Basement walk-out covers & accessways

Bulkhead doors & basement exit stair covers, construction, sources & safety

Steel Basement Walkout Door Covers

Shown above is a traditional steel basement walk-out door cover. Bilco®, a manufacturer of steel basement walk-out doors has been widely-enough used in North America that some people refer to these doors as "Bilco doors" - which perhaps Bilco appreciates.[1]

You'll notice that the installer built a foundation for the basement exit door that extends above ground level - a step to keep surface runoff water from entering the outdoor stairwell down into the basement.

[Click to enlarge any image]

Watch for these defects and hazards at this type of steel basement walkout door installation:

• Air or water leaks at the flashing above the walk-out door where it abuts the building exterior foundation or wall, and rot or insect damage at this location as well as all around wooden doors into the basement that may be installed in the actual doorway at the stair bottom
• Broken or rust-damaged door springs, hinges, or handles
• Roof spillage onto the steel walk-out door (photo below left)
• Trip hazards at the door threshold (photo above)
• Unsafe stairs down into the basement

Our photo at below left illustrates what looks at first glance like a perfectly nice basement walkout door cover installation.

Looking more closely at the lower right door panel you'll see it's covered with green algae; We think that a history of roof spillage onto this door invites rust damage to the door and leaks into the building.

Above the basement walkout door was cleverly installed against an entry porch to give headroom for the basement entry stairwell.

But take a look at the moss and algae growing around the foundation of the door (look out for rust-perforation in those locations).

And though it's not quite obvious in this photo, in-slope sidewalk paving around this basement entry drains towards the steel "Bilco-type" door rather than away from it.

As this basement walkout was installed without an above-ground curb water freely runs down the steps into the basement in wet weather.

Damaged, Leaky, Unsafe Basement Walkout Doors

These photos each show a rotted and unsafe bulkhead door made of wood.

The photo above is so horrible that it's condition is obvious to just about anybody who might visit this Poughkeepsie home. But what about the un-expected injury to the heating service technician who was asked to enter the home by this pathway to perform emergency heat repairs when no one was at home to let the service person into the basement by another, safer entry?

Above the wooden bulkhead door shows a hazard that some homeowners may not anticipate: a fall-through collapse of this door when visiting children or workers stand on its surface.

And below we illustrate fresh evidence of a leaky home-made bulkhead door. The door structure looks as if it too may be rotted, and we note that the steps are uneven in slope, pitch, and rise. And wet steps add to the slip trip fall hazard.

This stairway is rampant with trip hazards and thus is unsafe.

Access to these doors should be blocked and marked off as unsafe. The doors also leak, inviting basement water entry at each rain. When these doors are replaced, build the curb up above ground level and provide locking security as well.

Frost Damage to Basement Walkout Door Foundations & Walls

Despite construction on footings below the frost line, in freezing climates we often find frost-damaged foundation walls around the stairwell beneath a bulkhead door intended to protect the basement walk-out.

You can see that the block foundation wall on the right side of the stairwell shown above has been patched from time to time, apparently in an attempt to address leakage and frost cracking.

And at left you see very severe frost damage to a concrete block foundation that occurred only at the basement walk-out stair and foundation for the bulkhead door at this home.

Why?

• A second door closing off the basement area from the bulkhead door stairwell keeps building heat out of the stairwell, increasing the chances of frost-push against the stairwell sides.
• The inside-corner formed by the intersection of the basement walkout stairwell and the building foundation tends to trap water against the foundation walls, especially if the stairwell is located in an area beneath a roof eaves whose gutter and drainage system are not maintained.

Basement Walk-Out Stairway Drain Clogs

Above the green algae in this basement walk-out stairwell tells us of a history of wet conditions and a serious slip trip and fall hazard on these stairs.

See details at SLIPPERY STAIRS, WALKS, ROOFS.

And above we illustrate how reliance on a basement walkout stairwell drain to keep water out of the basement is a chancy proposition.

Unprotected Basement Exit Doorways to the Outside

Basement exits to outdoors should be protected from the weather by a roof or other means.

When a basement exit stairway such as the installation at above has no protection from the weather we expect to find one or more occurrences of basement flooding or at least water entry over the life of the building.

Look closely at the photo above: we see that a drain was installed in this basement exit passage.

We hope that the bottom of the basement walkout stairwell is below the level of the basement floor slab so that when leaves or snow cover block the drain we don't end up with a basement flood. But what about when the drain just stops working?

Here is the interior of the basement whose door to the exterior was shown above. This was a well-kept home, but nevertheless basement leakage had been chronic through the basement walkout stairway.

The owner finally constructed a raised masonry platform indoors to reduce recurrent water damage to the floor.

Nevertheless, when the exterior basement exit door stairwell drain clogs and floods water can certainly rise high enough to enter this room and flood the basement again. That's just what happened.

Secure & Leak-Proof Bulkhead Doors

Below we illustrate a basement access that is not intended for general public use. This locked hatchway covers mechanical systems equipment.

The EPDM roof and secure flashing at the building along with an above-grade-level curb are intended to keep water out of the mechanicals pit.

Basement Garage Exits to the Outdoors Also May Need Protection

This garage door facing an in-sloping driveway illustrates a common source of basement water entry and flooding.

Typically the builder installs an intercept drain across the garage entry to reduce the chances of a basement flood.

But what happens when leaves, snow, or frozen snow cover the intercept drain?

It is likely that over the life of this home it will suffer from water entry down this driveway, into the garage, and often into the rest of the home's basement as well.

Because construction of a protective roof over the entire driveway may not be feasible or may even be prohibited by local codes, provision of a berm across the garage entry, a raised garage floor, and careful maintenance of the intercept drain may be the best options for this homeowner.

In-Garage Stairs to Basement = explosion waiting to happen

At left, in a variation of basement walk-out stairs we illustrate an unsafe entry stair passing from a residential garage into the home's basement.

Watch out:  As heating equipment is most often found in the home's basement, imagine the explosion that may occur (one did, despite our emphatic warnings, in Fishkill NY) if a vehicle leaks gasoline and gasoline fumes into the garage.

Gasoline fumes, heavier than air, fall down the stairwell, into the basement (or crawl space) where, at the next spark or flame, there is risk of an explosion.

See details

at ELEVATE OIL or GAS BURNER 18" ABOVE GARAGE FLOOR

A "fire door" in the stairwell bottom is not enough security for this installation. In fact, as you can see, the (not fire-rated) door has been left ajar.

See details at GARAGE DOOR & DOOR OPENER SAFETY

Where to Buy Steel Bulkhead Doors & Cellar Doors or Basement Walk-out Doors

• The Bilco Company P.O. Box 1203 New Haven, CT 06505 Phone: (203) 934-6363 Fax: (203) 933-8478, Residential Products, Phone: (800)854-9724, E-mail: Residential Sales, Commercial Products, Phone: (800)366-6530, Bilco Website: http://www.bilco.com/
  
  Commercial Sales Bilco Basement Doors, Egress Window Wells, and Roof Access Hatches, Automatic Fire Vents, Floor Access Doors Hath Railing Systems, Ladder Safety Posts, Intrusion Detection Systems, [Available at building suppliers & lumber yards such as Loews & Home Depot Stores]
  
  The Bilco door company distributes basement walkout covers in many countries around the world, including Canada. (Bilco Canada).
  
  Bilco Canada, http://WWW.BILCO.COM BILCO@BILCO.COM Mailing Address: 1050 Brydges St LONDON, Ontario N5W 2B4 Canada,
  
  Bilco's Canadian Location Address: 1050 Brydges St LONDON, Ontario N5W 2B4 Tel.: (519) 659-7331 FAX: (519) 455-8593
• Gordon cellar doors, 170 Spring Street Southington, CT 06489 (800) 333-4564 website: http://www.gordoncelladoor.com/
• LuciGold Inc., 145 Main St., Buzzards Bay, MA 02532, LuciGold aluminum bulkhead doors, Email: Rmason@Lucigold.com, Website: www.lucigold.com/contact-us/
• MilcoR Floor & Access Doors, Milcor Corporation 5030 Corporate Exchange Blvd. SE Grand Rapids, MI 49512 P (800) 624-8642 F (855) 549-2674. MilcoR produces aluminum as well as steel access doors & panels and related products.

At left: a steel bulkhead door at the FDR estate in Hyde Park, NY.

Building Code Requirements For Basement Walkout or Bulkhead Doors

Clarification from "Residential exit doors, stairways, landings, handrails and guards [ copy on file as /Stairs/Stair_Code_NYS_Bulleting_RCstairsTB.pdf ] - for New York:

RCNYS section R310, entitled “Emergency Escape and Rescue Openings,” includes section R310.3 which addresses bulkhead enclosures (“bilco” type doors). This section requires bulkhead enclosures to provide direct access to the basement.

This part does not preclude the installation of an insulated side hinged door at the bottom. In addition to the requirement for the minimum net clear opening with the bulkhead door panels in the fully open position required by R310.1.1, section R314.9 is applicable.

Since the bulkhead is an emergency escape and rescue opening, it does not serve as part of the required building egress (section R311).

The last part of section R314.9 exempts the bulkhead from the requirements of sections R312, landings, R314,stairways, and R315, handrails, when the bulkhead stairway is covered by a bulkhead enclosure with hinged doors.