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High levels of of Carbon Dioxide Gas Exposure
Health Effects of Exposure to CO2
- POST a QUESTION or COMMENT about the health effects of exposure to high levels of carbon dioxide
Health effects of high-level CO2 exposure:
This document discusses the health effects of exposure to elevated levels of carbon dioxide gas (CO2). We give references and explanation regarding Toxicity of Carbon Dioxide, based on literature search and search on Compuserve's Safety Forum by Dan Friedman.
This is background information, obtained from expert sources. This text may assist readers in understanding these topics. However it should by no means be considered complete nor authoritative. Seek prompt advice from your doctor or health/safety experts if you have any reason to be concerned about exposure to toxic gases.
InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.
- Daniel Friedman, Publisher/Editor/Author - See WHO ARE WE?
What are the HEALTH EFFECTS of CO2 Exposure?
Potential Health Hazards of Toxic Gas Exposure
Hazard evaluation consists of comparing measurements of exposure (or dose) with exposures (doses) known to be safe or known to be hazardous. For the most part, because of biological variation, "no effect" levels are much easier to estimate than are "first effect" or other levels indicative of injury.
IF YOU SUSPECT ANY BUILDING GAS-RELATED POISONING GO INTO FRESH AIR IMMEDIATELY and get others out of the building, then call your fire department or emergency services for help.
Toxic levels of carbon dioxide: According to occupational exposure and controlled atmosphere research into CO2 toxicology, CO2 is hazardous via direct toxicity at levels above 5%, concentrations not encountered in nature [except perhaps at or near an active volcano or at water-logged soils].
At these high levels there is risk of death from carbon dioxide poisoning. At lower levels there may health effects and there certainly are complaints of exposure at lower levels.
In the preceding section of this article, at CO2 POISONING SYMPTOMS we discussed symptoms of carbon dioxide exposure. On specific individuals, the effects of exposure to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) vary by individual and with exposure level, and exposure duration, ranging from drowsiness (perhaps at levels over 1000 ppm continuous exposure) to the toxic effects listed just above.
How might CO2 accumulate at a dangerous level in a residential property?
Carbon dioxide, CO2, from a small leak is unlikely to be dangerous, as it can be expected to be diluted with fresh air mixing in a building. But there can be exceptions in which carbon dioxide may accumulate and reach higher, even dangerous concentrations indoors.
- Flue gas spillage: in an enclosed gas-fired boiler room with a deficient chimney draft can produce high levels of
CO2.
In a case in which there is sufficient combustion air, say from a direct air duct to the gas burner, the system may not
be producing more dangerous carbon monoxide (CO),
but the heating system may nonetheless spilling flue gases with a high level of CO2 into the room from a defective chimney.
Since CO2 being more dense than air it may accumulate in an enclosed basement, crawl space, or boiler room. Alternatively, because the CO2 in this case is a heating system exhaust, it may be warmer than surrounding air and it may rise upwards in the building into the living space.
For this reason when we measure for the presence of flue gases, even if the gas is one which is "supposed to be" heavier than air, we may measure both high and low in the test area. - Soil sources of high carbon dioxide in buildings: NIOSH reports on an investigation of complaints by homeowners of blurred vision,
breathlessness, and "episodic mild confusion" caused by exposure to from elevated carbon dioxide levels in a finished basement and an adjacent crawlspace.
West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection detected carbon dioxide levels up to 9.5 percent in the basement and CO2levels up to 11 percent in the crawlspace grave, with 12 percent in the basement floor drain (suggesting a soil source of CO2 in a home in West Virginia home, according to a NIOSH report. CO2 levels in the soil surrounding the home were measured at levels up to 8 percent.
The probable source of the high CO2 levels in the soils under and around this home were probably due to [coal] mining activities.
Are the effects of breathing CO2 permanent?
Any detrimental effects of low-level CO2 exposure are reversible, including the long-term metabolic compensation required by chronic exposure to 3% CO2. -- "A Review of Human Health and Ecological Risks due to CO2 Exposure," American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting 2001, abstract #H31C-13, Hepple, R. P.; Benson, S. M., 05/2001.
Ongoing Research on the Effects of Increased CO2 Exposure
Discussion with Esther Cook, a scientist researching the effects of low-level CO2 exposure. [Edited by Daniel Friedman].
I am a scientist interested in the effects of increased CO2 . We know that plants grow more luxuriantly, and that this must ultimately support more animal life. I have done a PubMed and Academic search and can find almost no studies. I did find a claim that burrowing rodents typically have 1 to 4% carbon dioxide in their burrows. I also found research on 7% carbon dioxide on the retinas of baby mice--because this level is deliberately used on human beings--preemie babies to help their lungs develop faster. I am in communication with the Idsos, who are plant experts and CO2 researchers. They can't find much either. So far I have found:
- Taylor, Lewis G. and G. Oscar Kreutziger, The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability, 1968 (printout does not include the Journal)
- Holloway and Heath, 1984 Ventilatory Changes in the Golden Hamster..., Laboratory Rat...., Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 77A, No 2, pp. 267-273
- Bruggeman et al. 2007 Acid-base balance in chicken embryois...incubated under high CO2 concentrations... Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 159:147-154
- De Smit et al, 2006 Emryonic developmental plasticity of the chick: Increased CO2 ... Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 145: 166-175
- Bar-Ilan, Amir and Jacob Marder, Adaptations to Hypercapnic conditions in the Nutria..., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol 75A, No 4, pp 603-608, 1983
There are hundreds of plant studies, and greenhouses and aquariums routinely enrich with CO2 to enhance growth. But what about ourselves? Might it be the case that the results of [some] CO2 studies are politically incorrect, and that the science is has been suppressed.
There is an optimum CO2 concentration somewhere; it is higher than today's, and the individual human's life is being shortened by the panic on the subject. Of course, there is indeed such a thing as "too much of a good thing," and there are some examples of people who died when too much CO2 was produced in enclosed spaces.
It would be worth while to find out what the optimum CO2 level for humans and other animals actually is. Paleontological records show that about half the time since the Cambrian was spent at a very steady 10 degrees C above current averages.
This would be exactly room temperature, and I do not think that is an accident. Recent posts revealed why the Earth's temperatures would not rise above that point--increasing evaporation from the oceans would prevent any higher temperature, but we would get the conditions described in Genesis about Eden: a mist would water the ground.
Carbon Dioxide Exposure Standards & Effects
Table of Health Effects & Hazards of Carbon dioxide Gas at Various Concentrations & Exposure Durations |
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CO2 Concentration in Air |
Duration of Exposure |
Health Effects or Hazards of Breathing CO2 gas at this level [12] |
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Typical Outdoor Levels of Carbon Dioxide, CO2 levels in outdoor air |
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0.030 - 0.050% CO2 |
Typical outdoor air CO2 levels | None Typical outdoor CO2 levels range from 300-500 ppm |
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Levels At or Below Which People Are Not Likely to Be Aware of the CO2 Concentration |
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0.060% CO2 |
None, indoor CO2 levels of an occupied office space may be in this range, [OPINION: check fresh air intake at higher levels] One source[4] sets 600 ppm as an acceptable level of CO2 |
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| 700 ppm | According to ASHRAE indoor CO2 concentrations of about 700 ppm above outdoor CO2 levels in air (that is indoor CO2 over about 1050 ppm) indicate an outdoor air ventilation rate of about 7.5 L/s/person (15 cfm/person) presuming activity levels found in a typical office. At this rate 80% of unadapted people (visitors) won't complain of odors from human bioeffluents. Quoting: According to ASHRAE indoor CO2 concentrations of about 700 ppm above outdoor CO2 levels in air (that is indoor CO2 over about 1050 ppm) indicate an outdoor air ventilation rate of about 7.5 L/s/person (15 cfm/person) presuming activity levels found in a typical office. At this rate 80% of unadapted people (visitors) won't complain of odors from human bioeffluents. |
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| 0.06 - 0.10% CO2 = 600 - 1000 ppm |
Complaints of stiffness "and odors" per one resource[4] which seems odd since CO2 is odorless. |
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| 0.10% CO2 = 1000 ppm of CO2 |
OSHA standard. This is not an ASHRAE standard but is an ASHRAE guideline for comfort acceptability, not a ceiling value for air quality.[5] |
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0.10% - 0.12% CO2 1,000-1,200 ppm CO2 |
Hermann (2002) comments that "... 1000 ppm of CO2 [when considered alone] has no real bearing on the building ventilation rate...." He offers a table relating the CO2 level difference between indoor and outdoor air to the building ventilation rate per person.
|
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| 0.10% - 0.25% CO2 = 1000-2500 ppm CO2 |
One source[4] reports complaints of general drowsiness at 1000-2500 ppm of CO2 | |||||||||||||||
| 0.5 % CO2 = 5000 ppm CO2 |
5,000 ppm CO2 is the OSHA's maximum 8-hour work period concentration allowed. This level is commonly used by workers' compensation boards in some U.S. jurisdictions. | |||||||||||||||
Effects of Higher Levels of CO2 |
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Less than 2% CO2
|
Short-term exposure to CO2 at levels below 2% (20,000 parts per million or ppm) has not been reported to cause harmful effects.
Occupants do not generally express awareness nor symptoms related to the CO2 level. |
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CO2 Levels at or Above Which Complaints are Likely |
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| 2-3% CO2 = 20,000 - 30,000 ppm |
Occupants become aware of poor indoor air quality, may cause a feeling of heaviness in the chest and/or more frequent and deeper respirations. | |||||||||||||||
Very High CO2 Levels at or Above Which Adverse Health Effects Begin |
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| 2-3% = 20,000 - 30,000 ppm |
"several hours" | Minimal "acidosis" (an acid condition of the blood) may occur but more frequently is absent. | ||||||||||||||
| 3% = 30,000 ppm |
Breathing rate increases to 2x normal | |||||||||||||||
| 3% |
15 hrs/day, 6 days | Decreased night vision and colour sensitivity; | ||||||||||||||
| 3.3 % to 5.4% |
15 minutes | Increased depth of breathing | ||||||||||||||
Below 5% |
Indoor air quality complaints or effects may be due to reduced oxygen level rather than CO2 toxicity | |||||||||||||||
CO2 Levels or Concentrations Posing Serious Health Risks |
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5% |
Breathing rate increases to 4 x normal. Headaches, some impairment. |
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| Over 5% | CO2 levels over 5% or 50,000 ppm are directly toxic | |||||||||||||||
| 7.5% |
15 minutes | At 7.5%, a feeling of an inability to breathe (dyspnea), increased pulse rate, headache, dizziness, sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and visual distortion developed. | ||||||||||||||
| 6% | "several" minutes | affects the heart, altered electrocardiograms. | ||||||||||||||
| 6.5% - 7.5% | 20 minutes | Twenty-minute exposures to 6.5 or 7.5% decreased mental performance. | ||||||||||||||
| 6.5% - 7.5% | 70 minutes | Irritability and discomfort were reported with exposure to 6.5% for approximately 70 minutes. | ||||||||||||||
| 10% | 1 1/2 minutes | Eye flickering, excitation and increased muscle activity and twitching. | ||||||||||||||
| Over 10% | Difficulty in breathing, impaired hearing, nausea, vomiting, a strangling sensation, sweating, stupor within several minutes and loss of consciousness within 15 minutes. | |||||||||||||||
| 19.5% | Standard Australian 1st alarm level | |||||||||||||||
| Over 20% | 1 minute or less | Several deaths have been attributed to exposure to concentrations greater than 20%. | ||||||||||||||
| 30% | 20-30 seconds | Affects the heart, altered electrocardiograms. | ||||||||||||||
| 30% | Exposure to 30% has quickly resulted in unconsciousness and convulsions. | |||||||||||||||
| "Very high" | Damage to the retina, sensitivity to light (photophobia), abnormal eye movements, constriction of visual fields, and enlargement of blind spots. | |||||||||||||||
Notes to the Table: 1. Adapted & expanded from Health Effects of Carbon Dioxide Gas", CCOHS [12] 2. Effects of CO2 can become more pronounced upon physical exertion, such as heavy work. 3. Higher CO2 concentrations can affect respiratory function and cause excitation followed by depression of the central nervous system. High concentrations of CO2 can displace oxygen in the air, resulting in lower oxygen concentrations for breathing. Therefore, effects of oxygen deficiency may be combined with effects of CO2 toxicity. 4. Engineering Toolbox, retrieved 26 Nov 14 original source http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/co2-comfort-level-d_1024.html 5. Contrary to some sources, this 1,000 ppm CO2 value is not contained in the latest ANSI/ASHRAE 62-1999 standard. See Petty (un-dated) atReferences or Citations |
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Question:
(re co, CO2 , + nox emissions from condensing gas boiler flues) - i require confirmation or indication how to confirm; that regular facial reddening is assoociated with CO2 (+/or other?) in flue gas exposure from adjacent dwellings, re two - likely - non compliant flues (front and back of a party wall).
1, At times, reddening can resemble mild scorch marks - could this be precurser to skin cancer?
2, Also, what are potential other ill effects re this type of exposure?
3, Re current ill effects; how is a link confirmed/proved? - valerie.bebbington@gmail.com 2/14/2012
Reply:
Valerie, in addition to the technical notes above about the health effects of chronic or acute exposure to high levels of carbon dioxide, please also see CO2 POISONING SYMPTOMS
Question/Comment: CO2 Recommended TLV - TWA & TLV-STEL data
James Miller, USN Submarines Ret said:
you should add an ACGIH link and this data to your table
I remain relatively normal after many years at sea breathing the CO2 enriched air.
Reply:
Thanks Mr. Miller. Over at CO2 EXPOSURE LIMITS we include the published recommended CO2 exposure limits and data and also the document that you cited is both there and here among the reference citations. Summarizing, the ACGIH recommended limits for Carbon Dioxide are:
- CO2 TLV-TWA, 5,000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)
- CO2 TLV-STEL, 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3)
The NIOSH and ACGIH articles point out that in studies of CO2 exposure, there are narcotic effects at high CO2 exposures, stimulated (accelerated breathing) at 50,000 ppm, and also that ...
Submarine personnel exposed continuously at 30,000 ppm were only slightrly affecterd, provided the oxygen content of the air was maintained at normal concentrations (minimum content 18% by cvolume); when the oxygen content was reduced to 15%-17% [note that that's as little as a 5.5% change in oxygen level] the crew complained of ill effects. The gas is weakly narcotic at 30,000 ppm, giving rise to reduced acutiy of hearing and increasing blood pressure and pulse. Above this concentration, subjective symptoms occur. Signs of intoxication were produced by a 3o-minute exposure at 50,000 ppm. Exposure at 7-10% produces unconsciousness within a few minutes. Flury and Zernik quote Lehman-Hess as stating that exposure at 5500 pm of carbon dioxide for 6 hours caused no noticeable symptoms. [1]
...
Continue reading at CO2 POISONING SYMPTOMS or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.
Or see these
Carbon Dioxide Articles
- AIR QUALITY on COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT
- CARBON DIOXIDE - CO2
- CARBON MONOXIDE - CO - a different gas
- CONCENTRATIONS of GASES in AIR
- FRESH AIR VENTILATION RATES & STANDARDS
- GAS DETECTION INSTRUMENTS
- GAS EXPOSURE EFFECTS, TOXIC
- INDOOR AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT GUIDE
Suggested citation for this web page
CO2 HEALTH EFFECTS at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.
Or see this
INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES: ARTICLE INDEX to GAS HAZARDS in BUILDINGS
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Citations & References
In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.
- ASTM Standard D6245
- ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality", available at http://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/products/1865968, Copies of the standard, the latest addenda, and other publications may be purchased on-line at our website, www.ashrae.org or by calling 1-800-527- 4723 in the USA and Canada or 1-404-636-8400 worldwide.
- ASHRAE Technical FAQ #34, "What is the allowable level of carbon monoxide in an occupied space?", ASHRAE.org, TC-04-03-FAQ-34-1.pdf - retrieved 11/25/2015
- ASHRAE Technical FAQ #35, "What is the allowable level of carbon dioxide in an occupied space?", ASHRAE.org, TC-04-03-FAQ-35.pdf - retrieved 11/25/2015
- Chen, Tze-Ming, Janaki Gokhale, Scott Shofer, and Ware G. Kuschner. "Outdoor air pollution: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide health effects." The American journal of the medical sciences 333, no. 4 (2007): 249-256.
- Petty, Stephen, P.E., C.I.H., "Summary of ASHRAE's Position on Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Levels in Spaces", Energy & Environmental Solutions, Inc., (un-dated) retrieved 26 Nov 2014, original source: www.eesinc.cc/downloads/CO2positionpaper.pdf
- Taylor, Lewis G. and G. Oscar Kreutziger, The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability, 1968 (printout does not include the Journal)
- Herrmann, Donald C., "Understanding CO2 and ASHRAE 62 [now obs?], A Technical Note", Energy Engineering, Vol. 99, No. 1, 2002, retrieved 25 Nov 14, original source: http://www.advantekinc.com/downloads/technical-papers/CO2andVentilation.pdf
- Holloway and Heath, 1984 Ventilatory Changes in the Golden Hamster..., Laboratory Rat...., Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 77A, No 2, pp. 267-273
- Bruggeman et al. 2007 Acid-base balance in chicken embryois...incubated under high CO2 concentrations... Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 159:147-154
- De Smit et al, 2006 Emryonic developmental plasticity of the chick: Increased CO2 ... Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 145: 166-175
- Bar-Ilan, Amir and Jacob Marder, Adaptations to Hypercapnic conditions in the Nutria..., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol 75A, No 4, pp 603-608, 1983
- "Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Levels", - retrieved 25 Nov 14, original source https://ohs.uvic.ca/occupational_health/iaq_levels.pdf, Excerpting: WCB Exposure Limit: 5000 ppm (TWA) ASHRAE : levels below 1000 ppm indicate that there is adequate air circulation for indoor environments .
- Carbon Dioxide, CAS Number: 124-38-9, TLV-TWA, 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), TLV-STEL, 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3), from ACGIH and recommended by reader James Miller, USN Submarines, Ret. 3/20/2013. Copy on file as ACGIH recommendations for CO2 .pdf
- Dr. Roy Jensen, Department of Chemistry, Grant MacEwan College, Edmonton, AB for technical review and critique 8/23/07. Dr. Jensen notes that if we increase the CO2 level in air in an enclosed space from its normal level of about 0.03% (we counted it as starting at 0) to a level of 1.4%, we obtain a corresponding decrease in the oxygen level from its normal level (at sea level) of about 20.9% down to 19.5%, for a 6.7% reduction in the amount of oxygen available. The amount of oxygen lost is 6.7 % (1.4/20.9 * 100 %). Our earlier version of this document was incorrect in this calculation.
- Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant:
Examining the Risks, US EPA, EPA 430-R-00-002, February 2000, web search 08/28/2010 original source: http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/00000NTO.PDF
[This paper includes a review of accidents or deaths involving Carbon Dioxide as a fire extinguishing agent and reports on deaths by asphyxiation by CO2 .]
This paper provides information on the use and effectiveness of carbon dioxide in fire protection systems and describes incidents involving inadvertent exposure of personnel to the gas. Because carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems will likely be used in place of those based on halon in some applications, this paper attempts to provide an increased awareness of the potential dangers associated with the use of carbon dioxide. EPA recognizes the environmental benefits of using carbon dioxide, but is concerned that personnel accustomed to the use of halon fire suppression systems may not be properly alerted to the special hazards of carbon dioxide. Governmental, military, civilian, and industrial sources were researched to obtain information on deaths and injuries associated with the use of carbon dioxide as a fire extinguishing agent. An examination of the risks associated with carbon dioxide extinguishing systems is also presented. - Thanks to scientist & CO2 exposure research scientist Esther Cook for sharing technical references (below) and discussing the effects of carbon dioxide increases in the environment - beginning August 2010. Ms. Cook's contact information: Esther Cook "Lady Life Grows" photinacook@yahoo.com.
- Taylor, Lewis G. and G. Oscar Kreutziger, The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability, 1968 (printout does not include the Journal)
- Holloway and Heath, 1984 Ventilatory Changes in the Golden Hamster..., Laboratory Rat...., Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 77A, No 2, pp. 267-273
- Bruggeman et al. 2007 Acid-base balance in chicken embryois...incubated under high CO2 concentrations... Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 159:147-154
- De Smit et al, 2006 Emryonic developmental plasticity of the chick: Increased CO2 ... Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 145: 166-175
- Bar-Ilan, Amir and Jacob Marder, Adaptations to Hypercapnic conditions in the Nutria..., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol 75A, No 4, pp 603-608, 1983
- Air Pollution Toxicology: APTI Course SI:300, Introduction to Air Pollution Toxicology, US EPA Air Pollution Training Institute, Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, Sept. 1993, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://yosemite.epa.gov/
- CCSP, 2008: Analyses of the effects of global change on human health and welfare and human systems. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. [Gamble, J.L. (ed.), K.L. Ebi, F.G. Sussman, T.J. Wilbanks, (Authors)]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA. Web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://nepis.epa.gov/
- Health Effects of Carbon Dioxide - see "National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hazardous Substances; Proposed AEGL Values, Federal Register Document", http://www.epa.gov/EPA-TOX/2002/February/Day-15/t3774.htm note that these are proposed guidelines
- Carbon Dioxide CO2 : Geologic Sequestration Health Effects: "Vulnerability Evaluation Framework
for Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide", US EPA, EPA430-R-08-009, July 2008, web search August 2010,original source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads/VEF-Technical_Document_072408.pdf - Carbon Dioxide CO2: Geologic Sequestration, U.S EPA, web search 08/28/2010, original source:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/CO2 _gs_tech.html - GTSP, 2006: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Geologic Storage: A Core Element of a A Global
Energy Technology Strategy to Address Climate Change (PDF, 37 pp., 6.05 MB, About PDF).
April 2006, JJ Dooley et al. Global Energy Technology Strategy Program (GSTP) - IPCC, 2005: Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Special Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Metz, Bert, Davidson, Ogunlade,
de Coninck, Heleen, Loos, Manuela, and Meyer, Leo (Eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, The
Edinburgh Building Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 2RU England - Greenhouse Gas Overview: Carbon Dioxide: U.S. EPA, web search 08/28/2010, original source:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/CO2 .html - TABLE Z-1 LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS, 1910.1000 TABLE Z-1 [PDF] OSHA standard for air contaminant limits (http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9992) - includes for CO2 , Carbon dioxide.........| CAS No. 124-38-9 | 5000 ppm | 9000 mg/m3 limits for carbon dioxide as an air contaminant.
- In addition to citations & references found in this article, see the research citations given at the end of the related articles found at our suggested
CONTINUE READING or RECOMMENDED ARTICLES.
- Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. Tel: (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 Email: info@carsondunlop.com. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
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