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Electrical Receptacle Box Fire Separation
Offset required for receptacle boxes in the same stud bay
POST a QUESTION or COMMENT about how to install and wire electrical outlets or receptacles in buildings.
Is it permissible to install an indoor-facing and outdoor facing pair of receptacle boxes in the same wall stud bay?
What offset spacing is required between two such electrical boxes in the same framing cavity, and why?
This article series describes how to choose, locate, and wire an electrical receptacle in a home. Electrical receptacles (also called electrical outlets or "plugs" or "sockets") are simple devices that are easy to install, but there are details to get right if you want to be safe.
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Electrical Outlet Box Fire Separation Between Inside Wall & Exterior Wall Receptacles
An electrical outlet must be properly located on the wall, according to local electrical codes and the National Electrical Code.
Examples of proper electrical outlet locations are shown in our page top sketch courtesy of Carson Dunlop Associates, a Toronto home inspection, eductation, and report writing tool firm.
But what happens when the electrician wants to install an electrical receptacle on both the interior wall (facing the occupied space) and on the exterior wall (facing outside) from within the same stud bay?
Watch out: do not install a pair of interior and exterior electrical receptacle boxes in the same stud bay back-to back. The result of such an installation can violate the fire resistance of the wall. Instead, as you will read below, the boxes need to be offset from one another.
A typical receptacle box offset amount is equal to the thickness of the stud bay, such as 3 1/2" or 5 1/2", but greater offsets are required in fire-rated walls, ceilings, and floors.
Often, for convenience the outdoor electrical receptacle will simply be extended off of an existing circuit of indoor receptacles, but even if the two receptacles and their boxes are on different circuits, they still should not go back-to-back in the same wall cavity.
Question: can there be an indoor (into kitchen) and outdoor outlet in the same bay?
2017/09/01 Sharon said:
In new construction, can there be an indoor (into kitchen) and outdoor outlet (on back porch) in the same bay?
Reply: 3 1/2" or 5 1/2" separation requirements for indoor & outdoor receptacles in the same stud bay
Sharon,
You ask an important fire safety question that I would phrase as "What is the required offset or separation between an inside electrical receptacle box and an outdoor receptacle box mounted in the same wall cavity".
The concern is that if the boxes were mounted back-to-back the fire-rating of the wall would be compromised.
Typically in an insulated wall we want to see the electrical receptacle boxes offset from one another by a distance equal to no less than the depth of the wall cavity.
Example: in a 2x4 framed stud wall the boxes would be offset from one another horizontally (assuming they're along the same horizontal line) by no less than 3 1/2" (that's the actual depth of a 2x4).
If the wall were framed with 2x6 studs then you'd want a minimum of 5 1/2" horizontal separation between the indoor and outdoor receptacle boxes in the same stud bay.
In new construction when the wall is still opened and not yet insulated there are two easy solutions to receptacle box separation.
In a wall framed with studs 16" o.c. we have 15 1/2" between the facing sides of a pair of studs in the same stud bay. Using 4" boxes or smaller (in box width) we'd have about 7"
of separation (15 1/2 - 8") if we simply fastened the indoor electrical box and outdoor electrical box to opposite stud faces.
In 24" o.c. spaced 2x6 wall framing we'd have even more separation.
In a wall framed with either 2x4 or 2x6 studs, the electrician might simply fasten the indoor and outdoor electrical boxes on opposing sides of the same stud, one box facing the building interior, the other facing the building exterior.
You can see this installation in the UL document we provide below describing use of special fire-rated electrical boxes.
More Separation Required Between Electrical Boxes in Fire Rated Ceiling & Wall Assemblies
In more-stringent fire-rated wall construction such as walls separating rooms in a hotel or motel, that fire separation distance between electrial boxes on two sides of the wall may need to be as much as 24" as you'll see in this excerpt from the IBC model code:
IBC 711.3.2:
1. Steel boxes that do not exceed 16 square inches (4” x 4”) may be installed provided the total area of openings does not exceed 100 square inches for any 100 square feet of wall area.
2. Boxes on opposite sides of a wall shall be separated as follows:
a. By a horizontal distance of not less than 24”.
b. By a horizontal distance not less than the depth of the wall cavity where the wall cavity is filled with cellulose loose-fill or mineral fiber
insulation. (Not standard fiberglass insulation)
c. By solid fire-blocking complying with section 716.2.1. (Not practical for back to back boxes)
d. By other listed materials and methods. (This would include fire stop pads inside boxes or outside that covered all 5 exposed sides)
3. Listed box assemblies that have been tested for use in fire rated assemblies can be used in accordance with their listing and instructions.
Watch out: in fire-rated wall construction where metal stud framing is used fire-resistant putty may be required to seal wiring openings, depending on the electrical box size and circuit. See the 3M Fire Barrier Putty document given below.
References for indoor/outdoor receptacle box separation in walls & in fire-rated walls, ceilings, floors, or fire rated assemblies
International Building Code IBC 711.3.2
3M FIRE BARRIER PROTECTING METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC ELECTRICAL BOXES, [PDF], 3M Corporation, and Fire Retardants Inc.™, 123 Columbia Court North, Suite 201, Chaska MN 55318 USA, Tel: 952-448-7377, retrieved 2017/09/01, original source: http://www.fireretardantsinc.com/putty/pdf/3m_putty_pads.pdf
Excerpt: This information brochure highlights requirements for UL listed, fire-rated electrical boxes located in some UL
U300 and U400 fire-rated wall and partition designs. The information contained herein is intended to help in
understanding codes (UBC, SBCCI, BOCA and NEC) and when to use 3MTM Fire Barrier Moldable Putty+ Pads
per Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.® “Wall Openings Protective Material” (CLIV) listing.
Gaylor, "BOXES in FIREWALLS, What are the Requirements for installing electrical boxes in rated walls"? [PDF], Gaylor Inc., 11711 North College Avenue, Suite 150, Carmel, Indiana 46032, P.O. Box 3757, Carmel, Indiana 46082 USA, Tel: 317-843-0577 Website: www.gaylor.com , retrieved 2017/09/01, original source: https://www.gaylor.com/what_we_do/ knowledge/7/ what_are_the_requirements_for_installing_electrical_boxes_in_fire_rated_walls.pdf
UL, "OUTLET BOXES for USE in FIRE RATED ASSEMBLIES", [PDF] Underwriters Laboratories, provided by UL from "Electrical Connection" (newsletter), April 2007 with the warning that this material may not reflect electrical code changes since its original publication. 2017/09/01, original source: www.ul.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ul_outletboxes.pdf
U.S. National Electrical Code, NEC 300.21 Electrical Penetrations Through Fire Rated Walls, Partitions, Floors, Ceilings
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In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.
Timothy Hemm has provided photographs of various electrical defects used at the InspectAPedia TM Website. Mr. Hemm is a professional electrical inspector in Yucala, CA.
Mark Cramer Inspection Services Mark Cramer, Tampa Florida, Mr. Cramer is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors and is a Florida home inspector and home inspection educator. Mr. Cramer serves on the ASHI Home Inspection Standards. Contact Mark Cramer at: 727-595-4211 mark@BestTampaInspector.com
John Cranor [Website: /www.house-whisperer.com ] is an ASHI member and a home inspector (The House Whisperer) is located in Glen Allen, VA 23060. He is also a contributor to InspectApedia.com in several technical areas such as plumbing and appliances (dryer vents). Contact Mr. Cranor at 804-873-8534 or by Email: johncranor@verizon.net
[3] NFPA - the National Fire Protection Association can be found online at www.nfpa.org
[4] The NEC National Electrical Code (ISBN 978-0877657903) - NFPA might provide Online Access but you'll need to sign in as a professional or as a visitor)
US NEC Free Access: See up.codes at this link: https://up.codes/code/nfpa-70-national-electrical-code-2020
[5] Special thanks to our reader Steve who pointed out prior errors in our illustrations.
[6] Simpson Strong-Tie, "Code Compliant Repair and Protection Guide for the Installation of Utilities in Wood Frame Construction", web search 5/21/12, original source strongtie.com/ftp/fliers/F-REPRPROTECT09.pdf, [copy on file as /Structures/Framing/Simpson_Framing_Protectors.pdf ]. "The information in this guide is a summary of requirements
from the 2003, 2006 and 2009 International Residential Code
(IRC), International Building Code (IBC), International Plumbing
Code (IPC), International Mechanical Code (IMC), 2006 Uniform
Plumbing Code (UPC) and the 2005 National Electrical Code."
"Electrical System Inspection Basics," Richard C. Wolcott, ASHI 8th Annual Education Conference, Boston 1985.
"Simplified Electrical Wiring," Sears, Roebuck and Co., 15705 (F5428) Rev. 4-77 1977 [Lots of sketches of older-type service panels.]
"How to plan and install electric wiring for homes, farms, garages, shops," Montgomery Ward Co., 83-850.
"Simplified Electrical Wiring," Sears, Roebuck and Co., 15705 (F5428) Rev. 4-77 1977 [Lots of sketches of older-type service panels.]
"Home Wiring Inspection," Roswell W. Ard, Rodale's New Shelter, July/August, 1985 p. 35-40.
"Evaluating Wiring in Older Minnesota Homes," Agricultural Extension Service, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
"Electrical Systems," A Training Manual for Home Inspectors, Alfred L. Alk, American Society of Home Inspectors (ASHI), 1987, available from ASHI. [DF NOTE: I do NOT recommend this obsolete publication, though it was cited in the original Journal article as it contains unsafe inaccuracies]
"Basic Housing Inspection," US DHEW, S352.75 U48, p.144, out of print, but is available in most state libraries.
In addition to citations & references found in this article, see the research citations given at the end of the related articles found at our suggested
Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd., 120 Carlton Street Suite 407, Toronto ON M5A 4K2. Tel: (416) 964-9415 1-800-268-7070 Email: info@carsondunlop.com. Alan Carson is a past president of ASHI, the American Society of Home Inspectors.
Carson Dunlop Associates provides extensive home inspection education and report writing material. In gratitude we provide links to tsome Carson Dunlop Associates products and services.