.0 fibers per cubic centimeter averaged over 30 minutes. Both of these values are considered PELs. (permissible exposure limits).
There is no established action level in the new asbestos exposure standard because the sampling and analytical method is not reliable below the time-weighted average limit of 0.1 fibers per cubic centimeter.
Definition of & Handling Rules for Presumed Asbestos Containing Material (PACM)
Presumed Asbestos Containing Material (PACM) as OSHA defines it refers to thermal insulation and surfacing materials prior to 1980 but within the regulation they also mention that flooring (tile & sheet) and roofing materials shall also be deemed as asbestos containing unless sampled and shown otherwise.
For presumed asbestos-containing materials, there are two courses of action (under OSHA's standards):
- Rebut or disprove the Presumed Asbestos Containing Material (PACM )designation for a particular material or environment being addressed
- Treat the PACM as Asbestos Containing Material (ACM) and follow the OSHA requirements for protecting worker and building occupant safety and health
According to CIH Kindley,
In both the OSHA Construction Asbestos Standard (29 CFR 1926.1101) and the General Industry Asbestos Standard (29 CFR 1910.1001) PACM is defined as thermal system insulation (TSI) and surfacing material found in a building constructed no later than 1980.
TSI is the material applied to pipes, fittings (joints, "Ts", elbows, valves, etc.), boilers, breechings, tanks, ducts or other structural components, generally to prevent heat loss or gain. Surfacing material refers to materials sprayed, troweled-on or otherwise applied to surfaces generally for acoustical, fireproofing, or other purposes.
Examples of surfacing materials include decorative finishes on ceilings and walls, fireproofing on structural members, and acoustical plasters. OSHA requires that building owners identify PACM in their buildings and treat the PACM as asbestos-containing materials (ACM) until the materials are proven not to contain asbestos.
Occurrence of Asbestos in Common Building Materials
For our complete guide to recognizing asbestos-containing materials in buildings see the individual asbestos-containing products described at ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN BUILDINGS. Two other articles provide longer lists of asbestos-containing products used on or in buildings and in other products as well:
ASBESTOS LIST of PRODUCTS
ASBESTOS PHOTO GUIDE to Materials
Following are references to some common asbestos-containing building materials discussed in that article series.
Asbestos in Flooring Materials
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Although not defined strictly as "PACM", both OSHA standards also require asphalt and vinyl flooring material installed no later than 1980 be "considered" and "treated" as asbestos-containing, until the building owner proves the flooring is not ACM.
This includes not only the flooring material, but associated mastics and backings.
See ASBESTOS FLOOR TILE IDENTIFICATION for details about vinyl-asbestos flooring including floor tiles and sheet flooring. |
Asbestos in Roofing Materials
 The risk of high levels of airborne asbestos from cementious roofing products is probably very low unless the workers are using power equipment like sanders and saws on these substances.
See Asbestos Roofing Materials.
According to NRCA, the National Roofing Contractors' Association, their studies up to February 1992 had not found a single roofing job at which these limits were exceeded, and NRCA reported that in some cases no fiber release was detected.
But it appears that the association may have been referring only to asphalt-based roofing materials, not jobs involving the demolition of other ACRM such as cement-asbestos roof shingles (or "asbestos roof tiles" as some consumers refer to them) which might produce different statistics.
Asbestos in Heating Systems
Asbestos in Siding Materials
 The most common siding material containing asbestos fibers was cement-asbestos shingle siding popular from about 1940 to 1970.
See ASBESTOS CEMENT SIDING.
It is possible that other siding materials such as asphalt building siding may contain asbestos fibers as well, particularly if that material was produced during the same years that asbestos fibers appear in asphalt roof shingles. |
Disposal of Asbestos Containing Flooring, Roofing or Siding Materials
For handling and disposal guidance concerning old roofing material, siding material, vinyl-asbestos floor tiles, asbestos pipe or boiler or furnace insulation, or other asbestos containing or suspect asbestos containing materials at a job-site, contact the US EPA, your state Department of Environmental Protection/Conservation, or your local building and health departments.
At OSHA Asbestos Roof/Siding Regulations we discuss (briefly) the regulation of demolition & removal of cement asbestos or other asbestos containing roofing and siding materials.
At Asbestos Roofing Materials we discuss environmental issues surrounding disposal of fiber cement roofing products that contain asbestos.
Asbestos regulations for Ontario are published under the Occupational Health and Safety Act and are in Ontario Regulation 278/05 also found at http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_050278_e.htm
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
- [1] Celotex 1973 Celotex Acoustical Systems catalog, January 1973
- [2] Celotex Home Building Materials, 1947 catalog, lists: Cane fiber products: Celotex sheathing, Celotex insulating lath (board), Celotex interior finish, Celo-Siding, Celo-Rok Gypsum products [may contain asbestos]: Celo-Rok anchor lath, Celo-Rock wallboards, Celo-Rok plasters, and Other Products: Celotex rock wool, Celotex roofing, Celotex hard boards, Celotex Cemesta, Celotex Corporation, Chicago IL
- [3] Celotex Insulating Cane Board, product catalog
- [4] Celotex Building Insulating Materials, 1948 Catalog, listing: Cemesto insulation, Cemesto roof decks, Cemesto exterior wall coverings, Cemesto interior wall coverings [we believe the Cemesto lines refer to cement-asbestos products - ed. ]
- [5] Celotex Sound Conditioning, 1948 Catalog, including perforated asbestos board sheets
- Celotex ceiling products division was purchased by Ceiling Products & Gypsum Wallboard (BPB) of the U.K. beginning in 1999
- Celotex roofing products division was purchased by Certainteed Corporation (Valley Forge PA) beginning in 1999
- [6] Certainteed Ceilings, Adagio fiberglass/mineral fiber composite acoustical ceiling product MSDS, web search 11/22/2011, original source: certainteed.com/resources/Adagio_MSDS_2010.pdf
- [7] "Board of Education for the School District of the City of Detroit v. Celotex, et al., Circuit Court of Wayne County, Michigan, No. 84-429634-ND"
- [8] Armstrong Corporation, web search 6/22/12, original source: http://www.armstrong.rs/commclgeu/eu1/uk/rs/FAQ_other.html, [Copy on file as Armstrong_Ceil_Asbestos.pdf]
- [9] Lipsitz & Ponterio, LLC, "Carpenters and Mesothelioma", Lipsitz & Ponterio, LLC, 135 Delaware Ave, 5th Floor, Buffalo, NY 14202-2415 (716) 849-0701. Web search 6/22/12, original source: http://www.mesotheliomacarpenter.com/carpenters-asbestos-exposure/ceiling-tile/ [Copy on file as LiIpsitz_Asbestos.pdf]
- [10] INACHI forum discussion about asbestos ceiling tiles, web search 6/22/12, original source: http://www.nachi.org/forum/f18/asbestos-ceiling-tiles-14709/ [Copy on file as Inach_Ceil_Asbestos.pdf]
- [11] Celotex [UK] History, Celotex Insulation Specialists, web search 6/30/12, original source: http://www.celotex.co.uk/celotex-history [Copy on file as Celotex_History_UK.pdf ]
- [12] Wikipedia provided background information about some topics discussed at this website provided this citation is also found in the same article along with a " retrieved on" date. NOTE: because Wikipedia entries are fluid and can be amended in real time, we cite the retrieval date of Wikipedia citations and we do not assert that the information found there is necessarily authoritative. Web search 6/30/12: "Ceiling Tiles"
- [13] Brian Greer, "History of Tin Ceilings", Brian Greer's Tin Ceilings, web search 6/30/12, original source: http://www.tinceiling.com/company/historytin.php
- [14] Armstrong Corporation, "Corporate History: a Historical Summary", web search 6/30/12, original source: http://www.armstrong.com/corporate/corporate-history.html
- [15] "Ceilings Pressed in Time", Old House Journal, web search 6/30/12, original source: http://www.oldhousejournal.com/ceillings_pressed_in_time/magazine/1070
- [16] Steven Mlynarek, Morton Corn, Charles Blake, "Asbestos Exposure of Building Maintenance Personnel", Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 23, 213–224 (1996) ARTICLE NO. 0045, http://library.certh.gr/libfiles/PDF/GEN-PAPYR-4810-ASBESTOS-by-MLYNAREK
-in-RTAP-VOL-23-ISS-3-PP-213-224-Y-1996.pdf
- [17] National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (1989). In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (P. M. Eller, Ed.),
Method 7400. NIOSH, Washington, DC.
- [18] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA—Green Book) (1990). In Managing Asbestos in Place: A Building Owners Guide to Operations and Maintenance Programs for Asbestos-Containing
- [19] U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USDOL) (1994). In Occupational Exposure to Asbestos:
Final Rule, FR Vol. 59, No. 153:40964–41162. Materials, Report 2OT-2003. USEPA, Washington, DC.
- [20] U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(USDOL) (1986). In Occupational Exposure to Asbestos: Tremolite,
Anthophyllite, and Actinolite: Final Rule, FR Vol. 51,
No. 119:22631–22644.
- [21] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1990). In Environmental Asbestos Assessment Manual, Superfund Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Ambient Air, Part 2, Technical Background Document, Report EPA/540/2-90/005 b. USEPA, Washington, DC
- [22] Ceiling - Frequently Asked Questions, Armstrong Corporation, web search 6/30/12, original source: http://www.armstrong.com/resclgam/na/ceilings/en/us/article17697.html
- [23] BPB America Inc.,
5301 West Cypress St., Suite 300,
Tampa, FL 33607,
Tel: 866-427-2872
E-mail: crc@bpb-na.com
Web: www.bpb-na.com. Acoustic ceiling tile & accessories.
- [24] Affa Tile Company
No. 1116/8, Poonamalee High Road, Opposite Hotel Shan Royal, Koyambedu
Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600 107, India, E-Mail: affatiles@gmail.com website: http://www.affatiles.com Tel:044-24757498, 044 - 24757497
- [25] Made-in-China.com, online sevice to connect buyers with product suppliers in China, web search 6/30/12
- [26] "Directive 2003/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 March 2003 amending Council Directive 83/477/EEC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to asbestos at work". Publications Office of the European Union. 27 March 2003 Web search 6/30/12, original source: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003L0018:EN:NOT,
- [27] H. M. Murray, testimony before the Departmental Committee on Compensation for Industrial Diseases "Minutes of Evidence, Appendices and Index", 1907. p. 127
- [28] D. Auribault, "Note sur l'Hygiène et la Sécurité des Ouvriers dans les Filatures et Tissages d'Amianté (On hygiene and security of the workers in the spinning and weaving of asbestos)" in Le Bulletin de l'Inspection du Travail, 1906, pp 120–132.
- [29] Wikipedia entry on Asbestos and various citations from that article, web search 6/30/12, original source: en.wikipedia.org "Asbestos"
- [30] "Handling Asbestos-Containing roofing material - an update", Carl Good, NRCA Associate Executive Director, Professional Roofing, February 1992, p. 38-43
- [31] EPA Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings, NIAST, National Institute on Abatement Sciences & Technology, [republishing EPA public documents] 1985 ed., Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,D.C. 20460
- EPA Asbestos Materials Bans: Clarification, May 18, 1999, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, web search 01/20/2011, original source http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/asbbans2.pdf
- [32] EPA Asbestos Materials Bans-1989: 1989 (OBSOLETE)
On July 12, 1989, EPA issued a final rule banning most asbestos-containing products. In 1991, this regulation was overturned by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in New Orleans. As a result of the Court's decision, the following specific asbestos-containing products remain banned: flooring felt, rollboard, and corrugated, commercial, or specialty paper. In addition, the regulation continues to ban the use of asbestos in products that have not historically contained asbestos, otherwise referred to as "new uses" of asbestos.
For more [current] information read EPA Asbestos Materials Ban (ABPO Rule): Clarification (PDF) (this is a 1999 document, 3 pp., 10 K shown at the top of this page) - May 1999, web search 01/20/2011, original source: http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/asbbans2.pdf
Web Search 01/20/2011, original source: http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/ban.html - quoting:
Below are four relevant Federal Register notices [ concerning asbestos manufacture, use, and bans in the U.S.] :
- [33] Asbestos: Manufacture, Importation, Processing, and Distribution in Commerce Prohibitions; Final Rule (54 FR 29460, July 12, 1989) (FRL-3476-2) (PDF) (LARGE FILE 55 pp, 8.2MB) - web search 01/20/2011, original source http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/frl-3476-2.pdf
- [34] Asbestos; Manufacture, Importation, Processing and Distribution Prohibitions; Effect of Court Decision; Continuing Restrictions on Certain Asbestos-Containing Products (57 FR 11364, April 2, 1992) (FRL-4044-2) (PDF) (2 pp, 250K) web search 01/20/2011, original source http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-TOX/pre1994/4044-2.pdf
- [35] Asbestos; Manufacture, Importation, Processing and Distribution Prohibitions; Continuing Restrictions on Certain Asbestos-Containing Products (58 FR 58964, November 5, 1993) (FRL-4635-7) (PDF) (5 pp., 588K) web search 01/20/2011, original source http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-TOX/pre1994/4635-7.pdf
- [36] Technical Amendment in Response to Court Decision on Asbestos; Manufacture, Importation, Processing and Distribution Prohibitions; Technical Amendment (59 FR 33208, June 28, 1994) (FRL-4776-7) (PDF) (4 pp., 350K) web search 01/20/2011, original source http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-TOX/pre1994/4776-7.pdf
- Asbestos Laws and Regulations, U.S. EPA
Laws and Regulations
[37] TSCA (15 U.S.C. § 2601 et seq.)
Title 1 - Control of Toxic Substances - § 2605. Regulation of hazardous chemical substances and mixtures, web search 01/2/2011, original source: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-
2009-title15/html/USCODE-2009-title15-chap53-subchapI-sec2605.htm
[38] Title 2 - Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response, web search 01/2/2011, original source: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title15
/html/USCODE-2009-title15-chap53-subchapII.htm
[39] Code of Federal Regulations and Federal Register Notices
Code of Federal Regulations
[40] 40 CFR Part 763 - Asbestos (PDF) (96 pp, 588K, about PDF), web search 01/2/2011, original source: http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/2003pt763.pdf
Subpart E - Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools
Subpart G - Asbestos Worker Protection
Subpart I - Prohibition of the Manufacture, Importation, Processing and Distribution in Commerce of Certain Asbestos-Containing Products; Labeling Requirements
[41] 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M - National Emission Standards for Asbestos (PDF) (51 pp, 353K, about PDF) web search 01/2/2011, original source: http://www.epa.gov/asbestos/pubs/40cfr61subpartm.pdf
[42] Federal Register
Federal Register Notices - The Government Printing Office maintains a searchable database of all Federal Register (FR) Notices.
[43] The U.S.
EPA also maintains a searchable listing of Federal Register Notices published by EPA.
- [44] Asbestos products and their history and use in various building materials such as asphalt and vinyl flooring includes discussion which draws on Asbestos, Its Industrial Applications, D.V. Rosato, engineering consultant, Newton, MA, Reinhold Publishing, 1959 Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 59-12535 (out of print).
- [45] "Handling Asbestos-Containing roofing material - an update", Carl Good, NRCA Associate Executive Director, Professional Roofing, February 1992, p. 38-43
- [46] EPA Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings, NIAST, National Institute on Abatement Sciences & Technology, [republishing EPA public documents] 1985 ed., Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,D.C. 20460
- [47] Copy on file as - /hazmat/Asbestos_in_Your_Home_US_EPA.pdf - Asbestos in Your Home - U.S. EPA, Exposure Evaluation Division, Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,D.C. 20460
- [48] NRCA Roofing and Waterproofing Manual, 4th Ed., available from the National Roofing Contractors' Association.
- [49] "Tips for working with fiber-cement roofing products", Thomas L. Smith, AIA, RRC, Professional Roofing, September 1996
- [50] "About Asbestos Cement Roof Shingles", Ann Johnson, at ehow.com, a nice article about the history of this material - November 2008.
- [51] Thanks to reader Tom Sukeforth, Asbestos & Lead Project Manager, Department of Facilities Management, University of Maine
for updating our information on the current permissible exposure limits (PELS) for asbestos fibers, and for the discussion of PACM. 07/29/2010.
- [52] Presumed Asbestos-Containing Material (PACM) vs. Suspect Asbestos-Containing Material, Michael Kindley, CIH Workplace Hygiene website, via web search 07/29/2010, http://www.workplace-hygiene.com/articles/PACM-v-Susp.html
- [53] Asbestos regulations for Ontario are published under the Occupational Health and Safety Act and are in Ontario Regulation 278/05 Web search 11/4/2010, original source: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_050278_e.htm
- [54] Joseph H. Guth, PhD, CIH, President of Scientific and Forensic Services Inc., Delray Beach FL.
kindly contributed technical editing, correcting our erroneous report of the date at which OSHA began attending asbestos hazards in the U.S.
- [55] "Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite and Actinolite, Section 3 - III. Regulatory History, OSHA, retrieved 1/26/2013, original source: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/o wadisp.show_ document? p_table=PREAMBLES&p_id=784, copy on file as OSHA_Regs_HistorySection_3-III.pdf
- [56] "Reflections on OSHA's History", U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
January 2009
OSHA 3360, retrieved 1/26/2013, original source http://www.osha.gov/history/OSHA_HISTORY_3360s.pdf copy on file as OSHA_HISTORY_3360s.pdf
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