Sewage pathogens:
This septic/sewage information article provides a general discussion of the contents: contaminants, pathogens, components of typical residential septic tank sludge and scum and cites several hazards related to septic tanks and septic tank sewage contents.
We also provide links to more detailed information in articles about nitrogen contamination, how to inspect and test and clean up sewage contamination in buildings, and what to do about a septic system after it has been flooded.
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Watch out: sewage spills contain contaminants that can cause serious illness or disease. Disease causing agents in raw sewage include bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses and can cause serious illnesses including bacterial infections, Tetanus, Hepatitis A, Leptospirosis, infections by Cryptosporidium & Giardia and gastrointestinal diseases.
For a detailed list of the pathogens found in common household wastewater such as a septic tank and drainfield, see also our discussion of pathogens in sewage at SEWAGE PATHOGENS in SEPTIC SLUDGE: what makes up the contents of residential sewage? (SEWAGE & SEPTIC CONTAMINANTS)
Sewage, or "blackwater" from a typical residential building contains a variety of inorganic and organic substances contained in feces-fecal residue, urine, and food wastes. Included are digested food, skin cells from the intestinal lining, bacteria (coliform, other), other organic waste and debris which may have entered the septic system such as food waste or waste from a garbage grinder; cellulose (dissolved toilet tissue); Nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, phosphorous, sulfate, grease.
First (detailed sewage pathogen lists follow), stated simply, and according to various sources such as the Utah DEQ
"The major contaminant discharged from septic systems is disease-causing germs. These germs (bacteria and viruses) - can cause many human diseases.
Another contaminant discharged from septic systems is nitrogen in the form of nitrate. If the nitrate level of drinking water is too high, infants, up to the age of six months old, can develop a fatal disease called blue baby syndrome (methemoglobenemia).
Additionally, if toxic chemicals are disposed in a septic system, they can percolate through the drainfield and into the ground water."
Minnis (see references at the Septic Systems Home Page) cites total solids as 300-1200 mg/L, subcategorized into dissolved fixed volatile, suspended fixed volatile, and settleable. Also see SEWAGE CONTAMINATION in BUILDINGS and
SEWAGE CONTAMINANTS in FRUIT / VEGETABLES.
Jantrania & Gross (see references at the Septic Systems Home Page) list the following as characteristics of raw sewage
(The complete list is in their book)
Jantrania & Gross (see references at the Septic Systems Home Page) list the following as characteristics of septic effluent as it leaves the septic tank (where only limited treatment has occurred).
(The complete list of components of septic tank discharged effluent is in their book)
Details about the effects of key septic or wastewater constituents on soils and water and the environment are at WASTEWATER BIOCOMPATIBILITY.
To be complete, a conventional septic tank contains settled sludge solids at its bottom, a floating grease/scum layer, and a central volume of liquid effluent and dissolved solids.
Because it is difficult to chemically separate individual sewage components, septic "sludge" is measured in the amount of oxygen needed to support the consumption of the waste by microbes (bacteria and other) - biochemical oxygen demand or "BOD".
Total solids in this waste (if measured by weighing what's left if sewage has all of its water content removed) are broken down into: - total suspended solids (able to be removed from effluent by use of a 2.0u filter) - total dissolved solids (dissolved in the liquid and thus pass through the filter)
Solid residue can also be broken down into a volatile solids portion (which is consumed When a sample is ignited at 550 degC) and fixed solids portion which remains after This process.
Settleable solids, that is solids that settle out of the septic effluent, are defined as those particles which will settle out of the sewage after a specific time period.
Oil and grease in sewage will, in a septic tank and given enough time, will rise to the top of the tank and join the floating scum layer there. In residential sewage the oil and grease will be primarily from animal or vegetable fats.
Methane Gas Hazards in septic tanks:
Finally, not really a direct component of septic sludge or floating scum are the gases, including combustible methane gas, produced by decaying organic matter including sewage.
Readers have sent us reports of fires, explosions, and even deaths associated with accidental igniting of methane gas over a septic tank or asphyxiation caused by entering or falling into a septic tank.
See METHANE & SEWER GAS HAZARDS and other septic system gas explosion or asphyxiation hazards such as hydrogen sulfide. Also see SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY where we describe septic methane gas asphyxiation and explosion hazards.
From earlier in this article we have these typical nitrogen levels in a residentials septic tank
Wastewater treated by a properly functioning OSS generally contains significant amounts of nitrate. After leaving a properly functioning drainfield, nitrified effluent flows through soil.
What happens to nitrates in soil is highly variable. It may be used by plants, flow to ground or surface water, or be consumed by bacteria.
The amount of nitrate removed after leaving the drainfield varies between 0 and 90% depending on site conditions. - Washington State DOH, Nitrogen Removal Fact Sheet
and
In untreated wastewater entering the septic tank, nitrogen is mainly in the form of organic nitrogen compounds, primarily urea. Urea is readily converted to ammonium in the septic tank and the nitrogen content of wastewater exiting the tank, referred to as septic tank effluent, is typically about 85 percent ammonium and 15 percent organic nitrogen.
The concentration of total nitrogen in septic tank effluent is quite variable, ranging from 20 to 200 mg/l.
The median value is roughly 50 to 60 mg/l. After the wastewater exits the septic tank and flows to the unsaturated soil of the drainfield, further transformations occur. The remaining organic nitrogen is converted to ammonium (ammonification).
Most of the ammonium is converted first to nitrite and then to nitrate (nitrification). In sufficiently alkaline soils some of the ammonium may be converted to ammonia and lost to the atmosphere as ammonia gas. Some ammonium may attach to soil particles and be consumed by soil microbes.
Under certain conditions, such as the presence of saturated, anaerobic, organic-rich soil below the unsaturated zone, natural denitrification may take place. However, in the vast majority of conven- tional septic systems this combination of conditions is not present. As a result, denitrification does not take place to any significant extent and the final nitrogen product is mostly nitrate. - NESC Pipelines (2012)
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