Foundation Drains - Footing Drains to Prevent Foundation Leaks & Water Entry
- FOOTING & FOUNDATION DRAINS - Footing drains defined, installation specifications, troubleshooting advice
- Foundation Drains: definitions, installation details
- Definitions of french drain, footing drain, perimeter drain
- Foundation waterproofing methods
- Questions & Answers about foundation drains, footing drains, and perimeter drains used to keep water out of buildings
- References
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Foundation drainage: this article discusses building foundation drainage: footing drains, used to prevent foundation leaks and building water entry. This article series discusses types of drainage system s, including foundation drains or "french drains" for preventing wet basements and crawl spaces.
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Foundation Drain Systems - Footing Drains
Our page top drawing of types of indoor foundation and basement drainage systems is provided courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates.
Definitions of a Footing Drain, French Drain, & Perimeter Drain?
A footing drain, that is an exterior foundation drainage system placed outside the foundation wall near the wall footing, at the level we show, covered with gravel, and if the footing drain going to do anything, it is piped to daylight or to a catch basin that is in turn pumped to daylight or to a storm drain.
Readers should see WET BASEMENT PREVENTION and also see BASEMENT WATERPROOFING. Readers needing more extensive guidance on preventing or fixing basement leaks and moisture should see BASEMENT LEAKS, INSPECT FOR, or if your building includes areas over crawl spaces, see CRAWL SPACE DRYOUT PROCEDURES. If your building has been flooded, see FLOOD DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, SAFETY & CLEANUP.
Well plenty of people do call interior foundation drains or perimeter drains a "french drain". We don't.
A "French Drain" is an outdoor buried drain line constructed to carry water away from the building, typically to a drywell or catch basin. Our sketch shows how we remove water from roof runoff that pours down a downspout.
Details about French Drains are at FRENCH DRAINS for DOWNSPOUTS
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So what is the difference between a french drain, a footing drain, and a perimeter drain. A French drain is shown above, and a footing drain is shown in our two sketches below.
A perimeter drain is an indoor drain cut into the floor around the perimeter of a basement or crawl space to intercept and remove water from the building interior. We illustrate perimeter drains above. Details about interior perimeter drain systems are at PERIMETER DRAIN SYSTEMS
Building Footing Drain Details
Find the end of the footing drain system that used to drain to daylight (see our photo below). The foundation drain system may have become buried with mud or covered by backfill. Clear any blockage at the end of the footing drain extension, open and check the end for water flow in wet weather.
- Foundation drainage - drain tiles also called footing drains and by some folks "French drains" (a mistake - see FRENCH DRAINS for DOWNSPOUTS),: water flows in the path of least resistance. Perforated 4-inch PVC or flexible ABS are the least costly and most foolproof foundation drainage conduits. Foundation drains should pitch at least 4 inches in every 100 feet of length.
The top of the foundation drain, should be below the top of the finished basement or crawl space slab. From the low corner of the building, the foundation drain should continue to daylight or, if permitted by local codes, to a storm sewer, so that water will drain away from the building without relying on an electrical sump pump or other magic.
- Footing drain hole perforations face down: if you use perforated footing drain tiles that include perforations only on one side, face the holes down. Water collects on the bottom.
- Footing drains to a drywell? Some builders of homes on flat sites where drainage by gravity is not possible install a drywell to collect and store storm drainage from around a building. Watch out: in areas of wet soils, in wet weather drywells are often not dry at all and may themselves fill-up with water from nearby soils, making this scheme simply not workable.
- Footing drains to a sump pit? One of our clients plagued with water entry at a flat site installed new foundation drains around her home, combined with an outdoor, frost-protected, duplexed, and battery backup sump pit system to pump foundation drainage to a nearby storm drain. Without the battery backup detail, this system might not have worked: guess when electrical power (for the sump pump) is most likely to fail?
Clogged Footing Drains
Even if foundation drainage was properly installed when a building was constructed, the system may no longer be working. Over time fine soil particles can enter and clog the foundation drainage system. If you know that a foundation drain system was installed - perhaps you can find the end of it as we illustrate above - and if the building foundation is leaking water from low on the foundation walls, and if little or no water is coming out of the end of the footing drain in wet weather, it's a good bet that the drain system has clogged.
Our photo (below left) shows the footing drain that was excavated and removed at the home of a client whose house suffered recurrent flooding. The old footing drain was totally impacted with mud.
The photo at above right shows the ends of three new footing drains that were installed and carried to daylight. We remained a little nervous about just what the builder used for backfill - notice that silty mud coming out of the new drains? They may not have a long life.
- Find and un-clog the footing drains: excavate at a building corner, find the footing drains, cut open the drain to see how full it has become with silt, and have the drains cleaned using high pressure water or other methods.
- Reroute a non-working footing drain to a drywell if you can't get it to daylight
- Add missing foundation footing drain sections that were omitted, such as around a chimney or building addition
Foundation Drainage Backfill Details to Prevent Basement Water Leaks
- Bury the footing drains in gravel, both under and above the drain tiles. Extend the gravel backfill at least two-thirds of the way to the top of finished grade. Gravel helps water flow easily into the drain system instead of seeking a way into the building, and the removal of water outside the foundation wall also avoids foundation collapse later. The gravel size needs to be larger than the holes in the drain tiles.
Our sketch (left) shows a less than optimum footing drain installation because the artist placed soil too close to the drain pipe.
- Footing drain geotextile covers: some builders also install synthetic fabrics (geotextiles) over the footing drains before covering them to further slow the footing drain clogging by dirt and silt. Other builders place a layer of 15-pound building felt on top of the drainage bed to slow soil clogging of the gravel itself as well as to protect the footing drains.
- Clay foundation drain cap: the top foot of backfill over the footing drains should be a low-permeance clay cap to keep surface water (those spilling-over gutters) away from the foundation. If plantings are intended, add 4 to 6" of loam on top of the clay cap.
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Overloaded Footing Drains
We explain at GUTTERS & DOWNSPOUTS that it's a bad idea to connect the roof drainage system to the building footing drains. The added water volume may overload the drain system leading to foundation leaks. And worse, when later in the life of the building the foundation drains clog, we suddenly begin directing 100% of the roof runoff into a lake of water trapped around the building foundation - virtually guaranteeing that the basement floods.
Our photos (below) show a home whose roof drainage system passed through the crawl space wall, across to the other end of the building, exited the crawl space to go back outside where it dove down into the building footing drain system. The result was a constant wet finished basement. Notice in our second photo (below right) that a clue telling us the whole drainage system was clogged and backing up was that during rain water leaked out of the tee at the top of the vertical drain line that was connected to the footing drains.
At a recently constructed home we determined that the roof gutter system was connected to the foundation drains, and warned the buyer about the chances of basement flooding. The home was ten years old, and the basement, by every inside inspection indication, was "dry".
But two years later, following a period of heavy rain the client called to exclaim "Geez, our basement is full of water!" IT was like throwing a switch. The footing drain outlet clogged and the basement just filled right up.
Key building water entry diagnosis and cure articles:
Here we include solar energy, solar heating, solar hot water, and related building energy efficiency improvement articles reprinted/adapted/excerpted with permission from Solar Age Magazine - editor Steven Bliss.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
- [1] Scott Anderson, The Journal of Light Construction, December 2005 [1]. Mr. Anderson is owner of Tri-State Basement Systems in Berlin VT
- Steven Bliss served as editorial director and co-publisher of The Journal of Light Construction for 16 years and previously as building technology editor for Progressive Builder and Solar Age magazines. He worked in the building trades as a carpenter and design/build contractor for more than ten years and holds a masters degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Excerpts from his recent book, Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, Wiley (November 18, 2005) ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, appear throughout this website, with permission and courtesy of Wiley & Sons. Best Practices Guide is available from the publisher, J. Wiley & Sons, and also at Amazon.com.
Excerpts with updates and annotations expanding the original Best Practices Guide text can be found in the online review and book summary at BEST CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES GUIDE and also at DECK & PORCH CONSTRUCTION, at INDOOR AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT GUIDE, and in other articles found at InspectAPedia.com such as HOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS, SOUND CONTROL in buildings, and other topics.
- Mark Cramer Inspection Services Mark Cramer, Tampa Florida, Mr. Cramer is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors and is a Florida home inspector and home inspection educator. Mr. Cramer serves on the ASHI Home Inspection Standards. Contact Mark Cramer at: 727-595-4211 mark@BestTampaInspector.com
- John Cranor is an ASHI member and a home inspector (The House Whisperer) is located in Glen Allen, VA 23060. He is also a contributor to InspectApedia.com in several technical areas such as plumbing and appliances (dryer vents). Contact Mr. Cranor at 804-747-7747 or by Email: johncranor@verizon.net
Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 info@carsondunlop.com. The firm provides professional home inspection services & home inspection education & publications. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors. Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The Home Reference Book & illustrations from The Illustrated Home. Carson Dunlop Associates' provides:
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- The Home Reference Book, a reference & inspection report product for building owners & inspectors.
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- The Illustrated Home illustrates construction details and building components, a reference for owners & inspectors.
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Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
 The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
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