Photograph of an oil tank with seepage around the filler pipe and a too-small vent pipe.

Oil Tank Pressure Levels & Pressure Tolerance - Residential Oil Tank Pressures During Testing & During Oil Tank Fill-up
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How Much Pressure is There on a Home Heating Oil Tank During an Oil Delivery?
What is the pumping rate in gpm and the pumping pressure in psi during a heating oil delivery ?
What causes overpressure conditions in home heating oil tanks above ground or underground
How to avoid over-pressurizing a heating oil tank - Protection from Oil Tank Overfill - Methods
Role of oil tank delivery truck pump pressure setting, hose diameter & oil tank fill pipe size in oil tank pressures
Questions & answers about the pressures encountered in and on oil storage tanks under various conditions

Here we explain the typical oil tank test pressure at the factory, the pressures that an oil tank is subjected to during oil tank fill-up, and the cause and prevention of excessive pressures that can cause leaks at oil tanks. We also answer the question of the amount of pressure to which an oil tank is subjected during an oil delivery, providing pressure limits, calculation of oil tank pressure changes, and listing both causes and steps to prevent over pressurizing a home heating oil tank. This series of articles discusses the causes of leaks at oil tank fill or vent piping, what the leak and other hazards are, and what to do about oil tank piping leaks.

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Factory Test Pressures on Steel Heating Oil Tanks

Thanks to David Hollen, Applications & Technical Support, at pump manufacturer and distributor Yamada America for help with this data. We discuss pressure testing of oil tanks at OIL TANK TESTING. Readers should also see LEAKY OIL TANK FILL PIPES as well as LEAKY OIL TANK FILL PIPES and as OIL TANK LEAK CAUSES.

Oil tank pressure test label (C) Daniel Friedman

Residential above ground steel heating oil tanks are typically factory tested to 5 psi to 7 psi by the manufacturer, as our two photographs of oil tank labels show (above).

In fact, as the labels show on oil tanks we photographed early in 2009 (at left and at the top of this page), some steel oil tank manufacturers specifically advise against further pressure testing of their oil tanks.

If you need to know the condition of an above-ground home heating oil tank after it has been installed, ask your heating oil company to perform a metal thickness scan of the oil tank. The technician will use a sonic test instrument to measure the thickness of the steel at a number of locations on the lower portion of the tank.

The reason the technician tests the lower tank areas is that it is there that corrosion and thus thinning of the tank steel most often occurs. This inspection procedure will not, however, detect a faulty tank weld nor piping errors in the heating oil handling system.

If you are concerned about the chances that a buried oil tank has leaked, you'll need to locate the tank and have appropriate soil tests performed. We discuss pressure testing of oil tanks at OIL TANK TESTING. Also see OIL TANK LEAK ADVICE and TANK TESTING COs.

Effects and Amounts of Oil Tank Pressures During a Home Heating Oil Delivery

How Much Pressure is There on a Home Heating Oil Tank During an Oil Delivery?

But what is the pressure to which a heating oil tank is subjected during an oil delivery? The pressure experienced by the oil tank during fill from the home heating oil delivery truck is expected to be less than the oil tank manufacturer's tank test pressure (5-7 psi) if the oil tank is adequately vented.

A more detailed answer to the question of oil tank pressures is that it depends on several factors including the two main oil tank pressure factors listed below.

The pressure at which oil is pumped into the oil tank from the home heating oil delivery truck. A typical home heating oil delivery truck pumps oil into the heating oil tank at 20 to 40 gpm and at less than 10 to 15 psi.
-- Thanks to David Hollen, Applications & Technical Support, at pump manufacturer and distributor Yamada America for help with this data.
The condition of the oil tank vent piping on the home heating oil tank receiving the oil. If a heating oil tank is not vented at all or if it is not vented properly, the pressures to which the oil tank are subjected can be substantial, as we explain in detail below.
Some oil delivery trucks pump up to 70 gpm according to Bottini. The actual pressure that this gpm flow rate will develop in the oil tank during a delivery depends on at least the variables above and on
- the internal diameter of the oil delivery truck pumping hose (roughly 1 7/8") and length and possibly the effect of bends or coils
- the ID, length, and number of elbows in the oil tank filler piping, typically 2" ID and at least 2 90's
- the ID, length, and number of elbows in the oil tank vent piping
- the resistance to air venting created by the tank alarm
- resistance to oil tank air venting created by any blockage in the oil tank vent pipe cap such as screening or insects and wasp nests (common)

So What is the PSI Pressure the Oil Tank is Exposed To During Fill-Up?

Home heating oil is delivered under pressure at many buildings: the oil delivery truck's hose nozzle latches onto a special fitting at the top of the oil tank fill-valve. When this type of connection is made, the driver can fill the oil tank more rapidly than otherwise, and also can avoid spillage around the oil tank fill pipe.

Just how much pressure an oil tank is subjected to during filling varies as follows:

Normal oil tank fill tank pressure: less than 5 psi on a properly vented heating oil tank (the presumed tank pressurization must be less than the manufacturer's factory tested tank pressure)

Totally-blocked or missing oil tank venting: pressures up to 280 psi - this would be an unusual condition such as an oil tank vent that has not only become totally blocked, but the vent blockage is not "blown out" by pressures created during the tank filling operation.

Anticipated partially-blocked oil tank venting: as oil tank pressure increases due to compressed air in the tank pressing against an obstruction in the oil tank vent pipe (such as an oil slug blocking the vent line or a cap blockage by an insect nest or a painted-over vent cap screen) the pressure may be sufficient to "blow out" a transient blockage of that type.

The pressure required depends on the solidity and adhesion of the blocking oil tank vent line debris. Our opinion is that considering the range of possible oil tank pressures, between 0 psi and over 200 psi (with a totally obstructed vent), it should be quite easy for an oil tank pressure to exceed the manufacturer's factory-test pressure of 5 to 7 psi.

Calculation of Increase in Oil Tank Pressure During Fill-up

If an oil tank is NOT vented, depending on how empty the tank was (how much air it contained), when the tank is filled it could be subjected to quite high pressure. Using Boyle's Law (P₁V₁ = P₂V₂),

if we assume that a 275 gallon oil tank contained only 75 gallons at the start of fill up (200 gallons of air at 1 atmosphere pressure (14.7 psi)),
and if the tank had absolutely no exit venting,
and if the tank is filled to leave just 10 gallons of air remaining (actually it may be filled to the top if the tank lacks overfill protection or if the driver is not paying attention)

then the pressure would increase from atmospheric (14.7 psi) to 294 psi. If we subtract out our starting 14.7 psi that means we've pressurized the tank to about 280 psi.

Examples of Causes of Excessive Pressures in a Heating Oil Tank

A restricted oil tank vent pipe diameter, such as using too-small diameter oil tank vent piping (2" diameter is recommended in many jurisdictions, and a minimum of 1 1/2" diameter piping is common. Some older oil tank vent pipes may be just 1" in diameter and should be upgraded.
Since 1902, NFPA, the National Fire Protection Association has provided oil burning equipment standards including dealing with oil tanks and tank vents. Many municipalities have adopted NFPA standards as part of their building codes. An under-sized oil fill pipe, a tipped one, and other defects may fail to meet NFPA or other building codes and certainly they increase the risk of an oil leak during an oil delivery.
Oil vent pipe clogged by a slug of oil or water: if an oil vent pipe is not properly sloped to drain back into the oil tank and if the tank is over-filled, oil may be pushed into a down-sloping section of piping, causing a blockage that increases tank pressure during fill-up.
Oil vent pipe cap clogged by insects or debris: we have found oil tank vent pipe caps that were totally blocked by insects, such as mud daubers who filled the vent with mud and nest materials. We've also see oil tank vent caps that include screens to keep out insects, but the screen has been blocked by paint or by grass clippings from the passage of a lawn mower.
Oil tank ball float valves - can cause an oil tank spill by malfunction.

Protection from Oil Tank Overfill - Methods

Because overfilling an oil tank might contribute to high oil tank pressures, we list some methods and products used to avoid over-filling a home heating oil tank:

Measure the oil level in the tank before filling to be sure that the tank really needs oil delivery. On occasion an oil tank gauge can stick and give erroneous readings.
Oil tank vent whistles are an old and traditional way to avoid tank overfilling. A whistle sounds as air is escaping the tank and stops when the tank is full. The oil tank delivery driver needs to stay close to the fill and vent piping to listen for this event. If the driver walks away from the building to have a smoke during oil tank fill-up there could be an overfill event. In some states such as Maine, state law requires that the delivery person remain present during oil tank fill-up.
Oil tank level alarms: can provide an audible signal when the tank is filled to a specified level, typically set at 90% full.
Spill buckets may be provided around the filler pipe for buried or underground oil storage tanks.
Remove un-used oil filler and vent piping: Never ever leave an oil and vent pipe installed at a home where the oil tank has been removed. There is a risk that a mistaken oil delivery driver will attempt to deliver to the wrong pipes, flooding and ruining the home with heating oil.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Residential Oil Tank Pressures & Pressure Problems or Leaks

Question: how is a vent alarm represented in plumbing drawings for oil tanks?

What is the drawing symbol for a vent whistle? - Anon. 11/7/11

Reply:

The schematic uses a simple representational shape at the oil tank vent pipe base connection to the oil tank and labels it as "vent alarm".

Anon, we took a look at the FDNY's training materials for the certification for supervising fuel oil piping & storage in buildings (above-left). Plumbing layout schematics for oil tank vent alarms or vent whistles may vary - we'll continue to look and post details here.

Four overfill protection devices used on USTs and in some cases ASTs include

Vent alarms are one of four common heating oil tank overfill protection device, but you should not rely on the alarm alone. Make sure that the fill and vent piping is properly sized, routed, and installed too.

Overfill alarms - remote tank fill status indicators with an in-building audible alarm and light
Automatic shutoff devices - a mechanical device built right into the fill piping on the oil tank. The automatic shutoff combines a float with a valve that closes in the intake pipe.
Ball Float Valves - a similar overfill protection device mounted in a buried oil tank vent pipe
Venty Alarms, vent whistles, tank whistles. Paraphrasing and editing from the State of Vermont DEC:

A vent alarm, or vent whistle, is a small device, usually a tube, typically is installed between the oil storage tank and the vent pipe mounted at the tank top. The vent alarm provides an audible whistle as the oil tank is being filled: as oil is pumped into the tank, air is displaced from inside the tank through the vent alarm and the tank vent piping.

When the level of the fuel reaches the end of the tube oil in the tank blocks air entry into the vent alarm, and the whistling stops. This indicates that the oil tank is full. Vent whistles are typically used on small tanks only. It is very uncommon to find a vent whistle on a tank larger than 2,000 gallons.[1]

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Questions & answers about the pressures encountered in and on oil storage tanks under various conditions

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OIL TANK PRESSURE

[1] Oil Tank Overfill Protection, State of Vermont, http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/wastediv/ust/erp/Chapter_4.3.pdf
[2] Security Document).
[3] Study Material, Certificate of Fitness for Supervise Fuel-Oil Piping and Storagte in Buildings, P-98, Fire Department, City of New York, web search 4/27/12, origianl source: http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/cof_study_material/csm_p_98.pdf
[4] Scully Oil Delivery Systems, http://www.nee.ca/admin/documents/Delivery
%20Systems%20Catalogue.pdf
[5] Pollution Prevention Guideline, Above Ground Oil Storage Tanks: PPG2, Scottish Environment Protection Agency, et als., http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/ppg02.pdf
[6] "Spill Prevention Controls and Countermeasures Plan for Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution", Woods Hole MA, March 2008 http://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=44446&pt=10&p=31077
Yamada Pumps, 800 990-7867, is a leading producer of industrial equipment since 1905, and of fluid handling products for over 60 years. Yamada America supports pump requirements for North, Central, and South America and has an assembly facility in the U.S. in Arlington Heights, IL. Special thanks to David Hollen, Applications & Technical Support, 847 631-9200 ext. 218, for technical consulting regarding pump selection and capacity.
[7] Boyle's Law: this simple gas law explains the relation between pressure and volume when either of those changes - P₁ • V₁ = P₂ • V₂ A nice online calculator for Boyle's Law simple pressure and volume change operations is provided by 1728 Software Systems and can be found online at www.1728.com/boyle.htm
[8] "Chapter 2, Operating Your Heating Oil Tank", Main Department of Environmental Protection, maine.gov/dep/rwm/ust/pdf/hotdoc2.pdf and see maine.gov/dep/rwm/ust/ for Maine's basic guide to oil storage tanks and maine.gov/dep/rwm/ust/statutesrules.htm for Maine's UST statutes and rules.
[9] OIL TANK REGULATIONS lists oil tank regulations for all U.S. states and protectorates as well as Federal and some Canadian authorities on oil tank regulation and leak reporting
[10] Thanks to Bottini Fuel service manager Ron Thomas for discussing aquastat functions, low limit controls, oil burner short cycling causes, and boiler maintenance, reliability, and service contracts 4/13/2010. Bottini Fuel is a residential and commercial heating oil distributor and oil heat service company in Wappingers Falls, NY and with offices in other New York locations. Bottini Fuel, 2785 W Main St, Wappingers Falls NY, 12590-1576 (845) 297-5580 more contact information for Bottini Fuel

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Oil Tank Pressure Levels & Pressure Tolerance - Residential Oil Tank Pressures During Testing & During Oil Tank Fill-upInspectAPedia® -

Factory Test Pressures on Steel Heating Oil Tanks

Effects and Amounts of Oil Tank Pressures During a Home Heating Oil Delivery

How Much Pressure is There on a Home Heating Oil Tank During an Oil Delivery?

So What is the PSI Pressure the Oil Tank is Exposed To During Fill-Up?

Calculation of Increase in Oil Tank Pressure During Fill-up

Examples of Causes of Excessive Pressures in a Heating Oil Tank

Protection from Oil Tank Overfill - Methods

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Residential Oil Tank Pressures & Pressure Problems or Leaks

Question: how is a vent alarm represented in plumbing drawings for oil tanks?

Reply:

Four overfill protection devices used on USTs and in some cases ASTs include

Questions & Answers regarding this article

Ask a Question or Search InspectAPedia

Technical Reviewers & References

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

Oil Tank Pressure Levels & Pressure Tolerance - Residential Oil Tank Pressures During Testing & During Oil Tank Fill-up
InspectAPedia^® -