Interior wood stains, finishes coatings guide:

This article explains how to choose and apply different types of stains or coatings on building interior surfaces: trim, doors, floors, etc. This article series discusses and provides a best construction practices guide to the selection and installation of building interior surface materials, carpeting, doors, drywall, trim, flooring, lighting, plaster, materials, finishes, and sound control materials.

Best Practices Guide to Choosing & Using Interior Stains & Finishes

Our page top photo shows mahogany trim installed indoors. We (D Friedman) treated all sides of this custom-cut and planed interior trim using raw linseed oil. As described in the book, Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction (Steve Bliss, J Wiley & Sons) Chapter 5, Interior Finish:

With laminated doors, look for products in compliance with the WDMA Standard I.S.1-87. Under this standard, door samples must withstand multiple wetting and drying cycles without significant delamination. Products in compliance typically carry a one- to five-year warranty against delamination. Most warranties also cover any warping and twisting in excess of 1/4 inch across the length or width of the door but require that the door be sealed on all six edges. Oversized doors may have more limited protection against warping.

Finishing stain-grade trim is equal parts art and science. There are a wide range of products and application techniques. With all finishes, careful prep work and control of dust on the job site are critical for a professional quality finish.

Sanding and Prep Work Before Applying Interior Finishes

Starting with coarse grits and working to finer grits, sand all cabinets, doors, and other woodwork to remove any milling marks or chatter, scratches, dirt, or other imperfections. Highly visible surfaces like cabinets and doors should be taken down to a 180 or 220 grit. Use a dusting brush to clean off any visible dust between sandings, and thoroughly clean up after the final sanding. With solvent-based finishes, use a tack cloth to remove any residual fine dust.

Open-Grain Woods & Requirements for Applying Interior Finishes

With open-grain woods, such as oak, ash, mahogany, and walnut, it may take many coats of clear finish to fill the wood pores and achieve a glassy, smooth surface. Where a premium finish is desired, one approach is to apply a paste filler to the sanded wood, which is a thick, paste like varnish with finely ground quartz or talc to add bulk, and usually a pigment as well to match the wood tone.

It is typically applied with a rag and sanded clean the following day. If using a filler that is darker than the wood, first seal the wood with a sanding sealer or thinned coat of the clear finish to keep the wood from being overly darkened. Generally, stains are applied after the filler has been applied and sanded.

Water-Based Finishes Used as Interior Finishes

Water-based stains and finishes tend to raise the wood grain when applied, creating a rough surface. The best way to avoid problems later is to intentionally raise the grain and sand it down before applying the finish. To accomplish this, after sanding the work, wet the wood surface with a sponge or cloth, and allow to dry overnight. Then knock down the raised grain with 180 to 220 grit sandpaper.

With some of the newer water-based formulations, this step may not be required. Instead, a light sanding after the first coat may be all that is needed. Whatever approach is taken to sanding, never use steel wool with water-based finishes, as leftover steel particles can rust and stain the work. Also, do not use a solvent-type tack cloth with water-based finishes, as the solvent residue can interfere with the finish. A clean cloth lightly misted with water can be used to remove any dust or sanding residue.

Stains and Dyes for Interior Trim

Stains for interior trim are either pigmented stains or penetrating dyes. Many ready-made stains at the lumberyard combine both pigments and penetrating dyes. The penetrating dyes work for the small-pore areas and the pigments add contrast to the larger pores.

Using Stains on Interior Wood Trim

Oil-based pigmented stains tend to highlight distinctive grain patterns, particularly in wood with large pores, such as oak and ash, but they also highlight any scratches or defects in the wood. Wood with uneven absorption will look blotchy. Also, because the pigments are large, opaque particles, they tend to act like watered down paints, obscuring the wood itself.

Using Dyes on Interior Wood Trim

Dyes, which must be mixed by the applicator, are very transparent and tend to get absorbed equally into the wood surface, resulting in a more uniform color. They tend to give the wood an even, transparent color while letting the grain pattern show through. Over time, they will fade from exposure to natural light. Dyes are either dissolved in a water or oil solution and must be precisely mixed to obtain controlled colors.

Use of Sealers on Softwoods Before Applying a Stain or Dye

Softwoods, like pine, and light-colored hardwoods, such as maple or birch, tend to absorb stain unevenly, so they benefit from sealing prior to staining. Depending on the desired appearance, you can use a shellac based sealer with a pigmented stain, obscuring the underlying wood, or a pre stain sealer with a penetrating stain. Pre stain sealers allow stain to penetrate the wood surface but with more even absorption. Pre stain sealers can also be useful when staining birch veneer, which tends to absorb stain unevenly, creating a blotchy appearance.

Stains and dyes may be oil, alcohol, or water-based. They may be applied with a sprayer, brush, roller, or rag and are typically applied to the surface, allowed to sit, then wiped off. Whatever type of stain is used, it should be completely dry before application of the clear topcoat. If using a water-based topcoat, check for compatibility with oil-based stains. Using a stain and clear finish from the same manufacturer will help guard against compatibility problems.

How to Choose Clear Finishes for Interior Wood Trim

The best clear finish depends on the look desired, hardness required, and whether it must resist water (Table 5-13). Some finishes are best sprayed on, but most may be brush applied. Oil-based finishes are generally wiped on with a rag and create a low-luster, hand-rubbed appearance, but provide the least protection.

With most surface finishes, it is best to lightly abrade the finish between coats with 220-grit paper or No. 00 steel wool to increase the bond between coats. After sanding, wipe with a tack cloth for oil- or solvent-based finishes and a water-dampened cloth for water-based finishes. Most professional painters apply three to four coats of clear finish.

- - Adapted with permission from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction (Steve Bliss, J Wiley & Sons) .

Resources: Manufacturers, Industry Associations, & Sources of Indoor Wall Materials, Flooring, Carpeting, Lighting, Sound Control Materials

Drywall Trims and Accessories

Clinch-On Products, A Deitrich Metal Framing Company www.dietrichindustries.com Nail-on and clinch-on galvanized metal corner beads

Con-Form International/Strait Flex www.straitflex.com Strait-Flex fiber-composite mud-on corner bead for inside and outside off-90 degree angles

Drywall Systems International www.no-coat.com No-Coat prefinished drywall tapes for inside and outside corners, off angles and bullnose trims

Flex-Ability Concepts www.flexc.com Curved metal top and bottom plates for curved wood or metal stud walls

Grabber Construction Products www.grabberman.com Drywall screws, corner clips, and fiberglass mesh tapes

Insta Arch Corp. www.instaarch.com Galvanized steel preformed and custom arches for drywall

National Gypsum Co. www.nationalgypsum.com ProForm tapes and finishing compounds

Pla-Cor www.pla-cor.com ABS corner trims, bullnose, 3-way corner caps, and flexible arches

Phillips Manufacturing Co. www.phillipsmfg.com Metal and vinyl corner beads, bullnose trim, and flexible bullnose and angled arch trim

Trim-Tex www.trim-tex.com Vinyl drywall beads, flexible arch beads, and finishing accessories

U.S. Gypsum Beadex and Sheetrock-brand tape-on metal corner beads and trims. Complete line of drywall finishing compounds

Vinyl Corp., A Deitrich Metal Framing Company www.vinylcorp.com Full line of vinyl beads and trim

Polymer (Urethane), MDF, and Vinyl Trim Producers & Sources

Burton Mouldings www.burton-mouldings.com MDF(medium-density fiberboard), polymer, flex, and wood

Fypon www.fypon.com Polymer moldings and components

Nu-Wood www.nu-wood.com Polymer moldings and components

Outwater Plastics www.outwater.com Polymer moldings and components

RAS Industries www.rasindustries.com Polymer moldings and components

Royal Mouldings (formerly Marley Mouldings) www.royalmouldings.com Polymer, polystyrene, expanded-PVC, CPVC, and acrylic molding profiles and components

Flexible Trim Manufacturers & Sources

Flex Trim www.flextrim.com Flexible polymer moldings

Resin Art www.resinart.com Flexible polymer moldings

Industry & Trade Associations for Carpeting, Lighting, Finishes, Wood Products, Flooring, Painting & Decorating

American Lighting Association www.americanlightingassoc.com

Association of the Wall and Ceiling Industries www.awci.org

Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI) www.carpet-rug.org

Drywall Finishing Council www.dwfc.org

Forest Stewardship Program www.fscus.org

FloorFacts www.floorfacts.com

The Gypsum Association www.gypsum.org

National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association (NOFMA) www.nofma.com

National Wood Flooring Association www.woodfloors.org

Painting and Decorating Contractors of America www.pdca.org Smartwood/Rainforest Alliance www.smartwood.org

- - Adapted with permission from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction (Steve Bliss, J Wiley & Sons) .

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Reader Q&A - also see RECOMMENDED ARTICLES & FAQs

Comment:

(Oct 8, 2014) Apurva Modi said:
Yes, withstanding a wetting and drying process (for any stains used upon) really counts a lot in favoring the most durable and effective stain types, very well protecting sort of delamination off the applied surface. Application techniques while a prep work like control of dust away from the applicable planes is also ensuring the most professional finish work.

Sanding also has much weightage in giving the best finish to the surface; any sort of dirt or rough sense should be immediately eliminated (yes, to achieve good adhesions); many coats of finish on open-grain wood and other techniques like using the grain paste; nice advices!

Reply:

Thank youi, Apurva.

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Continue reading at CONCRETE STAINS: ID & REMOVAL or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

Or see

INTERIOR FINISHES: BEST PRACTICES

PAINT FAILURE, DIAGNOSIS, CURE, PREVENTION - home

PAINT & STAIN GUIDE, EXTERIOR

PAINTING MISTAKES

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STAINS & FINISHES, INTERIOR found at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.

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INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES: ARTICLE INDEX to PAINTS & STAINS & FAILURES

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