Thermostat heat anticipator function & adjustment: how a thermostat heat anticipator works.

We answer: How Does the Thermostat Heat Anticipator Actually Work.

We explain how adjusting the heat anticipator pointer changes the heat output of the anticipator that in turn changes the behavior of the room thermostat to turn the burner off sooner or later with respect to the actual room temperature.

Our page top photo illustrates key parts of a traditional room thermostat including the temperature sensing device, thermostat switch, and the heat anticipator assembly.

What is a Thermostat Heat Anticipator & How Does it Work?

BOTTOM LINE on Room Thermostat HEAT ANTICIPATORS

For most readers the important thing to understand is that IF your thermostat has a heat anticipator, you can actually leave it alone, but your thermostat might work slightly better, avoiding heating "overshoot" on a call for heat, by setting the anticipator to turn off heat slightly early.

Or you may address a problem of the thermostat turning off "early" ("undershoot") before the room is warm enough, by setting the heat anticipator to cause the thermostat to keep the heater on a bit longer.

At HEAT ANTICIPATOR ADJUSTMENT we quote Honeywell's instructions:

If the furnace stays on beyond the thermostat set temperature, move the anticipator down by .1 ampere.

If the furnace shuts off before the set temperature is reached, move the anticipator up by .1 ampere.

What's a Heat Anticipator?

A heat anticipator is a very tiny electric heater inside of some room thermostats.

By providing a tiny bit of extra heat inside the thermostat itself, the "anticipator" fools the thermostat into thinking that the room has reached the set temperature on the thermostat a little before the room has actually done-so, causing the thermostat to shut off the boiler earlier (at lower Amps numbers) or later (at higher Amps numbers).

Many room thermostats use a flat bi-metallic spring shaped into a coil that responds to changes in actual room temperature by moving a mercury switch (older units) that turns the buildings heating system on and off.

THe heat anticipator, found inside some (not all) room thermostats, and usually located near the bimetallic spring is itself a tiny electric heater - a wire that gets warm.

Depending on its setting, the heat anticipator warms up the bi-metallic spring enough to turn the actual heating system OFF a bit early - before the room has actually reached the set-temperature on the wall thermostat. Or if it is set to a higher number on the scale the heat anticipator will let the heat stay on slightly longer.

Hence it's name "heat anticipator" - you might say it's "anticipating" the heat rise that will continue occur in the room after the heating system has actually turned off.

Because many people find this concept a bit confusing, the rest of this article explains in more detail how the heat anticipator works and gives a bit of its history.

For readers who need to know just how to set the heat anticipator on their thermostat, you can skip the details below and go directly

to HEAT ANTICIPATOR ADJUSTMENT.

A heat anticipator is used to avoid room temperature overshoot or undershoot

Heating technicians call room over-heating problem room temperature overshoot.

Stopping the call for heat a little early allows for the delivery of residual heat that is already in the boiler or furnace (and in radiators) but that has not yet reached the living space, avoiding making the room warmer than desired by the thermostat setting.

Stopping the call for heat a little later allows for more heat to be delivered to the room that otherwise may be too cool. (Room temperaturer undershoot.)

How a Heat Anticipator Produces Its Own Heat

Current flows through a tan wire to the heat anticipator's mounting screw at the left side of the photo, from there through the flat-coiled nichrome wire, up through the black contact button on the movable adjuster, through the adjuster's copper arm, and back into the thermostat.

The heat anticipator scale is in Amps or current such as from 1.2A down to 0.10A .

The range of this scale will vary among thermostat brands and models, and is absent entirely in thermostats that do not include a heat anticipator.

History of the Thermostat Heat Anticipator

The first heat anticipator was produced in 1924 (Walker 2008 cited atReferences or Citations ) in a design that, like the heat anticipator described in Honeywell's T87, used the heat output of an electric current passing through a tiny heating device (a coil of nichrome wire) to warm the coiled bimetallic spring that in turn was used to turn off the thermostat ahead of the time when the room would reach the set temperature called for on the thermostat control.

This was an improvement to a much-older device, the electric room thermostat patented in 1883 the U.S. by Warren Johnson (Johnson Controls).

Just two years later in 1885 Albert Butz patented a furnace heat output regulator that used a moving flap to adjust air entry into a heating furnace.

Butz's company, The Electric Heat Regulator Company ultimately became the Honeywell Corporation whose 1960 first round wall thermostat is shown above. This classic 1960 Honeywell T8332A round day-night thermostat is illustrated and discussed further

at HEAT ANTICIPATOR FAQs.

More details follow below.

A heat anticipator is actually a tiny electric heater inside of the room thermostat

The heat anticipator, not found on all thermostats, is a tiny little electric heater that will, depending on its setting, warm up the inside of the thermostat, thus warming the thermostat's room temperature sensor, thus fooling the thermostat into thinking the room is a little warmer than it actually is.

That little heat anticipating joke played on the thermostat's room temperature sensor causes it to "open" its contacts (stop calling for heat) a little before the room temperature actually reaches the thermostat's "set" temperature.

The heat anticipator is anticipating the additional heat that is going to arrive and regulating the thermostat accordingly

You won't find a heat anticipator in all thermostats. In fact most newer room thermostats use a thermistor to sense room temperature and they do not usually include a heat anticipator device.

In our photograph above you can see the critical components of a thermostat heat anticipator such as in the Honeywell T87.

Details of how a heat anticipator works inside of a wall thermostat

The components of the heat anticipator are shown in the photo and are explained in more detail below. They include:

• A scale showing Amperes or current ranging from 1.2 Amps at the left to 0.1 Amps at the right end of the scale.
  
  Watch out: The location of the word "LONGER" at the right end of the Amps scale on some but not all Honeywell thermostats may be confusing.
  
  The scale includes the word LONGER imprinted at its right end where we see the lowest Amps numbers.
  
  

  Remember what Honeywell advises:

  If the furnace stays on beyond the thermostat set temperature, move the anticipator down by .1 ampere.
  
  - so a lower Amps number means the room will get less heat - even though the word "LONGER" appears at that lower or smaller numbers end of the scale. Remember to look not just at the location of the word "LONGER" but also the direction of the arrow that accompanies the word.
  
  If the furnace shuts off before the set temperature is reached, move the anticipator up by .1 ampere.
  
  - so a higher Amps number on the scale means the room will get more heat. - Actually this is consistent not with the location of the word LONGER (at the lower end of the scale) but it is consistent with the direction of the arrow printed below the word.

  Honeywell, a company I admire, ought nonetheless to apologize to everyone for the countless hours of confusion caused by this unfortunate detail.
  
  If you click to enlarge the photo you'll see an ARROW below the word LONGER that points to the LEFT, to the larger Amps numbers at the other end of the scale.
  
  What is meant by the word "LONGER" is that for a given system, moving the lever to the left as indicated by the arrow, will result in longer cycles (lower Cycles Per Hour - CPH). Heat stays on longer.
  
  This is due to less anticipation heat being generated when moving the lever to the left. If the system current is measured when setting up a system, setting the lever to that current will result in close to 6 CPH when at 50% system load.
  
  For loads less than 50% or greater than 50% the cycling rate will be slower.
  
  Honewell's instructions say, for example: If the furnace shuts off before the set temperature is reached, move the anticipator up by .1 ampere.
  
  So to get more heat before the thermostat will turn off the heater, we are setting the heat anticipator "UP" to a higher Amps reading.
  
  And vice versa.
• A brass pointer indicating the heat anticipator setting along the Amps scale.
• A resistance heating wire, probably nichrome wire, wound around a triangular base.
• An electrical contact that slides to different positions on the resistance wire coil. In different positions the heat anticipator's own current flows through different lengths of wire, thus changing the resistance and thus changing the heat output of the device.

For an explanation of the theory of how heat is generated in the heat anticipator coil and why moving it to a lower number means more pre-heating and a shorter building heater on cycle,

see ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE vs HEAT GENERATED

The Nichrome Wire in the Heat Anticipator is a Tiny Electric Heater

The heat anticipator in an electromechanical thermostat includes a tiny heating coil of nichrome wire which gets warm as electricity (current) flows through the wire.

Moving the pointer along the Amps scale moves the position of the contact that in turn changes the length of nichrome wire that will be used, making the in-use wire shorter or longer and changing the heat output of this tiny eletric heater inside of the thermostat itself, thus changing it's effect on the thermostat's room temperature sensor.

Meaning of the Numbers on the Heat Anticipator Scale

The heat anticipator numbers along its scale, typically from 0.10A to 1.2A are measurements of current or Amps that will flow through the heat anticipator's little heater at different settings.

At ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE vs HEAT GENERATED we explain that when the electrical resistance of a circuit is higher less current flows and less heat is generated.

When we move the heat anticipator adjusting arm we are moving an electrical contact (blue arrow) along the flat-wound resistor wire, effectively increasing (to the higher current numbers on the left) or decreasing (to the lower current numbers on the right) the amps or current flow through this tiny heating device by lengthening or shortening the total length of wire included in the heater circuit.

Increasing or decreasing the wire length included in the circuit changes how hot the wire gets as current flows through it.

Watch out: While our photo below includes in yellow Honeywell's recommended heat anticipator settings for various types of heater when other heater control amps numbers are unknown, remember that raising the heat anticipator to a higher number will keep heat on longer while lowering the heat anticipator to a smaller Amps number will turn the heat off sooner.

The printing of the word "LONGER" at the right end of the scale without noticing that below it an arrow points to the left (towards higher numbers) is confusing.

Above: the heat anticipator pointer is set to about 0.15 Amps.

The company's recommended settings for different types of heating systems that use different types of primary controls (each having its own typical current draw or Amps that the thermostat is being set to match) are annotated in yellow in my photo and are repeated again in Honeywell's table below.

The little table of recommended heat anticipator settings shown above is excerpted directly from Honeywell's

HONEYWELL CT87A,B,J Round(R) Thermostat LOW VOLTAGE (15 TO 30 VAC), THERMOSTAT AND MOUNTING HARDWARE INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS [PDF] (2002) (at Honeywell Website) - local copy saved as Honeywell-T87-IOM-2002.pdf

Some thermostats like the SlantFin thermostat shown below (actually made by Honeywell for SlantFin) range between 0.18A and 0.8A - the 0.8A setting gives the longest heat-on cycle for this thermostat.

So pay attention to the "LONGER" arrow direction.

Really? Well not in all thermostat designs: there may be some thermostat heat anticipator designs that use a longer or shorter nichrome wire to provide more or less heat respectively by keeping the current flow (amps) uniform - in such a design the longer heater wire would put out more heat and would give a shorter heating system on-cycle.

Watch out: in general Honeywell warns to never set the T87F series heat anticipator below 0.3A. Specifications and settings for other heat anticipator thermostat brands and models will vary.

How & Why Adjusting the Heat Anticipator Changes Its Heat Output - Variable Resistor

That tiny resistance wire or on older thermostats, a wire wound into a flat coil, is a tiny electrical resistance heater that puts some heat into the interior of the thermostat, fooling it into thinking the room is just a little warmer than it is.

The heating thermostat manufacturer's instructions & heat anticipator operation explanation can be a bit confusing, but significantly, as we detail

at HEAT ANTICIPATOR ADJUSTMENT

The shortest burner-on time 

will be when the heat anticipator puts out the most heat.

The heat anticipator is a tiny heater that in turn warms up the thermostat's room temperature sensor and therefore tells the thermostat the room is up to the thermostat's "set" temperature earliest.

The longest burner-on time 

will be when the heat anticipator puts out the least heat, thus does not turn off heat early, thus lets the burner keep running longer.

The graph at above left, adapted from one provided by Carrier, illustrates how a different device, a thermistor, translates temperature changes into a change in electrical resistance that in turn can be used by a room thermostat to control building heating equipment.

That's how newer thermostats work.

Details of those devices used in many modern heating and cooling thermostats are found

at THERMISTORS in ROOM THERMOSTATS

Changing the Heat Anticipator's Pointer Changes the Wire Length, Current Amps, Heat Output

More heat output from our teensy electrical resistance heater inside the wall thermostat means more room heat anticipation (more pre-heating of the room thermostat's sensor) and thus a shorter heat-on cycle.

Here we explain heat anticipators a second time to offer another way to understand what's happening in a thermostat that uses a heat anticipator circuit.

Moving the heat anticipator pointer (the open triangle at the top of the copper arm) changes the effective wire length and thus the electrical resistance and thus the heat output of the heat anticipator inside the thermostat.

When we move the adjuster we are essentially using shorter or longer lengths of wire, thus causing more or less resistance through the device.

Key Concepts: Relationship of Wire Length, Resistance (Ohms), Current flow (Amps), Heat Generated, Heat Anticipator Warming, Heating System On-Cycle

If we assume, as is the case for a typical heating system thermostat, that the thermostat voltage level remains fixed (typically 24VAC) then moving the heat anticipator position changes the length of the nichrome wire in the active circuit.

Longer Wire = More electrical resistance = less current flow = less heat generated by the heat anticipator = less pre-warming of the thermostat = longer heat on cycle.

Shorter Wire = Less electrical resistance = more current flow = more heat generated by the heat anticipator = more pre-warming of the thermostat's sensor = shorter burner on time = shorter heat on cycle.

Below: the heat anticipator pointer has been moved down towards the right end of the scale, and is set to about 0.15 Amps.

• TO GET LONGER Heat-ON Cycles:
  
  if your heating system shuts off before the desired room temperature is reached, move the heat anticipator to a HIGHER Amps number by 0.1A
  
  
• FOR SHORTER Heat-ON Cycles: If the heating system stays on too long, move the heat anticipator to a LOWER number by 0.1A
  
  Shorter Wire = Less electrical resistance = more current flows, more heat is generated by the heat anticipator = more pre-warming of the thermostat's sensor = shorter burner on time - heat off sooner.

Watch out: before changing the heat anticipator setting you might want to read both the manufacturer's actual recommended settings and our explanation about matching the heat anticipator to the actual installed-thermostat circuit's current draw in the rest of this article.

Really? Many of us have found the heat anticipator in thermostats confusing because we think intuitively but incorrectly that more resistance means more heat is generated. No.

That's wrong.

More wire length = more resistance (higher Ohms) = less current flow = less heat is generated = the heat anticipator heats up less = the thermostat turns off the heat later (or it runs "longer").

A heat anticipator will not work accurately unless the following conditions are met:

• The heating or air conditioning system itself has been adjusted to match the electrical current of the valve or relay which the thermostat is controlling. This is a technical problem for your heating or air conditioning service technician, not something a homeowner can address.


• The thermostat is installed at a location where voltage and current (amps) fall on or within the limits of the adjustable heat anticipator


• The thermostat is not installed on a power pile system (don't ask).


• The heat anticipator on the thermostat should be set to match the requirement & electrical characteristics of the particular heating or air conditioning control circuit that it is switching on and off.

Useful References for Thermostat Heat Anticipators

• Honeywell CT87A,B,J Round® Thermostat Low Voltage (15 to 30 VAC) Thermostat and Mounting Hardware Installation Instructions [PDF] (2002) (at InspectApedia)
• HONEYWELL CT87A,B,J Round(R) Thermostat LOW VOLTAGE (15 TO 30 VAC), THERMOSTAT AND MOUNTING HARDWARE INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS [PDF] (2002) (at Honeywell Website) - local copy saved as Honeywell-T87-IOM-2002.pdf
• Honeywell T87F Thermostat PRODUCT DATA SHEET & CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS [PDF] (2002)
• Honeywell CT87A,B,J Round® Thermostat Low Voltage (15 to 30 VAC) Thermostat and Mounting Hardware Installation Instructions [PDF], Honeywell International Inc. Honeywell Limited—Honeywell Limitée 1985 Douglas Drive North 35 Dynamic Drive Golden Valley, MN 55422 Scarborough, Ontario M1V 4Z9, 60-0830—4 G.H. Rev. 8-02, retrieved 12/1/2013 Website: www.honeywell.com
• Jaffe, James S, THERMOSTAT HEATERS [PDF], Fueloil & Oil Heat with Air Conditioning, February 1997
• Kao, James Y., George Sushinsky, David A. Didon, A.J. Matascusa, & Joseph Chi, LOW VOLTAGE ROOM THERMOSTAT PERFORMANCE [PDF] (1983) U.S. Department of Commerce & U.S. National Bureau of Standards, retrieved 2021/02/07 original source: nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/BSS/nbsbuildingscience150.pdf
• T.D. Instruments Corporation, The MINI AMMETER used for adjusting thermostats to work precisely was produced by and may still be available from T.D. Instruments Corporation, 180 Charlotte St., Rochester, NY 14067 - 716-232-4208. We used model T.D. 2, which operates between 0 and 1.2 Amps A.C. If this instrument is not available look for an ammeter capable of operating with precision in the same very low-end range of current draw from 0 - 2 Amps.
• White Rodgers Thermostats and HVAC controls, Homeowner information: http://www.emersonclimate.com/en-US/brands/white_rodgers/Pages/wr-homeowner-info.aspx
  Contractor information: http://www.emersonclimate.com/en-US/brands/white_rodgers/wr_contractor_info/Pages/white-rodgers-contractor-info.aspx
  
  White Rodgers Product Catalog (don't misspell the company's name as White Rogers Thermostats) - http://www.emersonclimate.com/Documents/thermostats.pdf - Thermostat Catalog
• Domestic Central Heating Wiring Systems and Controls, [book at amazon] 2d Ed., Raymond Ward, Newnes, ISBN-10: 0750664363, ISBN-13: 978-0750664363, Quoting from Amazon.com:
• "Automatic Oil Burner Controls - Thermostats", Domestic and Commercial Oil Burners, [book at Amazon] 3rd Ed., Charles H. Burkhardt, McGraw Hill, 1969 (and later editions), ASIN B0000EG4Y8
• More reference sources are found at the end of this page atReferences or Citations

Why Lower Electrical Resistance Means More Heat is Generated and Why Higher Electrical Resistance Means Less Heat is Generated in a Heat Anticipator Circuit

Details about the relationship between electrical resistance and heat are at ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE vs HEAT GENERATED.

What is the Difference Between the Heat Anticipator and an Aquastat Heating Control Differential?

The differential is the temperature (or pressure) change or "differential" between the LOW and HIGH settings of a heating system control.

See AQUASTAT CONTROL FUNCTIONS for an example of control differential settings on heating equipment.

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Reader Q&A - also see RECOMMENDED ARTICLES & FAQs

I knew the engineer who put "LONGER" on the heat anticipator. It is in the correct direction.

I knew the engineer who put longer on that part. It is in the correct direction.

As some have pointed out above the anticipation resistance in small compared to the total resistance in the system.

Thus the system has nearly constant current when in the on cycle independent on anticipator setting. Why does this make longer point to the left?

Assume the anticipator is set to the farthest right of the scale. This will provide the maximum anticipator heat and shortest cycles for the system.

If moved to the left, the resistance will be less as the wire is shorter.

The current stays the same therefore the anticipator heat is reduced.

Reduced anticipator heat will cause the system to cycle slower therefore longer cycles.

There is a subtle thing that happens when the anticipator contact passes the little twisted tap.

Part of the anticipator is in parallel with the bimetal of the thermostat.

Part of the current goes through the bimetal when the anticipator is to the right of the tap.

The current in the bimetal produces direct heating of the bimetal.

Moving left of the tap less current flows through the bimetal and more current flows through the anticipator but at reduced resistance. This again lowers the anticipator heat.

Many mechanical thermostats are designed to cycle around 6 cycles per hour at a 50% load. The markings are determined by testing at various current levels using a NEMA test chamber as described in:

• Kao, James Y, George Sushinsky David A Didion, E.J. Mastascusa, Joseph Chi, LOW-VOLTAGE ROOM THERMOSTAT PERFORMANCE [PDF] (1983) (at US NIST) US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, - local copy saved as Low-Voltage-TT-Performance-NIST.pdf
  
  This article also delves in to the math behind anticipation. On 2021-02-07 by anonymous -

Reply by mod

Thank you very much, Anon for the helpful comment and for that NIST government publication - it's a great find and not one I had in our library; I'll add it for ease of location by other readers;

Kao, James Y., George Sushinsky, David A. Didon, A.J. Matascusa, & Joseph Chi, LOW VOLTAGE ROOM THERMOSTAT PERFORMANCE [PDF] (1983) U.S. Department of Commerce & U.S. National Bureau of Standards, retrieved 2021/02/07 original source: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/BSS/nbsbuildingscience150.pdf

Here's why the Honeywell documentation and your comment are confusing:

Notice Honeywell's table below showing the recommended heat anticipator settings.

The table above is excerpted from Honeywell's instructions for the traditional CT87 round low voltage thermostat:

HONEYWELL CT87A,B,J Round(R) Thermostat LOW VOLTAGE (15 TO 30 VAC), THERMOSTAT AND MOUNTING HARDWARE INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS [PDF] (2002) (at Honeywell Website) - local copy saved as Honeywell-T87-IOM-2002.pdf

Since it's steam heat that has the greatest propensity to "overshoot" the set or desired room temperature on a call for heat, Honeywell sets the highest number on the heat anticipator scale - to turn the heat off SOONER, NOT to run the heat LONGER.

Honeywell's table above and the company's own instructions would be backwards from the view offered in your comment.

So I think the arrow is at best confusing.

Typical resistance across the entire length of an anticipator heater in a thermostat?

RE-posting:
William O. said:

What is a typical resistance across the entire length of an anticipator heater in a thermostat? On 2020-09-21 - by William O. -

This Q&A were posted originally

at ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE vs HEAT GENERATED

Moderator reply:

William

Thanks for a helpful question on the resistance of HVAC thermostat heat anticipators.

Please see details at HEAT ANTICIPATOR OPERATION

where we note that the range of adjustment of a typical Honeywell heat anticipator was between 1.2A and 0.10A.

The current powering most heating system thermostats is 24VAC.

Resistance in Ohms R (Ω) = Volts ÷ Amps or V/I or about 20 ohms.

by William O.

Thanks! I asked because a lot in this article didn’t make sense to me.

I found my answer in the

HEAT ANTICIPATOR ADJUSTMENT - T87 article. [Discusses Ohm's Law - Ed.]

“The anticipator resistance is much lower than the resistance of the gas valve coil [or the circulator relay coil].

That means that no matter where the anticipator is adjusted, it does not appreciably affect the current in the circuit.

In other words, the current through the anticipator is constant for your furnace [or hot water boiler or steam boiler], no matter where the anticipator is adjusted.”

So we want the voltage drop across the thermostat to be quite small perhaps 2-volts at most.

Reply by (mod) -

Thanks, William;

Prompted by your comment, I recall coming across that and inserting it into the text.

Keep in mind that voltage drop is not the same number as electrical resistance - though they're related.

More resistance is more heat from the anticipator, because the current is basically constant ?

I say no, more resistance is more heat from the anticipator, because the current is basically constant (moderated by the resistance of the relays and solenoids at the other end of the wire. On 2019-02-14 by Anonymous -

by (mod) - on some thermostats but not the one shown here

You would be right for SOME thermostat designs but not for the Honeywell thermostats described here. See the discussion above titled "I knew the engineer who put "LONGER" on the heat anticipator. It is in the correct direction. "

This old heating article will be of interest

Jaffe, James S, THERMOSTAT HEATERS [PDF], Fueloil & Oil Heat with Air Conditioning, February 1997

The schematic below is from a current T87F Family product data sheet from Honeywell, cited in these articles
IMAGE LOST by older version of Clark Van Oyen’s useful Comments code - now fixed. Please re-post the image if you can. Sorry. Mod.

I tested my thermostat by blowing on it with a hair dryer

I used a hair dryer to heat my Honeywell T-87 type room thermostat to see if it would shut down my Crown boiler. That worked as a test but now I wonder if that could dammage the anticipator. On 2017-10-18 by Davetonk -

Reply by (mod) -

Dave: possibly if you subjected the thermostat to very high temperature. You'll know if by turning up the thermostat to above the current room temperature that fails to turn on your heating system - an easier test than the hair dryer approach.

The thermostat is OFF but I'm still getting heat

I turned my thermostat off but heat is still felt on my heaters I live in a building any suggestions - On 2017-05-16 by Jenn -

Reply by (mod) -

Sure, Jenn,

Please see

HEAT WON'T TURN OFF

And you'll find a sequence of Diagnostic and repair suggestions for just this problem. Please take a look and let me know if you have further questions and I'll be glad to work directly with you on this

Daniel

...

Continue reading at HEAT ANTICIPATOR ADJUSTMENT or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

Or see these

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• ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE vs HEAT GENERATED
• FURNACE CONTROLS & SWITCHES
• HEAT ANTICIPATOR ADJUSTMENT
• HEAT ANTICIPATOR ADJUSTMENT - T87 - and the role of Ohm's Law (resistance)
• HEAT ANTICIPATOR EFFECTS on ROOM TEMPERATURE
• HEAT ANTICIPATOR OPERATION
  • HEAT ANTICIPATOR FUNCTION
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• STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS
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