Size specification requirements for chimney flues and vents - diameter, height, etc.
Flue diameter and height requirements for Category I Draft Hood and Fan Assisted Appliances
"Smoke pipe" diameter sizes vs. BTUs or BTU venting requirements
Table of B-vent sizes vs. BTU input maximum ratings
6 Factors that determine the required chimney/vent diameter for a given BTUH capacity
Why is a rectangular or square chimney flue clay tile liner translated into "round flue" equivalent square inches when determing chimney BTUH capacity?
Chimney flue size requirements for fireplaces, boilers, furnaces, water heaters, coal stoves
Questions & answers about size requirements for chimney flues
This article describes the size requirements for chimney flues for different categories of heating appliances. We include excerpts from UMC tables along with additional commentary to assist in sizing metal or masonry chimneys according to chimney diameter, height, materials, and the input BTUH of the appliance(s) to be vented. .
InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers nor with topics or services discussed at this website.
As with most building nspection and safety topics, this material may be incomplete. Check with your local building code officials for local building code requirements when designing, building, or installing chimneys and vents.
Sizing of Chimney Flues, Flues, Vents - Category I Draft Hood and Fan Assisted Appliances
The old sheet metal workers rule of thumb was to size the chimney flue by
taking the
square root of the sum of the squares of the appliance draft hood
diameters
i.e.: a 3" plus a 4" appliance vent will require a 5" flue. ( 32 + 42 = 25.
The square root of 25 = 5.)
NFPA 1992 (7.5.3) states that draft hood appliances, Category I
appliances and other appliances that use Type B vents must have a
chimney
flue area not less than the area of the largest vent outlet plus 50% of the area of
the additional flue outlet.
The following calculation works out to be the same
answer as the "Rule of Thumb" sizing, i.e.: (4/22 x 3.14 = 12.56) + (3/22 x 3.14/2 =
3.53) = 16.09 / 3.14 = 5.1251/2 = 2.26 x 2 = 4.52" or 5".
The 1992 GAMA vent sizing tables for single-wall metal vent connectors
attached to a tile lined masonry chimney uses Table 8. The result of those
calculation using a 38,000 BTU water heater with a 3" draft hood and a 37,500
BTU boiler with a 4" draft hood connected to a 20' high chimney is to use a
common flue with an area of 28 square inches or a 6" flue vs a 5" flue in the
previous examples.
These tables also indicate that a 3" vent is not capable of venting the
38,000 BTU water heater.
A 4" would be required. Also the flow area of the
chimney must not be more that 7 times the area of the smallest vent area.
Therefore, 7 x 7.065 = 49.455 vs 28, a 6 inch flue pipe is ok. The maximum size
flue that could be used is 8 inch at 50.3.
Table of Chimney, Flue, or Vent Size Requirements vs. BTUs of Appliances being Vented
Watch out: you cannot safely choose a chimney flue diameter based only on the BTU input of the appliance(s) being vented. The required size or diameter of a metal chimney such as a B-vent depends on at least the following factors:
Chimney vent height: The total vent ("smoke pipe" or "chimney") height from the point of connection of the appliance (or its flue vent connector pipe) to the top of the chimney opening (not the top of the chimney cap).
Flue vent horizontal run: The total lateral or horizontal distance that the vent runs before turning to its vertical rise. The longer the horizontal run the greater chimney height is needed to develop adequate draft. For that reason, in the table below you won't see any long horiontal run data for short chimneys. For example in our first chimney sizing table below, if a chimney's total rise is just 6 ft., then the longest horiztontal run that chimney can support is 5 ft.
In some chimney sizing tables we consider not the horizontal run distance of the flue vent connector but its total rise over its run.
Flue vent connector type: The use of single-wall (Table C-9-A) vs. double-walll B-Vent (Table C-9-B) of horizontal flue vent connectors ("smoke pipe" between the appliance and its connection to the vertical chimney).
The table below is for appliances connected through a single wall flue vent connector to a Type B Vent chimney. BTU capacities are increased if the flue vent connector is also a type B Double-wall system. [Table C-9-B in the same resource]. [10]
Input BTUH capacity: The maximum total BTUs of the appliance(s) that will be connected to the chimney
The number of appliances being vented. The first table below (Table C-9-A) gives chimney sizing data for chimneys serving a single heating appliance. Do not Table C-9-A if multiple heating devices are to be connected to a single vent (chimney).
When multiple heating appliances are connected to a single chimney, a different, more restricted table of chimney size requirements is used (Table C-9-D or Table C-9-E, depending on the flue vent connector material) and the total input BTUH capacity of a given flue diameter and height will be less than that where only a single appliance is used.
An additional restriction applies when a vent (chimney) is venting multiple heating appliances: there is a maximum input BTUH specified not only for the total of all appliances to be connected, but also a maximum input BTUH for any of the individual appliances.
So when selecting a chimney diameter for venting multiple heating appliances through a single vent, for any particular chimney type (Masonry vs. B-vent, for example) you will use two BTUH tables: a table of the maximum individual appliance BTUH and a table of the maximum combined appliances input BTUH.
The chimney type used. The first two tables illustrated below are for B-Vent double wall metal chimneys, generally used for gas fired heating appliances.
Separate tables of chimney size requirements (Table C-9-C) is needed for masonry chimneys as these have different heating and draft properties. The cross sectional shape of the chimney flue (for example rectangular vs. round) in masonry chimneys also affects its BTU capacity. Insulated metal chimneys require still another table of BTU capacities.
Generally, taller chimneys, larger diameter chimneys, and chimneys that are larger in diameter can support a greater total BTU input load. The UMC table includes data for chimneys up to 12" in diameter and 50 ft. in height but we have restricted our version to typical residential chimney diameters and heights.
Watch out: venting a small, low-BTUH appliance into a chimney of any type (masonry, metal, insulated metal, B-vent, etc) that is too large can be dangerous - the small appliance may be unable to heat the chimney to sufficient temperature to generate sufficient draft to vent the appliance safely. We find this problem in older homes where a residential gas-fired water heater is the sole appliance vented into a large, tall masonry chimney. You will see this restriction illustrated by the blank squares in the lower left corner of the table below.
For typical residential heating appliance BTU capacities, the following table provides examples of B-Vent Chimney (or "smoke pipe") sizing for common single-appliance BTU capacity and is adapted from the 1991 Uniform Mechanical Code.[10]
A Guide to Chimney Sizing Tables for Venting Heating Appliances: Which Chimney Sizing Table to Use
Here is a quick guide to the UMC's chimney sizing & BTUH venting capacity tables when sizing a metal or masonry chimney diameter to match the total input BTUH of the heating appliances (boiler, furnace, water heater) being vented. Note that different chimney sizes are required for venting fireplaces and woodstoves. Masonry fireplace chimney size requirements are at FIREPLACES & HEARTHS.
Chimney Type
Number of Appliances to be Vented
Metal B-Vent Chimney (Vent)
Type of Flue Vent Connector:1
1. A flue vent connector is the horizontal/sloped metal pipe connecting the heating appliance to the entry point of the chimney. Flue vent connectors and their materials, sizing requirements, & fire clearances are at Flue Vent Connectors - Boilers, Furnaces
At double-wall B-vent chimneys the flue vent connector between the appliance and the chimney entry point may be single-wall metal flue vent connector or it may be a double-wall Type-B flue vent material.
2. At most masonry chimneys the flue vent connector or "stackpipe" or "smokepipe" is single wall metal, though for fire clearance needs it may be amended to use sections of insulated metal chimneys.
Types of metal chimneys and their properties and fire clearances are at Metal Chimneys & Flues.
Table C-9-A (Excerpts): Single Appliance Venting, B-Vent Chimney Capacities for Venting a Single Heating Appliance where a Single Wall Metal Flue Vent Connector is Used Between the Appliance and the Chimney
BTU Color Coding Note: in the tables below we use colors to indicate where an example-approximate appliance BTUH vent capacity rating falls across various chimney parameter combinations. The Gray color indicates that this chimney height and diameter combination cannot be used.
Total Chimney/Vent Height (ft)
Lateral (horizontal) Run (ft)
Table of B-Vent Diameter (inches) for a Single Appliance Chimney
3 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
7 in.
8 in.
Comments
Maximum (single) Appliance BTU Input Rating (thousands of BTUs)
6 ft.
0
39
70
116
170
232
312
2
31
55
94
141
194
260
5
28
51
88
128
177
242
8 ft
0
42
76
126
185
252
340
2
32
61
102
154
210
284
5
29
56
95
141
194
264
10
49
86
131
180
250
10 ft
0
45
84
138
202
279
372
2
35
67
111
168
233
311
5
32
61
104
153
215
289
10
54
94
143
200
274
15
84
130
186
258
15 ft.
0
49
91
151
223
312
420
2
39
72
122
186
260
350
5
67
110
170
240
325
10
103
158
223
308
15
144
207
291
20
195
273
20 ft.
101
163
252
342
470
770
80
136
210
286
392
641
123
192
264
364
610
178
246
345
571
163
228
326
550
306
525
30 ft.
183
276
384
529
878
230
320
441
730
210
296
410
694
274
388
656
366
625
344
596
540
Table C-9-B (Excerpts): Single Appliance Venting, B-Vent Chimney Capacities for Venting a Single Heating Appliance where a Double-Wall B-Vent Flue Vent Connector is Used Between the Appliance and the Chimney
Total Chimney/Vent Height (ft)
Lateral (horizontal) Run (ft)
Table of B-Vent Diameter (inches) for a Single Appliance Chimney
3 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
7 in.
8 in.
Comments
Maximum (single) Appliance BTU Input Rating (thousands of BTUs)
6 ft.
0
46
86
141
205
285
370
2
36
67
105
157
217
285
6
32
61
100
149
205
273
12
28
55
91
137
190
255
8 ft
0
50
94
155
235
320
415
2
40
75
120
180
247
322
8
35
66
109
165
227
303
16
28
58
96
148
206
281
10 ft
0
53
100
166
255
345
450
2
42
81
129
195
273
355
10
36
70
115
175
245
330
20
60
100
154
217
300
15 ft.
0
58
112
187
285
390
525
2
48
93
150
225
316
414
15
37
76
128
198
275
373
30
60
107
169
243
328
20 ft.
0
61
119
202
307
430
575
2
51
100
166
249
346
470
10
44
89
150
228
321
443
20
35
78
134
206
295
410
30
68
120
186
273
380
30 ft.
0
64
128
220
336
475
650
2
56
112
185
280
394
535
20
90
154
237
343
473
40
200
298
415
Table C-9-C (Excerpts): Single Appliance Venting, BTU Capacity of Masonry Chimneys where a Single Wall Metal Flue Vent Connector is Used Between the Appliance and the Chimney
Total Chimney/Vent Height (ft)
Lateral (horizontal) Run (ft)
Table of B-Vent Diameter (inches) for a Single Appliance Chimney
3 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
7 in.
8 in.
Comments
Maximum (single) Appliance BTU Input Rating (thousands of BTUs)
6 ft.
2
28
52
86
130
180
247
5
48
81
118
164
230
8 ft
2
29
55
93
145
197
265
5
51
87
133
182
246
10
79
123
169
233
10 ft
2
31
61
102
161
220
297
5
56
95
147
203
276
10
86
137
189
261
15
125
175
246
15 ft.
2
67
113
178
249
335
5
61
106
163
230
312
10
96
151
214
294
15
138
198
278
20
184
261
20 ft.
2
73
123
200
273
374
5
115
183
252
348
10
170
235
330
15
156
217
311
20
202
292
30 ft.
2
136
215
302
420
5
196
279
391
10
260
370
15
349
20
327
Table C-9-D (Excerpts): Multiple Appliance BTU Vent Capacity of Type B Double-Wall Vents where a Double Wall Metal B-Flue Vent Connector is Used Between the Appliance and the Chimney
Watch out: the first portion of Table C-9-D specifies the maximum input BTUH capacity of any individual heating appliance that is to be vented along with other appliances out through a single chimney. The continuation of C-9-D below gives the chimney specifications for the total input BTUH of all of the appliances, combined.
Total Chimney/Vent Height (ft)
Connector Rise (ft) over its run
Table of B-Vent Diameter (inches) for a Multiple Appliance Chimney
3 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
7 in.
8 in.
Comments
Maximum [Individual] Appliance BTU Input Rating (thousands of BTUs)
6 ft.
1
26
46
72
104
142
185
2
31
55
86
124
168
220
3
35
62
96
139
189
248
8 ft
1
27
48
76
109
148
194
2
32
57
90
129
175
230
3
36
64
101
145
198
258
10 ft
1
28
50
78
113
154
200
2
33
59
93
134
182
238
3
37
67
104
150
205
268
15 ft.
1
30
53
83
120
163
214
2
35
63
99
142
193
253
3
40
71
111
160
218
286
20 ft.
1
31
56
87
125
171
224
2
37
66
104
149
202
265
3
42
74
116
168
228
300
30 ft.
1
33
59
93
134
182
238
2
39
70
110
158
215
282
3
44
79
124
178
242
317
Table C-9-D (Excerpts Continued): Multi-Appliance BTUH Venting Capacity of Type-B Double-Wall Vents [Chimneys] with Type-B flue vent connectors
This table gives the chimney specifications for the total input BTUH of all of the appliances combined and joined into a single vent when the flue is a Type-B double wall metal chimney and when the flue vent connector (between the appliance and the chimney entry point) is also a Type-B double wall unit.
Common [2 or more heating appliance] Vent Capacity in BTUH
Total Vent [Chimney] Height (feet)
Diameter (inches) of the Commmon Vent [Chimney]
3
4 in
5 in
6 in
7 in
8 in
10 in
6
65
103
147
200
260
410
8
73
114
163
223
290
465
10
79
124
178
242
315
495
15
91
144
206
280
365
565
20
102
160
229
310
405
640
30
118
185
266
360
470
440
40
131
203
295
405
525
820
Table C-9-E (Excerpts) Multi-Appliance BTUH Venting Capacity of Double-Wall B-Vent Chimneys where a single-wall metal vent connector is used between the appliances and the chimney
This two-part table gives the chimney specifications for the total input BTUH of all of the appliances combined and joined into a single vent when the flue is a Type-B double wall metal chimney and when the flue vent connector (between the appliance and the chimney entry point) is a single wall metal component.
Maximum [Individual] Appliance Input BTUH Rating (Thousands of BTUs)
6 to 8 Ft
1 ft
21
102
205
2 ft
28
124
235
3 ft
34
147
275
15 ft
1 ft
23
117
240
2 ft
30
134
265
3 ft
35
155
298
30 ft & up
1 ft
25
129
270
2 ft
31
145
295
3 ft
36
164
321
Multiple-Appliance Common Vent [Chimney] Capacity - Type B-Vent
Total Vent [Chimney] Height (feet)
Diameter (inches) of the Commmon Vent [Chimney]
4 in
5 in
6 in
7 in
8 in
10 in
12 in
Maximum Combined Input BTUH (thousands) for All of the Appliances
6
48
78
111
155
205
320
8
55
89
128
175
234
365
505
10
59
95
136
190
250
395
560
15
71
115
168
228
305
480
690
20
80
129
186
260
340
550
790
30
147
215
300
40
650
940
50
360
490
810
1190
Table C-9-F (Excerpts) Multi-Appliance BTUH Venting Capacity of Masonry Chimneys where a single-wall metal vent connector is used between the appliances and the chimney
This two-part table gives the chimney specifications for the total input BTUH of all of the appliances combined and joined into a single vent when the flue is a masonry chimney and when the flue vent connector (between the appliance and the chimney entry point) is a single wall metal component.
Maximum [Individual] Appliance Input BTUH Rating (Thousands of BTUs)
6 to 8 Ft
1 ft
21
100
200
2 ft
28
123
231
3 ft
34
142
269
15 ft
1 ft
23
112
225
2 ft
30
132
256
3 ft
34
151
289
30 ft & up
1 ft
24
124
250
2 ft
31
142
282
3 ft
35
160
312
Multiple-Appliance Common Vent [Chimney] Capacity - Type B-Vent
Total Vent [Chimney] Height (feet)
Minimum Inernal Area [horizontal cross section] of the Chimney Flue
(square inches)
18 in
28 in
38 in
50 in
78 in
113 in
Maximum Combined Input BTUH (thousands) for All of the Appliances
6
45
71
102
142
245
8
52
81
118
162
277
405
10
56
89
129
175
300
450
15
66
105
150
210
360
540
20
74
120
170
240
415
640
30
135
195
275
490
740
50
325
600
910
Details About Chimney Cross Sectional Areas and Effecs on Venting Capacity of Masonry Chimneys - Translating Rectangular Chimney Flues to Round Flue Equivalents
The UMC Appendix C Table C9-G, "Masonry Chimney Liner Dimensions with Circular Equivalents" translates square or rectangular chimney flue inside dimensions into an equivalent "round" flue diameter and into equivalent square inches of venting capacity.
Why does this translation matter? The venting capacity of a rectangular or square masonry flue, if translated directly into actual or measured square inches of cross section, is less than a round chimney flue of the same square inches of venting capacity.
For example an 8" x 8" square nominal clay chimney flue tile liner has inside dimensions of 6 3/4" x 6 3/4". Just muliplying these dimensions together (6.75 x 6.75) = 45.56 sq.in. But chimney experts and draft measurements show that in a rectangular flue not all of the cross-sectional area is equally effective in developing draft. The effective square inches of venting area, translated to an equivalent round flue, would be less - or aboutd 42.7 square inches.
So when calculating the venting capacity of a square or rectangular clay chimney flue tile or liner by looking at its cross section, we use the UMC's Table C9-G of "round chimney flue equivalents" to get the effective chimney flue vent cross sectional area before we enter the masonry chimney BTUH venting capacity tables 6-9-C (single wall flue vent connectors and single heating appliances) or 6-9-F (single wall flue vent connectors and multiple appliances).
[Note: pending clarification, we have not provided excerpts of Table C-9-G because, frankly, some of its data is confusing. - Ed.]
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Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below.
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Thanks to Luke Barnes for suggesting that we add text regarding the hazards of shared chimney flues. USMA - Sept. 2008.
[2] Arlene Puentes, an ASHI member and a licensed home inspector in Kingston, NY, and has served on ASHI national committees as well as HVASHI Chapter President. Ms. Puentes can be contacted at ap@octoberhome.com
[3] Roger Hankey is principal of Hankey and Brown home inspectors, Eden Prairie, MN, technical review by Roger Hankey, prior chairman, Standards Committee, American Society of Home Inspectors - ASHI. 952 829-0044 - hankeyandbrown.com
[4] NFPA 211 - Standards for Chimneys & Fireplaces, NFPA 211: Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances, 2006 Edition (older editions and standards are found at the same bookstore)
NFPA #211-3.1 1988 -
Specific to chimneys, fireplaces, vents and solid fuel burning appliances.
[6] NFPA # 54-7.1 1992 -
Specific to venting of equipment with fan-assisted combustion systems.
[7] GAMA -
Gas Appliance Manufacturers' Association has prepared venting tables for
Category I draft hood equipped central furnaces as well as fan-assisted
combustion system central furnaces.
[8] National Fuel Gas Code, an American National Standard, 4th ed. 1988 (newer edition is available) Secretariats, American Gas Association (AGA), 1515 Wilson Blvd., Arlington VA22209, and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Batterymarch Park, Quincy MA 02269. ANSI Z223.1-1988 - NFPA 54-1988. WARNING: be sure to check clearances and other safety guidelines in the latest edition of these standards.
[9] Fire Inspector Guidebook, A Correlation of Fire Safety Requirements Contained in the 1987 BOCA National Codes, (newer edition available), Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), Country Club HIlls, IL 60478 312-799-2300 4th ed. Note: this document is reissued every four years. Be sure to obtain the latest edition.
[10] Uniform Mechanical Code - UMC 1991, Sec 913 (a.) Masonry Chimneys,
refers to Chapters 23, 29, and 37 of the Building Code.
See the complete table of the "Capacity of Double-Wall or Asbestos-Cement (Transite) Type B vents with Single Wall Connectors Serving a Single Appliance", Table C-9-A in Appendix C.
See the complete table of the "Capacity of Type B Double Wall Vents with Type B Double Wall Vent Connectors Serving a Single Appliance", Table C-9-B in Appendix C.
New York 1984 Uniform Fire
Prevention and Building Code, Article 10, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Requirements
[11] New York 1979 Uniform Fire Prevention & Building Code, The "requirement" for 8" of solid masonry OR for use of a
flue liner was listed in the One and Two Family Dwelling Code for New
York, in 1979, in Chapter 9, Chimneys and Fireplaces, New York 1979
Building and Fire Prevention Code:
[12] "Top Ten Chimney (and related) Problems Encountered by One Chimney Sweep," Hudson Valley ASHI education seminar, 3 January 2000, contributed by Bob Hansen, ASHI
"Rooftop View Turns to Darkness," Martine Costello, Josh Kovner, New Haven Register, 12 May 1992 p. 11: Catherine Murphy was sunning on a building roof when a chimney collapsed; she fell into and was trapped inside the chimney until rescued by emergency workers.
[14] "Chimneys and Vents," Mark J. Reinmiller, P.E., ASHI Technical Journal, Vol. 1 No. 2 July 1991 p. 34-38.
[15] "Chimney Inspection Procedures & Codes," Donald V. Cohen was to be published in the first volume of the 1994 ASHI Technical Journal by D. Friedman, then editor/publisher of that publication. The production of the ASHI Technical Journal and future editions was cancelled by ASHI President Patrick Porzio. Some of the content of Mr. Cohen's original submission has been included in this more complete chimney inspection article: InspectAPedia.com/chimneys/Chimney_Inspection.htm. Copies of earlier editions of the ASHI Technical Journal are available from ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
[16] Natural Gas Weekly Update: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/ngw/ngupdate.asp Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government
[17] US Energy Administration: Electrical Energy Costs http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
Ceramic Roofware, Hans Van Lemmen, Shire Library, 2008, ISBN-13: 978-0747805694 - Brick chimneys, chimney-pots and roof and ridge tiles have been a feature of the roofs of a wide range of buildings since the late Middle Ages. In the first instance this ceramic roofware was functional - to make the roof weatherproof and to provide an outlet for smoke - but it could also be very decorative.
The practical and ornamental aspects of ceramic roofware can still be seen throughout Britain, particularly on buildings of the Victorian and Edwardian periods. Not only do these often have ornate chimneys and roof tiles but they may also feature ornamental sculptures or highly decorative gable ends. This book charts the history of ceramic roofware from the Middle Ages to the present day, highlighting both practical and decorative applications, and giving information about manufacturers and on the styles and techniques of production and decoration.
Hans van Lemmen is an established author on the history of tiles and has lectured on the subject in Britain and elsewhere. He is founder member and presently publications editor of the British Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society. Available at the InspectAPedia Bookstore.
Chimney & Stack Inspection Guidelines, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003 - These guidelines address the inspection of chimneys and stacks. Each guideline assists owners in determining what level of inspection is appropriate to a particular chimney and provides common criteria so that all parties involved have a clear understanding of the scope of the inspection and the end product required. Each chimney or stack is a unique structure, subject to both aggressive operating and natural environments, and degradation over time. Such degradation may be managed via a prudent inspection program followed by maintenance work on any equipment or structure determined to be in need of attention. Sample inspection report specifications, sample field inspection data forms, and an example of a developed plan of a concrete chimney are included in the guidelines. This book provides a valuable guidance tool for chimney and stack inspections and also offers a set of references for these particular inspections.
NFPA 211 - Standards for Chimneys & Fireplaces, NFPA 211: Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances, 2006 Edition (older editions and standards are found at the same bookstore)
NFPA 211 - 3-4 - Clearance from Combustible Material
NFPA 54 - 7-1 - Venting of Equipment into chimneys
Brick Institute of America - Flashing Chimneys
Brick Institute of America - Proper Chimney Crowns
Brick Institute of America - Moisture Resistance of Brick
American Gas Association - New Vent Sizing Tables
Chimney Safety Institute of America - Chimney Fires: Causes, Effects, Evaluation
National Chimney Sweep Guild - Yellow Pages of Suppliers
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