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Ozone O3 Exposure Standards, Chemical Effects of Air Cleaners on Indoor Ozone Concentration
- POST a QUESTION or COMMENT about exposure limits, Ozone PELS, Ozone TLVs & effects of exposure to Ozone gas
Ozone gas exposure standards & exposure limits or PELs:
This article describes allowable standards for exposure to ozone such as gases produced by ozone generators or ozone air purifiers and including the use of ozone gas generators for mold remediation.
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Ozone O3 Gas Exposure Limits & Exposure Standards
Ozone is a very strong oxidizer. As it oxidizes a substance ozone will literally destroy the substance’s molecule.[15]
Ozone is widely promoted by ozone generating equipment companies and cleaning services for use in indoor building environments to deodorize, disinfect, "kill" mold, and for "general health". Ozone generators are also promoted for use to reduce the level of airborne particles, pollen, animal dander, and allergens, ostensibly to improve indoor air quality for asthmatics and people with allergies.
While there are some important uses of ozone (such as for medical disinfection under controlled conditions), in general this is an idea which ranges from bad to dangerous in the home, and it is not recommended by the U.S. EPA nor other experts/agencies whose data we have reviewed.
General ozone exposure limits - PELs & TLVs
- O3 - NIOSH REL: C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3);
- O3 - OSHA PEL™: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3), as we reported at GAS TOXICITY LEVELS
- O3 - OSHA TLV: 0.1 ppm, American Conference of Government al Industrial Hygienists & Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA.
- O3 - U.S. EPA 0.070 ppm - source: U.S. EPA, "2015 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Ozone", [PDF], retrieved 2017/08/19, original source: https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution/2015-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs-ozone.
The U.S. chamber of commerce has objected to this standard - see U.S. Chamber of Commerce cited at OZONE REFERENCES & OZONE GENERATOR INSTRUCTIONS
Table of Ozone Gas Exposure Effects, Risk Factors, & Standards & Limits
Ozone Gas Exposure Effects, Health Risk Factors, Limits & Standards |
||
| Health Effects of Ozone | Factors that Increase Health Risks from Ozone Exposure | Ozone Exposure Standards |
| Asthma aggravation or asthma attacks due to ozone exposure | Airborne ozone concentration increase means increased exposure indoors | US FDA Ozone Exposure Generation Limits: ozone output of indoor medical devices shall be no more than 0.05 ppm. |
| Chest pain due to Ozone exposure | Longer exposure times to ozone may increase some health effects | OSHA Ozone exposure limits (apply to workplace exposure to ozone): workers shall not be exposed to an average concentration of more than 0.10 ppm for 8 hours. OSHA PEL™ for Ozone: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3) PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit |
| Loss of lung capacity or lung function due to ozone exposure | Higher rate of respiration - breathing faster - may increase the health effects of ozone exposure, such as exercising in an area of high ozone concentration, or people (such as infants and pets) who have a higher natural respiration rate. | NIOSH Ozone exposure limits: upper limit of 0.10 ppm, not to be exceeded at any time expressed by NOISH as NIOSH REL for Ozone: C 0.10 ppm (0.2 mg/m3) REL = Recommended Exposure Limit and "C" = Concentration (This is a recommendation). |
| Lung irritation / respiratory infection risk due to ozone exposure | Pre-existing conditions can increase the risk of health effects of ozone exposure such as people suffering from asthma or COPD. | U.S. EPA Air Quality Standard for Ozone: in the United States, the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (atReferences or Citations ) for ozone is a maximum 8 hour average outdoor concentration of 0.08 ppm |
| Lung infection due to ozone exposure | ||
| Shortness of breath due to ozone exposure | ||
| Throat irritation & cough | ||
Ozone TLV Threshold Limit Value Threshold concentration level for Ozone |
At this level or below, injury is not expected in an industrial setting over an 8-hour work-day exposure This "threshold" ozone gas exposure level is accepted by the American Conference of Government al Industrial Hygienists (and is called the Threshold Limit Value by that organization) and by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA. |
For ozone, that "threshold" concentration is 0.1 ppm. So long as concentrations are kept at or below that level, injury is not expected even in the most sensitive workers so long as their exposure durations coincide reasonably well with or are less than the 8 hr/day, 40 hr/wk regimen. |
Notes to the table above
The columns in this table are separate subtopics and do not cross-correlate with one another.
Sources:
- References [1] - [12] & [15]
- OZONE GAS EXPOSURE LIMITS - EPA
- OZONE HAZARDS
- Ozone gas exposure hazards are further detailed at OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS
and at OZONE GAS PROPERTIES - GAS EXPOSURE LIMITS & STANDARDS
Ozone O3 Bactericidal & Sterilization Levels & Effects
| Examples of Sterilization Effects Achieved by Ozone Processes & Exposures1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| O3 Ozone Concentration Level in liquid solution | O3 Ozone Exposure Time | Bacteria / Pathogen | % Sterilization Effect |
| 10 mg /M3 | 20 minutes | Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HbsAg) | 99.99 % |
| 8 mg /M3 | 10 minutes | Mycoplasma, Chlamydia | 99.85% |
| 0.5 ppm /L | 5 minutes | Influenza A virus | 99% |
| 4 mg /L | 3 minutes | HIV | 100% |
| 0.25 mg /L | 1 minute | Ape rotavirus SA-H & Human rotavirus type 2 | 99.6% |
| 0.13 mg /l | 30 seconds | PVI | 100% |
| 40 ug /L | 20 seconds | Salva bacteria E coli ms2 | 98% |
| 0.6 ppm | 10 minutes | S. salivarius | 98% Elford et al. (1942) [15] |
| 0.6 ppm | 240 seconds | S. epidermis | Heindel et al. (1993) 99.4% [15] |
| 0.4 ppm | pX174 (virus) | 99.9% De Mik (1977) | |
| [15] | |||
Notes to the table above
1. Original source: adapted & expanded from Trump Electronics [14] Trump Electronics produces integrated ozone & water recovery systems including clothes washing machines that make use of dissolved (in water) ozone.
2. [15] Laurence Franken, M.S., "The Application of Ozone Technology for Public Health and Industry", Nov. 2005, Food Safety & Security at Kansas State University, Kansas State University, Website: http://fss.k-state.edu, web search 10/12/12, original source: http://www.emo3.com/files/Laurence%20Franken,%20Kansas%20State%20University.pdf
Note: This paper is sponsored by EcoQuest International [Copy on file as Ozone_Applications_Franken_KSU.pdf] Excerpt:
Studies conducted by Midwest Research Institute (Huebner, 2003), using 0.05 ppm also showed reductions in five different pathogens. Reductions is Escherichia coli, Staphyloccus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, and Penicillium chrysogenum populations were between 30% and 70%, following 6 to 24 hour exposure. Reductions of Candida albicans were even greater at 90%.
Common Applications of Ozone
Please see the Ozone applications listed at CONTINUE READING just below.
Notes:
- Laurence Franken, M.S., "The Application of Ozone Technology for Public Health and Industry", Nov. 2005, Food Safety & Security at Kansas State University, Kansas State University, Website: http://fss.k-state.edu, web search 10/12/12, original source: http://www.emo3.com/files/Laurence%20Franken,%20Kansas%20State%20University.pdf [Copy on file as Ozone_Applications_Franken_KSU.pdf] - Note: This paper is sponsored by EcoQuest International
Excerpting:
Ozone has been used for many years by professional cleaning and disaster restoration companies. These professionals utilize ozone to disinfect sick houses, destroy mold, mildew, fungi, or smoke from fire damage. Research has found that ozone levels of less then 9 ppm are necessary for sick buildings or profession disinfection (Khurana, 2003). These low level ozone applications have been found to be effective at reducing populations of bacteria, fungus, and viruses.
A study by Boeniger (1995), found that ozone air cleaners are a potential health risk if used at high levels indoors. Current ozone technology manufacturers seem well aware of this health risk and have worked to improve the science to make ozone safer for use indoors. For example, a photo-hydro-ionization (PHI) cell developed by RGF Environmental Group, Inc has been designed to not exceed the recommended Federal safety limits for ozone (0.04 ppm) in an occupied room. - Ozone has been found to be an excellent disinfect and deodorizer, especially for treatment of water (Chiang et al., 2003)
See OZONE for WATER DISINFECTION - O3 Ozone Allergy Purifiers LLC - vendor of ozone generating equipment and air purifiers - http://o3ozone.com/q&a_informed/ozone_applications.htm
Caveat: OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS
How to Assess Risk of Harm or Injury from Ozone Exposure
Reader Question: I work with ozone generators - how can I see if I have injured myself
After reading this I got very nervous since I work with ozone generators a lot. How can I see if I have already caused myself too much damage to have bad long term affects? Is there a way to get tested? - Josh 11/30/11
Reply: 3 Steps to Assessing Possible Harm from Exposure to Ozone Gas O3
Josh, by no means do we advocate panic about ozone, but rather we caution about the importance of distinguishing between long and well-established valid Ozone O3 applications whose effectiveness is accepted and well documented and other O3 applications whose effectiveness is questioned or perhaps completely refuted by experts. And we note a third category of ozone issues arising from over-dosing or over-exposing environments or people. Details are
at OZONE TOXICITY.
To answer your question more specifically, that is, have you been injured by ozone exposure, a topic on which I am NOT expert, I can but suggest:
- Consult with your personal physician about your concerns and any complaints that s/he might think are O3 related; if that consult leads to a concern, your doctor will refer you to an appropriate specialist for interview, and examination. Ozone itself is highly volatile and while it has been detected in urine of people that's only for immediately-recent exposure; otherwise, the ozone itself is likely not to be detected but if there has been an injury, that may be diagnosed.
- Obtain data about your workplace (or other) exposure to O3 (ozone) including the frequency, duration, and concentration of ozone to which you were exposed, and provide that information to your physician.
- Compare exposure to the Ozone TLV: Take a look at our first table above, where you can read about the TLV or "Threshold Limit Value" for ozone exposure.
For ozone, the TLV concentration is 0.1 ppm (0.1 parts per million of ozone in air). It is reasonable to conclude that as long as the ozone concentration to which you have been exposed has been maintained at or below that level, injury is not expected as long as your exposure durations coincided reasonably well with or were less than the 8 hours per day, 40 hours per week regimen.
See OZONE TESTS for methods for testing for the level of exposure to Ozone Gas
...
Reader Comments, Questions & Answers About The Article Above
Below you will find questions and answers previously posted on this page at its page bottom reader comment box.
Reader Q&A - also see RECOMMENDED ARTICLES & FAQs
Question: we have been running our ozone air purifier at a high rate and are experiencing symptoms
We have a new air purifier with an ozone cycle option. We didn't know any better and have been using the cycle at a pretty high rate in our home and at our office for a week. Experiencing symptoms. Have we done permanent damage? - Jerry 2/9/12
Reply:
Jerry, you don't say what ozone symptoms you have been experiencing nor how we can conclude a sure relationship between ozone exposure and those complaints; but a thoughtful answer to how to decide if you've been injured by ozone exposure is in our notes to Josh found just above.
Beyond personal ozone exposure questions, remains the question of whether or not you are or have been overdosing your home with high levels of ozone sufficient to cause secondary oxidation, damage, or odor problems involving the building surfaces, materials, and furnishings. If you don't smell obnoxious odors the answer is probably not. Details about the ozone oxidation problem are
at OZONE MOLD / ODOR TREATMENT WARNINGS.
To reassess your expectations from your ozone air purifier, you might also want to
read OZONE GENERATOR EFFECTIVENESS for INDOOR AIR POLLUTION and
then take a look
at OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS.
...
Continue reading at OZONE MOLD KILL TREATMENT or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.
Or see these
Recommended Articles
- OZONE HAZARDS - home
- OZONE AIR PURIFIER WARNINGS
- OZONE EXPOSURE STANDARDS
- OZONE GAS EXPOSURE EFFECTS
- OZONE GAS PROPERTIES
- OZONE GAS EXPOSURE LIMITS - EPA
- OZONE GENERATOR EFFECTIVENESS for INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
- OZONE HAZARDS
- OZONE in HOT TUBS, SPAS, POOLS
- OZONE MOLD KILL TREATMENT
- OZONE MOLD / ODOR TREATMENT WARNINGS
- OZONE MSDS [PDF]
- OZONE REFERENCES & OZONE GENERATOR INSTRUCTIONS
- OZONE SHOCK TREATMENTS NOT RECOMMENDED
- OZONE TREATMENT TIME RECOMMENDATIONS
- OZONE TESTS
- OZONE TOXICITY
- OZONE for WATER DISINFECTION
- RELYING on OZONE to KILL MOLD
- XENON LAMP OZONE OUTPUT?
- SMELL PATCH TEST to FIND ODOR SOURCE
Suggested citation for this web page
OZONE EXPOSURE STANDARDS at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.
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Citations & References
In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.
- U.S. Clean Air Act - large PDF - epw.senate.gov/envlaws/cleanair.pdf
- "Ozone-Generating Air Cleaners and Indoor Air Chemistry" , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, original document is available at: epa.gov/appcdwww/iemb/ozone.htm
- "Ozone Generators that are Sold as Air Cleaners", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, original document is available at: epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html "EPA reviewed a wide assortment of this literature, including information provided by a leading manufacturer of ozone generating devices. In keeping with EPA's policy of insuring that the information it provides is based on sound science, only peer reviewed, scientifically supported findings and conclusions were relied upon in developing this document."
- Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) 1111 19th Street, NW, Suite 402, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 872-5955 www.aham.org provides information on air cleaners on their AHAM-certified Clean Air Delivery Rate site at www.cadr.org AHAM conducts four certification programs for each category - room air cleaners, room air conditioners, dehumidifiers and refrigerator/freezers. The air cleaner certification program is known as AC-1.
- The American Lung Association has an Air Cleaning Device fact sheet www.lungusa.org/air/air00_aircleaners.html
- [1] Ozone exposure limits: NIOSH REL: C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3); OSHA PEL: TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3)
- [2] Ozone and other contaminants discussed, New York State Department ofEnvironmental Conservation,
- [3] Indoor air, https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/air_quality/#indoor_air New York State Department of Health
- [5] Foarde, Karin K. "Development of a method for measuring single-pass bioaerosol removal efficiencies of a room air cleaner." Aerosol Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (1999): 223-234.
- Foarde, Karin K. "Methodology to perform clean air delivery rate type determinations with microbiological aerosols." Aerosol science and technology 30, no. 2 (1999): 235-245., page 235 Karin K. Foarde, Eric A. Myers, James T. Hanley, David S. Ensor, and Peter F. Roessler
- [6]Ozone is not a substitute for mold removal and its reaction with building materials, but applied by an expert may help deodorize, a cleaning article by Jim Holland - http://www.icsmag.com/CDA/ArticleInformation/features/BNP__Features__Item/0,3035,118663,00.html
- [7] Ozone as an oxidant, a few references from the Canadian Government
- Bogaty, H., Campbell K. S., and Appel, W. D. (1952). The oxidation of cellulose by ozone in small concentrations. Text. Res. J. 22: 81-83.
- Bradley, C. E., and Haagen-Smit, A. J. (1951). The application of rubber in the quantitative determination of ozone. Rubber Chem. Technol. 24: 750-755.
- Cass, G. R., Nazaroff, W. W., Tiller, C., and Whitmore, P. M. (1991). Protection of works of art from damage due to atmospheric ozone. Atmospheric Environment, 25A( 2): 441-451.
- Druzik, J. R. (1985). Ozone: The Intractable Problem. We stern Association for Art Conservation newsletter. (vol.7, no. 3)
- [8] "Health Hazards of some Gases" Jack E. Peterson, P.E., CIH, Ph.D., May, 1987
- [10] "Laundry Ozone FAQ", Water Energy Laundry Consulting, 9741 Tappenbeck, Suite 1000, Houston, TX 77055 Tel: (713) 464-2580; web search 12/17/11, original source laundryconsulting.com/solution/
benefits-of-ozone-laundry/ozone-laundry-faq/ - [11] "Ozone acting on human blood yields a hormetic dose-response relationship", Velio A Bocci, Iacopo Zanardi,& Valter Travagli, J Transl Med. 2011; 9: 66. Published online 2011 May 17. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-66 - Quoting the article abstract:
The aim of this paper is to analyze why ozone can be medically useful when it dissolves in blood or in other biological fluids. In reviewing a number of clinical studies performed in Peripheral Arterial Diseases (PAD) during the last decades, it has been possible to confirm the long-held view that the inverted U-shaped curve, typical of the hormesis concept, is suitable to represent the therapeutic activity exerted by the so-called ozonated autohemotherapy. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of human blood ozonation have been also critically reviewed in regard to the biological, therapeutic and safety of ozone. It is hoped that this gas, although toxic for the pulmonary system during prolonged inhalation, will be soon recognized as a useful agent in oxidative-stress related diseases, joining other medical gases recently thought to be of therapeutic importance. Finally, the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of ozone as well as the obtained results in PAD may encourage clinical scientists to evaluate ozone therapy in vascular diseases in comparison to the current therapies. - [12] Petras T, Siems W, Grune T. 4-Hydroxynonenal is degraded to mercapturic acid conjugate in rat kidney. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;19(5):685–688. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)00060-B
- [14] "Ozone Applied in the Washing Machine, Part II", Trump Electronics, (Shanghai office) Tel:+86-21-64120330 Fax:+86-21-64141090 M: 15901628456 Email: info@trumpxp.com, personal email to editor 10/12/2012
- [15] Laurence Franken, M.S., "The Application of Ozone Technology for Public Health and Industry", Nov. 2005, Food Safety & Security at Kansas State University, Kansas State University, Website: http://fss.k-state.edu, web search 10/12/12, original source: http://www.emo3.com/files/Laurence%20Franken,%20Kansas%20State%20University.pdf Note: This paper is sponsored by EcoQuest International [Copy on file as Ozone_Applications_Franken_KSU.pdf] Provides the following additional citations:
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- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). Foodborne outbreak surveillance system. Retrieved July 11, 2005 from http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneoutbreaks/a_z.htm
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2002). Outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with norovirus on cruise ships. MMWR, 51(49), 1112-1115.
- Chiang, C., Tasi, C., Lin, S., Huo, C., & Lo, K. V. (2003). Disinfection of hospital wastewater by continuous ozonization. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 38, 2895-2908.
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- Edwards, H. B. (n.d.). Indoor Air Quality: A Different Approach, there is both good and bad ozone
Elford, W., & Eude, J. (1942). An investigation of the merits of ozone as an aerial disinfectant. Journal of Hygiene, 42, 240-265. - Fink, R. (1998). Cleaning the air 101. Engineered Systems. 15(7), 48-51.
Fink, R. (1994, April). The science of cleaning: Ozone, nature’s oxidizer and deodorizer. Cleaning Management, ER-4. - Gudlaugsson et al. (2003). Attributed mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37, 1172-1177.
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- Vugia, D. J., Jang, Y., Zizek, C., Ely, J., Winthrop, K. L., & Desmond, E. (2005). Mycobacteria in nail salon whirlpool footbaths, California. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(4), 616-618.
- Watkins, B. D., Hengemuehle, S. M., Person, H. L., Yokoyama, M. T., & Masten, S. J. (1997). Ozonation of swine manure wastes to control odors and reduce the concentrations of pathogens and toxic fermentation metabolites. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 19(5), 425-437.
- Weber, C. J. (2004). Infectious disease: Update on bioterrorism preparedness. Urologic Nursing, 24(5), 417-419.
- Weinberg, H, S. & Glaze, W.H. (1996). An overview of ozonation disinfection by-products. In R. A. Minear & G. L. Amy (eds). Disinfection By-Products in Water Treatment: The Chemistry of Their Formation and Control, (pp165-188), Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
- Weinstein, R. (1998). Nosocomial infection update. Emerging infectious diseases, retrieved May 14, 2005 from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/.
- Wheelis, M., Casagrande, R., & Madden, L. V. (2002). Biological Attack on Agriculture: Low-Tech, High-Impact Bioterrorism. Bioscience, 52, 366-378.
- World Health Organization [WHO](1996). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. (2nd ed.). In Health Criteria and Other Supporting Information, Geneva, 2.
- Yalcin, A. N. (2003). Socioeconomic burden of nosocomial infections. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 57, 450-456.
- Zdrojewski, E. (2001). Ozone/UV water treatment: An alternative to chlorine treatment of tempering water. Milling Journal, 40-42.
- Sampling for gases in air such as VOC's, MVOC's, toxic chemicals, and combustion products.
Unfortunately no single test or tool can detect all possible building contaminants. We use methods and equipment which can test for common contaminants. If the identity of a specific contaminant is known in advance we can also test for a very large number of specific contaminant gases in buildings.
We use gas sampling equipment provided by the two most reliable companies in the world, draeger-safety.com/ST/internet/US/en/Products/Detection/Drager-Tubes/Pumps/accuro/pd_accuro.jsp Draeger-Safety's detector-tubes and Drager accuro bellows pump, the Gastec cylinder pump and detector-tube system produced by Gastec or Sensidyne, and we also use Sensidyne's Gilian air pump. For broad screening for combustibles and a number of other toxic gases and for leak tracing we also use Amprobe's Tif8850. All of these instruments, their applications, and sensitivities (minimum detectable limits) for specific gases are described in our Gas Sampling Plan online document. - [16] U.S. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM-8-285-NOXIOUS_CHEMICALS [PDF] discusses Ammonia, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Hazards caused by fire
- In addition to citations & references found in this article, see the research citations given at the end of the related articles found at our suggested
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- Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. Tel: (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 Email: info@carsondunlop.com. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
Thanks to Alan Carson and Bob Dunlop, for permission for InspectAPedia to use text excerpts from The HOME REFERENCE BOOK - the Encyclopedia of Homes and to use illustrations from The ILLUSTRATED HOME .
Carson Dunlop Associates provides extensive home inspection education and report writing material. In gratitude we provide links to tsome Carson Dunlop Associates products and services.
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