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Electrical Wire Type Codes & Labels
How to de-code electrical wire or cable markings
- POST a QUESTION or COMMENT about electrical wire sizes, diameters, and ampacity ratings
Electrical wire insulating jacket markings provide codes that describe the wire's intended use such as for wet vs. dry locations, high heat applications, underground burial, or resistance to oil & grease.
This article series gives photos and tables of electrical service entry cable sizes, electrical branch circuit wire sizes, bell wire, telephone wire, thermostat wire, and ampacity or fuse/circuit breaker ratings.
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Electrical Cable or Wire Type Codes & Labels
Here we discuss and present tables that will de-code the labeling found on the insulating jacket of most electrical wires and cables used in buildings. Separate articles given at the end of this page provide tables of electrical wire size codes or ampacity rating and others data for low-voltage wiring.
The following wire type codes will be found imprinted on the insulating jacket of larger-sized electrical wires. We provide tables of electrical wire or cable type codes, markings, abbreviations for both U.S. and European systems.
Table of Most-Common U.S. & Canadian Electrical Wire Type Codes |
|
Wire Marking Code Abbreviation |
Definition |
| -2 | Sufix indicating resistant to temperatures up to 194°F - 90°C Same as HH |
| H | Heat-resistant; able to withstand temperatures up to 167°F - 75°C |
| HH | Highly-Heat-Resistant; able to withstand temperatures up to 194°F - 90°C |
| N | Nylon-coated insjulation, rated for resistance to oil & gasoline |
| NGA | N - Copper core cable G - Rubber insulation A - Single cable |
| NMD | Non-Metallic Cable, Dry Location Use |
| NYA | N - Copper core cable |
| NYAF | Same as NYA + Fine-wire conductor (Fibers) |
| NYM | N - Copper core cable Y - PVC Insulation M - more than 1 cable core |
| NYMHY | Same as NYM + H - flexible cable (Fiber) Y - PVC outer insulation |
| NYY | N - Copper core cable Y - PVC Insulation Y - PVC Outer Insulation Suitable for outdoor use |
| NYYHY | Same as NYY + H - flexible cable (Fiber) |
| P | Plastic insulation (an older term for T or X ?) |
| Pb | Plastic insulated wire in braided fabric sheathing |
| R | Rubber insulation, in modern wire find XLPE, used in hazardous environments |
| SE | Service entrance wire |
| T | Thermoplastic insluation, a fire-resistant material Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Thermoplastic insulation |
| U or UF | Underground use permitted |
| X | Synthetic polymer insulation, flame-resistant |
| XLPE | Cross-linked polyethylene insulation, used in hazardous environments |
| W | Water-Resistant Approved for use in damp or wet locations (Can also be used in dry locations) |
Notes to the table above
- Wire sizes or gauges and how those are imprinted on the wire insulation sucha as 14/2. 14/3, 12-2, 12/3, 12-3 w/G, and voltages such as 500V are discussed separately
at SE CABLE & BRANCH CIRCUIT WIRE SIZES vs AMPS - Wires permitted in wet locations
include these common code-markings: THHW THW THW-2 THWN THWN-2 XHHW XHHW-2 UF USE USE-2
UF-B (Underground feeder) non-metallic cable is suitable for burial and thus also for damp locations.
NM-B non-metallic standard cable should not be used in wet locations. - Romex: NM or Non-Metallic electrical wire is also commonly referred to as "Romex" - a specific non-metallic electrical wire brand. (Illustrated just below.
The electrical wire makring table below illustrates by example some common letter codes found on the wire insulation.
Most-Common U.S. & Canadian Electrical Wire or Cable Markings De-Coded |
|
Electrical Wire Marking Code - Examples |
Meaning |
| RHH | Rubber (or XLPE) insulated, high-heat resistance to 90°C |
| RHW: | Rubber (or XLPE) insulated, heat resistant to 75 °C, water resistant |
| RHW-2 | Same as RHW but with greater heat resistance, to 90°C |
| RW | |
| SE | Suitable for electrical service entry (Weatherproof) |
| THHN | Thermplastic (PVC), high-heat, Nylon Coated Minimum Installation Temp: -14F / -10 °C, |
| THWN | Thermoplastic, Heat Resistant, Water resistant, Nylon-Coated Temp. Rating: 194°F - 90°C dry locations, 167°F - 75°C Wet locations Minimum Installation Temp: -14F / -10 °C, Emergency Overload Temp. 221 °F / 105C, Maximum Short Circuit Temp 302 °F / 150 °C |
| THWN-2 | Thermoplastic, Heat Resistant, Water resistant, Nylon-Coated |
| U (Style U) | Underground Feeder (Older) Suited for burial |
| UF | Underground Feeder Suited for burial |
| USE-2: | Underground Service Entrance, high heat resistant |
| XHHW | XLPE Cross-Linked Polyethylene insulated (thermoset) Temp. Rating: 194°F - 90°C dry locations, 167°F - 75°C Wet locations Minimum Installation Temp: -40F / -40 °C, Emergency Overload Temp. 266 °F / 130C, Maximum Short Circuit Temp 482 °F / 250 °C |
| XHHW-2 | XLPE Cross-Linked Polyethylene insulated (thermoset) Temp. Rating: 194°F - 90°C wet or dry locations, Minimum Installation Temp: -40F / -40 °C, Emergency Overload Temp. 266 °F / 130C, Maximum Short Circuit Temp 482 °F / 250 °C |
| Y | [citation needed] |
Notes to the table above & definitions of common electrical wire code label letters
- T = Thermpolastic insulation, fire-resistant
- H = Heat resistant to 167°F
- HH = High-heat resistant t to 194°F
- N = Nylon-coated insulation, resistant to gasoline or oil
- W = Wet locations (approved for damp or wet locations, can be used in dry locations too)
- X = Flame-retardant insulation, synthetic polymer
Above: Fabric & plastic insulated elecdtricalwire labeled with Type SE, Style U, Type RW
- THHN wire insulation is thinner than XHHW insulation, so XHHW offers more protection against mechanical damage
- THHN wire is less-flexible than XHHW wire (XLPE is thicker but also more-flexible than PVC/PE)
For a given electrical wire gauge or sie, different ampacity ratings shown for most electrical wire types reflect the temperature ranges as shown in the table below.
Table of Electrical Wire Types vs. Temperature Ratings |
|
| Temperature Rating | Wire Types |
| 60°C / 140°F | TW, UF |
| 75°C / 167°F | RHW, THW, THWN, THHW, XHHW, USE |
| 90°C / 194°F | RHH, RHW-2, XHHW, XHHW-2, XHH, THHW, THWN-2, THW-2, THHN, USE-2 |
Notes to the table above
1. Excerpted / adapted from the U.S. National Electrical Code for 2002 for ampacities of not more than three current-carrying conductors in raceway, cable, or earth, based on an ambient temperature of 86°F / 30°C
Below: type NM marked on an older fabric-insulated electrical wire
2. Assuming the electrical current in these wires is AC or DC at 60Hz or less.
Below: often the wire labeling letters are embossed rather than imprinted in an ink of a different colour than the insulating jacket. Look closely to see these details.
3. See the wire marking letter codes given on this page to de-code labels such as RHW, THWN, THHW, etc.
Below: older fabric and rubber-insulated electrical wire.
This is a fabric- and rubber-insulated multi-strand electrical wire.
Below: some solid conductor aluminum wire can be identified by additional data on the wire insulation.
...
Below: more examples of electrical wire/cable marking codes on older residential electrical wiring.
Above: "PLASTIC" on this Citrix electrical cable that is quite-obviously insluated with a fabric wrap, probably refers to the insulation on the actual wire conductors (not shown).
Below: type NM and the manufacturer's name CITREX on the electrical wire's outer jacket.
Below: Electrical cable marked TYPE SE, STYLE U, TYPE RW
Table of European Electrical Wire Insulation Material Identification Codes
European Electrical Cable or Wire Material Code |
|
| Wire/Cable Insulation Code |
Material |
| B | Rubber, Ethylene propylene |
| E | PE Polyethylene |
| J | Fiberglass braiding |
| N | Chloroprene rubber |
| Q | Polyurethane |
| R | Rubber |
| S | Silicone rubber |
| T | Braided textile (fabric) |
| V | PVC |
| V2 | PVC + 90°C |
| V3 | PVC flexible at low temperatures |
| V5 | PVC increased oil resistant |
| X | XPE, cross linked PE |
Notes to the table above
- Some of these codes are manufacturer-dependent. Sources include those given below
- APAC Region Sales Office 80, 41st Cross, 8th Block Jayanagar, Bangalore - 560070 India +91 80 41315863 Info.India@multicable.com
- Multicable, 37 Horizon Drive Bristol, Connecticut 06010 USA (860) 589-9035 info@multicable.com
- SAB Brockskes Special Cables, SAB BRÖCKSKES GmbH & Co. KG Grefrather Str. 204-212b 41749 Viersen Germany Tel: +49 (0)2162 898-0 Web: https://www.sab-cable.com/
- IEC 60502-1 and GB Standard for Electrical Cable
Master Table of U.S. Electrical Cable/Wire Abbreviations & Codes
Electrical Cable/Wire Abbreviation |
|
| Code | Definition |
| -2 | Sufix indicating resistant to temperatures up to 194°F - 90°C Same as HH |
| AF | Asbestos 302°F - 150°C. Fixture wire,18-10 Awg. Heat resistant |
| AL | Impregnated Asbestos Under 300v. 257°F - 125°C, Dry only. |
| AVA, AVB | Asbestos, Varnished Cambric, 194-230°F. - 90°C-110C., Dry only |
| AVL | Asbestos, Varnished Cambric, Wet locations |
| B | Braided outer jacket, usually fiberglass, jute or cotton on older wires |
| Bell | Low-voltage bell-wire, often 18AWG |
| C | Thermoset/Thermoplastic, |
| DBRC | Cotton braid, rubber coated, weather & fire resistant Obsolete |
| E, ET, ETLB, ETP, ETT | Elevator cable, several forms, braids, applications |
| EV, EVJT, EVE, EVT | Electric Vehicle |
| F | Fiture Wire, 194°F - 90°C |
| FCC | Flat copper condutors Under carpet or flooring ? |
| FEP, FEPB | Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Insulation, > 194°F - 90°C, Dry locations. FEPB - fiberglass braid, May contain asbestos |
| FFH-2 | Rubber-coated fixture wire, flexible strands, Rubber |
| G | Stage & Garage cable, portable thermoset, Grease/Oil resistant, hard-use |
| H | Heat-resistant; |
| HF, HFF | ECTFE Solid or 7 stranded. 18-14 Awg. Ethylene Chloro trifluoroethylene. 302°F - 150°C. Fixture wire. |
| HH | Highly-Heat-Resistant; |
| HPD | Heat-resistant, 18-12 AWG, heater cord, Dry locations Fabric, older may contain asbestos, Light duty |
| HPN | Heat-resistant, 18-12 AWG, heater cord, Wet locations Fabric, older may contain asbestos, Light duty |
| HS, HSJ HSO, HSJO, HSOO, HSJOO | Heat-resistant heater cord, hard-usage, some are Oil/Grease resistant |
| IGS | Integrated Gas Spacer Cable, Exterior Use. |
| KF-1, KF-2, KFF-1, KFF-2 | Tape-insulated fiture wire, solid or stranded |
| L | Lead exterior jacket |
| MI | Mineral-insulated, metal shielded cable, wet or dry locations, Copper or Steel Outer Covering |
| MTW | Machine-Tool use, Moisture, heat, oil, flame resistant 140°F / 196°F - 60°C / 90°C |
| MV | Medium Voltage Cable, Solid Dielectric 2,001 volts plus. |
| N | Nylon-coated insjulation, rated for resistance to oil & gasoline |
| NGA | N - Copper core cable G - Rubber insulation A - Single cable |
| NM, NMC | "Non-Metallic" plastic covered, |
| NMD | Non-Metallic cable, for use in Dry locations |
| NMT | Non-metallic tubing See RFH |
| NYA | N - Copper core cable |
| NYAF | Same as NYA + Fine-wire conductor (Fibers) |
| NYM | N - Copper core cable Y - PVC Insulation inner core M - more than 1 cable core |
| NYMHY | Same as NYM + H - flexible cable (Fiber) Y - PVC outer insulation |
| NYY | N - Copper core cable Y - PVC Insulation Y - PVC Outer Insulation Suitable for outdoor use |
| NYYHY | Same as NYY + H - flexible cable (Fiber) |
| O | Neoprene exterior, See SO. |
| P | Plastic insulation (an older term for T or X ?) Rough-service (e.g. Vacuum cleaner cord) Flexible |
| PAF, PAFF | Perfluroaloxy, Solid or 7 strand, 482°F - 250°C or for PAFF, 302°F - 150°C Fixture wire, 18-14 Awg. Nickel / nickel coated copper See PFA |
| PF / PFF | Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene, fixture wire, solid or seven stranded 392°̊F - 200°C 18-14 Awg PFF - 302°F - 150°C |
| PFA | Perfluorglkoxy, 194°F - 90°C, Dry or damp location. |
| PFAH | Perfluorglkoxy, 482°F - 250°C Dry only, Raceway or Apparatus |
| PGF | Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene, Fiberglass, Braided. 392°F - 200°C Solid or seven stranded. 18-14 Awg. Fixture Wire. |
| PO / POSJ | Lamp cord, outer layer silk or Rayon. POSJ uses rubber, washable. |
| PPE | Garage use portable power cable |
| PTF / PTFF | Extruded Polytetra Fluoroethylene, 18-14 Awg. 482°F - 250°C Nickel/ Nickel coated fixture wire. |
| R, RP | Rubber insulation, |
| RFH1, RFH-2, RFHH2 | Heat Resistant, Rubber Coated, 167°F - 75°C Fixture wire, also see NMT H, HH heat resistant, |
| RH, RHH | Thermoset, 167°F - 75°C Dry and Damp only, Flame Retardant, Moisture Resistant. Industrial use. HH = 194°F - 90°C |
| RUH | Heat Resistant Latex Rubber 167°F - 75°C , Dry locations. |
| S, SJ, SJEO, SJO, SJOO, SJG, SO, SOO ST, SV, SVE, SVO, SVT |
Hard-service 18-2 AWG cord, stranded, cotton, jute, etc. Round, rubber or plastic outer jacket, portable, pendant, stage or garage SJ-versions - lighter insulation, SJO - include oil resistant versions SJT - thermoplastic insulation, SO - oil-resistant, ST - Thermoplastic SV - vacuum cleaner, SVE - thermoplastic elastomer, O- Oil resistant |
| SA | Silicone Rubber / Silicone Asbestos, 194°F - 90°C Dry or Damp Areas. to 392°̊F - 200°C when w/ fiberglass - equivalent braided jacket |
| SBRC | Household, single, braided rubber, cotton braid (Knob & Tube) (Obsolete) |
| SC, SCE, SCT, SE, SEO, SEOO | US NEC Designated - Entertainment, Stage lighting 600 volts 8 Awg - 250 KCMil. 1 or more Conductors. Extra Hard Usage. |
| SE | Service entrance wire, flame retardant, hard service |
| SF, SFF | Silicone 200°C. Fixture wire. SFF - NMT 302°F - 150°C. |
| SIS | Switchboard wire, 194°F - 90°C, dry locations |
| SP, SP, SP-1, SP-2, SP-3, SPE, SPT | Lap cord, rubber, "Zip cord" P - pendant use, E - elastomer thermoplastic, T - thermoplastic |
| SRD, SRDE, SRDT | Range or Dryer 10-4 AWG, Thermoset, Portable, Damp locations D - damp, T - thermoplastic |
| T, TA, TBS, TBWP, T2, | T - Thermoplastic insluation, a fire-resistant material Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Thermoplastic insulation A - asbestos, W-water-resistant, above-ground use, heat resistant BS - thermplastic, braided fibre, fire retardant (switch-boards) |
| TC | Signal wire, power & control |
| TFE, TFF, TFN, TFNN | Extended Polytetrafluoroethylene. 482°F - 250°C Dry Locations TFF - 140°F - 60°C, TFN - heat resistant, NN - stranded |
| THHN | Thermplastic, 194°F - 90°C heat, flame resistant, dry or damp locations Common household circuits H - Heat resistant HH - High-heat resistant |
| THHW, THWN, THW | Thermoplastic 167°F - 75°C Wet Locations. 194°F - 90°C Dry locations. Common household circuits W - wet or damp locations |
| TPE | PVC, thermoplastic, "Flexalloy" from Teknor. |
| TPT, TS, TST | Parallel tinsel cord, 27 AWG, TS- thermoplastic |
| TW, THW | Heat & flame resistant, 167°F - 75°C 194°F - 90°C in special applications |
| U, UF, UF-B | Underground Feeder or branch circuit, |
| USE | Underground Service Entry cable, |
| X, XF, XFF | Synthetic polymer insulation, flame-resistant F- stranded or multi-stranded |
| XHH, XHHW | Thermoset, 194°F - 90°C Dry and damp locations. Flame Retardant. W - wet locations 167°F - 75°C |
| XLPE | Cross-linked polyethylene insulation, used in hazardous environments |
| W | Water-Resistant Approved for use in damp or wet locations (Can also be used in dry locations) |
| XHHN | Common household circuits N - nylon-coated oil/gas resistant X - synthetic polymer insulation Flame resistant |
| Z, ZF, ZFF | Dry and Damp Locations, 194°F - 90°C (302°F - 150°C. Dry locations in special applications) Modified Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene. F -solid or stranded, FF - stranded |
| ZHF | Fixture wire, High temperature modified ETFE solid or seven stranded. 392°̊F - 200°C. 18-14 Awg. |
| ZW | Modified Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene |
Notes to the table above
- Some of these codes are manufacturer-dependent. Sources include those given below.
- AWG = American Wire Gauge
- Multicable, 37 Horizon Drive Bristol, Connecticut 06010 USA (860) 589-9035 info@multicable.com
- Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire
- Reith, D.S., C.E.T., & Nexans, COLOUR CODING of NMD90 CABLE [PDF] (2004) inn Canadian Copper, CCBDA, Issue 151, 2004 Nexans Canada, 140 Allstate Parkway, Markham, Ontario Canada L3R 0Z7, TRel: 905-944-4300
- Nexans WIRE & CABLE PRODUCT GUIDE [PDF] Nexans Canada, 140 Allstate Parkway, Markham, Ontario Canada L3R 0Z7, TRel: 905-944-4300
Headquarters: Nexans, 4, allée de l’Arche, 92400 Courbevoie, France Phone : + 33 (0)1 78 15 00 00 Nexans Group was incorporated in 1994 but the company has a history of more than 100 years of operation. - Nexans, THE ELECTRICIAN's HANDBOOK [PDF] Op. Cit.
Table of European Electrical Cable or Wire InsulationType Codes
European Electrical Cable / Wire Insulation Type Codes |
|
| Wire/Cable Type Code |
Insulation |
| 12Y | TPE modified |
| 2G (bi) | Besilen® (silicone) |
| 2Y | PE (Polyethylene) |
| G | Rubber |
| GL | Fibreglass |
| SABIX® | Halogen-free material |
| Y | PVC |
| YK | PVC, low temperature resistant |
Notes to the table above
- Asbestos electrical wire insulation in these tables may not currently be in normal distribution
- Some of these codes are manufacturer-dependent
- Sources include SAB Brockskes Special Cables, SAB BRÖCKSKES GmbH & Co. KG Grefrather Str. 204-212b 41749 Viersen Germany Tel: +49 (0)2162 898-0 Web: https://www.sab-cable.com/
Eiropean Electrical Cable / Wire Voltage Codes
Nominal Voltage Rating of Electrical Wire (Europe) |
|
| Code | Volts |
| 01 | 100 V |
| 03 | 300/300 V |
| 05 | 300/500 V |
| 07 | 400/750V |
Notes to the table above
- Source: SAB Brockskes Special Cables, SAB BRÖCKSKES GmbH & Co. KG Grefrather Str. 204-212b 41749 Viersen Germany Tel: +49 (0)2162 898-0 Web: https://www.sab-cable.com/
...
Continue reading at SE CABLE & BRANCH CIRCUIT WIRE SIZES vs AMPS or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.
Or see these
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- WIRE SIZE TABLES gauge or wire size No. vs. circuit ampacity for SECs and branch circuit wires
- WIRE TYPE vs TEMPERATURE RATING TABLE
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Citations & References
In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.
- Miller, Charles R., "Sizing Conductors, Part V, Ambient Temperature Correction Factors", October 2011, Electrical Contractor Magazine, Retrieved 11/16/14 original source: http://www.ecmag.com/section/codes-standards /sizing-conductors-part-v
- [1] "Thermostat Wire", Southwire Corporation, OEM Division, One Southwire Drive, Carrollton, Georgia 30119, Website: southwire.com/
Applicable Standards for thermostat wiring:
150 Voltage rating per NEC® Article 725
ETL listed to UL 13
Meets UL 1581 Vertical Tray Flame Test (FT-1)
Type CL2
Web search 12/14/2011, original source: http://www.southwire.com/ProductCatalog/XTEInterfaceServlet?contentKey=prodcatsheetOEM112 - The Original Authors: Alan Carson is an ASHI Member, national home inspection educator, author and building failures researcher in Toronto, Ontario. Daniel Friedman, an original author of this article and the editor and producer of InspectAPedia where this article now appears is an ASHI Member, first ASHI Technical Committee chairman, editor and publisher of the ASHI Technical Journal, licensed home inspector, educator, and building failures researcher in Poughkeepsie, NY. Robert Klewitz is a licensed professional engineer, a professional home inspector, an ASHI Member, and has served on the ASHI Technical Committee as well as in other ASHI activities. His practice is in Issaquah, WA.
- Mark Cramer Inspection Services Mark Cramer, Tampa Florida, Mr. Cramer is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors and is a Florida home inspector and home inspection educator. Mr. Cramer serves on the ASHI Home Inspection Standards. Contact Mark Cramer at: 727-595-4211 mark@BestTampaInspector.com
- John Cranor [Website: /www.house-whisperer.com ] is an ASHI member and a home inspector (The House Whisperer) is located in Glen Allen, VA 23060. He is also a contributor to InspectApedia.com in several technical areas such as plumbing and appliances (dryer vents). Contact Mr. Cranor at 804-873-8534 or by Email: johncranor@verizon.net
- Daniel Friedman - InspectAPedia® Website Author/Editor
- Douglas Hansen, Robert Stead. Mark Cramer. Photographs: Daniel Friedman.
- N. Srinivasan, MSEE, is a senior member of IEEE with 30 years experience in the electrical industry. Mr. Srinivasan is in Vienna VA.
- Louis P. Babin generously contributed technical editing about the effects of doubling ampacity in an electrical circuit (September 2007)
- "Electrical System Inspection Basics," Richard C. Wolcott, ASHI 8th Annual Education Conference, Boston 1985.
- "Simplified Electrical Wiring," Sears, Roebuck and Co., 15705 (F5428) Rev. 4-77 1977 [Lots of sketches of older-type service panels.]
- "How to plan and install electric wiring for homes, farms, garages, shops," Montgomery Ward Co., 83-850.
- "Simplified Electrical Wiring," Sears, Roebuck and Co., 15705 (F5428) Rev. 4-77 1977 [Lots of sketches of older-type service panels.]
- "Home Wiring Inspection," Roswell W. Ard, Rodale's New Shelter, July/August, 1985 p. 35-40.
- "Evaluating Wiring in Older Minnesota Homes," Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
- Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
- In addition to citations & references found in this article, see the research citations given at the end of the related articles found at our suggested
CONTINUE READING or RECOMMENDED ARTICLES.
- Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. Tel: (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 Email: info@carsondunlop.com. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The HOME REFERENCE BOOK - the Encyclopedia of Homes and to use illustrations from The ILLUSTRATED HOME .
Carson Dunlop Associates provides extensive home inspection education and report writing material. In gratitude we provide links to tsome Carson Dunlop Associates products and services.
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