Health Effects of Exposure to High levels of of Carbon Dioxide Gas Exposure, CO₂

Health effects of chronic or high exposure to carbon dioxide gas
CARBON DIOXIDE - CO₂ - separate article, topic home page
CO₂ POISONING SYMPTOMS - separate article
CO₂ HEALTH EFFECTS
CO₂ EXPOSURE LIMITS - separate article
TYPICAL CO₂ LEVELS - separate article
Questions & answers about the health effects of exposure to high levels of carbon dioxide
References

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This document discusses the health effects of exposure to elevated levels of carbon dioxide gas (CO₂). We give references and explanation regarding Toxicity of Carbon Dioxide, based on literature search and search on Compuserve's Safety Forum by Dan Friedman. This is background information, obtained from expert sources. This text may assist readers in understanding these topics. However it should by no means be considered complete nor authoritative. Seek prompt advice from your doctor or health/safety experts if you have any reason to be concerned about exposure to toxic gases.

Links on this page also direct the reader to carbon monoxide gas information in a separate document. IF YOU SUSPECT ANY BUILDING GAS-RELATED POISONING GO INTO FRESH AIR IMMEDIATELY and get others out of the building, then call your fire department or emergency services for help.

What are the HEALTH EFFECTS of CO₂ Exposure? - Potential Health Hazards of Toxic Gas Exposure

Hazard evaluation consists of comparing measurements of exposure (or dose) with exposures (doses) known to be safe or known to be hazardous. For the most part, because of biological variation, "no effect" levels are much easier to estimate than are "first effect" or other levels indicative of injury.

Toxic levels of carbon dioxide: According to occupational exposure and controlled atmosphere research into CO₂ toxicology, CO₂ is hazardous via direct toxicity at levels above 5%, concentrations not encountered in nature [except perhaps at or near an active volcano or at water-logged soils]. At these high levels there is risk of death from carbon dioxide poisoning. At lower levels there may health effects and there certainly are complaints of exposure at lower levels.

In the preceding section of this article, at CO₂ POISONING SYMPTOMS we discussed symptoms of carbon dioxide exposure. On specific individuals, the effects of exposure to elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) vary by individual and with exposure level, and exposure duration, ranging from drowsiness (perhaps at levels over 1000 ppm continuous exposure) to the toxic effects listed just above.

How might CO₂ accumulate at a dangerous level in a residential property?

Carbon dioxide, CO₂, from a small leak is unlikely to be dangerous, as it can be expected to be diluted with fresh air mixing in a building. But there can be exceptions in which carbon dioxide may accumulate and reach higher, even dangerous concentrations indoors.

Flue gas spillage: in an enclosed gas-fired boiler room with a deficient chimney draft can produce high levels of CO₂. In a case in which there is sufficient combustion air, say from a direct air duct to the gas burner, the system may not be producing more dangerous carbon monoxide (CO), but the heating system may nonetheless spilling flue gases with a high level of CO₂ into the room from a defective chimney. Since CO₂ being more dense than air it may accumulate in an enclosed basement, crawl space, or boiler room. Alternatively, because the CO₂ in this case is a heating system exhaust, it may be warmer than surrounding air and it may rise upwards in the building into the living space. For this reason when we measure for the presence of flue gases, even if the gas is one which is "supposed to be" heavier than air, we may measure both high and low in the test area.
Soil sources of high carbon dioxide in buildings: NIOSH reports on an investigation of complaints by homeowners of blurred vision, breathlessness, and "episodic mild confusion" caused by exposure to from elevated carbon dioxide levels in a finished basement and an adjacent crawlspace. West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection detected carbon dioxide levels up to 9.5 percent in the basement and CO₂levels up to 11 percent in the crawlspace grave, with 12 percent in the basement floor drain (suggesting a soil source of CO₂ in a home in West Virginia home, according to a NIOSH report. CO₂ levels in the soil surrounding the home were measured at levels up to 8 percent. The probable source of the high CO₂ levels in the soils under and around this home were probably due to [coal] mining activities.

Are the effects of breathing CO₂ permanent?

Any detrimental effects of low-level CO₂ exposure are reversible, including the long-term metabolic compensation required by chronic exposure to 3% CO₂. -- "A Review of Human Health and Ecological Risks due to CO₂ Exposure," American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting 2001, abstract #H31C-13, Hepple, R. P.; Benson, S. M., 05/2001.

Ongoing Research on the Effects of Increased CO₂ Exposure

Discussion with Esther Cook, a scientist researching the effects of low-level CO₂ exposure. [Edited by Daniel Friedman].

I am a scientist interested in the effects of increased CO₂ . We know that plants grow more luxuriantly, and that this must ultimately support more animal life. I have done a PubMed and Academic search and can find almost no studies. I did find a claim that burrowing rodents typically have 1 to 4% carbon dioxide in their burrows. I also found research on 7% carbon dioxide on the retinas of baby mice--because this level is deliberately used on human beings--preemie babies to help their lungs develop faster. I am in communication with the Idsos, who are plant experts and CO₂ researchers. They can't find much either. So far I have found:

Taylor, Lewis G. and G. Oscar Kreutziger, The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability, 1968 (printout does not include the Journal)
Holloway and Heath, 1984 Ventilatory Changes in the Golden Hamster..., Laboratory Rat...., Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 77A, No 2, pp. 267-273
Bruggeman et al. 2007 Acid-base balance in chicken embryois...incubated under high CO₂ concentrations... Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 159:147-154
De Smit et al, 2006 Emryonic developmental plasticity of the chick: Increased CO₂ ... Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 145: 166-175
Bar-Ilan, Amir and Jacob Marder, Adaptations to Hypercapnic conditions in the Nutria..., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol 75A, No 4, pp 603-608, 1983

There are hundreds of plant studies, and greenhouses and aquariums routinely enrich with CO₂ to enhance growth. But what about ourselves? Might it be the case that the results of [some] CO₂ studies are politically incorrect, and that the science is has been suppressed.

There is an optimum CO₂ concentration somewhere; it is higher than today's, and the individual human's life is being shortened by the panic on the subject. Of course, there is indeed such a thing as "too much of a good thing," andInspectAPedia.com^® has examples of people who died when too much CO₂ was produced in enclosed spaces.

It would be worth while to find out what the optimum CO₂ level for humans and other animals actually is. Paleontological records show that about half the time since the Cambrian was spent at a very steady 10 degrees C above current averages.

This would be exactly room temperature, and I do not think that is an accident. Recent posts revealed why the Earth's temperatures would not rise above that point--increasing evaporation from the oceans would prevent any higher temperature, but we would get the conditions described in Genesis about Eden: a mist would water the ground.

Table of Health Effects & Hazards of Carbon dioxide Gas at Various Concentrations & Exposure Durations

CO₂ Concentration in Air	Duration of Exposure	Health Effects or Hazards of Breathing CO₂ gas at this level [12]
0.030 - 0.040 % = 300 - 400 ppm		None, Typical outdoor CO₂ levels
0.060 % = 600 ppm		None, indoor CO₂ levels of an occupied office space may be in this range, [OPINION: check fresh air intake at higher levels]
Less than 2% = Less than 20,000 ppm		Short-term exposure to CO₂ at levels below 2% (20,000 parts per million or ppm) has not been reported to cause harmful effects.
Under 2%		Occupants do not generally express awareness nor symptoms related to the CO₂ level
2-3%		Occupants become aware of poor indoor air quality, may cause a feeling of heaviness in the chest and/or more frequent and deeper respirations.
2-3%	"several hours"	Minimal "acidosis" (an acid condition of the blood) may occur but more frequently is absent.
3%		Breathing rate increases to 2x normal
3%	15 hrs/day, 6 days	Decreased night vision and colour sensitivity;
3.3 % to 5.4%	15 minutes	Increased depth of breathing
Below 5%		Indoor air quality complaints or effects may be due to reduced oxygen level rather than CO₂ toxicity
5%		Breathing rate increases to 4 x normal
Over 5%		directly toxic
7.5%	15 minutes	At 7.5%, a feeling of an inability to breathe (dyspnea), increased pulse rate, headache, dizziness, sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and visual distortion developed.
6%	"several" minutes	affects the heart, altered electrocardiograms.
6.5% - 7.5%	20 minutes	Twenty-minute exposures to 6.5 or 7.5% decreased mental performance.
6.5% - 7.5%	70 minutes	Irritability and discomfort were reported with exposure to 6.5% for approximately 70 minutes.
10%	1 1/2 minutes	Eye flickering, excitation and increased muscle activity and twitching.
Over 10%		Difficulty in breathing, impaired hearing, nausea, vomiting, a strangling sensation, sweating, stupor within several minutes and loss of consciousness within 15 minutes.
19.5%		Standard Australian 1st alarm level
Over 20%	1 minute or less	Several deaths have been attributed to exposure to concentrations greater than 20%.
30%	20-30 seconds	Affects the heart, altered electrocardiograms.
30%		Exposure to 30% has quickly resulted in unconsciousness and convulsions.
"Very high"		Damage to the retina, sensitivity to light (photophobia), abnormal eye movements, constriction of visual fields, and enlargement of blind spots.
Notes to the Table: 1. Adapted & expanded from Health Effects of Carbon Dioxide Gas", CCOHS [12] 2. Effects of CO₂ can become more pronounced upon physical exertion, such as heavy work. 3. Higher CO₂ concentrations can affect respiratory function and cause excitation followed by depression of the central nervous system. High concentrations of CO₂ can displace oxygen in the air, resulting in lower oxygen concentrations for breathing. Therefore, effects of oxygen deficiency may be combined with effects of CO₂ toxicity.

...

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the effects of acute or chronic exposure to elevated levels of carbon dioxide CO₂

Question:

(re co, CO₂ , + nox emissions from condensing gas boiler flues) - i require confirmation or indication how to confirm; that regular facial reddening is assoociated with CO₂ (+/or other?) in flue gas exposure from adjacent dwellings, re two - likely - non compliant flues (front and back of a party wall).

1, At times, reddening can resemble mild scorch marks - could this be precurser to skin cancer?
2, Also, what are potential other ill effects re this type of exposure?
3, Re current ill effects; how is a link confirmed/proved? - valerie.bebbington@gmail.com 2/14/2012

Reply:

Valerie, in addition to the technical notes above about the health effects of chronic or acute exposure to high levels of carbon dioxide, please also see CO₂ POISONING SYMPTOMS

Question/Comment: CO₂ Recommended TLV - TWA & TLV-STEL data

James Miller, USN Submarines Ret said:

you should add an ACGIH link and this data to your table

I remain relatively normal after many years at sea breathing the CO₂ enriched air.

Reply:

Thanks Mr. Miller. Over at CO₂ EXPOSURE LIMITS we include the published recommended CO₂ exposure limits and data and also the document that you cited is both there and here among the reference citations. Summarizing, the ACGIH recommended limits for Carbon Dioxide are:

CO₂ TLV-TWA, 5,000 ppm (9000 mg/m³)
CO₂ TLV-STEL, 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m³)

The NIOSH and ACGIH articles point out that in studies of CO₂ exposure, there are narcotic effects at high CO₂ exposures, stimulated (accelerated breathing) at 50,000 ppm, and also that ...

Submarine personnel exposed continuously at 30,000 ppm were only slightrly affecterd, provided the oxygen content of the air was maintained at normal concentrations (minimum content 18% by cvolume); when the oxygen content was reduced to 15%-17% [note that that's as little as a 5.5% change in oxygen level] the crew complained of ill effects. The gas is weakly narcotic at 30,000 ppm, giving rise to reduced acutiy of hearing and increasing blood pressure and pulse. Above this concentration, subjective symptoms occur. Signs of intoxication were produced by a 3o-minute exposure at 50,000 ppm. Exposure at 7-10% produces unconsciousness within a few minutes. Flury and Zernik quote Lehman-Hess as stating that exposure at 5500 pm of carbon dioxide for 6 hours caused no noticeable symptoms. [1]

...

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Technical Reviewers & References

Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.

Carbon Dioxide, CAS Number: 124-38-9, TLV-TWA, 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m³), TLV-STEL, 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m³), from ACGIH and recommended by reader James Miller, USN Submarines, Ret. 3/20/2013. Copy on file as ACGIH recommendations for CO₂ .pdf
"GAS EXPOSURE EFFECTS, TOXIC Gases: Toxic gases, indoor exposure levels, testing, identification" additional information on gas exposure detection, toxicity, and remedy for a wide range of toxic and other gases.
Dr. Roy Jensen, Department of Chemistry, Grant MacEwan College, Edmonton, AB for technical review and critique 8/23/07. Dr. Jensen notes that if we increase the CO₂ level in air in an enclosed space from its normal level of about 0.03% (we counted it as starting at 0) to a level of 1.4%, we obtain a corresponding decrease in the oxygen level from its normal level (at sea level) of about 20.9% down to 19.5%, for a 6.7% reduction in the amount of oxygen available. The amount of oxygen lost is 6.7 % (1.4/20.9 * 100 %). Our earlier version of this document was incorrect in this calculation.
Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant: Examining the Risks, US EPA, EPA 430-R-00-002, February 2000, web search 08/28/2010 original source: http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/00000NTO.PDF
[This paper includes a review of accidents or deaths involving Carbon Dioxide as a fire extinguishing agent and reports on deaths by asphyxiation by CO₂ .]
This paper provides information on the use and effectiveness of carbon dioxide in fire protection systems and describes incidents involving inadvertent exposure of personnel to the gas. Because carbon dioxide fire extinguishing systems will likely be used in place of those based on halon in some applications, this paper attempts to provide an increased awareness of the potential dangers associated with the use of carbon dioxide. EPA recognizes the environmental benefits of using carbon dioxide, but is concerned that personnel accustomed to the use of halon fire suppression systems may not be properly alerted to the special hazards of carbon dioxide. Governmental, military, civilian, and industrial sources were researched to obtain information on deaths and injuries associated with the use of carbon dioxide as a fire extinguishing agent. An examination of the risks associated with carbon dioxide extinguishing systems is also presented.
GAS EXPOSURE EFFECTS, TOXIC Toxic Gas Exposure Hazards and Test Protocols including links to our toxic gas exposure screening and gas testing protocols.
Thanks to scientist & CO₂ exposure research scientist Esther Cook for sharing technical references (below) and discussing the effects of carbon dioxide increases in the environment - beginning August 2010. Ms. Cook's contact information: Esther Cook "Lady Life Grows" photinacook@yahoo.com.
Taylor, Lewis G. and G. Oscar Kreutziger, The Gaseous Environment of the Chick Embryo in Relation to Its Development and Hatchability, 1968 (printout does not include the Journal)
Holloway and Heath, 1984 Ventilatory Changes in the Golden Hamster..., Laboratory Rat...., Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 77A, No 2, pp. 267-273
Bruggeman et al. 2007 Acid-base balance in chicken embryois...incubated under high CO₂ concentrations... Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 159:147-154
De Smit et al, 2006 Emryonic developmental plasticity of the chick: Increased CO₂ ... Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 145: 166-175
Bar-Ilan, Amir and Jacob Marder, Adaptations to Hypercapnic conditions in the Nutria..., Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Vol 75A, No 4, pp 603-608, 1983

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Air Pollution Toxicology: APTI Course SI:300, Introduction to Air Pollution Toxicology, US EPA Air Pollution Training Institute, Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, Sept. 1993, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://yosemite.epa.gov/

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CCSP, 2008: Analyses of the effects of global change on human health and welfare and human systems. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. [Gamble, J.L. (ed.), K.L. Ebi, F.G. Sussman, T.J. Wilbanks, (Authors)]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA. Web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://nepis.epa.gov/
Gas Exposure Hazard Levels: for Toxic Gas Exposure to Ammonia, Arsine, Arsenic, Bromine, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Hydride, Ozone - allowable exposure levels and hazard levels
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Health Effects of Carbon Dioxide - see "National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hazardous Substances; Proposed AEGL Values, Federal Register Document", http://www.epa.gov/EPA-TOX/2002/February/Day-15/t3774.htm note that these are proposed guidelines
Carbon Dioxide CO₂ : Geologic Sequestration Health Effects: "Vulnerability Evaluation Framework
for Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide", US EPA, EPA430-R-08-009, July 2008, web search August 2010,original source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads/VEF-Technical_Document_072408.pdf
Carbon Dioxide CO₂: Geologic Sequestration, U.S EPA, web search 08/28/2010, original source:
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/CO₂ _gs_tech.html
- GTSP, 2006: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Geologic Storage: A Core Element of a A Global
  Energy Technology Strategy to Address Climate Change (PDF, 37 pp., 6.05 MB, About PDF).
  April 2006, JJ Dooley et al. Global Energy Technology Strategy Program (GSTP)
- IPCC, 2005: Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage, Special Report of the
  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Metz, Bert, Davidson, Ogunlade,
  de Coninck, Heleen, Loos, Manuela, and Meyer, Leo (Eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, The
  Edinburgh Building Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge CB2 2RU England
Carbon Monoxide Gas Toxicity hazard levels, poisoning symptoms, & testing
Fluorine, Its Compounds, and Air Pollution,: a Bibliography with Abstracts, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, December 1976. Web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://nepis.epa.gov.
NOTE: because the EPA's original source of this document in PDF format is damaged we have created a text image file, converted to a new PDF for readability.
Formaldehyde: US EPA. UFFI (Urea Formaldehyde Foam Insulation) was previously considered a hazard (formaldehyde outgassing). Subsequent research virtually closed concern regarding this material; however formaldehyde appears to remain a health concern for sensitive individuals.
Greenhouse Gas Overview: Carbon Dioxide: U.S. EPA, web search 08/28/2010, original source:
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Nitrogen Oxides: Air Quality Criteria for Oxides of Nitrogen, Vol III of III, US EPA, EPA600/8-91/049cF, August 1993, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://nepis.epa.gov [Large PDF 25MB]
Key chapters in this document evaluate the latest scientific data on (a) health effects of NOx measured ill laboratory animals and exposed human populatIOns and (b) effects of NOx on agricultural crops, forests, and ecosystems, as well as (c) NOx effects on visibility and nonbiological materials. Other chapters describe the nature, sources, distribution, measurement, and concentratiOns of NOx m the environment These chapters were prepared and peer reviewed by experts from various state and Federal government offices, academia, and private industry for use by EPA to support decision makIng regarding potentIal risks to public health and the enVIronment Although the document IS not intended to be an exhaustIve literature reVIew, It IS intended to cover all the pertinent literature through early 1993
Ozone Warnings - Use of Ozone as a "mold" remedy is ineffective and may be dangerous.
Sampling for gases in air such as VOC's, MVOC's, toxic chemicals, and combustion products.
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Sulfur dioxide & other Oxides: Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter and Sulfur Oxides, Vol. III, US EPA, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Research Triangle Park NC 27711, Dec. 1982, EPA-600/8/2-029c. Web search 08/26/2010, original source: http://nepis.epa.gov [large PDF]
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"Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants, 1910.1000 Table Z-1" OSHA standard for air contaminant limits (http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9992) - includes for CO₂ , Carbon dioxide.........| CAS No. 124-38-9 | 5000 ppm | 9000 mg/m³ limits for carbon dioxide as an air contaminant.
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What are the HEALTH EFFECTS of CO2 Exposure? - Potential Health Hazards of Toxic Gas Exposure

How might CO2 accumulate at a dangerous level in a residential property?

Are the effects of breathing CO2 permanent?

Ongoing Research on the Effects of Increased CO2 Exposure

Table of Health Effects & Hazards of Carbon dioxide Gas at Various Concentrations & Exposure Durations

CO2 Concentration in Air

Duration of Exposure

Health Effects or Hazards of Breathing CO2 gas at this level [12]

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the effects of acute or chronic exposure to elevated levels of carbon dioxide CO2

Question:

Reply:

Question/Comment: CO2 Recommended TLV - TWA & TLV-STEL data

Reply:

Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia

Technical Reviewers & References

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

Gases: Toxic gases, indoor exposure levels, testing, identification

What are the HEALTH EFFECTS of CO₂ Exposure? - Potential Health Hazards of Toxic Gas Exposure

How might CO₂ accumulate at a dangerous level in a residential property?

Are the effects of breathing CO₂ permanent?

Ongoing Research on the Effects of Increased CO₂ Exposure

CO₂ Concentration in Air

Health Effects or Hazards of Breathing CO₂ gas at this level [12]

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about the effects of acute or chronic exposure to elevated levels of carbon dioxide CO₂

Question/Comment: CO₂ Recommended TLV - TWA & TLV-STEL data