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INSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
INSULATION INSPECTION & IMPROVEMENT
AIR BYPASS LEAKS
AIR LEAK DETECTION TOOLS
AIR LEAK MINIMIZATION
AIR LEAK SEALING PROCEDURE
AIR SEALING STRATEGIES
ASBESTOS FLOORING HAZARD REDUCTION
ASBESTOS-FREE INSULATION MATERIALS
ASBESTOS IDENTIFICATION IN buildings
ATTIC LEAKS, CONDENSATION & MOLD

BASEMENT WATERPROOFING
BATHROOM VENTILATION
BASEMENT LEAKS, INSPECT FOR
BASEMENT CEILING VAPOR BARRIER
BASEMENT HEAT LOSS
BIOGAS PRODUCTION & USE
BLOWER DOORS & AIR INFILTRATION
BLOWER FAN CONTINUOUS OPERATION
BLOWER FAN OPERATION & TESTING
BLOWN-IN INSULATION
BRICK LINED WALLS
BRICK VENEER WALL INSULATION
BRICK VENEER WALL Loose, Bulged
BRICK WALL DRAINAGE WEEP HOLES
BUCKLED FOUNDATIONS due to INSULATION?
BUILDING NOISE DIAGNOSIS & CURE

CATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATION
CATHEDRAL CEILING VENTILATION
CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS

CRAWL SPACES
  CRAWL SPACE DRYOUT PROCEDURES
  CRAWL SPACE GROUND COVERS
  CRAWL SPACE INSULATION RETROFIT
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  CRAWL SPACE VAPOR BARRIER
  CRAWLSPACE MOLD ADVICE
  MOLD CLEANUP by MEDIA BLASTING
  MOLD ON DIRT FLOORS
  SUMP PUMPS
DEW POINT CALCULATION for WALLS
DEW POINT TABLE - CONDENSATION POINT GUIDE

ENERGY SAVINGS in buildings
  AFUE DEFINITION, RATINGS
  AIR BYPASS LEAKS
  AIR CHANGE RATE ACH HEAT SAVINGS
  AIR CONDITIONING HEAT PUMP SAVINGS
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  APPLIANCE EFFICIENCY RATINGS
  ATTIC LEAKS, CONDENSATION & MOLD
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ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS - INSPECT, TEST, REMEDY
EXTERIOR WALL SIDING TRIM & FINISHES

FIBERGLASS INSULATION
FIBERGLASS HAZARDS
FIBERGLASS PARTICLE CONTAMINATION TEST
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GREEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION CODES GUIDES
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HOT ROOF DESIGNS: Un-Vented Roof Solutions
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HUMIDITY LEVEL TARGET

ICE DAM PREVENTION

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INSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
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  INSULATION LOCATION & QUANTITY for ATTICS
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  INSULATION LOCATION for CAPES, CRAWLSPACES
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  INSULATION LOCATION & EXTENT for SLABS
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INSULATION MOLD
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ICE DAM PREVENTION
INSULATION IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
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LEAD POISONING HAZARDS GUIDE
LEED GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION
LOG HOME ENERGY EFFICIENCY
LOG HOME GUIDE

MOISTURE CONTROL in BUILDINGS
  ATTIC CONDENSATION CAUSE & CURE
  Attic Moisture or Mold Sources
  BASEMENT CEILING VAPOR BARRIER
  BASEMENT De-Watering Systems
  BASEMENT HEAT LOSS
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  Chimney Leaks
  CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS
  CONDENSATION on WINDOWS & SKYLIGHTS
  CORROSION in ELECTRICAL PANELS
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  DEW POINT CALCULATION for WALLS
  DEW POINT TABLE - CONDENSATION POINT GUIDE
  DRYER VENTING
  DRYWELLS, FRENCH DRAINS for FLAT SITES
  DRYWELL DESIGN & USES
  EFFLORESCENCE, Salts & White / Brown Deposits
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  EXTERIOR WATER SOURCE ELIMINATION
  FLOOD Damage Assessment & Repairs
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  FLOODS IN buildings-priorities
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  MOISTURE in BUILDING WALLS, EFFECTS
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MOLD INFORMATION CENTER
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets
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Nanomaterials Hazards
NOISE / SOUND DIAGNOSIS & CURE
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ODORS & SMELLS DIAGNOSIS & CURE

PASCAL CALCULATIONS
ROT, FUNGUS, TERMITES
ROT, TIMBER FRAME

SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS
SOUND CONTROL in buildings
STAIN DIAGNOSIS on BUILDING INTERIORS

THERMAL MASS in buildings
THERMAL TRACKING & HEAT LOSS

VAPOR BARRIERS & CONDENSATION in buildings
  ATTIC CONDENSATION CAUSE & CURE
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  RAIN SPLASH-UP SIDING DAMAGE
  VAPOR BARRIERS & AIR SEALING at BAND JOISTS
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  VAPOR BARRIERS & HOUSEWRAP
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  WATER BARRIERS, EXTERIOR
  WOOD SIDING FLASHING DETAILS
VENTILATION in buildings
VENTILATION in buildingS

WALL FINISHES INTERIOR
WATER BARRIERS, EXTERIOR BUILDING
WATER ENTRY in buildings
WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS
WIND TURBINES & LIGHTNING
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WINDOWS & DOORS
  ALUMINUM WINDOWS
  Best Practices Guide for Windows & Doors:
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  Doors, Exterior, Energy Efficiency Guide
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  Window & Door Sources

WINTERIZE A BUILDING

More Information

Condensation at a basement window (C) Daniel Friedman Dew Point Data for Building Wall Cavities
InspectAPedia®  -      

  • Advice on calculating the dew point inside building wall or ceiling cavities
  • How to determine the dew point inside insulated building walls

This article explains how the wall cavity dew point, the point at which moisture condenses out of air onto a surface, is calculated for a building cavity such as inside of an insulated wall.

InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers nor with topics or services discussed at this website.

Accompanying text is reprinted/adapted/excerpted with permission from Solar Age Magazine - editor Steven Bliss.

Readers should read DEW POINT TABLE - CONDENSATION POINT GUIDE. Also see MOISTURE PROBLEMS: CAUSE & CURE and HOUSEWRAP AIR & VAPOR BARRIERS and HUMIDITY CONTROL TO PREVENT MOLD also VENTILATION in buildings. Our page top photo shows severe moisture condensation on a basement window and window frame. Related article: CONDENSATION or SWEATING PIPES, TANKS.

© Copyright 2012 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Information Accuracy & Bias Pledge is at below-left. Use page top links to major topics or use links at the left of each page to navigate within topics and documents at this website. Green links show where you are in a document series or at this website.

How to Predict the Dew Point in a Building Wall or Ceiling Cavity

  • Q&A: Condensation in Walls - Calculate the Dew Point in Building Walls - PDF version; use your browser's back button to return to this page

The question-and-answer article about calculating the dew point in walls and a discussion of mathematical models of moisture condensation, quotes-from, updates, and comments an original article from Solar Age Magazine and written by Steven Bliss.

Question about how we calculate the dew point in buildings

All of the literature I have read on condensation within building wall cavities warns of the problem of cavity moisture (a potential source of mold contamination, insect attack, or structural rot). But the literature does not provide any clues as to how to predict wall cavity condensation.

Is there a formula which will determine the dew point inside a building wall when both inside and outside relative humilities and temperatures are known? - J.L.B., G4reenfield Center, NY.

Answer about Calculating and Predicting Wall Cavity Dew Point or Condensation

Mathematical models exist for computing the place and accumulation of moisture condensation inside building walls. Their usefulness, however, is limited for a number of reasons.

First, the models are based exclusively on moisture diffusion theory (moisture molecules moving through building materials). In reality, air leaks into and out of wall cavities, rather than moisture diffusion, accounts for the largest portion of moisture transmission in buildings. Because of variations in workmanship, construction details, uses of sealants and caulks, and similar variables, the relative contributions of diffusion and air leakage in building walls and ceilings is unpredictable.

Second, the moisture condensation mathematical models assume that the building wall is continuous (no holes or penetrations) and that the environmental conditions (temperature, moisture, wind, air pressure) are unchanging.

Actually, conditions constantly change inside and outside of buildings, and cold spots occur at leaks to the outdoors, lapses or omissions of insulation at building corners, air leaks occur around openings for doors and windows, and at thermal short circuits are caused by highly conductive materials such as metal, glass and concrete.

These are the places where the problematic wall or ceiling cavity condensation is likely to occur. So you can also see that the occurrence of wall or ceiling cavity is certainly non uniform in space (building walls or ceilings) and time.

Also the prediction of building wall condensation does not necessarily indicate an actual condensation problem.

The length and severity of winter and the ability of building materials to safely store and later expel moisture are important factors in determining whether a building cavity moisture problem will actually occur.

With this in mind, the best defense against building wall or ceiling moisture damage is a good offense: proper air and vapor barriers, caulking, and thermally-broken door and window components.

To do the wall condensation or dew point calculations, you need to know the temperature and vapor pressure gradients through the wall(or ceiling). These are directly proportional to the resistance's of the wall's components to heat flow and moisture vapor flow (and air leaks). At any point where the calculated vapor pressure exceeds the saturation vapor pressure (derived from the temperature at each point), condensation may occur.

Below we provide links to further information on dew point calculation from ASHRAE and the National Bureau of Standards.

For greater accuracy in predicting wall cavity condensation, the vapor pressure curve is recalculated for each plane of condensation in an iterative procedure.

Psychometric chart What is the Dew Point?: the dew point (Tdp) is the temperature at which water vapor just starts to condense out of air that is cooling - for example when warm moisture-laden air contacts a cool surface inside of a wall cavity.

Above the dew point the moisture stays in the air.

At or below the dew point moisture leaves the air and in buildings, condenses on the cooler surface that the air is contacting.

This also means that if you are measuring the relative humidity in a room, the RH number only has meaning if you measure the room temperature at the same time and location.

In the table at left, the left-most curve, the 100% relative humidity line offers a simple case - that's air that is 100% saturated. So on the chart below, notice that on the left-most curve, the wet bulb temperature equals the dry bulb temperature - that is, when the air is fully saturated at 100% RH, no more air water can be evaporated out of the air.

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Technical Reviewers & References

  • InspectAPedia.com® - Daniel Friedman - Publisher & Editor.
  • Steven Bliss served as editorial director and co-publisher of The Journal of Light Construction for 16 years and previously as building technology editor for Progressive Builder and Solar Age magazines. He worked in the building trades as a carpenter and design/build contractor for more than ten years and holds a masters degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Excerpts from his recent book, Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, Wiley (November 18, 2005) ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, appear throughout this website, with permission and courtesy of Wiley & Sons. Best Practices GuideĀ is available from the publisher, J. Wiley & Sons, and also at Amazon.com.
  • InspectAPedia Bookstore lists recommended books, organized by topic & available for purchase. Most of our articles also include a list of recommended books for the specific article topic as well as other references, and information sources.
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  • Additional technical contributors & reference sources for this article are listed below.

Use links just below or at the left of each page to navigate this document or to view other topics at this website. Green links show where you are in our document or website.

AIR SEALING STRATEGIES
DEW POINT CALCULATION for WALLS
DEW POINT TABLE - CONDENSATION POINT GUIDE
HOUSEWRAP INSTALLATION DETAILS

HUMIDITY LEVEL TARGET
MOISTURE CONTROL in BUILDINGS
MOISTURE PROBLEMS: CAUSE & CURE

PAINT FALURE, DIAGNOSIS, CURE, PREVENTION

  • ASHRAE resource on dew point and wall condensation - see the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, available in many libraries
  • National Bureau of Standards (NBS) resource on dew point and wall condensation - see NBS Report #BSM63, Moisture Condensation in Building Walls.

...

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

  • Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
  • A Rotting Timber Frame, Steven Bliss, Journal of Light Construction, February 1987.
  • The Journal of Light Construction has generously given reprint permission to InspectAPedia.com for this article. All rights and contents are ©Journal of Light Construction and may not be reproduced in any form.
  • "Moisture Problems: Causes and Cures. Understanding moisture problems can steer you free of trouble", Steve Bliss: Building it Right, Solar Age, March 1983 p. 37, 38. -- Adapted with permission, from original material to form this web page article.
  • ASHRAE resource on dew point and wall condensation - see the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, available in many libraries. The following three ASHRAE Handbooks are also available at the InspectAPedia bookstore in the third page of our Insulate-Ventilate section:
    • 2005 ASHRAE Handbook : Fundamentals : Inch-Pound Edition (2005 ASHRAE HANDBOOK : Fundamentals : I-P Edition) (Hardcover), Thomas H. Kuehn (Contributor), R. J. Couvillion (Contributor), John W. Coleman (Contributor), Narasipur Suryanarayana (Contributor), Zahid Ayub (Contributor), Robert Parsons (Author), ISBN-10: 1931862702 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862707
    • 2004 ASHRAE Handbook : Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning: Systems and Equipment : Inch-Pound Edition (2004 ASHRAE Handbook : HVAC Systems and Equipment : I-P Edition) (Hardcover)
      by American Society of Heating, ISBN-10: 1931862478 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862479
      "2004 ASHRAE Handbook - HVAC Systems and Equipment The 2004 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Systems and Equipment discusses various common systems and the equipment (components or assemblies) that comprise them, and describes features and differences. This information helps system designers and operators in selecting and using equipment. Major sections include Air-Conditioning and Heating Systems (chapters on system analysis and selection, air distribution, in-room terminal systems, centralized and decentralized systems, heat pumps, panel heating and cooling, cogeneration and engine-driven systems, heat recovery, steam and hydronic systems, district systems, small forced-air systems, infrared radiant heating, and water heating); Air-Handling Equipment (chapters on duct construction, air distribution, fans, coils, evaporative air-coolers, humidifiers, mechanical and desiccant dehumidification, air cleaners, industrial gas cleaning and air pollution control); Heating Equipment (chapters on automatic fuel-burning equipment, boilers, furnaces, in-space heaters, chimneys and flue vent systems, unit heaters, makeup air units, radiators, and solar equipment); General Components (chapters on compressors, condensers, cooling towers, liquid coolers, liquid-chilling systems, centrifugal pumps, motors and drives, pipes and fittings, valves, heat exchangers, and energy recovery equipment); and Unitary Equipment (chapters on air conditioners and heat pumps, room air conditioners and packaged terminal equipment, and a new chapter on mechanical dehumidifiers and heat pipes)."
    • 1996 Ashrae Handbook Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Systems and Equipment: Inch-Pound Edition (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 1883413346 or ISBN-13: 978-1883413347 ,
      "The 1996 HVAC Systems and Equipment Handbook is the result of ASHRAE's continuing effort to update, expand and reorganize the Handbook Series. Over a third of the book has been revised and augmented with new chapters on hydronic heating and cooling systems design; fans; unit ventilator; unit heaters; and makeup air units. Extensive changes have been added to chapters on panel heating and cooling; cogeneration systems and engine and turbine drives; applied heat pump and heat recovery systems; humidifiers; desiccant dehumidification and pressure drying equipment, air-heating coils; chimney, gas vent, fireplace systems; cooling towers; centrifugal pumps; and air-to-air energy recovery. Separate I-P and SI editions."
    • Principles of Heating, Ventilating, And Air Conditioning: A textbook with Design Data Based on 2005 AShrae Handbook - Fundamentals (Hardcover), Harry J., Jr. Sauer (Author), Ronald H. Howell, ISBN-10: 1931862923 or ISBN-13: 978-1931862929
    • 1993 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (Hardcover), ISBN-10: 0910110964 or ISBN-13: 978-0910110969
  • The National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST (nee National Bureau of Standards NBS) is a US government agency - see www.nist.gov
    • "A Parametric Study of Wall Moisture Contents Using a Revised Variable Indoor Relative Humidity Version of the "Moist" Transient Heat and Moisture Transfer Model [copy on file as/interiors/MOIST_Model_NIST_b95074.pdf ] - ", George Tsongas, Doug Burch, Carolyn Roos, Malcom Cunningham; this paper describes software and the prediction of wall moisture contents. - PDF Document from NIS
  • "Solar Heat Gain & Windows, the facts about", NFRC, National Fenestration Rating Council, January 2005, NFRC website: www.nfrc.org retrieved 12/4/2010, original source: http://www.nfrc.org/documents/SolarHeatGain.pdf.
  • Understanding Ventilation: How to Design, Select, and Install Residential Ventilation Systems, John Bower
  • Linric psychrometric tools can be found at www.linric.com
  • "Weather-Resistive Barriers [copy on file as /interiors/Weather_Resistant_Barriers_DOE.pdf ] - ", how to select and install housewrap and other types of weather resistive barriers, U.S. DOE
  • ...

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