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Clay Tile Roof Connections for High Wind & Seismic Areas
- CLAY TILE WIND & SEISMIC CONNECTORS - High-Wind and Seismic Installation Requirements for Tile Roofs
- Twisted Wire Requirements for Tile Roof Installations
- Hurricane Clip Requirements for Tile Roof Installations
- Nose Clip Requirements for Tile Roof Installations
- Tile Nail Option for Tile Roof Installations
- Tile Adhesives Option for Tile Roof Installations
- Clay roof tile roof connectors for high wind or earthquake prone areass: clay tile connector installation procedures, details, specifications
- Questions & Answers about clay tile roof connections for high wind or earthquake areas
- References
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Roof tile connectors & fasteners for high wind or seismic areas: this article describes the special connection methods used to secure clay tiles to roofs in high wind, hurricane, or seismic areas.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
High-Wind and Seismic Installation Requirements for Tile Roofs
 This article series discusses best practices in the selection and installation of residential roofing. This article includes excerpts or adaptations from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, by Steven Bliss, courtesy of Wiley & Sons.
Our page top photo shows a very simple roof installation detail in area where high winds are not much of a concern, San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. Notice that except at the vertical wall abutment these soft clay tiles are simply placed by gravity with no fasteners whatsoever. This roof would be both destroyed and dangerous in high wind or seismic area.
At left (and discussed below) is are details about hurricane clip fasteners used with clay tile roofs in areas of extra risk.
Standard connection methods for fastening clay tiles on roofs are discussed at CLAY TILE ROOF CONNECTIONS. Also see our clay roof tile home page CLAY TILE ROOFING and see CLAY TILE ROOF STYLES, DESIGNS for detailed descriptions of different clay roof tile styles and characteristics, and see ROOFING TILE SHAPES & PROFILES for the basics of roof tile profiles and what they mean.
Also see our home page for clay tile roofing, starting at CLAY TILE ROOFING.
In areas prone to high winds, such as Florida, setting the
tiles in mortar was once considered the strongest system.
However, newer anchoring systems using wires, special
clips, and, in some cases, specialized adhesives have proven
more reliable and have replaced mortar-set systems as the
preferred approach. Wire and clip systems also perform
better than rigid attachment systems in seismic zones, as the
flexible systems tend to absorb the shockwaves of an earthquake
and protect the tiles from cracking.
Building codes vary in their requirements for high-wind and
seismic areas but most permit one or more of the anchoring
systems described below. Model specifications for
high-wind installations are available in the Concrete and
Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual, jointly published by
the Florida Roofing, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning
Contractors Association and the Tile Roofing Institute.
General guidelines for high-wind installations or roofs
over 40 feet above grade include:
- Fasten the head of every roof tile.
- Fasten the nose of every roof tile with clips or other
approved methods.
- Secure all roof rake tiles with two fasteners.
- Set the noses of all roof ridge, roof hip, and roof rake tiles in a bead
of approved roofer’s mastic.
Twisted Wire Requirements for Tile Roof Installations
 This approach is used on roofs ranging
from 2:12 to 24:12 in seismic zones and areas with moderate
winds. Rather than nail the tiles to the roof, each tile is
wired to a length of twisted 12-gauge wire (galvanized,
copper, or stainless steel) running from eaves to ridge
under each vertical course of tiles.
The twisted wire has a
loop to tie into every 6 inches and is attached every 10 feet
with special anchors, making relatively few holes in the
underlayment (see Figure 2-22).
Because wire systems allow some movement, seismic
forces do not tend to break the tiles.
Also, damaged tiles
are easy to replace by snipping the tie wire and wiring in a
new tile. Installation is labor-intensive, however, compared
to nailing.
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Hurricane Clip Requirements for Tile Roof Installations
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A hurricane clip, also known as a
storm clip or side clip, is a concealed L-shaped metal strap
designed to lock down the water-channel side of a roofing
tile near the nose (Figure 2-23).
Hurricane clips for roofing materials are well-suited to concrete tile and are used in
conjunction with nails, screws, or other systems that secure
the head of the tile.
Watch out: Hurricane clips for clay roofing tiles are approved for use in some
hurricane areas, but they should be combined with a nose
clip or similar device for maximum protection. Used alone,
they may deform or loosen after several storms.
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Nose Clips or Nose Hooks: Requirements for Tile Roof Installations
Also known as nose hooks, butt hooks, or
wind locks, these simple metal clips hold down the bottom
(nose) end of a roofing tile to prevent strong winds from
lifting and breaking the tiles (Figure 2-24).
Nose clips are nailed in place through the underlying
tile or attached to the tie wires in wire systems.
Nose hooks or nose clips on clay tile roofs are
compatible with all methods of tile attachment and are recommended
for high-wind areas and slopes greater than
7:12.
The main drawback to nose clips is that they are visible
at the nose of each tile, which some homeowners find
objectionable. |
Tile Nail Option for Tile Roof Installations in Seismic or High Wind Areas
 This innovative fastener, used mostly with
S-tile or two-piece Mission tile, functions as both a nail
and a nose clip. Because the nail is driven about 6 inches
above the tile, there is no risk of breakage and the nail hole
can be easily sealed with mastic (Figure 2-25).
Tile nails are approved for all slopes and are especially
useful in high-wind areas and on very steep pitches
such as mansards.
Hurricane or seismic tile nails are also useful for securing the
first course of two-piece Mission tile.
Examples include
the Tyle Tye® tile nail from Newport Tool & Fastener Co.
and the Hook Nail from Wire Works, Inc.
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Using Tile Adhesives for Clay or Concrete Tile Roof Installations
Another way to prevent uplift in windy
conditions and to keep tiles from rattling on steep slopes is
to set the butt edge of each tile in a dab of roofing cement.
Over time, however, roofing cement may become brittle
and fail. New proprietary tile adhesives promise to last
longer and stay flexible over time.
In hurricane-prone
areas, some contractors are applying adhesive to every
tile—in some cases combined with other fastening methods,
such as twisted wires.
While long-term performance
has not been well-established, testing by manufacturers
has demonstrated that adhesives can outperform mortar
systems in hurricane-force winds.
-- Adapted with permission from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction.
Resources: Roofing Materials & Equipment Suppliers
Manufacturers
Concrete Roof Tiles
Bartile Roofs
www.bartile.com
Eagle Roofing Products
www.eagleroofing.com
Entegra Roof Tile
www.entegra.com
MonierLifetile
www.monierlifetile.com
Vande Hey-Raleigh
www.vhr-roof-tile.com
Westile
www.westile.com
Clay Roof Tiles
Altusa, Clay Forever LLC
www.altusa.com
Ludowici Roof Tile
www.ludowici.com
MCA Clay Tile
www.mca-tile.com
U.S. Tile Co.
www.ustile.com
Tile Fasteners and Adhesives
Dow Building Products
www.dow.com/buildingproducts
Tile Bond polyurethane foam tile adhesive
Fomo Products
www.fomo.com
Handi-Stick polyurethane foam tile adhesive
Newport Fastener
www.newportfastener.com
Twisted wire systems, hurricane clips, nose clips,
and the Tyle-Tye TileNail
OSI Sealants
www.osisealants.com
RT 600 synthetic rubber tile adhesive
Polyfoam Products
www.polyfoam.cc
Polyset and Polyset One polyurethane foam
tile adhesives
Wire works, Inc.
www.wireworks-inc.com
Tile hooks, hook nails, copper and stainless-steel nails
More Information about Roofing Materials, Methods, Standards
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association (ARMA)
www.asphaltroofing.org
Cedar Shake and Shingle Bureau
www.cedarbureau.org
Metal Roofing Alliance
www.metalroofing.com
Tile Roofing Institute
www.tileroofing.org
#######
-- Adapted with permission from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about tie downs & connectors for clay tile roofs installed in high wind or earthquake zones
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
- ARMA - Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer's Association - http://www.asphaltroofing.org/
750 National Press Building, 529 14th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20045, Tel: 202 / 207-0917
- ASTM - ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA, 19428-2959 USA The ASTM standards listed below can be purchased in fulltext directly from http://www.astm.org/
- NRCA - National Roofing Contractors Association - http://www.nrca.net/, 10255 W. Higgins Road, Suite 600,
Rosemont, IL 60018-5607, Tel: (847) 299-9070 Fax: (847) 299-1183
- UL - Underwriters Laboratories - http://www.ul.com/
2600 N.W. Lake Rd.
Camas, WA 98607-8542
Tel: 1.877.854.3577 / Fax: 1.360.817.6278
E-mail: cec.us@us.ul.com
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
 The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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- Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, by Steven Bliss. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, Hardcover: 320 pages, available from Amazon.com and also Wiley.com. See our book review of this publication.
- Decks and Porches, the JLC Guide to, Best Practices for Outdoor Spaces, Steve Bliss (Editor), The Journal of Light Construction, Williston VT, 2010 ISBN 10: 1-928580-42-4, ISBN 13: 978-1-928580-42-3, available from Amazon.com
- The Journal of Light Construction has generously given reprint permission to InspectAPedia.com for this article. All rights and contents are ©Journal of Light Construction and may not be reproduced in any form.
- Architectural elements: the technological revolution: Galvanized iron roof plates and corrugated sheets; cast iron facades, columns, door and window caps, ... (American historical catalog collection), Diana S Waite, available used out of Amazon.
- Asphalt Roofing Residential Manual,
- Building Pathology, Deterioration, Diagnostics, and Intervention, Samuel Y. Harris, P.E., AIA, Esq., ISBN 0-471-33172-4, John Wiley & Sons, 2001 [General building science-DF] ISBN-10: 0471331724
ISBN-13: 978-0471331728
- Building Pathology: Principles and Practice, David Watt, Wiley-Blackwell; 2 edition (March 7, 2008)
ISBN-10: 1405161035
ISBN-13: 978-1405161039
- Built-Up Roof Systems, Manual, C.W. Griffin, Mcgraw-Hill (Tx); 2nd edition (July 1982), ISBN-10: 0070247838, ISBN-13: 978-0070247833
- Concrete Folded Plate Roofs, C. Wilby PhD BSc CEng FICE FIStructE (Author), Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998, ISBN-10: 0340662662, ISBN-13: 978-0340662663
- Concrete Shell Roofs, C. Wilby PhD BSc CEng FICE FIStructE (Author),
- Concrete Dome Roofs (Longman Concrete Design and Construction Series),
- Concrete Roofing Tile, History of the, Batsford, 1959, AISN B000HLLOUC (availble used)
- Copper Roofing, by CDA
- Copper Roofing, Master specifications for copper roofing and sheet metal work in building construction: Institutional, commercial, industrial, I.E. Anderson, 1961 (hard to find)
- Corrugated Iron, Building on the Frontier, Simon Holloway
- Green Roof Plants: A Resource and Planting Guide, Edmund C. Snodgrass, Lucie L. Snodgrass, Timber Press, Incorporated, 2006, ISBN-10: 0881927872, ISBN-13: 978-0881927870. The text covers moisture needs, heat tolerance, hardiness, bloom color, foliage characteristics, and height of 350 species and cultivars.
- Green Roof Construction and Maintenance, Kelley Luckett, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2009, ISBN-10: 007160880X, ISBN-13: 978-0071608800, quoting: Key questions to ask at each stage of the green building process Tested tips and techniques for successful structural design
Construction methods for new and existing buildings
Information on insulation, drainage, detailing, irrigation, and plant selection
Details on optimal soil formulation
Illustrations featuring various stages of construction
Best practices for green roof maintenance
A survey of environmental benefits, including evapo-transpiration, storm-water management, habitat restoration, and improvement of air quality
Tips on the LEED design and certification process
Considerations for assessing return on investment
Color photographs of successfully installed green roofs
Useful checklists, tables, and charts
- Handbook of Building Crafts in Conservation, Jack Bower, Ed.,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY 1981 ISBN 0-442-2135-3 Library of
Congress Catalog Card Nr. 81-50643.
- Historic Preservation Technology: A Primer, Robert A. Young, Wiley (March 21, 2008)
ISBN-10: 0471788368
ISBN-13: 978-0471788362
- Historic Slate Roofs : With How-to Info and Specifications, Tina Skinner (Ed), Schiffer Publishing, 2008, ISBN-10: 0764330012
, ISBN-13: 978-0764330018
- Low Slope Roofing, Manual of, 4th Ed., C.W. Griffin, Richard Fricklas,
McGraw-Hill Professional; 4 edition, 2006, ISBN-10: 007145828X, ISBN-13: 978-0071458283
- Roof failure causes in depth (and specific methods for avoiding them)
- Roof design fundamentals and flourishes, based on voluminous industry research and experience
- New technologies and materials -- using them safely and correctly
- Comprehensive coverage of all major roofing systems
pecifications, inspection, and maintenance tools for roofing work
- Metal Roofing, an Illustrated Guide, R.A. Knowlton , [metal shingle roofs],
- Patio Roofs, how to build, Sunset Books
- Problems in Roofing Design, B. Harrison McCampbell, Butterworth Heineman, 1991 ISBN 0-7506-9162-X (available used)
- Roofing The Right Way, Steven Bolt, McGraw-Hill Professional; 3rd Ed (1996), ISBN-10: 0070066507, ISBN-13: 978-0070066502
- Slate Roofs, National Slate Association, 1926, reprinted 1977
by Vermont Structural Slate Co., Inc., Fair Haven, VT 05743, 802-265-4933/34. (We recommend this book if you can find it. It
has gone in and out of print on occasion.)
- Roof Tiling & Slating, a Practical Guide, Kevin Taylor, Crowood Press (2008), ISBN 978-1847970237,
If you have never fixed a roof tile or slate before but have wondered how to go about repairing or replacing them, then this is the book for you. Many of the technical books about roof tiling and slating are rather vague and conveniently ignore some of the trickier problems and how they can be resolved. In Roof Tiling and Slating, the author rejects this cautious approach. Kevin Taylor uses both his extensive knowledge of the trade and his ability to explain the subject in easily understandable terms, to demonstrate how to carry out the work safely to a high standard, using tried and tested methods.
This clay roof tile guide considers the various types of tiles, slates, and roofing materials on the market as well as their uses, how to estimate the required quantities, and where to buy them. It also discusses how to check and assess a roof and how to identify and rectify problems; describes how to efficiently "set out" roofs from small, simple jobs to larger and more complicated projects, thus making the work quicker, simpler, and neater; examines the correct and the incorrect ways of installing background materials such as underlay, battens, and valley liners; explains how to install interlocking tiles, plain tiles, and artificial and natural slates; covers both modern and traditional methods and skills, including cutting materials by hand without the assistance of power tools; and provides invaluable guidance on repairs and maintenance issues, and highlights common mistakes and how they can be avoided.
The author, Kevin Taylor, works for the National Federation of Roofing Contractors as a technical manager presenting technical advice and providing education and training for young roofers.
- The Slate Roof Bible, Joseph Jenkins, www.jenkinsslate.com,
143 Forest Lane, PO Box 607, Grove City, PA 16127 - 866-641-7141 (We recommend this book).
- Slate Roofing in Canada (Studi4es in archaeology, architecture, and history),
- Smart Guide: Roofing: Step-by-Step Projects, Creative Homeowner (Ed), 2004, ISBN-10: 1580111491, ISBN-13: 978-1580111492
- Solar heating, radiative cooling and thermal movement: Their effects on built-up roofing (United States. National Bureau of Standards. Technical note), William C Cullen, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govt. Print. Off (1963), ASIN: B0007FTV2Q
- Tile Roofs of Alfred: A Clay Tradition in Alfred NY
- "Weather-Resistive Barriers [copy on file as /interiors/Weather_Resistant_Barriers_DOE.pdf ] - ", how to select and install housewrap and other types of weather resistive barriers, U.S. DOE
- Wood Shingle Roofs, Care and Maintenance of wood shingle and shake roofs (EC), Stanley S. Niemiec (out of print)
- ...
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