Where mighht lead paint be found in buildings? This article outlines where lead paint was commonly found on building interiors and on building exteriors.
These visual clues help warn off building owners or contractors who are about to renovate an older building, or who want to know which surfaces are most at risk and most need to be examined or tested for lead. Actual testing to confirm the presence or absence of lead paint is recommended for older homes. This website provides advice for reducing the risk of lead poisoning for families living in homes where lead exposure is suspected, likely, or where lead contamination is actually confirmed by testing.
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Our page top photo of an older wood-sided building with peeling paint also shows how soil around a building may have been lead-contaminated even if the lead-based paint coated siding has since been replaced, re-painted, or covered with a newer material.
The original U.S. CPSC document is public domain. We have made additions to the technical depth of this article and we have added additional important detail about lead hazards - these are indicated by a [bracketed note in italics]. The additional text or commentary, website design, links, and references are independent material.
In general, the older your home, the more likely it has lead-based paint. Our photo shows a building originally constructed in 1759, and which has undergone generations of paint application, coat on top of paint coat.
Our opinion is that there is no reason to test this building for the presence of lead paint - it's a reasonable assumption that lead based paints are present on most painted surfaces in this case.
Many homes built before 1978 have lead-based paint.
In the U.S. 1978, the federal government banned lead-based paint from housing. Lead can be found:
OPINION-DF: We have a special concern for both the hazards to house painters who often do not take precautions to protect themselves, and for homes that are re-painted without following good housekeeping and lead dust or lead paint chip control.
We recommend insisting that your painter wear appropriate protection while working on your home and that drop cloths be used to collect sanding and paint chips containing lead dust when the home is being prepared for re-painting. If this debris is left on the soil it may form a soil-lead contamination hazard to children later playing in the area close to the building.
Lead Paint Bans or Restrictions by Country |
||
Country | Date | Comment |
Argentina | In 2004 - Argtentina issued a resolution limiting lead content in latex paint - never enforced. | |
Australia | 2010 | Complete ban as a paint additive, may still be present in trace amounts limited to 0.1% or 0.2% in zinc-based paint |
Canada | 1976 | Lead restricted to 5000 ppm when used in interiors |
China | In 2007 China's General Administration of Quality Supervision (AQSIQ) agreed to eliminate the use of lead paint on toys manufactured in China for export to the U.S. Other regulations limit lead in paint for consumer end-use to 90 ppm but common news reports indicate that it is common to find lead ubiquitous in paints in public spaces. |
|
E.U. European Union | 2003 | Banned by Hazardous Substrances Directive (RoHS) though lead paint was banned in many countries before that date |
Japan | Use of lead in paint is not banned (2016) | |
Mexico | Lead in paint is not banned. Roughly 1/4 of paints sold in Mexico contain hazardous levels of lead. | |
New Zealand | 1965 1979 |
Lead pigments in oil binders no longer in common use White lead banned in paint |
Singapore | 2022 | Limit to 90 ppm EXCEPT in paints manufactured for export |
United States | 1978 | Lead paint banned |
UK United Kingdom | 1963 1992 |
1963-warning "do not apply on surfaces that may be chewed by children" 1992 comprehensive ban on lead paint |
The lead-in-construction standard was intended to apply to any detectable concentration of lead in paint, as even small concentrations of lead can result in unacceptable employee exposures depending upon on the method of removal and other workplace conditions.
Since these conditions can vary greatly, the lead-in-construction standard was written to require exposure monitoring or the use of historical or objective data to ensure that employee exposures do not exceed the action level. Historical data may be applied to all construction tasks involving lead. Objective data was intended to apply to all tasks other than those listed under paragraph (d)(2) of the standard.
["OSHA does not consider X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to be an acceptable method of analysis. As stated in your letter, XRF analyzers are generally considered accurate when concentrations of lead in paint exceed 1 mg/cm�. For the purposes of occupational health, these levels are considered substantial and may easily present an exposure hazard. Without having conducted monitoring, or without the benefit of historical or objective data, the employer has no assurance of the employee's exposure. "
"Other regulatory agencies, such as Housing and Urban Development, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) have designated levels of lead in paint below which they consider the paint to be non-lead containing. The missions of these agencies differ from OSHA's, and for that reason, OSHA cannot recognize these levels as safe under workplace situations.
We recommend reviewing this position letter from OSHA. -- DF
Watch out: regardless of when the use of lead paint was banned in your country, it is possible that surfaces painted after that date may nonetheless have been coated with lead-based paint.
That's because homeowners and on occasion painting contractors may have made use of older, stored lead paint still on hand. - Thanks to reader Max for making this point at ASBESTOS CEILING TILE FAQs in March 2022.
Lead from paint chips, which you can see, and lead dust, which you can't always see, can both be serious hazards.
Lead-based paint that is in good condition is usually not a hazard. [DF-note: see comments at my other lead articles cited below, about lead painted window sash dust and toddler lead ingestion]
Peeling, chipping, chalking, or cracking lead-based paint is a hazard and needs immediate attention.
Lead-based paint may also be a hazard when found on surfaces that children can chew or that get a lot of wear-and-tear. These areas include:
Lead dust can form when lead-based paint is dry scraped, dry sanded, or heated. Dust also forms when painted surfaces bump or rub together. Lead chips and dust can get on surfaces and objects that people touch. Settled lead dust can reenter the air when people vacuum, sweep, or walk through it.
Lead in soil can be a hazard when children play in bare soil or when people bring soil into the house on their shoes. Call your state agency (see below) to find out about soil testing for lead.
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In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.
"The voluntary standard established in the United States under ASTM F-963 and the European standard under EN-71 for soluble lead in toys (lead which may migrate from the toy and be ingested by the child) is 90 parts-per-million. At that level, any intentional use of lead in paints or other surface coatings containing lead would immediately put the toy over the permitted limit."
"Under federal law, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) enforces a standard for total lead of 600 ppm. Recently, the CPSC refused to lower the lead limit in paint and other similar surface coating materials to 100 ppm after finding that most paints sold in the United States were already at or below that level and, therefore, these materials did not present an unreasonable risk of injury warranting further government regulation."