Construction Dictionary Section 9 Finishes Terminology

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SECTION 09110
BRACING: Generally steel strap attached
diagonally or at right angles to one or
more surfaces of the framing to resist
racking and rotation forces. (S.E.L.& P. B.
BRIDGING; Generally track or channel
shapes to provide lateral support about
the weak axis and stabilizes against
twisting, rotation and deflection.
(S.E.L. & P.B.)
CHANNELS: Hot-rolled or cold-rolled
steel section, used for furring and carry—
ing channels or runners, and as studs.
(S.E.L. & P. B.)
Steel studs, top and bot—
FRAMING, PRIMARY:
tom track of various conf igurations, size ,
(S.E.L. & P. B.)
gauge, etc .
FRAMING, SECONDARY: Hot- or cold-rolled
channel shapes, straps, angles or rods
used to brack, bridge, stiffen or furr-
(S.E.L. & P.B.)
out the primary framing .
FURRING: Strips Of metal (or wood) applied
to a wall or other surface to make it
level or plumb, to form an air space, or
to provide a fastening surface for cover—
(S.E.L. & P. B.)
ing materials.
GAUGE (GAGE): The thickness mea sure of
sheet metal or the diameter of wire.
(S.E.L. & P. B.)
LEG: Synonomous with stud flange. (S. E. L. &P.B)
STUD: A cold—formed vertical member, load or
non—load bearing. When installed in a ser—
ies forms a frame to support covering ma—
(S.E.L. & P.B.)
ter ials.
STUD, C: Has a second set Of flanges parallel
to the web. (S. E. L. & P. B.)
STUD, DOUBLE; Parallel flanges project in
opposite directions from a common web.
STUD, FLANGE: A projecting rim or rib, at
right angles to the web, parallel to the
cover ing material, for strength and for at—
tachment of covering rnater ials.
(S.E.L. & P.B.)
STUD, PUNCHED: Holes or punch-outs of vari-
ous shapes and sizes, spaced uniformly
along the centerline of the web to reduce
weight and accommodate horizontal pipe or
wire passage in the core space.
STUD, WEB: The middle plate or section per—
pendicular to the flanges and plane of the
wall.
STUD, WIDE FLANGE: Flange width greater than
1 " providing greater bear ing surface for
(S.E.L. & P.B.)
covering material.
09110
NON-LOAD BEARING WALL FRAMING SYSTEMS
SHEATHING: Any rigid sheet or board ma—
terial capable of being attached to the ex—
terior surface of steel framing, prior to
applj cation of the finishing materials.
SHOE: A formed metal section used in attach—
ing metal studs to floor and ceiling tracks;
also the end section of a channel turned to
an angle (usually 900 ) to permit attach—
ment, generally to other channels .
TRACK :
Ceiling Track, Ceiling Runner Track or ceil—
ing Runner : A formed metal section, anchored
to the ceiling, into which metal studs for
hollow or solid partitions are set; a formed
metal section to which lath is attached for
stud less partitions; a metal channel or angle
used for anchoring the partition to the ceil—
ing. (S.E.L. & P.B.)
Floor Track, Floor Runner Track or Floor
Runner : A formed metal section, anchored to
the floor, into Which metal studs for hollow
or solid partitions are set; a formed metal
section into which lath is inserted for stud—
less partitions; a wood member into which
lath is inserted for stud less partitions; a
metal channel used for anchoring thé parti—
(S.E.L. & P. B.)
tion to the floor

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SECTION 09200
ABüSTON: The surface loss of a mater—
i al due to frictional forces. (SEL & PB)
ABSORPTION: The process by which a liquid
ig drawn into and tends to fill perme—
able pores in a porous solid body, also
the increase in weight of a porous solid
body resulting from the penetration of
a liquid into its permeable pores.
(SEL & PB)
ACCELERATOR: An admixture that will has—
ten the setting action of stucco, plas—
(GA)
ter, or mortar.
Subordinate materials or
ACCESSORIES :
any supplementary material necess—
ary for the proper application and
performance of primary products .
(SEL & PB)
ACOUSTICAL: Relating to, pertaining
or associated with sound, but not
having its properties or character—
ist:ics .
(GA)
sound
ACOUSTICAL PLASTER & PLASTIC:
absorbing finishing materials mill—
to,
formulated for application in areas
where a reduction in sound reverb—
eration is desired. These materials
usually are applied to a minimum thick—
ness of and generally provide a
noise reduction coefficient of at
(GA)
least .45 decibels.
ACOUSTICS: The science of sound, inclu—
ding its production, transmission, and
(SEL & PB)
effects .
ADDITIVE: An admixture added to a pro—
duct during manufacturing process— not
at the job-site. see ADMIXTURES. (SEL &
ADDITION : A material that is inter—
ground or blended in limited amounts into
a hydralic cement during manufacture
either as a "processing addition" to
aid in manufacturing and handl ing the
cement or as a functional addition" to
modify the use properties of the
(SEL & PB)
finished product.
ADHESIVE : A substance capable Of hold—
ing materials together by surface
(SEL & PB)
attachmen t.
ADHESIVE BOND: A relationship between
two materials in contact with each
other causing them to stick or adhere
together by means other than cohe—
(SEL & PB,
ADMIXTURE (I): Any substance added to
a plaster component or to plaster
mortar for the purpose of altering
its properties.
(GA)
09200
LATH AND PLASTER
ADMIXTURE (2) ; A material other than water,
aggregate, or basic cementitious material
that is used as an ingredient of plaster and
is added to the batch im.rnediately before or
during its mixing for the purpose of improv—
ing flow and workability or imparting partiou—
lar qualities to the mortar.
(SEL & PB)
AFTERGLOW; Glow in a material after the removal
of an external source of fire exposure or
after the cessation (natural or induced) of
(SEL & PB)
flaming of the material.
AGGREGATE: An inert material used as a filler
with cementitious material and water to pro—
duce plaster, concrete, etc. The term used
in conjunction with plaster usually implies
(GA)
sand, vermiculite, or perlite.
FINE AGGREGATE: sand or other inorganic
aggregate for use in plastering. See
ASTM C35 for gypsum plastering and ANSI
A42 .2—1971 for portland cement plaster—
ing.
(SEL & PB)
FINES: Aggregate particles with a high per—
centage passing the NO. 200 sieve. (SEL & PB)
LAKE SAND: Sand consisting predominantly
of fine rounded particles. (SEL & PB)
PERLITE: A siliceous volcanic glass
Proper—
Iy expanded by heat and weighing not less
than nor more than 15 lbs. per cu. ft. ;
used as a light—weight aggregate in plas—
(SEL & PB)
ter.
SAND: Loose granular material resulting from
the natural disintegration of rock or from
the crushing of friable sandstone. Manu—
factured sand is the fine material result—
ing from the crushing and classification by
screening, or otherwise, of rock, gravel ,
(SEL & PB)
or blast furnace slag.
VERMICULITE : A micaceous mineral properly
expanded by heat and weighing not less than
6 nor more than 10 lbs. per cu. ft. Vermi—
culite is used as a light—weight aggregate
in plaster.
(SEL & PB)
The volume of air (or other gas)
AIR CONTENT:
voids in freshly mixed cement mortar, usually
expressed as a percentage Of total volume of
(SEL & PB)
the mortar.
AIR—ENTRAINMENT: The process by which air is
introduced into a material while in a liquid
or plastic state in the form of small iso—
(GA)
lated bubbles .
ALABASTER: A massive densely crystalline,
softly textured form of practically pure
gypsum . (GA)

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SECTION 09200
ALPHA. GYPSUM: A term denoting a class
of specially processed calcined gyp—
sums having properties of low consist—
ency and high strength. Alpha Gypsums
can be produced having strengths in
(GA)
excess of 10,000 P. S. I.
ANGLE FLOAT: A finishing tool having a
surface bent to form a right angle.
(GA)
Used to finish re—entrant angles .
ANHYDROUS CALCIUM SULPHATE: A stable form
of gypsum from which practically all
of the water of crystallization has
been removed. Described by the term
dead—burned gypsum. (GA)
ARCH CORNER BEAD: A job-shaped length
of corner bead used to define the curved
(GA)
portion of arched openings .
ARRIS : A sharp edge, forming an external
corner at the junction of two surfaces .
(SEL & PB)
ATOMIZER: Device by which air is intro—
duced into material at the nozzle to reg—
ulate the texture of machine—applied plas—
(SEL & PB)
ter.
AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION :
Average change in unit volume of a sub—
stance per unit change in temperature
over a specified range of temperature .
(SEL & PB)
AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF LINER EXPANSION :
Average change of unit length of a
body per unit change in temperature
over a specified range of tempera—
ture. (SEL & PB)
BOND STRENGTH: The unit load applied
in tension, compression, flexure, peel,
impact, cleavage, or shear, required
to break an adhesive assembly with
failure occurring in or near the plane
(SEL & PB)
of the bond.
BULKING: The increase in volume of a
material due to manipulation. (SEL & PB)
BACKING; see PLASTER BASE.
BACK—PLASTERING : A term denoting plaster
applied to one face of a lath system
following application and subsequent
hardening of a plaster applied to the
Back—Plastering is
opposite face.
used primarily in construction of solid
plaster partitions and certain exterior
wall systems . (GA)
(GA)
see PLASTER BASE .
BASE:
(GA)
See BASE SCREED.
BASE BEAD:
1.
Any plaster coat or coats
BASECOAT .
applied prior to application of the
finish coat.
(GA)
LATH AND PLASTER
2.
The sum total of all plaster coat •
BASECOAT
or coats applied prior to application of the
finish coat, Where more than one layer of
plaster is applied the first application is
called the scratch coat and the second appli—
(SEL & PB)
cation is called the brown coat .
BASE SCREED: A preformed metal screen with
perforated or expanded flanges . Provides a
ground for plaster and separates areas of
(GA)
dissimilar materials .
BEDDING COAT: That coat of plaster to receive
aggregate or other decorative material of
any size, impinged into its surface, before
(SEL & PB)
it sets.
BEAD: A strip of sheet metal usually formed
with a projecting nosing and 2 perforated
or expanded flanges. The nosing serves to
establish plaster grounds while the flanges
provide for attachment to the plaster base.
Used at the perimeter of a plaster membrane
as a stop or at projecting angles to define
and reinforce the edge. Types are corner
(GA)
beads, base beads, casing beads, etc.
(SEL & PB)
BEVEL : A slanted surface.
BINDER: see CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL. A compo-
nent of an adhesive composition which is pri—
marily responsible for the adhesive forces
(SEL & PB)
which hold two bodies together.
BLISTERING : A condition usually characterized
by a bulging of the finish plaster coat as
it separates and draws away from the base—
coat. The resulting protuberances are often
Caused by applica—
termed "turtle backs 1' .
tion over too damp a basecaot, or trowel—
ling too soon or incomplete hydration of fin—
igh lime. (SEL & PB)
BOND: The state of adherence between plaster
coats or between plaster and a plaster base
produced by adhesive and/or cohesive prop—
erties of plaster or special supplementary
materials .
(SEL & PB)
CHEMICAL BOND: A term used to describe ad—
herence of one plaster coat to another or
to the base, which implies formation of
inter—locking crystals or fusion between
(SEL & PB)
the coats or to the base.
MECHANICAL BOND: A term used to describe
the physical keying of one plaster coat to
another or to the plaster base. (SEL & PB)
BOND STRENGTH: The unit load applied in
tension, compression, flexure, peel, im—
pact, cleavage, or shear, required to
break an adhesive assembly with failure
occuring in or near the plane of bond.
(SEL & PB)
BONDING AGENT: A substance applied to a sur—
face to improve the quality of the bond
between it and succeeding plaster appli—
cation.
(GA)
09200

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SECTION 09200
BOND PLASTER: A specially formualted gypsum
plaster designed as a first coat appli—
(GA)
cation over monolithic concrete.
BREAK: An interruption in the continuity
(SEL & PB)
of a plastered surface.
BROWN COAT: The coat of plaster direct—
Iy beneath the finish coat.
In two
coat work, brown coat refers to the
double—up basecoat plaster applied to
gypsum lath. In three coat work, the
brown coat is the second coat and is
applied over the scratch (first) coat.
The second coat in three coat plaster
appli cation.
(GA)
BROWN OUT: To complete application Of
(GA)
basecoat plastering.
BUCKLES: Raised or ruptured spots in the
plaster which usually crack and break
(SEL & PB)
the bond.
BUILDING LIME : A lime whose chemical and
physical characteristics and method of
processing make it suitable for ordinary
or special construction uses; also
called construction lime
(GA)
BULK DENSITY: The weight of a material
per unit Of vol ume . (GA)
BULL NOSE: An external angle which is
rounded in order to eliminate a sharp
arris or corner; may be run in plaster
or obtained by use Of a metal access—
(SEL & PB)
ory .
Color imperfections in a
BUTTERFLIES :
lime—putty finish coat which smear out
(GA)
under pressure of the trowel .
CALCINE : To drive off or lose chemi—
cally combined water by action Of heat
thereby altering the chemical and phy—
sical characterisitics of a material. (GA)
CALCINED GYPSUM: Gypsum that has been
(GA)
partially dehydrated by heat.
CAPILLARY MIGRATION: The movement of
water by capillary action. (SEL & PB)
Finished products from a mold
CASTS :
sometimes referred to as a staff. (GA)
CASIfG BEAD: A bead used at the peri—
meter of a plaster membrane or around
openings to provide a stop and, to
provide separation from adjacent ma—
terials.
(GA)
CATFACE : Blemish or rough depression•
in the finish coat caused by varia—
tions in basecoat thickness . A flaw. (GA)
CONTACT CEILING: A ceiling which is
secured in direct contact with the con-
struction above without use of furring.
(GA)
09200
LATH AND PLASTER
CEMENT : A material or mixture of materials
which when in a plastic state, possesses
adhesive and cohesive properties and which
will set in place. Note g The word cement
is used without regard to the composition
of the material .
(GA)
CEPENTITIOUS MATERIAL: A component material
of plaster which when mixed with water pro—
vides plasticity necessary for placement.
Upon subsequent setting or hardening it
serves to bind aggregate particles together
into a rigid heterogeneous mass .
(GA)
CEMENT PLASTER: A variously defined term used
in some localities to denote a plaster con—
taining portland cement, in other locali—
ties to denote calcined gypsum. (GA)
See CRAZE CRACKS .
CHECK CRACKS :
CHECKING: See CRAZE CRACKS.
CHEMICAL BOND : A term denoting bond produced
by cohesion between separate laminae of
similar crystalline materials . Based on
formation and subsequent interlocking of
crystals .
(GA)
CHIP CRACKS: Fine cracks, similar to check
cracks except that bond is partially de—
stroyed producing a series of concave frag—
ments of the surface material. The condi—
tion is also termed "egg shelling" ,
fire
cracking, etc.
(GA)
CLIPS ; A classification of devices usually
made of wire or sheet metal used to attach
various types of lath to supports or to
secure adjacent lath sheets .
(GA)
BEAM CLIP : A formed wire section used to
attach lath to flanges of steel beams.
CASING CLIP : formed metal section which
puts pressure on a casing bead to assure
rigid positioning.
CLIP FOR CONTROL OF MOVEMENT: A flexible,
resilient metal section separating the
plaster membrane from supports to reduce
plaster cracking due to structural move—
ment (and to reduce sound transmisiion) .
CORNER BEAD CLIP: A metal section used, where
necessary, to provide an extension for
attachment of various types of corner beads .
END CLIP : A metal section used to secure ends
and edges of gypsum lath .
FURRING CLIP : A metal section for attaching
cross furring to main runners .
INDIVIDUAL STUD CLIP: A formed metal section
for use where a floor runner is impractical .
LATH CLIP (GENERIC): A metal section to secure
lath to supports .
MASONRY WALL CLIP:
see WALL FURRING BASE CLIP .

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SECTION 09200
BASE CLIP: A formed metal section
to which is attached metal base for
partitions or walls .
METAL LATH CLIP: A formed wire section
for fastening metal lath to flanges
of steel joists.
SOUND TRANSMISSION CLIP: A flexible,
resilient metal clip used to decrease
sound transmission through partition
and floor assemblies.
(Also serves
to lessen plaster cracking resulting
from structural movement. )
STARTER CLIP : A metal section used at
floor or initial course of gypsum lath.
WALL FURRING BASE CLIP: A formed metal
section used to attach metal base to
furred walls .
COAT; A thickness, covering, or layer of
plaster applied in a single operation. (GA)
COLORED FINISHED: Plaster finish coats
containing integrally mixed color pigments
(GA)
or colored aggregates
Capable of undergoing cornbus—
COMBUSTIBLE :
tion in air, at pressures and tempera—
Cures that might occur during a fire in
a building, unless otherwise speci—
fled.
(SEL & PB)
COMBUSTION: Any chemical process that pro—
duces light and heat either as glow
(SEL & PB)
or flames.
COMPOUND PLASTER: A regional term denoting
neat calcined gypsurn for use in basecoat
(GA)
plasters .
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH: The maximum load
sustained by a standard specimen of a
material when subjected to a crush—
ing force. (SEL & PB)
CONDITION, STANDARD: The condition reached
by a specimen when it is in temperature
and moisture equilibrium with a standard
(SEL & PB)
atmosphere.
CONDITIONING: The exposure of a material
to the influence of a prescribed atmos—
phere for a stipulated period of time
or until a stipulated relation is reached
between material and atmosphere. (SEL & PB)
CONSISTENCY: A term literally denoting the
fluidity or viscosity of a plaster mor—
ter or cementitious paste. The term is
often used to denote the quantity of
water required to bring a given quantity
of dry cementitious material or mix—
ture of cementitious material and aggre—
gate to a given state of fluidity .
(GA)
CONTACT CEILINGS: A ceiling which is se-
cured in direct contact with the construc—
tion above without the use of furring. (GA)
LATH AND PIASTER
BEAD; A metal bead used at projecting
or external angles to define and reinforce
(GA)
the corner
CORNER REINFORCEMENT: Plaster reinforcement
used at reentrant or internal angles to pro—
vide continuity between two intersecting
Usually a strip of diamond
plaster planes .
mesh metal lath bent to form a right angle.
Other names "cornerite", corner lath. (GA)
CORROSION RESISTANT: Term used to describe
a material or treatment designed to inhibit
(SEL & PB)
corros ion.
Line of fracture without complete sepa—
(SEL & PB)
ration.
CRAZE CRACKS: Fine, random fissures or
cracks which may appear in a plaster sur—
face caused by plaster shrinkage. Also
termed check cracking, these cracks are
generally associated with a lime finish coat
that has not been properly gauged or trow—
CROSS FURRING: Term used to denote furring
members attached to other structural compo—
nents to support lath in suspended ceilings .
Generally 3/4" steel channels or pencil
rods. Attached at right angles to the un—
derside of main runners or other struc—
(SEL & PB)
tural supports .
CURE: TO provide conditions conducive to
completion of the hydration process . Gen—
era11y used in conjunction with portland
cement plaster: To maintain a sufficient
quantity of water in contact with portland
cement plaster to insure complete hydra—
tion throughout the period required for
this process to take place.
(GA)
CURE, NONVIAL CURE: The method of setting
or hardening wherein portland cement is
allowed to hydrate at atmospheric condi—
tions of pressure preferably under condi-
tions to inhibit water loss.
(SEL & PB)
DAMPROOFING: Treatment of a surface or
structure which retards the passage of
liquid water.
(SEL & PB)
DARBY: A flat wooden or metal tool about
4" wide and 42" long with handles; used to
smooth or float the brown coat; also
used on finished coat to give a prelim—
inary true and even surface .
(GA)
DASH-BOND COAT: A thick slurry of port-
land cement, sand, and water dashed on
srnooth monolithic concrete surfaces with
a paddle or whisk—broom to provide a key
for subsequent portland cement plaster
(GA)
coats .
DEAD BURNED: Removal of all water content
during calcining of gypsum. (SEL & PB)
09200

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SECTION 09200
DECIBEL: A unit measure Of sound inten—
sity which can be used in expressing
(GA)
sound volume or loudness.
DELAMINATION : Separation at the inter—
face of a composite material . Also
used to describe a laminar separation
in a homogeneous material due to a
fault.
(SEL & PB)
DENSITY: The weight per unit volume of
(SEL & PB)
a material.
DEVIL'S FLOAT: A wooden float with two
nails protruding from the toe. Usually
used to roughen the surface of the
(GA)
brown coat .
The temperature at which a
DEW POINT :
vapor (air) is saturated with water
vapor at the existing pressure. (SEL &PB)
DIAMOND : One of the common types
of metal lath having a characteristic
geometrical pattern produced by the
slitting and expansion of metal sheets.
(GA)
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH: Fossil remains of
small aquatic plants and essentially
silica. Extremely porous and thus low
in density .
(SEL & PB)
DOLOMITIC: Term used to denote a type
of lime or limestone containing calcium
carbonate in combination with up to
magnesium carbonate.
(GA)
DOPE : A term used by plasterers for mortar
additives of any type, such as those
used to retard or accelerate set.
DOT: A small lump of plaster placed on a
surface between grounds to assist the
plasterer in obtaining the proper plas—
ter thickness and aid in aligning the
surface.
(GA)
DOUBLE—UP : A method Of plaster placement
characterized by application in success—
i ve operations with no setting or dry—
ing time allowed between coats. Also
called double—back, doubled—up, laid
off, laid—on or two coat work.
(GA)
DRY—OUT : A condition occasionally occur—
ring in gypsum plaster work which by
excessive evaporation or suction has
lost some or all of the water necessary
for crystallization. Appears as a light
colored, friable area
(GA)
DURABILITY: The safe performance Of a
structure or portion of a structure
for the designed life expectancy.
(SEL & PB)
EFFLORESCENCE: White, fleecy surface de—
posits sometimes found on plaster or
masonry. Also referred to as "whisker—
ing" or "saltpetering" .
(GA)
09200
I-ATH AND PLASTER
EGGSHELLING: See CHIP CRACKS
ELECTROMOTIVE SERIES; A table that lists in
order the standard electrode potentials of
specified electrochemical reactions. (Gal—
vanic Series)
(SEL & PB)
EXPANDED METAL; Term used to denote sheet metal
which has been slit and drawn out to form
diamond—shaped or herringbone openings .
This ,
when used as a plaster base, is termed "metal
lath" .
(GA)
EXPANSION JOINT: A device usually formed from
sheet metal and having a "w n shaped cross
section. Used to provide controlled discon—
tinuity at locations in a plaster membrane
where high stresses may be encountered. Also
known as a "relief joint" or a "control
joint " .
(GA)
FAT : Material accurnulated on the trowel during
the finishing operation often used to fill
in small imperfections. Also a term used
to describe working characteristics of a
mortar containing a high proportion of
cementitious material. Also used to describe
working characteristics of highly plastic
(GA)
mortars .
FALSE SET: The rapid development of rigidity
in a mixed portland cement mortar without
the evolution of much heat, which rigidity
can be dispelled and plasticity regained
by further mixing without addition of wa—
(SEL & PB)
ter.
FEATHER EDGE : A tool of metal or wood having
a beveled edge. Used in finish coat work
to straighten reentrant angles .
(GA)
FIBER: Animal hair or sisal, manilla or glass
fibers of appropriate length added to plaster
mortar to increase its cohesiveness .
(GA)
FIBERED: Term pertaining to basecoat plaster
containing animal, vegetable, or glass fiber.
Note: Not included in this definition is
neat gypsum basecoat plaster containing wood
fiber as an aggregate and designed for use
either with or without addition of other
aggregates which is termed "wood—fibered
plaster" .
(GA)
FINES: Term usually pertaining to small aggre—
gate particles capable of passing through a
#200 sieve.
(GA)
FINISHING BRUSHES: Brushes used to apply water
to a smooth lime finish coat during final
troweling.
(GA)
FINENESS MODULUS ; An abstract number used to
compare different particles or graduations
Of aggregate. The f ineness modulus is com—
puted by adding the cumulative percentages
retained on the six standard screens (#4, #8 ,
#16, #30, #50, and #100) and dividing the
sum by 100.
(GA)

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SECTION 09200
1 : The last layer of plaster
FINISH COAT
applied. Usually providing a decorative
surface or a base for further decora—
(GA)
tion.
FINISH COAT ; The final layer of plaster ap—
plied over a basecoat or other substrate.
Uusa11y providing a decorative surface or
a base for further decoration. It may be
(SEL & PB)
surfaced as follows:
TROWELLED FINISH: Produced by water trowel-
ling with a steel trowel to produce a
smooth and dense surface.
FLOAT FINISHES: Obtained by floating with
a shingle, wood, carpet, cork, rubber ,
etc. to bring the aggregate to the surface .
The finish may vary from smooth to coarse,
depending on the aggregate and the tool .
Obtained by special meth—
TEXTURED FINISHES :
stippling, strippling, dash—
ods such as :
ing, trowelling, floating, etc. or a com—
bination of these.
Plaster finish coats con—
COLORED FINISHES :
taining integrally mixed color pigments
or colored aggregates .
MARBLECRETE : Surface—bedded materials such
as marble chips, glass, crushed ceramic
tile, etc. thrown forcibly onto a bedding
coat by hand or machine and then tamped
lightly to give uniform ernbedment .
DASH COAT: Of fine or coarse texture applied
either by hand or by machine .
see STUCCO
FINISHES .
GLITTER FINISHES: Mica or metallic flakes
blown on to the wet exterior or interior
finish coats .
FIREPROOFING:
CONTACT: Application of f ire—resistive
material direct to structural members
to protect them from fire damage.
MEMBRANE : A lath and plaster system which
is separated from the structural steel
members in most cases by furring or sus—
pension, to provide fireproofing.
(SEL & PB)
FIRE ENDURANCE: A measure of the elapsed time
during which a material or assembly contin—
ues to exhibit fire resistance under speci—
fled conditions of test and performance. As
applied to elements of buildings, it shall
be measured by the methods and to the cri—
teria defined in the Methods of Fire Tests
of Building Construction and Materials.
(ASTM Designation Ell 9. )
(SEL & PB)
FIRE EXPOSURE; The subjection of a material
or construction to a high heat flux from
an external source, with or without flame
imp ingement.
(External sources as used here
may include building contents or building
components • )
(SEL & PB)
09200
LATH AND PLASTER
FIRE RESISTANCE; The property of a mater•
ial or assembly to withstand fire or give
protection from it. As applied to ele—
ments of buildings, it is characterized
by the ability to confine a fire or to
continue to perform a given structural
function, or both. (SEL & PB)
FIRE RESISTIVE; Having fire resistance.
(SEL & PB)
FIRE RETARDANT: Having or providing com-
parative1Y low flammability or flame
spread properties .
(SEL & PB)
FIRE RETARDANT RATING: A standard rating
of fire—resistive and protective chara—
cterisitics of a building material or
assembly. (SEL & PB)
FLAME SPREAD CLASSIFICATION: A standard
rating of relative surface burning char-
acteristics of a building material as corn—
(SEL & PB)
pared to a standard material .
FIRE TEST EXPOSURE SEVERITY: A measure
of the degree of fire exposure; spec—
ifically in connection with ASTM meth—
ods Ell 9, E152, and E163, the ratio of
the area under the curve of average fur—
ance temperature to the area under the
standard time—temperature curve, each
from the start of the test to the end or
time of failure, and above the base tern—
perature 68F (20C) .
(SEL & PB)
Flaming combustion along
FLAME SPREAD:
a surface; not to be confused with
flame transfer by air currents. (SEL &
Subject to easy ignition and
FLAMMABLE :
rapid flaming combustion.
(SEL & PB)
FISH EYES : A term used to describe small
blemishes occasionally found in lime
finish coats. Approximately " in dia—
meter, they are caused by lumpy lime .
(GA)
FLEXURAL STRENGTH: The maximum load sus-
tained by a standard specimen of a sheet
material when subjected to a bending
(SEL & PB)
force.
FLOAT: A tool or procedure used by the
plasterer to straighten and level the
finish coat surface, to correct surface
irregularities produced by other tools
and to impart a distinctive surface tex—
ture .
FLOAT FINISH : A finish coat texture which
is rougher than a trowel finish. The
roughness is derived primarily from ag—
gregate particles contained in the plas—
(GA)
ter mortar.

****** Result for Image/Page 8 ******
SECTION 09200
ELOATING :
BASE COAT FLOATING: The act of spread-
ing, compacting, and smoothing plaster
to a reasonably true plane on exter—
ior and interior surfaces. (SEL & PB)
FINISH COAT FLOATING: The act of
bringing the aggregate to surface to
(SEL & PB)
produce a uniform texture.
FREE WATER: All water contained by gypsum
board or plaster in excess of that chem—
icaIIy held as water of crystallization.
(SEL & PB)
FRESCO: An artistic or decorative medi—
um consisting of a water—soluble paint
applied to freshly applied plaster.
(SEL & PB)
FURRED CEILING: A ceiling having spacer
elements , (usually furring channels ,
round rods, or wood strips) inter—
posed between it and the supporting
(SEL & PB)
structure above.
FURRING: Wall or ceiling construction
beyond or below the normal surface plane;
designates also the members used in such
construction. Term also applied to
spacer elements used to maintain a space
between a finish and the structural ele—
(SEL & PB)
ments behind it.
FURRING CHANNELS: Term generally applied
to 3/4" cold or hot rolled steel chan—
nels used in plaster base construction.
(SEL & PB)
GALVANIZ ING: Application of a coating of
(SEL & PB)
zinc.
GAUGING : Another cementitious material ,
(usually calcined gypsum, Keene ' s ce—
ment, or portland cement) added to lime
putty to provide and control set. Also
the act of adding gauging material .
(SEL & PB)
GAUGING PLASTER: Specially ground gyp-
sum plaster that mixes easily with lime
putty and Type I'S 1' Hydrated Lime; avail—
able in fast or slow setting formula—
(SEL & PB)
tions .
GEL: A semi—solid System consisting of
a network of solid aggregates in which
(SEL & PB)
liquid is held.
GESSO: A plaster surface composed of
gypsum plaster, whiting, and glue;
used as a base for decorative paint—
ing.
(GA)
GLAZING: A condition created by the fines
of a machine dash texture plaster trav—
eling to the surface and producing a
flattened texture and shine or dis—
coloration.
(SEL & PB)
09200
LATH AND PLASTER
GRADUATION; The particle size distribution of
aggregate as determined by separation with
Sieve analysis, screen
standard screens.
analysis, and mechanical analysis are terms
used synonomously in referring to graduation
Of aggregate. Graduation of aggregate is
expressed in terms of the individual percent—
ages retained on U.S. Standard screens desig—
nated by the numbers and 100.
(GA)
GREEN: A term used to describe newly applied
(SEL & PB)
plaster that has not dried.
GRILLAGE : A framework composed of main runner
channels and furring channels to support
(SEL & PB)
ceiling and ceiling lath .
GROUNDS : A piece of wood or metal attached to
the plaster base so that its exposed surface
acts as a gauge to determine the thickness
of plaster to be applied. Also used by the
carpenter as a nailing base or spacer for
attachment of trim. A term denoting plaster
(GA)
thi ckness .
GYPSITE: An earthy deposit found at or near
the surface of the ground, consisting of finely
crystalline gypsum mixed with loam, clay ,
sand, and humus. Gypsum content generally
ranges from to more than 90%. (SEL & PB)
GYPSUM: A naturally occurring mineral con—
sisting of calcium sulphate combined with
two molecules of water, in crystalline form,
having the approximate chemical formula
Caso 2H O. (ASTM Cll) The mineral consist-
ing prikarily Of fully hydrated calcium
sulfate CaS04 2H20 or calcium sulfate dihy—
drate. (SEL & PB)
GYPSUM BASE FOR VENEER PLASTERS: consists
of an essentially gypsum, noncombustible
core but not exceeding 15% of fiber by weight,
surfaced with paper to receive veneer plas—
ters. Manufactured in 1/2" or 5/8" thick—
nesses and 48" widths and 6 n to 16" lengths .
(SEL & PB)
GYPSUM BOND PLASTER: A mill plaster specially
formulated with a small percentage Of lime
for direct application to roughened mono—
(SEL & PB)
lithic concrete surfaces .
GYPSUM CONCRETE : A combination of aggregate or
aggregates with calcite gypsum as a binding
medium which after mixing with water sets
(SEL & PB)
in a conglomerate mass.
GYPSUM LATH: A plaster base manufactured in
the form of sheets or slabs of various sizes
and either 3/8" or thick, having an in—
combustible core (essentially gypsum) and
surfaced with special paper suitable for
receiving gypsum plaster.
(GA)

****** Result for Image/Page 9 ******
SECTION 09200
GYPSUM LATH (PLAIN) : A plaster base manufac—
tured in sheets or slabs of various sizes
1/2", or 5/8" thick, hav—
and either 3/8" ,
ing an incombustible core, essentially
gypsum, surface with special paper suit—
able to receive gypsum plaster. One
face may be variously treated, such as me—
chanical pricking or indenting, or impreg—
(SEL & PB)
ation with a catalyst.
INSULATING: Same as plain lath except
that the back surface is covered with
a continuous sheet of pure bright—
finished aluminum.
Plain gypsum lath to
LEAD-BACK LATH :
which sheets of lead have been lami—
nated.
PERFORATED: Plain lath that has perfora—
tions not less than 3/4" in diameter,
with one perforation for not more than
each 16 sq. inch .
Plain lath, except that the
TYPE "X" :
core has increased fire retardant prop—
erties to improve its fire—resistive
rating.
GYPSUM GAUGING PLASTER: A plaster mixed
with lime putty to control the setting
time and initial strength of the finish
coat. Classified either as quick—set
(SEL & PB)
or slow—set.
GYPSUM MOLDING PLASTER: A specially
formulated plaster used in casting and
ornamental plasterwork; may be used
(SEL & PB)
neat or with lime.
GYPSUM NEAT PLASTER: A plaster requir-
ing the addition of aggregate on the
job. It may be unfibered or fibered
(animal, vegetable, or glass fibers) .
(SEL &PB)
Common usage is for base coats .
Rapid
GYPSUM NEAT PLASTER "TYPE R" :
plaster is calcined gypsum mixed at the
mill with other ingredients to control
working and setting time.
This plas—
ter is for use with sand aggregate
only and is designed for application
over gypsum lath to a maximum thickness
of 1/2 inch.
(SEL & PB)
GYPSUM PLASTERI: The generic name for a
family of powdered cementitious prod—
ucts consisting primarily of calcined
gypsum with additives to modify phys—
ical characteristics, and having the
ability, when mixed with water, to
produce a plastic mortar or slurry which
can be formed to the desired shape by
various methods and will subsequently
set to a hard, rigid mass. (SEL & PB)
GYPSUM PLASTER2 .
Ground calcined gypsum
combined with various additives to
control set. Also used to denote
applied gypsum plaster mixtures.
(GA)
LATH AND PLASTER
GYPSUM READY—MIXED PIASTER: A term denoting
a plaster which is mixed at the mill with a
mineral aggregate. It may contain other in—
gredients to control time of set and work—
Similar terms are mill
ing properties .
mixed and premixed. Only the addition and
mixture of water is required on the job .
(SEL & PB)
GYPSUM TROWEL FINISH: various proprietary
ready—mixed finish coat materials consist—
ing essentially of calcined gypsum. (GA)
GYPSUM WOOD FIBER PLASTER: A mill-mixed plas-
ter containing a small percentage of wood
fiber as an aggregate used for fireproofing
and increased strength. (SEL & PB)
HARDENING: The gain of strength of a plast—
tered surface after setting. (See SET)
(SEL & PB)
HARDNESS: The resistance of a material to de—
formation, particularly permanent defor—
amtion, indentation, or scratching. (SEL & PB)
HANGERS : Tensile mernbers used to attach the
framework of a suspended ceiling to the
supporting structure above .
(GA)
HARDWALL : A regional term denoting neat
gypsum basecoat plaster.
(GA)
HAWK: A tool used by plasterers to hold and
carry plaster mortar. The hawk consists
of a flat piece of wood or metal approxi—
mately 10" by 14" square, with a wooden
handle centered and fixed to the underside .
(GA)
HEMIHYDRATEI :
A hydrate containing half a
molecule of water to one of the material
forming the hydrate A term used to des—
cribe the form Of calcined gypsum general—
Iy used for plaster.
(GA)
HEMIHYDRATE2: The dry powder, calcium sul-
fate hemihydrate, resulting from calcin—
ation of CaS04 2H20, calcium sulfate di—
hydrate . A hydrate containing half a mol—
ecule of water to one of the materials
forming the hydrate .
(SEL & PB)
HIGH STRENGTH-THIN COAT PLASTER: A high
density, low consistency plaster applied
in one or two coats directly to the lath
and to a thickness of 1/16 inch to 1/8
inch .
(See RAPID PLASTER and XÆNEER PLAS-
TER). (GA)
HODDABILITY : term descriptive of the ease
with which a plaster mortar may be handled
with a hod or hawk .
Dependant upon flow
characterisitcs and angle of repose of the
(GA)
mortar.
HOG RING: A heavy galvanized wire staple
applied with a pneumatic gun which clinches it
in the form of a closed ring around stud, rod,
pencil rod, channel to attach lath. (SEL&PB)
09200

****** Result for Image/Page 10 ******
SECTION 09200
.HOMOGENEOUS MASS: A mass that exhibits
essentially the same physical charac—
teristicg at every point throughout
(SEL & PB)
the mass .
HYDRATE; To combine with water or ele—
ments of water. A term used to denote
hydrated lime . (GA)
IGNITION: The initiation of corr.bust—
ion, as evidenced by glow, flame, or
explosi on.
(SEL & PB)
IMPACT RESISTANCE: Resistance to frac-
(SEL & PB)
ture under shock force.
INDENTATION HARDNESS: Resistance to pene-
(SEL & PB)
tration by an indentor.
INTERIOR STUCCO: A regional term desig-
nating a finish plaster for walls and
ceilings finishing smooth or textured.
It is a mechanically blended compound
of Keene' s cement, lime (type "S and
Color pigment
inert fine aggregate.
may be added to produce integrally
(See STUCCO)
colored interior stucco.
(SEL & PB)
1.
Sometimes termed a jointing,
JOINING .
denotes the juncture of two separate
plaster applications usually within a
single surface plane. (GA)
2.
The juncture of two separate
JOINING .
plaster applications of the same coat,
usually within a single surface plane.
(SEL & PB)
JOINT REINFORCING EMBEDMENT: veneer
plaster or other cementitious material
used to embed the strip material that is
compatible with the veneer plaster
(SEL & PB)
used.
JOINT REINFORCING METAL: Strips of ex-
panded metal, woven or welded wire
mesh used to reinforce corners and other
(SEL & PB)
areas of plaster and lath.
JOINT REINFORCING STRIP: A type of paper,
metal, fabric, glass mesh, or other
material commonly used with a cement—
itious compound to reinforce the joints
(SEL &
between adj acent gypsum boards .
PB)
JOURNEYMAN : A term applicable to a plas—
terer or lather who through training
and experience has become thoroughly
skilled in his trade.
Di stinguished
from an apprentice or a laborer. (GA)
1.
KEENE'S CEMENT .
A cementitious material
used principally in finish coats as
gauging for lime putty. Capable of
producing a very hard, smooth surface.
Keene's Cement consists of gypsurn,
calcines to a point where all but O
to of the water of crysEa11izaEion
has been removed, and compunded with
an accelerator. Also termed anhydrous
calcined gypsum. (GA)
09200
LATH AND PLASTER
2.
KEENE ! S CEMENT
An anhydrous gypsum plaster
characterized by a low mixing water requirement
and special setting properties, primarily used
as gauging with lime putty to produce hard,
dense finish coats
(SEL & PB)
KEY; The grip or mechanical bond of one coat
of plaster to another coat or to a plaster
base. It may be accomplished physically by the
penetration of wet mortar or crystals into
paper fibers e perforations, scoring irregular—
ities, or by the embedment of the lath. (SEL & PB)
KRAFT; A term meaning strength, applied to pulp,
paper, or paperboard produced from virgin
(SEL & PB)
fibers by the sulfate process .
LAKE SAND: Sand consisting predominantly of
fine, rounded particles. (GA) (SEL & PB)
LAND PLASTER: A term used to describe coarsely
ground natural gypsum used agriculturally as
(GA) (SEL & PB)
a soil conditioner.
1.
A material applied separately to a struc—
LATH
ture whose primary function is that of a
plaster base. Lath is generally classified
as metallic, gypsum, wood, or insulation
board.
(GA)
2.
A material applied separately to a struc—
LATH .
ture whose primary function is to provide
a plaster base. See GYPSUM LATH, EXPANDED
METAL LATH, EXPANDED STUCCO MESH, SHEET LATH,
WELDED LATH, WOVEN WIRE FABRIC, FOAM
(SEL & PB)
PLASTER BASE.
LATH AND PLASTER MEMBRANE: A thin slab of lath
and plaster including any integral supporting
and stiffening members . A term describing
(GA)
lath and plaster as a unit of structure .
LEAN MIXTURE: A term denoting any plaster mortar
containing a relatively high ratio of aggre—
gate to cementitious material . The term
"harsh" is often mortar mix that is too lean. (GA)
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATES: A term generally applied
to vermiculite and perlite distinguished from
sand and middle weight aggregates such as
punice, expanded slag , etc.
(GA)
1
LIME •
A general term applicable to the princi—
pal product derived from burning various types
of limestone. Consisting essentially of the
oxides or hydroxides of calcium and magnes—
i um. (GA)
LIME (CALCIUM OXIDE ,caO)
A general term usual—
Iy referring to quicklime, formed by burning
(calcining) limestone at temperatures suffic—
lent to drive off the natural carbon dioxide
(SEL & PB)
content.
AUTOCLAVED LIME : Thoroughly hydrated lime ,
manufactured by hydrating (slaking) in a
pressure charnber rather than at normal at—
mospheric pressure .
HYDRATED LIME: (Calcium Hydroxide, ca (OH) 2) A
dry powder obtained by treating quicklime with
water enough to satisfy its chemical affinity
for water under the conditions of its hydration.
The dry relatively stable material produced by

****** Result for Image/Page 11 ******
SECTION 09200
Feating quicklime with just enough
water to satisfy its chemical affinity
for water under the conditions of its
(GA) (SEL & PB)
hydration.
TYPE "S" HYDRATED LIME; A special fin-
ishing hydrated lime, distinguished
from Type "NJ' (normal finishing hydrated
lime) by restrictions on the amount of
unhydrated oxides. Plasticity require—
ments of Type hydrated lime may be
determined after a shorter soaking
period than with Type "N" . (SEL & PB)
TYPE "N" HYDRATED LIME: see TYPE "S" above.
HIGH CALCIUM LIME: Quicklime in which
the principal chemical constituent ,
calcium oxide (CaO) , is normally in ex—
cess of . A type of lime containing
principally calcium oxide or hydroxide
and not more than magnesium oxide or
(GA) (SEL & PB)
hydroxide.
HIGH MAGNESIUM LIME: Quicklime in which
the magnesium oxide (MgO) content is
normally approximately 35 with a cor—
responding reduction in the calcium
Combined oxides
oxide (CaO) content.
normally are plus in high—quality
(SEL & PB)
I ime.
LIFE PUTTY: The product resulting from
quicklime or hydrated lime to which
an excess of water has been added to form
a plastic putty of "hodable" consist—
ency. A plastering material resulting
from slaking quicklime or soaking and
mixing hydrated lime with a sufficient
quantity of water to form a thick
(GA) (SEL & PB)
pas te .
LUMP LIME: Quicklime as it comes from the
kiln. Quicklime in large chunks as pro—
duced in vertical kilns. Lime in this
form is rarely used in modern plaster—
ing techniques. • (GA) (SEL & PB)
PROCESSED QUICKLIME: Quicklime which
has been pulverized to a very fine pow—
dery from. (SEL & P B)
QUICKLIME: A calcined material, the major
part of which is calcium oxide or calcium
oxide in natural association with a lesser
amount of magnesium oxide capable of
(SEL & PB)
slaking with water.
LIME PLASTER; An interior basecoat plas—
ter containing lime, aggregate, and
sometimes f iber. Lime bascoat plaster
is slow—setting. Follow regional or
It should not be applied
area practice.
to gypsum lath. A term generally refer—
ring to basecoat plaster consisting ess—
entially of lime and an aggregate. See
PORTLAND CEMENT-LIME PLASTER. (GA)
(SEL & PB)
LINE WIRE : Soft annealed steel wire placed
horizontally around a building of open
frame construction to support water—
(GA)
proffing paper or felt.
1.
A neat gypsum base-
LOW-CONSISTENCY PLASTER .
coat plaster that has been specially pro—
cessed during manufacture so that less mix—
ing water is required to produce workability
than in standard gypsum basecoat plaster. (GA)
2.
A neat (unfibered)
LOW-CONSISTENCY PLASTER
gypsum basecoat plaster especially processed
so that less mixing water is required than
in standard gypsum basecoat plaster to pro—
duce workability. This type plaster is par—
ticularly adapted to machine application.
(SEL & PB)
MACHINE DIRECTION: The lengthwise direction
in which the paper is formed and travels on
(SEL & PB)
the paper machine.
MAIN RUNNERS: The heaviest integral support—
ing members in a suspended ceiling. Main
runners are supported by hangers attached to
the building structure and in turn support
furring channels or rods to which lath is
(GA)
fastened.
Graded aggregate of maximum
MARBLE CHIPS:
hardness made from crushed marble to be
thrown or blown onto a soft plaster bedding
coat to produce marble—crete. (SEL & PB)
MAREZZO : An imitation marble produced with
Keene ' s cement to which color pigments have
(GA)
been added.
MASKING:Method of affixing paper, plastic, or
any flexible protective material or coating
to protect adjacent work. (SEL & PB)
MASONRY CEMENT : A hydralic cement for use in
plasters, containing one or more of the fol—
lowing materials : portland cement, port—
land—pozzolan cement, natural cement, slag
cement or hydralic lime; and, in addition,
usually containing one or more materials
such as hydrated lime, limestone, chalk ,
calcareous shell, talc, slag, or clay as
(SEL &PB)
prepared for this purpose .
>ECHANICAL APPLICATION: Application of plas-
ter mortar by mechanical means : Generally
pumping and spraying. Distinguished from
hand application with a trowel (GA)
MECHANICAL ATTACHMENT: Attachment of lath by
mechanical means, generally by power actuated
staple guns and anchorage of tracks, hanger
inserts , etc. , by power actuated guns .
(SEL & PB)
MECHANICAL BOND: A term used to describe the
physical keying of one plaster coat to ano—
ther or to the plaster base. Examples Of
mechanical bond are the clinching of plaster
keys to metallic laths, and the interlocking
obtained between adj acent plaster coats by
scratching or cross raking .
Distinguished
from "chemical bond" which implies forma—
tion of interlocking crystals or fusion. (GA)
09200 -
10

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SECTION 09200
MECHANICAL TROWEL: A power machine used
to smooth and compact plaster finish
coats. capable of producing an ex—
tremely smooth, dense surface. Con—
sisting of revolving metal or rubber
blades . Also termed "power trowel " .
MEMBRANE FIREPROOFING: A lath and plaster
membrane having among its functions
that of providing a barrier to fire and
intense heat. (GA)
METAL ARCH : A sheet forrned arch for use
as base (lath) or corner reinforcement
at arched openings in partitions .
(SEL & PB)
METAL BASE: A fabricated integral metal
section which also serves as a ground
for the plaster (attached to framing
(SEL & PB)
member or masonry) .
METAL CORNER BEAD: Fabricated metal
with flanges and nosings at juncture
of flanges; used to protect or form
arrises, or external angles to define
(SEL & PB)
and reinforce the corner.
METAL LATH: A term denoting a metallic
plaster base manufacturer from sheet
metal by slotting and subsequent
expansion or by punching and forming.
Types are diamond mesh, rib lath ,
and sheet lath . Distinguished from wire
lath, or wire fabric lath which is a
(GA)
welded or woven wire mesh.
LATH-EXPANDED: Manufactured from
copper alloy or galvanized steel coils
or sheets and is coated with a rust—
inhibitive paint after fabrication
is made from galvanized sheets .
EXPANDED METAL LATH. (SEL & PB)
DIAMOND MESH or FLAT EXPANDED METAL
LATH: No rib in sheet.
SELF-FURRING METAL LATH: so formed that
portions of it extended from the face
of the lath so that it is separated
at least k" from the background to
which it is attached.
PLAT RIB METAL LATH: Combination of ex-
panded metal and ribs of identical
thickness. (A depth of 1/8") .
3/8" RIB METAL LATH: combination of ex-
panded metal and ribs of a total depth
of approximately 3/8" measured from
the top inside of the lath to the top
side of the rib.
3/4" RIB METAL LATH: combination of ex-
panded metal and ribs of a total depth
of approximately 3/4 " , measured from
the top inside of the lath to the top
side of the rib.
LATH AND PLASTER
PAPER-BACKED METAL LATH or EXPANDED STUCCO •
MESH A factory assembled combination of any
of the preceding defined types of metal, or
other assembly being used as a plaster or
stucco base
SHEET LATH: A metal lath, slit, or punched or
other wire formed from metal sheets .
MILL—MIXED: Term referring to plaster materials
that have been formulated and dry—mixed by the
manufacturer, requiring only the addition and
(GA)
mixture of water at the job.
1
A material used in a plastic state, Which
MORTAR :
can be trowelled and becomes hard in place .
Che term is used without regard to the compo—
sition of the material or its specific use. (GA)
2.
A mixture of gypsum or portland cement
MORTAR .
plaster with aggregate or hydrated lime, or
both, and water to produce a trowelable fluidity.
(The term is used without regard to the compo—
sition of the material or its specific use. )
(SEL & PB)
MITRE: The diagonal joining of two or more mold—
ings at their intersections. (SEL & PB)
MOISTURE CONTENT: The water content of a substance
as measured under specific conditions. (SEL & PB)
MOISTURE EQUILIBRIUM: The condition reach-
ed by a sample when the net difference between
the amount of moisture absorbed and the amount
desorbed, as shown by a change in weight, shows
no trend and becomes insignificant. (SEL & PB)
NATURAL CEMENT : Essentially the product obtained
by finely pulverizing calcined argillaceous
limestone . The temperature of calcination should
be no higher than is necessary to drive off
(SEL & PB)
carbonic acid gas .
NEAT: Term denotes plaster materials requiring
(SEL & PB)
the addition Of aggregates .
NONCOMBUSTIBILITY: The property of a material
to withstand high temperature without ignition.
As applied to elementary materials of which
building materials are composed, it shall be
as measured by the methods and to the criteria
defined in the Method of Test for Determining
Noncombustibility of Elementary Materials .
(SEL & PB)
ONE COMPONENT SYSTEM: Veneer plaster systems
designed for application directly over approved
bases in a single coat or double back operation
with the same material .
(SEL & PB)
ORIFICE: Attachment to the nozzle on the hose
09200
of plastering machines of various shapes and
sizes, which may be changed to help establish
the pattern of the plaster as it is being pro—
jected onto the surface being plastered.
( SEL & PB)
- 11

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SECTION 09200
PARGB: To coat with plaster: Particu—
larly foundation walls and rough mason—
ry. (GA)
PARGETING: A term originally applicable
to all plaster work. Now generally
applied only to elaborate ornamental
(GA)
work.
PERLITE : A siliceous volcanic glass When
expanded by heat it is used as a light—
(GA)
weight plaster aggregate.
PERM: A unit of measurement of water vapor
permeance; a metric perm, or I g/ 24 h •m2•
rnrn Hg. U.S. unit, 1 grain/h•ft •Hg.
(SEL & PB)
PERMEABILITY: The property of a porous
material that permits a fluid (or gas)
to pass through it; in construction, com—
monly refers to water vapor permeability
(SEL & PB)
of a sheet material.
PLASTER: From Greek, emplastron, to daub on ;
Latin, emplastrum, French, platre, old
1. A cementitious
English, plaister.
material or combination of cementitious
materials and aggregate that, when mixed
with a suitable amount of water, forms a
plastic mass or paste which applied to a
surface, adheres to it and subsequently sets
or hardens, preserving in a rigid state
the form or texture imposed during the peri—
od of plasticity. The term "plaster" is used
with regard to the specific compostion of
the material and does not explicitly denote
either interior or exterior use. The term
"stucco" , however, is generally used to
describe plaster applied on the exterior.
2 . The term "plaster" is used regionally to
denote specifically neat calcined gypsum,
09200 - 12
LATH AND PLASTER
degrees in different materials and in pla%e
ter mortar is sometimes regarded as an in—
dex of working characterisitics .
(GA) (SEL
& PB)
2.
A complex property of a mate—
PLASTICITY .
rial involving a cornbination of the prop—
erties of mobility and of yield value.
Note; a plastic material is distinct from
a solid material in that it possesses mo—
bility. It is different from a fluid ma—
terial in that it requires a measurable
force (yield value) to start flow. (SEL
& PB)
3.
A property of adhesives which
PLASTICITY .
allows the material to be deformed con€in—
uously and permanently without rupture
upon the application of a force that ex—
ceeds the yield value of the material.
( SEL & PB)
POPS OR PITS: Ruptures in finished plas—
ter or cement surfaces which may be
caused by expansion of improperly slaked
particles of lime or by foreign substances .
(SEL & PB)
PUDDLING: A condition of mechanical dash
textures resulting in glazing, texture de—
viation, or discoloration caused by
holding the plasterng machine nozzle
too long in one area.
(SEL & PB)
PUTTY COAT: A term generally denoting a
smooth—trowelled finish coat contain—
ing lime putty and a gauging material
(SEL & PB)
PLASTERCIZER: A substance incorporated
into a material to increase its worka—
bility, flexibility, or distensibility.
lime—sand mixtures, etc.
3.
The act of applying plaster.
& PB)
TO plaster (v) .
(GA) (SEL
PLASTER WORK: The finished product of the
plasterer. (SEL & PB)
PLASTER of PARIS: Calcined Gypsum (calcium
sulphate hermihydrate) wi thout addition
of material to control set.
Principal use
is in casting and industrial applications.
(SEL & PB)
PLASTIC CEMENT: Portland cement to which small
amounts of plasticizing agents, not more
than 12% by weight, have been added at the
mill .
(SEL & PB)
PLASTERING MACHINE: A mechanical device by
which plaster mortar is conveyed through a
flexible hose to deposit plaster in place ;
also known as a plaster pump or plastering
gun. (SEL & PB)
1.
That property of plaster mortar
PLASTICITY .
that permits continuous and permanent defor—
mation in any direction. A plastic material
is distinct from a fluid material in that it
requires a measurable force (yield value) to
start flow. The property exists in varying
(SEL & PB)
POLYb•fER: A compound formed by the reaction
of simple molecules having functional
groups which permit their combination to
proceed to high molecular weights under
suitable conditions . Polymers may be
formed by polymerization (addition POI—
ymer) or polycondensation ( condensation
pölymer). When two or more monomers are
involved, the product is called a copol—
(SEL & PB)
ymer.
PORTLAND CEMENT: The product obtained by
pulverizing clinker consisting essential—
Iy Of hydralic calcium silicates .
(SEL
& PB)
PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER: A plaster mix in
which portland cement is used as the cem—
entitious material ,
It is usually desig—
nated for exterior surfaces or interior
areas where moist conditions exist or
which may be hosed down at regular and
frequent intervals
(SEL & PB)

****** Result for Image/Page 14 ******
SECTION 09200
PORTLAND CEMENT-LIME PLASTER; Portland cem-
ent and lime (either Type "S" hydrated lime
or properly aged lime putty) combined in
proportions as specified in standard spec—
ifications or applicable building code.
(SEL & PB)
PORTLAND BLAST-FURNACE SLAG CEMENT; Essen-
tiaIIy an intimately interground mix—
ture of portland cement clinker and gran—
ulated blast—furnace slag or an intimate
and uniform blend of portland cement and
fine granulated blasting—furnace slag in
which the amount of the slag constituent
falls within specified limits. (SEL & PB)
PORTLAND CEMENT : A binder material common—
Iy used in plaster. Portland cement
alone or in combination with lime is the
cementitious material commonly used for
exposed exterior plaster work .
(GA)
PORTLAND-POZZOLAN CEMENT: Essentially
an intimately interground mixture of
port land cement clinker and pozzolan
or an intimate blend of port land cement
and fine pozzolan in which the amount of
the pozzolan constituent falls within
specified limits .
(SEL & PB)
POZZOLAN: A siliceous or siliceous and
aluminous material which in itself poss—
esses little or no cementitious value but
will, in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture, chemically react
with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temper—
atures to form compounds possessing cem—
entitious properties .
(SEL & PB)
PULP: A term used in some areas to denote
wood fiber added as an aggregate to neat
calcined gypsum. (SEL & PB)
PUMICE : A lightweight volcanic rock which,
when crushed and graded, may be used as
(SEL & PB)
a plaster aggregate .
PURITY: The percentage of CaS04 • 1/2 H20
in the calcined gypsum portion of a
gypsum plaster or gypsum concrete, as de—
fined by Specifications C28, for Gypsum
Plasters .
The percentage of CaS04 •H20 in
the gypsum or the gypsum portion of a
fully hydrated, dry set gypsum plaster.
(SEL & PB)
PUTTY—COAT: A term generally denoting a
smooth—troweled finish coat containing
lime putty and a gauging material. (GA)
QUICKLIME : An unstable material generally
produced by burning limestone, the major
part of which is calcium oxide or cal—
cium oxide in natural association with a
lesser amount of magnesium oxide. • Be—
fore it can be used in construction ,
quicklime must be slaked in water and aged
for at least 2 weeks.
(GA)
- 13
LATH AND PLASTER
READY—MIXED ; A term denoting a plaster which
is mixed at the mill with mineral aggregate
and other ingredients which control time
of set. Generally used in conjunction with
gypsum plasters. Also termed mill—mixed,
preemixed.
(GA)
REINFORCED JOINT: A joint between veneer
base boards which is reinforced with strip
material embedded in veneer plaster or
other compatible cementitious material .
(SEL & PB)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY: The ratio of actual water
vapor pressure to the saturation water
vapor pressure at the same temperature, ex—
pressed as a percentage.
(SEL & PB)
RESIN : A solid, semisolid, or pseudosolid
organic material which hag an indefinite
and often high molecular weight, exhibits
a tendency to flow when subjected to stress ,
usually has a softening or melting range,
and usually fractures conch0ida11Y. (SEL
RETARDERI .
A material that will slow down
or lengthen the hardening rate (setting
time) of gypsum plaster.
(SEL & PB)
RETARDER : An admixture used to delay the
setting action of plaster .
Generally used
only with gypsum plasters or finish coat
plaster containing calcined gypsum gaug—
ing.
(GA)
RETEMPER: Addition of water to portland
cement plaster after mixing but before
setting process has started. Gypsu.rn plaster
must not be retempered.
(SEL & PB)
ROCK GUN: A device for throwing aggregate
onto a soft bedding coat in applying
Marblecrete or other exposed aggregate .
(SEL & PB)
RUST-RESISTANT: Used to describe a material
or treatment designed to inhibit rusting;
not synonomous with rustproof. (SEL & PB)
SADDLE TIE: A specific method of wrapping
hanger wire around main runners; also of
wrapping tie wire around the juncture of
main runner and cross furring.
(SEL & PB)
SAND: Loose granular material resulting from
the natural disintegration of rock or from
the crushing of friable sandstone. Manu—
factured sand is the fine material result—
ing from the crushing and classification
by screening or otherwise, of rock, gravel ,
or blast furnace slag.
(GA)
SCAGLIOLA: An imitation marble made by Ehe
plasterer. Composed of a combination of
Keene's cement, glue, isinglass, and color—
ing material .
It takes a high durable
polish.
(GA)

****** Result for Image/Page 15 ******
SECTION 09200
SCORING: Grooving, usually horizontal ,
of portland cement plaster scratch
coat to provide mechanical bond for
the brown coat. Also a decorative
(SEL & PB)
grooving of the finish coat.
SCRATCH COAT; The first coat of plaster
applied to a surface in three coat work.
The term "scratch coat" originates from
the practice of cross—raking or scratch—
ing the surface of this coat with a
combl Ike tool to provide a mechanical
key to aid bond with the brown coat.
(GA) (SEL & PB)
see DOUBLE-UP .
SCRATCH DOUBLE-UP :
Devices or materials run across
SCREEDS
the base surface of a wall or ceiling
to serve as thickness and alignment
guides for the plasterer in subsequent
Plaster screeds are gen-
applications .
eraIIy about 4" wide and of full base—
(GA)
coat thicknesg .
Forined metal shapes at—
SCREEDS (METAL) :
Cached to framing member or plaster
serving as a
base before plastering;
guide in establishing plaster thick—
ness and plane and serving as a sepa—
ration between plaster and other mate—
Concealed Picture
Examples :
rials.
Mold, Base Screed, or Parting Bead.
(SEL & PB)
SCRIM : Rough textured woven cloth worked
into brown or finish coat to add crack
Its use
resistance to the plaster.
(GA)
is now very rare.
SCRAFFITO : A decorative and artistic
medium generally consisting of two
layers of differently colored plaster.
While still soft, the uppermost layer
is scratched away, exposing the base
or ground layer. Countless variations
on the process are possible by modulation
of pigments and combination with fresco
Scraffito in Italian
techniques .
(GA)
means "scratched " .
SELF-FURRING NAIL: Galvanized low-carbon
steel to by O .106 inch nails with
3/8" flat head, medium diamond point and
(SEL & PB)
washer or spacer on shank.
The change in mortar from a plastic,
SET :
workable state to a solid rigid state
The hardening and hydration of a plaster.
To convert an adhesive into a fixed or
hardened state by chemical or physical
action, such as condensation, polymer—
ization, oxidation, vulcanization, gela—
tion, hydration, or evaporation of volatile
see SETTING TIME. (SEL &PB)
cons ti tuents .
SETTING TIME: The elapsed time required for
a gypsum plaster to attain a specified
hardness and strength after mixing with
(SEL & PB)
water.
LATH AND PLASTER
SHEET LATH; A type Of metal lath formed by
punching geometrical perforations in steel
sheets Made from heavier gauge steel than
expanded laths, they consequently have greate
(GA)
er stiffness.
SHELF—LIFE; The length of time packaged mate—
rials can be stored under specified condi—
tions and still remain effective in use.
(SEL & PB)
SIEVE ANALYSIS; A method of classifying ag-
gregates according to proportional content of
Classification
particles of various sizes .
see GRADATION.
is done with standard sieves .
(GA)
SKIM COAT : A term denoting a thin finish
coat. Usually containing I ime putty and
(GA)
troweled to a smooth surface.
SLAKE: A term denoting the process whereby
Sla-
lime putty is produced from quicklime.
king consists of adding quicklime to water
and allowing the resulting slurry to age for
(GA)
at least two weeks .
SLICKER: A tool often used by the plaster—
er in place of the darby. It is made of a
thin board bevelled on both sides, about
4 feet long and 6 n to 8" wide, held by the
(GA)
thicker edge .
SOFFIT: The underside Of a subordinate part
or member of a building; such as a stair—
case, archway, cornice, eave, etc. (SEL&PB)
Pieces of wood attached to the
SPOT GROUNDS :
plaster base at various intervals for gaug—
(GA)
ing plaster thickness.
SPRAY TEXTURE : A surface f inish achieved by
application of a finish coat material with
a plastering machine or gun. (SEL &PB)
STAFF: Plaster casts of ornamental details
made in molds and reinforced with fiber.
Usually wired or nailed into place. (SEL&PB)
STANDARD TIME-TEMPERATURE CURVE: The prescri-
bed table of temperatures at progressing
time, from the start of a fire test, for the
exposing fire; that given in the Methods of
Fire Tests of Building Construction and Ma—
terials (ASTM Designation Ell 9) unless spec—
(SEL & PB)
ified otherwise .
STAPLE; A U—shaped round or flat wire fasten—
(SEL & PB)
STICKER: A piece of metal channel inserted
in concrete or masonry wall for the attach—
ment or support of wall furring channels .
(SEL & PB)
STIFFENER: A horizontal metal shape tied to
09200
vertical members (studs or channel s \ of
partitions or walls to brace them. ( JEL&PB)
- 14

****** Result for Image/Page 16 ******
SECTION 09200
The period of time during which
STORAGE LIFE:
a packaged material can be stored under spec—
ified temperature and weather conditions and
remain suitable for use. Sometimes called
(SEL & PB)
Shelf Life.
STRAIGHT EDGE; A true flat tool or rod used
to straighten the brown coat or plaster
(SEL & PB)
screeds .
1.
STUCCO .
3.
- 15
2.
A term denoting plaster used on ex—
posed exterior locations . The term
stucco is used without regard to spe—
cific composition of the material.
Also termed "exterior plaster"
A term used within the manufacturing
segment of the plaster industry to de—
note gypsum that has been partially or
fully calcined but not yet processed
into finished plaster. A1 sO used to
denote gypsum formulations for cer—
tain special industrial uses.
May be the colored finish coat only.
(See INTERIOR STUCCO) .
(SEL & PB)
2.
A material used in a plastic State,
STUCCO .
which can be troweled to form, when set, a
hard covering for the exterior walls or
other exterior surfaces of any building or
the word " stucco" is
structure . Note :
used without regard to the compostion of
the material, and is defined only with
reference to its use and location of use as
contrasted with the words "plaster" and
"mortar"
(GA)
STUCCO NETTING: See WOVEN WIRE FABRIC.
1.
STRIP LATH
Strips of metal, wire, or wire
fabric lath used over continuous joints of
gypsum lath; at junctions of dissimilar
materials; and to reinforce door and win—
dow openings at intersections of jamb with
head and sill, and at arches and other 10—
cations to reinforce plaster subject to
localized stresses .
In Thincoat High
Strength Plaster or Plaster veneer plas—
tic mesh or paper is used for these pur—
(SEL & PB)
poses .
STRIP LATH2 : A narrow strip of diamond mesh
metal lath sometimes applied as reinforce—
ment over joints between sheets of gypsum
lath, at the juncture of two different
base materials, at corners of openings ,
(GA)
etc .
STRIP :
See STRIP LATH.
SUCTION: The absorptive quality of surfaces ,
such as a concrete, masonry, or gypsum lath
to be plastered.
(A plaster basecoat must
also have suction in order to absorb water
from succeeding coat and so induce bond. )
Excessive suction should be controlled so
that sufficient water will remain in each
plaster coat to assure hydration. (SEL&PB)
09200
LATH AND PLASTER
SUSPENDED CEILING: A ceiling which is suspend-
ed from and is not in direct contact with
the floor or roof construction above. (GA)
SWEAT OUT; A defective condition occasional—
Iy occurring in gypsum plaster. Character—
ized by a soft, damp area remaining after the
surrounding area has set hard. Often caused
by insufficient ventilation which inhibits
normal drying .
(GA)
TAPE: A plastic reinforcing mesh used to re—
inforce angles and to bridge lath joints
in Thincoat High Strength or Veneer Plas—
tering.
(SEL & PB)
TELEGRAPHING: A condition in composite con—
struction in which irregularities, imper—
fections or patterns of an inner layer are
visibly transmitted to the surface. (SEL&PB)
TEMPER: To mix plaster to a workable con-
s is ten cy.
(SEL & PB)
TEMPLATE: A gauge, pattern or mold used as
a guide to produce arches, curves, moulds ,
and other shapes of a repetitive nature .
(SEL & PB)
TEXTURE : A surface pattern as contrasted to
a smooth finish.
(SEL & PB)
THERMAL SHOCK : A stress created by an extreme
change in temperature that may result in
cracking of the plaster which has not yet
attained its ultimate strength.
(SEL&PB)
THERMOPLASTIC :
Capable of being repeatedly
softened by heat and hardened by cool—
ing.
(SEL & PB)
THERMOSETTING: Having the property of under-
going a chemical reaction by the action of
heat, catalysts, ultraviolet light, etc. ,
leading to a relatively infusible state .
(SEL & PB)
THINCOAT HIGH-STRENGTH (VENEER) PLASTER: see
" GYPSUM" .
THIXOTROPY: Capable of being thinned by i so—
thermal agitation and to thicken upon sub—
(SEL & PB)
sequent rest.
THREE COAT PLASTERING; The application of
plaster in three successive coats, leaving
time between coats for setting and/or
drying of the plaster.
(GA)
TIES: Two types used for attachment of lath.
(a) Butterfly tie, formed by twisting the
wire and cutting so the two ends extend out—
ward oppositely, and (b) the stub tie,
which is twisted and cut at the twist. (See
Saddle Ties) .
(SEL & PB)
TORPEDO SAND: A natural well—graded plaster—
ing sand obtained from pits along the Fox
River, west of Chicago, Illinois. (SEL &PB)

****** Result for Image/Page 17 ******
SECTION 09200
TROWRL: A tool used by the plasterer to ap—
ply, spread, shape and smooth the various
plastering mortars. The size of the trow—
el varies according to the mechanic's pre—
ference with regard to the tool 's feel and
balance. Common sizes are I O!f" x Qi" and
There are three parts of a
11W' x 4 3/4".
trowel . These are called the blade, the
mounting, and the handle. The following
trowels are used: margin trowel ,
angle trowel. Other trowels— joint trowel,
(GA)
panel trowel, and texture trowel.
TROWEL FINISH: A term denoting the smooth
finish coat surface produced by trow—
(GA)
eling.
TWO COAT PLASTERING: see "DOUBLE UP METHOD" .
(GA)
TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM: A
involving two separate
applied separately for
(SEL & PB)
ish coat.
TURTLE BACK: 1. A term
mously with blistering.
regionally to denote a
(SEL
area of crazing.
VAPOR: The gaseous form
veneer plaster system
materials mixed and
base coat and fin—
often used synono—
2 . A term used
small localized
& PB)
of substances that
are normally in the solid or liquid state
and that can be changed to these states
either by increasing the pressure or
(SEL & PB)
decreasing the temperature .
VENEER PLASTER: A calcined gypsum plaster
specially manufactured to provide high
strength, hardness and abrasion resistance
when applied in thin coats over a veneer
(SEL & PB)
plaster base.
TERMICULITE : A mineral that when expanded
by heat is used as a lightweight aggregate
(GA)
for plaster.
WARP : A significant variation from the
original, true, or plane surface. (SEL & PB)
WASH—OUT: Lack of proper coverage and texture
build—up in machine dash textured plaster
caused by the mortar being too soupy.
(SEL & PB)
WAST MOLD; A precast plaster mold made for
the forming of decorative monolithic or
cast—in—place concrete. Mold cannot be re—
moved without being destroyed. (SEL & PB)
WATER ABSORPTION: The amount of water ab-
sorbed by a material under specified test
conditions conunonly expressed as weight
(SEL & PB)
percent of the test specimen.
WATER-CEMENT RATIO: The ratio of the amount
Of water, exclusive only Of that absorbed
by the aggregate, to the amount of cemen—
titious material mixture, preferably stated
(SEL & PB)
as a decimal by weight.
LATH AND PLASTER
WATER OF CONVENIENCE: The quantity of water.
needed or included in a mix, for workabil—
ity above that necessary for hydration of
(SEL & PB)
the cementitious component.
WATERPROOFING; Treatment of a surface or
structure which prevents the passage of
(SEL & PB)
liquid water.
WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION (WWT) :
The rate
of water vapor flow, under steady speci—
fled conditions, through a unit area of
a material, between its two parallel sur—
faces and normal to the surfaces. Metric
unit of measurement is 1 g/ 24 h •m2.
See
PERMEABILITY, PERMEANCE, PERM. (SEL & PB)
WELDED WIRE LATH (INTERIOR OR EXTERIOR LATH) ;
A plaster base and reinforcement or cop—
perbearing , soft annealed,galvanized wire ,
not lighter than 16 gauge, electrically
welded at all intersections forming open—
Can be
ings not to exceed 2 x 2 inches .
(SEL & PB)
flat or self—furring.
PAPER—BACKED: welded wire lath with an
absorptive perforated paper separator
and may have an additional paper back—
ing or foil backing for purposes of
waterproofing or insulation. Can be
(SEL & PB)
flat or self—furring.
WHITE COAT: A term denoting a gauged lime
(GA)
putty trowel finish .
WIRE (CLOTH) LATH: A plaster reinforce-
ment of wire not lighter than No. 19
gauge, meshes per inch, galvanized or
coated with rust inhibitive paint.
(Not
to be used as reinforcement for exterior
(SEL & PB)
plastering. )
1.
Ground or shredded, non—
WOOD FIBER
staining wood used as an aggregate with
(GA)
gypsum plaster.
WOOD FIBER2 :
Ground or shredded, non—
staining wood used as an aggregate with
gypsum plaster. A material produced by
(SEL & PB)
grinding or shredding wood.
WOOD-FIBERED PLASTER; A calcined gypsum
plaster containing shredded or ground wood
fiber added during manufacture. (SEL &PB)
WORKABILITY : A property of plaster mortar
closely related to plasticity which deter—
mines the ease and speed with which the
mortar can be applied and finished. (SEL&PB)
WORKING LIFE: The period of time during which
09200
an adhesive, after mixing with catalyst,
solvent or other compounding ingredients ,
(SEL & PB)
remains suitable for use .
- 16

****** Result for Image/Page 18 ******
SECTION 09200
WOVEN WIRE FABRIC: A plaster reinforcement
of galvanized wire, not lighter than No. 18
gauge when woven into 1 inch openings, or
not lighter than NO. 17 gauge when woven
into inch openings . Lath may be paper—
backed, flat, or sel f—furring.
(To be
used as reinforcement of Exterior Plaster—
ing . )
(SEL & PB)
YIELD VALUE: The stress (either normal or
shear) at which a marked increase in de—
formation occurs without an increase in
( & PB)
load.
09200
- 17
LATH AND PLASTER

****** Result for Image/Page 19 ******
AGGRE ATE
1
9230
Hand or machine—appl led
AGGREGATE COATINGS:
aggregate over a portland cement, epoxy
(CSC)
or other synthetic base coat.
For other
see terms
Section
Section
Section
Section
terms relating to this Section,
09400
— terrazzo
Special Flooring
09700 -
Special Coatings
09800 -
— Painting
09900
09230

****** Result for Image/Page 20 ******
SECTION 09250
ADHESIVE, CONTACT: Bonds layers of gypsum-
board, it forms a strong instantaneous
bond after the surfaces are brought
(GA)
in contact.
ADHESIVE, LAMINATING: Bonds one gypsum-
board to another in multiple—layer cons
struction, or it bonds gyp sumboard to
suitable masonry or concrete surfaces.
The bond generally develops slowly as the
adhesive dries. (GA)
ADHESIVE, STUD: Used for attaching single—
ply gypsumboard to framing G )
BACK BLOCKING: A single-ply installation
procedure for reinforcing joints that fall
between framing members with strips of gyp—
sumboard. This helps prevent sur face im —
perfections such as cracking and joint
ridging . (GA)
Used as a base layer
BACKING BOARD: (GYPSUM) :
where multiple plys of gypsumboard are re—
quired for extra fire resistance, sound
It is
isolation and strength in the k II.
surfaced with gray liner paper on both
sides. Water—resistant gypsum backing
board has a water—resistant gypsum core
It is much
and water repellent face paper.
more resistant to absorption of water than
untreated gypsumboard . It serves as a base
for application of wall tile in baths,
showers and other wet areas. (GA)
BEADING: see Ridging .
BUTT JOINT: Joints in which bard ends with
the core exposed are butted together.
CONTROL JOINT : A predetermined opening be—
tween adjoining panels or surfaces at reg—
u lar intervals to relieve the stresses of
expansion and contraction transverse to
the joint in large wall and ceiling area .
(GA)
CORNER CRACKING: cracks occurring in the
joing of inside corners, between inter—
secting walls or at walls and ceilings.
(GA)
CORNER-FLOATING: see Floating Angles. (GA)
CRIMPING: A method of fastening corner beads
in place or fixing metal studs in runners
by pinching and deforming the metal using
a special tool.
(GA)
CROSS FURRING: Furring members installed
across or at right angles to framing man—
bers or runners.
(GA)
CROWN, JOINT: The maximum height above
sur face to which treating compound is ap—
plied over the wallboard joint.
EDGES: Paper bound edges which usually run
the long dimen sion of the board.
GYPSUM WALLBOARD
ENDS: Mill or job—cut edges which expose the
gypsum core. They usually run the short
dimension Of the board.
FASTENER TREATMENT: Concealing fasteners
which are set below the surface of the dry—
wall by successive application of joint
compound until a surface is achieved.
(GA)
Taper ing joint
FEATHER EDGING (FEATHERING) :
compound to a very thin edge to blend with
(GA)
the adjacent wallboard surface.
FIELD: The surface of the board exclusive
of the per (GA)
FIN ISHING: The taping of joints, the con—
cealment with joint treatment compound of
such joints, heads of fasteners, and edges
of corner protective devices, and the sand—
ing of such areas to prepare them to receive
the field application of priming, painting,
coating, decorative coating and coverings
(GA)
such as wallpaper and vinyl materials.
FIRE-BLOCK GYPSUMBOARD: Used under combustible
roof coverings to protect rafters and the
rest of the structure from fires started
It also serves as additional
on the roof .
protection against fires within the struc—
(GA)
ture.
FLOATING ANGLES: Mechanical fasteners at in—
terior angles are omitted to relieve stresses
that might otherwise cause cracking and nail
(GA)
popping .
FRAMING: The supporting members such as wall
studs, ceiling joists, and roof trusses.
They may or may not bear part of the load
of the building
(GA)
FURRING: Wood or metal members used to pro—
vide properly spaced, rigid and even support
for gyp sumboard. These are fastened over or
attached to underlying construction of fram—
ing, concrete or æsonry which is not in
suitable condition for application of gyp—
sumboard. (GA)
FIRE RATING; The time in hours that a wall,
ceiling, beam, column or roof deck will
contain a fire when tested in accordance with
requirements of ASTM Standard Ell 9 (GA)
GYPSUMBOARD: The name for a family of noncom—
bustible sheet products consisting of a gyp—
sum core between paper surfaces. The core
be regular, water—resistant, special
fire—resistant or a combination Of these. (GA)
GYPSUM COREBOÄRD; Used as a base in space
saving self—supporting gypsum walls erected
without framing and in demountable walls.
coreboard is made as one in. thick solid
gypsum backing board or it
fron tw layers of 1/2 in.
ing board. (GA)
GYPSUM PORMBOARD: Used as a
manent form to hold gypsum
gypsum roof decks.
(GA)
is factory lamina
thick gypsum back—
support and per—
concrete in poured

****** Result for Image/Page 21 ******
SECTION 09250
GYPSYM LATH: Used as a base for regular gypsum
(GA)
plaster.
GYPSUM SHEATHING: Used to stiffen exterior frame
walls against the forces of wind and vibration,
and to provide fire resistance. This is cover—
ed with an exterior finish, such as siding.
(GA)
GYPSUM VENEER BASE: Used as a base for thin coats
of very hard, high—strength, gypsum veneer
(GA)
plaster.
Horizontal appl ication: Horizontally applied
boards have the edges at right angles to the
framing members.
See Ridging.
Joint Beading :
Joint Compound : A material used to conceal
fasteners, joints and surface indentations
in gypsum drywall construction. See ASTM
c-475.
The method of conceal ing
Joint Treatxaent:
wallboard joints with tape and layers of joint
compound. (GA)
NAILS, DRYTmL1.a: Nails suitable for drywall
application. Standard Specifications for
Nails for the Application of Gypsum Wall—
Special nails for pre—
board, ASTM C514.
decorated gypsum board should be as recom—
mended by predecorated gypsum board manu—
facturer.
(GA)
NAIL POPPING: A protrusion of nailhead and
compound directly over the nailhead, caused
by outward movement of the nail rela tive
to the gypsumboard. (GA)
(GA)
NAIL SPOTTING: see Fastener Treatment.
PREDLCORATED GYPSUM 1•mLLDOÄRD: Has a decora-
tive vinyl or paper sheet bonded to the front
(exposed) surface which does not require fur—
ther decorative treatment. )
RIDGING: A linear surface protrusion along the
treated joints.
SCREWS, DRYVX.I.,: Screws developed for wal Iboard
application. Standard Specification for Steel
Drill Screws for the. Application of Gypsum
Sheet Material to Light—Gage Steel Studs, ASTM
Specially designed metal screws as
c 646.
recornrnended by the manufacturer of the gypsum
board should be used for gypsum board applica—
tion to wod framing or to gypsum studs.
(GA)
SHEET LAMINATION: Multi-ply construction with ad-
hesives applied to the entire surface to be
bonded. (See Adhesive, Laminating) . (GA)
STAPLES: Number 16 USS gauge fla ttened galvanized
wire staples with 7/16 inch wide crown outside
measure and divergent point for the first ply
only of two—ply gyppum board application :
in. long legs for 3/8 in. thick gypsum board.
09250
GYPSUM WALLBOARD
1 1/8 in. long legs for 1/2 in. thick.
gypsum board.
1 1/4 in. long legs for 5/8 in. thick
gypsum board. (GA)
STRIP LAMINATION: Mua.ti-ply construction
with adhesive applied in parallel strips
usually spaced 16 in. or 24 in. apart.
(GA)
SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC): Numbers
used by engineers and architects to rate
resistance to air—borne sound transmis—
(GA)
sion.
TAPING: Ernbedding tape in joint compound
See
in the process of joint treatment.
ASTM 475. (GA)
TREATED JOINT : A joint between gypsum
boards which is reinforced and concealed
with tape and joint treaünent compound,
(GA)
or covered by strip moldings.
TYPE X GYPSUMBOARD: Similar in all res-
pects to the previously mentioned
boards, except that the core has been
more fire—resistant by the addi—
tion of glass fiber reinforcement and
It may be wallboard,
other æterials.
backing board, predecorated, or other
types Type "X" boards are used in most
(GA)
fire—resistance rated assemblies.
Joint which is left ex—
UNTREATED JOINT :
posed.
VERTICAL APPLICATION: Vertically applied
boards have the edges parallel to f ram—
ing members.
(GA)

--1b---



****** Result for Image/Page 1 ******
SECTION 09300
ABSORPTION: The relationship of the æight
of water absorbed to the weight of dry
specimen, expressed in percent.
ACCELERATORS: Materials used to speed up
the setting of .
(CTI)
ACCESSORIES: Ceramic or nonceramic fixtures
such as towel bars, paper and soap holders ,
(CTI)
grab bars and the like.
ADHESIVE TILE: see Organic Adhesive.
BACK V•mLL: The wall facing an observer who
is standing at the entrance to a room,
shower or tub shower.
BACKING: Any material used as a base over
which a finished material is to be in—
stalled. (CTI)
BACK-MOUNTED TILE:
BASE : one or rnore rows
above the floor.
See
BEATING BLOCK: block
in a flat plane. The
Mounted Tile.
of tile installed
(CTI)
Cove .
used to embed tiles
method used is
called Beating In.
BENCH BARK : Permanent reference point or
(CTI)
mark .
BLOCK ANGLE: A square of tile specially
made for changing direction of the trim.
(CTI)
BODY: The structural portion of a ceramic
article. This term also refers to the
material or mixture from which the arti—
cle is made.
(ASTM)
BOND : The adherence of one material to
another Effective bonds must be achieved
between the mortar and scratch coat, be—
tween the tile and rrortar and between
adhesive and backing . (CTI)
BOND COAT: A mater lal used between the back
of the tile and the prepared surface.
Suitable bond coats include pure port land
cement, dry—set port land cement mortar ,
latex port land cement mortar, organic ad—
hesive and epoxy mortar or adhesive. (CT I)
BRIDGE: A straightedge used as a starting
line for laying of tile. The straight—
edge can be blocked up to support ti Ie
over an open ing.
(CTI)
BULLNOSE : A trim tile with a convex radius
on one edge. This tile is used for finish—
ing the top of a wainscot or for turning
an outside corner (CT I)
BULLNOSE CORNER: A type of bullnose trim
with a convex radius on adj acent
(CTI)
edges .
09300
TILE
BUSHHAMMER: A harmer that has a rectangular
Yead with serrated or jagged faces. The
bushharnrner is used for roughing concrete
(CTI)
to provide a bond for masonry.
BUTTERING: The spreading of a bond coat
(followed by a mortar coat, a thin—setting
bed mortar or an organic adhesive) to the
backs of ceramic tile just before the tile
is placed.
(CTI)
CAP: see Bullnose.
CAULKING COMPOUND: waterproof caulking ma-
terial usually sold in tubes.
See also
Sealant.
(CTI)
CERAMIC MOSAIC TILE: Tile formed by either
the dust—pressed or plastic method, usually
1/4 to 3/8 inch thick, and having a facial
area of less than six square inches. Cera—
mic mosaic tile may be of either porcelain
or natural clay composition and they may be
either plain or with an abrasive mixture
throu ghou t.
(TCA)
CERAMIC TILE: see definition for Tile.
CHALK LINE :
Usually cotton cord coated with
chalk. The cord is snapped to mark a
straight line. The chalk line is used to
align spots or screeds.
(CTI)
CHEMICAL—RESISTANT GROUT: A grout that resists
the effects of prolonged contact with acids
and other chemical agents.
(TCA)
CLEAVAGE FEMBRANE; A membrane that provides
a separation and slip sheet between the mor—
tar setting bed and the backing or base
(TCÄ)
surface.
COLD JOINT; Any point in a tile installation
where tile and setting bed have terminated
and the surface has lost its plasticity
before mrk is continued .
(CTI )
COMMERCIAL PORTLAND CEMENT GROUT: A mixture
of portland cement and other ingredients
to produce a water—resistant, dense, uni—
form Iy colored material .
(TCA)
CONCRETE, GLASS FIBER REINFORCED BACKER BOARD:
A backer board designed for use with cera—
mic tile in wet areas.
It can be used in
place of metal lath, portland cement scratch
coat and mortar bed .
(TCA)
CONDUCTIVE MORTAR: A tile mortar to which
specific electrical conductivity is im—
parted through the use of conductive addi—
tives .
(TCA)
CONDUCTIVE TILE: Tile rtEde from special body
composi tions or by methods that result in
specific properties of electr ical conduc—
tivity while retaining other normal physical
properties of tile. (TCA)
CONTROL JOINTS :
See Expansion Joints.

****** Result for Image/Page 2 ******
SECTION 09300
COVE; A trim tile unit having one edge with a
concave radius. A cove is used to form a junc—
t ion between the bottom wall course and the
(TCA)
floor or to form an inside corner.
COVE BASE (SANITARY) : A trim tile having a con-
cave radius on one edge and a convex radius on
the opposite edge. This base often is used
as the only course of tile above the floor
(CTI)
tile.
DRAWLING: A parting and contraction of the
glaze on the surface of ceramic ware during
drying or firing, resulting in unglazed areas
bordered by coalesced glaze. (ASTM)
DRAZING: The cracking that occurs in fired
glazes or other ceramic coatings due to crit—
ical tensile stresses (minute surface cracks) .
(ASTM)
See under Glaze.
CRYSTALLINE GAZE:
CUSHION-EDGED TILE: Tile on which the facial
edges have a distinct curvature that results
in a slightly recessed joint.
(CTI )
DASH COAT: A first coat of mortar sometimes
applied to a •nooth surface with a whisk
broom or fiber brush in such a manner as to
provide good mechanical key for subsequent
(CSI)
mortar coats.
DOUBLE BULLNOSE: A type of trim with the same
(CTI)
convex radius on tw opposite sides.
DRY—SET GROUT: A mixture of portland cement and
additives providing water retentivity.
(TCA)
DRY—SET MORTAR: A mixture of portland cement
with sand and additives imparting kter reten—
tivity which is used as a bond coat for
setting tile. When this 1m r tar is used,
neither the tile nor walls normally have to be
soaked during the installation process. (TCA)
DUSTING: The appl ication of dry portland cement
to a wet floor or deck mortar surface. A pure
coat is thus formed by suction of the dry ce—
(CTI)
men t.
See definition for Pregrouted
EDGEBONDED TILE:
Tile.
EDGE-MOUNTED TILE: A type of mounted tile wherein
tile is assembled into units or sheets and are
bonded to each other at the edges or corners of
the back of the tiles by an elastomeric or
resinous material which becmtes an integral
part of the tile installation. Units or sheets
must meet criteria of back—mounted sheets.
(TCA)
See definition for Mounted Tile.
EFFLORESCENCE: The residue deposited on the sur—
face of a material (usually grout joints) by
the crystallization of soluble salts.
(CTI)
EPOXY ADHESIVE: An adhesive sy sten an ploying
epoxy resin and epoxy hardener portions .
(TCA)
EPOXY GROUT; A mortar system employing epoxy
resin and epoxy hardener portions. (TCA)
09300
EPOXY MORTAR : A grout system enploying .
epoxy resins and hardener portions,
often containing coarse silica filler ,
usually formulated for industr ial and
corrmercial installations where chemical
resistance is of paramount importance.
(TCA)
EXPANSION JOINT: A joint through tile,
mortar, and reinforcing wire down to
(CTI )
the substrate.
EXTRUDED TILE: A tile or trim unit that
is formed when plastic clay mixtures
are forced through a pug mill opening
(die) of suitable configuration, result—
ing in a continuous rubbon of formed
clay A wire cutter or similar cut—off
device is then used to cut the ribbon
into appropriate lengths and widths of
(TCA)
tile.
FACE-MOUNTED TILE: see Mounted Tile.
FAIENCE TILE: Glazed or ungla zed tile ,
generally made by the plastic process
with characteristic variations in the
face, edges and glaze. These varia—
tions produce a handcrafted, decorative
(ASTM)
effect.
FAN or FANNING: spacing tile joints to
widen certain areas so they will con—
form to a section that is not parallel.
(CTI)
FEATURE STRIP (DECORATED LINES) : A
narrow strip Of tile that has a con—
trasting color, texture or trim. (CTI)
FIELD TILE: An area of tile covering a
The field is bordered
wall or floor .
by tile trim. (CTI)
FLOATING: A method of uSing a straight—
edge to align mortar with the float
strips or screeds. This technique
also is called Dragging, Pulling ,
(CTI)
Rodding or Rodding Off.
FREEHAND FLOATING: The application of
Ell mortar without the use of guide
This technique is used by
screeds .
specialists when they are setting glass
(CTI)
mosaic murals.
FURAN GROUT: A chemical—resistant grout
systa•n consisting of a furan resin
(TCA)
and hardener portions.
PURRING: Stripping used to build out a
surface such as a studded wall where
strips of suitable size are added to
the studs to accomrnodate vent pipes
or fixtures.
(TCA)
A ceramic coating matured to the
gla ssy state on a formed ceramic arti—
cle. The term "Clazen also refers eo
the material or mixture from which the
coating is made. (ASTM)

****** Result for Image/Page 3 ******
SECTION 09300
Bright Glaze: A high—gloss
or without color. (ASTM)
Clear Glaze: A transpar ent
(ASTM)
or without color.
Crystalline Glaze: A glaze
coating with
glaze with
that contains
(ASTM)
microscopic crystals .
Fritted Glaze: A glaze in which a part
or all of the fluxing constituents are
(ASTM)
prefused.
Mat Glaze : A low—gloss ceramic glaze
(ASTM)
with or without color.
Opaque Glaze: A nontransparent gla ze
(ASTM )
with or without color.
Raw Glaze: A glaze compounded pr imarily
It contains no
from raw constituents.
(ASTM)
prefused materials.
semimat Glaze: A medium—gloss ceramic
(ASTM)
glaze with or without color .
speckled Glaze: A glaze containing gran—
ules of oxides or ceramic stains that
(TCA)
are of contrasting colors.
GLAZED TILE: Tile with a fused impervious
facial finish composed Of ceramic materi—
als, fused to the body of the tile which
may be nonvitreous, semivitreous, vitreous
(TCA)
or impervious.
GLAZED TILE (EXTRA DUTY GLAZE): Tile with a
durable glaze. This tile is suitable for
floors and other interior surfaces that
are not subject to excessive abrasion or
(ASTM)
impac t.
GRADE: A predetermined degree of slope that
(CTI)
a fin ished floor should have .
GRADES: There are only two grades of ti Ie
recognized in TCA and/or ANSI standard
specif {cations for ceramic
and Seconds. Var lous otrpr grade names
used by architects, manufacturers and con—
tractors may be without definition or speci—
fication, which can cause confusion and
substitution. Standard grade tile meets
the requirements defined in TCA and ANSI
second grade (seconds) tile
Standard s.
meets all of the requirements of the same
standards except that inspection for fa—
cial defects is conducted at a distance
of 10 feet instead Of 3 feet as required
(TCA)
for standard grade tile.
GROUT: A cementitious or Other type
al used for filling joints between tile.
(TCA)
GROUTING: The process of filling the tile
(TCA)
joints with grout.
HARD SCREED: A mortar screed that be—
come f irrn. (CTI)
09300
TILE
HORIZONTAL BROKEN JOINTS: A style of 14Ying
tile with each course Offset one—half its
Ie ngth . (CT I)
IMPERVIOUS TILE: Tile with water absorption
(TCA)
of 0.5 percent or less.
L CUT: A piece of tile cut or shaped to the
letter L. (CTI)
LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR: A mixture of
port land cement, sand and a special latex
additive which is used as a bond coat for
setting tile.
(TCA)
LATH: Metal mesh which acts as a background
or reinforcing agent for the scratch coat
or ItÜrtar . (TCA)
LEG: A tile wall running alongside a bathtub
or abutment. This term sometimes is used
to describe a narrow strip of tile floor.
LEVELING COAT; see Plumb scratch.
See Self—spacing Tile.
LUGS:
MASTIC GROUT; A one—part grouting composition
that is used directly from the container.
(TCA)
MORTAR BED: The layer of mortar on which
The final coat of mort:ar on
tile is set.
a wall, floor or ceiling is cal led a mortar
(TCA)
bed .
Small tile or bits of tile, stone
or glass. These are used to form a surface
(CTI )
design or an intricate pattern.
MOUNTED TILE: Tile assembled into units or
sheets by sui table material to facilitate
hand ling and installation. Tile may be
face—mounted, back—mounted or edge—mounted .
Face—mounted tile assemblies may have paper
or other suitable material applied to the
face of each tile, usually by water soluble
adhesives so that it can be easily removed
after installation but prior to grouting of
the joints. Back—mounted tile assembl ies
may IEve perforated paper, fiber mesh, resin
or other suitable material bonded to the
back and/or edges of each tile which becomes
an integral part of the tile installation.
Back—mounted and edge—mounted tile assemblies
shall have a sufficient exposure of tile and
joints surrounding each tile to comply with
bond strength requirements. Tile manufac—
turers must specify whether back—mounted
and edge—mounted tile assemblies are suit—
able for installation in swimming pools,
on exterior and/or in wet areas .
(TCA)
NATURAL CLAY TILE: A ceramic mosaic tile or
a paver tile made by either the dust—pressed
or the plastic method, from clays that pro—
duce a dense body having a distinctive
slightly textured appearance.
(TCA)
NEAT CEMENT: Portland cement mixed with water
to a desired creamy consistency .
(CTI)

****** Result for Image/Page 4 ******
SECTION 09300
NOMINAL SIZES: This is the approximate facial
size or thickness of tile, expressed in inches
or fractions of an inch, for general reference.
(TCA)
NONVITREOUS TILE: Tile with water absorption of
(TCA)
more than 7.0 percent.
NOTCH TROWEL: A trowel with a serrated or
It is used for spreading tile
notched edge .
mortar or adhesive in ridges of a specif ic
(TCA)
thickness .
OPEN TIME: The period of time during which the
bond coat retains its ability to adhere to the
tile and bond the tile to substrate. (CT I)
ORGANIC ADHESIVE: A prepared organic æterial,
ready to use with no furtlEr addition of Ii—
quid or powder, which cures or sets by evap—
(TCA)
oration.
PAPER AND WIRE: Tar paper and wire mesh (or
metal lath) that are used as a backing for
the installation of tile.
PAVER TILE: Glazed or unglazed porcelain or
natural clay tile formed by the dust—pressed
method having six square inches or more of
(TCA)
facial area.
PENCIL ROD: Reinforcing steel rod with a
diameter of 1/4 inch. (CTI)
(CTI)
PLUMB: perpendicular to a true level
PLUMB SCRATCH: An additional scratch coat
that has been applied to obtain a uniform
setting bed on a plumb vertical plane. (CT I)
POINTING MIX: Mortar with a consistency of
stiff paste. The mix is forcibly compressed
into the tile joints where it hardens. (CTI)
PORCELAIN TILE: A ceramic mosaic tile or paver
tile that is generally ltEde by tap dust—pressed
method, Of a composition resulting in a tile
that is dense, impervious, fine grained and
smooth with sharply formed face.
(TCA)
POT LIFE: The period of time during which a
material maintains its workable properties
(CTI)
after it has been mixed.
PREFLOAT: The term used to describe nortar
that has been placed and allowed to l"hrden
prior to bonding tile to it with thin—set
(CTI)
materials.
PREGROUTED TILE; A surfacing unit consisting
of an assembly of ceramic tile bnded to—
gether at their edges by a rtEteriaI, gen—
era Ily elastomeric, which seals the joints com—
pletely. Such material (grout) may f ill the
joint completely, or partially and may cover
all, a portion or none of the back surfaces of
the tiles in the sheets. The perimeter of
these factory pregrouted sheets may include
the entire, or part of the joint between the
sheets or none at all. The term Edgebonded
Tile is sometimes used to designate a particu—
lar type of pregrouted tile sheets having the
front and back surfaces completely exposed.
09300
TILE
PURE COAT: Neat cement applied to the
(CTI)
mortar bed.
QUARRY TILE: Glazed or unglazed tile
Inade by the extrusion process from na—
tural clay or shale usually having six
square inches (39 cm2) or more of facial
(TCA)
area .
mCK: A metal grid that is used to prop—
(CTI )
erly space and align floor tiles.
RAKE or RAKE LINE : The inclination from
(CTI )
a horizontal direction.
RECEPTOR: A metallic or nonmetallic water—
(TCA)
proof support for a shower stall.
RETURN: The ending Of a small splash wall
or a wainscot at right angles to the ma—
(CTI)
jor wall.
IN: The act of preparing a sur—
face by applying tar paper and metal
lath (or wire mesh). Sometimes called
Wiring.
(CTI)
RUBBER SPACERS: Cross and tee-shaped ob-
jects used to space tile on floors or
walls. They are manufactured in thick—
3/8" and
nesses of 1/16", 1/8"
(CTI )
RUBBING STONE: A carborundum stone that
is used to smooth the rough edges of
(CTI)
tile.
RUNNING BOND; Stretchers overlapping one
another by one—half unit with vertical
(CSI)
joint in alternate courses .
SAG: A term used when a wall surface has
developed a slide.
(CTI )
SANDBLASTING ; A method of scarifying the
surface of concrete or rnasonry to pro—
vide a bondable surface. Compressed
air is used to propel a stream of wet
(CTI)
or dry sand onto the surface.
SAND PORTIAND CNENT GROUT: An on-the-
job mixture of portland cenent, fine
(TCA)
graded sand, lime and water.
SCARIFIER: A piece of thin sheet metal
with teeth or serrations cut in the edge.
It is used to roughen fresh mortar sur—
faces to achieve a good bond for the
tile. A scarifier also can be used to
(TCA)
roughen the surface of concrete.
SCRATCH COAT: A mixture of portland ce-
ITEnt, sand and water applied as the first
coat of mortar on a wall or ceiling. Its
surface usually is scratched or roughened
so that it will bond properly with subse—
(TCA)
quent coats of mortar.
SCRATCHER: Any serrated or sharply tined
object that is used to roughen the
sur face of one coat of mortar to pro—
vide a mechanical key for the next coat.
See also Scarifier.
(CTI )

****** Result for Image/Page 5 ******
SECTION 09300
SCREED: A strip of wod, metal, mortar or
other mater iaI applied to a surface .
Screeds are used as guides on a
straightedge is wrked to obtain a true
(TCA)
mortar surface.
SCREED STRIP : A wooden, tal or plastic
strip that forms a guide upon which a
Screed is uorked to obtain a true mortar
(CSI)
surface .
SEALANT: An elastomeric material that is
used to fill and seal the expansion joint.
This material prevents the passage of mois—
ture and al lows horizontal and lateral
movement at the expansion joint.
(CTI)
SELF-SPACING TILE: Tile with lugs, spacers
or protuberances on the sides which auto—
mat ically space the tile for the grout
joints.
(TCA)
Tile with water absorp—
SEMIVITREOUS TILE:
tion of mre than 3.0 percent, but not more
than 7 O percent. (TCA)
SHELF LIFE : The period of time that an item
can be stored before it is used.
(TCA)
SILICONE RUBBER GROUT: An engineered elasto-
meric grout system for interior use.
(TCA)
SINK ANGLE: Trim shape used on a drainboard
at the corners of the kitchen sink. This
trim shape, which is AU 106, also is called
a Butterfly,
(TCA)
SLIDE: A fresh tile wall that has buckled
This condition may be caused
or sagged.
by excessive mortar, insufficient lime in
the mortar or excessive moisture in
scratch coat. A sl ide may also result if
the surface is slick or the mortar is too
soft. (CTI)
SLIP-RESISTANT TILE: Tile IEving greater
sl ip—resistant characteristics due to an
abrasive admixture, abrasive particles in
the surface or grooves or patterns in the
(TCA)
surface.
SLOT CUT: Description of a tile that has
been cut to fit around pipes or switch
boxes .
This tile is usually in shape
of the letter H or the letter L.
(CTI )
SLURRY COAT: A pure coat of a very soft con—
sistency.
(CTI)
SOAPING TILE: The method of applying a soapy
film to newly tiled walls to protect them
from paint and plaster during construc—
tion.
(TCA)
SOLDIER COURSE: Oblong tile laid with
long side vertical and all joints in align—
TILE
the joints of mounted ceramic mosaic tiles
to keep thern evenly spaced during installa—
tion .
(CTI)
SPECIAL PURPOSE TILE: Tile, either glazed or
unglazed, made to meet or to have special
physical design or appearance character istics
such as size, thickness, shape, color or
decoration; keys or lugs on backs or sides;
pregrouted assemblies or sheets; special
resi stance to staining, frost alkaliesr
ac ids, thermal shock, physical impact, or
high coefficient of friction.
(TCA)
SPASH vmLLS;
or bathtub.
SPLIT L CUT:
The walls of a tile drainboard
(CTI)
An improper L cut that is made
by splitting a tile instead of cutting it.
(CTI )
Small pieces of tile placed on a wall
SPOTS :
or floor surface to align the screeds or
se tting bed .
Spots of casting plaster also
rray be used
(CTI)
STRAIGHT JOINT
tile where all
(CTI)
STRAIGHTEDGE: A
is used to rod
STRETCHER: Trim
angles .
(CTI )
STRIKING JOINTS:
grout from the
The usual style of laying
the joints are in alignment.
straight piece of lumber that
mortar and to align tile. (CTI
shapes of tile between trim
A process of removing excess
joints by wiping with a
(CTI)
ment .
SPACING MIX: A dry or
part port land cement
fine sand.
This mix
dampened mixture of
and one part extra —
is used as a filler
one
in
sponge or cloth or scraping with a curved
ins trumen t.
(TCA)
SUBSTRATE: The und erlying support for the
ceramic tile installation.
(TCA)
THIN—SET: The terin used to describe the in—
stallation of tile with all materials except
port land—cement mortar which is the only
recognized thick—bed method.
(TCA)
TIE WIRE: The 18—gauge galvanized vdre used
cons truction wrk.
(CTI)
TILE: A ceramic surfacing unit, usually rela—
tively thin in relation to facial area, made
from clay or a mixture of clay and other
ceramic materials, called the body of the
tile, having either a glazed or unglazed
face and fired above red heat in the course
of manufacture to a temperature sufficiently
high to produce specific physical properties
and characteristics.
(ASTM)
TILE ASSEMBLIES ;
See definition for Mounted
Tile.
TRIM UNITS: Units of various shapes consist—
ing of such items as bases, caps, corners ,
mouldings, angles, etc. ,
necessary to achieve
an in Stallation of the desired sanitary
and/or architectural design. (TCA)
09300

****** Result for Image/Page 6 ******
TILE
SECTION 09300
UNCLBZED TILE: A hard, dense tile of uniform
composition throughout, deriving color and tex—
ture from the materials of which body is
(TCA)
made.
VERTICAL BROKEN JOINT: style of laying tile with
each vertical row Of tile offset for half its
(CTI)
len gth.
VITREOUS TILE: Tile with water absorption of
more than 0.5 percent, but not more than 3.0
(TCA)
per c en t.
VITRIFICATION: The condition resulting when kiln
temperatures are sufficient to fuse grains and
close pores of a clay product, 11Eking the mass
(CSI)
impervious .
ALL TILE: A glazed tile with a body that is
suitable for interior use and which is usually
nonvitreous, and is not required nor expected
to withstand excessive impact or be subject to
freezing and thawing conditions (TCA)
WET AREA: An area that is normally exposed to
moisture such as a shower, tub, splash
(CTI)
or exter ior surface.
09300
-6

****** Result for Image/Page 7 ******
SECTION 09400
. ACETYLENE CARBON BLACK:
The vehicle that
conducts static electricity through a
terrazzo f loor system. (CSI)
AGGREGATE: A granule, other than rterble,
abrasives ,
used in the topping; i.e. ,
quartz, granite, river gravel, synthe—
tic types, etc. For our purpose, marble
(NTMA)
will be referred to as "chips .
ART MARBLE:
terrazzo .
Artificial marble; precast
(NTMA)
BONDING AGENTS: Materials generally ap-
latex ,
plied to n thinset't terrazzo; i.e. ,
epoxy, polyurethane or other types of
adhesives. Used to increase adherence
of the terrazzo mix to an existing base
(NTMA)
slab.
BROKEN pmRBLE: Fractured slabs of marble
(not crushed by machines into chips) .
(NTMA)
CHIPS: marble granules screened to various
(NTMA)
sizes.
CLEANER: A neutral liquid cleaner used to
remove accumulated surface dirt. (NTMA)
COLOR PIGMENTS: Inorganic matter used in
the terrazzo mix to vary the color. A
powdered substance which, when blended
with a liquid vehicle, gives the matrix
(NTMA)
its coloring.
CONTROL JOINTS: Allowance made by the use
of a strip, saw cut or other device to
allow for movement without damaging the
(NTMA)
terrazzo .
CURING: The maintaining of proper moisture
and temperature condi tions necessary for
the normal hydration of port land cement to
(NTMÄ)
take place.
GROUT : A portland cement and Eter paste
used as the binder and sometimes having
color pigment and/or bonding compound ap—
plied to the floor to fill the voids and
(NTMA)
pits after rough grinding.
MARBLE: A metamorphic (recrystallized)
limestone, composed predominantly of
crystalline grains of calcite or dolomite
or both, having interlocking or mosaic
(NTMA)
texture .
MATRIX: The port land cement and water mix
or noncementitious binder used to YOId
the marble chips in place for the terrazzo
(NTMA)
topping .
PANELS: The spaces formed by the divider
(NTMA)
strips .
PRECAST: Fabricated in molds, in a shop or
factory, by a compression and vibratory
method. (NTMA)
094 00
SCREED: To level the top of a mortar bed with
a wood or metal strip (called a screed) .
(NTMA)
SEALER: A protective coating or treatment
which precludes foreign liquid or matter
from being absorbed, by closing the pores
(NTMA)
in the surface.
SETTING BED: Applicable to vertical surfaces.
Backing of cement plaster to receive terr—
(NTBLA)
azzo wainscot or base.
The grinding, grouting and fini sh—
SURFACING :
ing opera tions on terrazzo topping. (NTMA)
TERRAZZO: Der ived from the Italian "terrace"
or "terrasso" and by def inition over the
"A form of mosaic flooring rnade
centur ies ;
by embedding small pieces of marble in mor—
(CSI)
tar and polishing"
TESSERAE: Thin slices of marble, colorful
stone, or glass—like, highly colored vitreous
enamel material cut into squares or other
shapes of any size. Used in mosaic wrk.
(NTMA)
THINSETS: Terrazzo systems which can be appliet
in a thin cross—section (3/8 inch or less) .
(NTMA)
TOPPING:
floor.
UNDERBED :
base, a
ping; a
The wearing surface of the terrazzo
(NTMA)
horizontal layer of mortar; a
bond and a level for terrazzo top—
bed for divider strips.
(NTMA)

****** Result for Image/Page 8 ******
N 0950
ACCESS DOOR: A metal door that comes in
various sizes and is framed into an ac—
oustical ceiling to provide access to
mechanical values in the plenum. Some
12 X24
standard sizes are 12 "x12
18"x18",
24 "x24
(CISCA)
ACCESS TAB; A special sp line with an ex—
posed tab for making a (or any) particu—
lar tile in a Z—Bar systan removable .
(CISCA)
ACCESS TILE: An acoustical tile with
special kerfing details that is re—
(CISCA)
movabl e.
ACOUSTICAL CEILING BOARD (LAY-IN PANEL) :
Usually 24 "x24" or 24" x 48" or large—
sized acoustical material used in con—
j unction with a lay—in grid system.
(CISCA)
ACOUSTICAL CEMENT: A special type of ad-
hesive or mastic used to stick up or
adhere tile to concrete or gypsum bard .
Normally spots of adhesive the size of a
walnut are used to stick up a 12 "x12'l
(CISCA).
acoustical tile.
ACOUSTICAL TILE: Normally a 12 "x12" or 12"
x24" piece of prefinished material with
various surface finishes installed on
furring or cemented to a ceiling or TEII
surface to provide improved sound absorp—
tion (reflection) qualities. (CISCA)
AIR FLOW CEILING: A ceiling with through
perforated panels and a pressurized plen—
um above that allows the air to pass
through it at a predetermined rate .
(CISCA)
Used for heating and cooling.
ANNULAR NAIL: A serrated nail used to fas-
ten gypsum board to nailing channels.
CISCA)
ATTACHED CEILING: An acoustical ceiling
Where the furring is attached to the
structure with no hangers involved.
Acoustical tile cemented to concrete is
(CISCA)
also an attached ceiling .
BARS :
This is the main runner in the
H-Bar :
H and T system. It consists of metal
strips with 3/4" flanges and I n Beb height
which appear to be "H' s " turned on their
sides. They are cl ipped to 1—1/2" chan—
nel not over four feet on center.
Spacer Bar: A V—shaped bar with notches
at each end that hooks over two main T t s
in a concealed grid system to stabilize
them.
See "Spacer Bar" .
Stabilizer Bar:
09500
ACOUSTICAL TREATYENT
Concealed Cross T: A tee—shaped inter;mediate
member used to support the acoustical tile
in a Z—Bar or H and T system perpendicular
to the Z or H member.
Cross T—Bars : The intermediate exposed
cross members that interlock with the main
tee to complete a grid system.
Exposed T—bar: The main T—runner in a grid
system hung from the overhead structure
above with wire hangers.
: See "exposed T—Bar"
Z—Bar Concealed: Metal strips which are at—
tached to the .1—1/2" carrying channel, two ,
three or four feet on center and right angles
to the channel. Also cal led " zee runners" .
Z—Bar Exposed: A white painted finish Z —Bar
clipped to 1—1/2" channels to support acous—
tical tile on the exposed flange of the Z.
(CISCA)
BACK CUT: Cutting the border tile at a 450
angle to achieve the best possible fit, or
that portion of a tile cut back above the
(CISCA)
kerf in a tile.
BACKING BOARD: Normally a 24 "x96" gypsum
board used as base for cementing acoustical
(CISCA)
tile.
BAFFLE: Usually called sound baffle and is a
piece of acoustical material hung vertically
from a structure for sound absorption. Baf—
fles are normally used where it is not prac—
tical to install a complete acoustical ceil—
. (CISCA)
BEAM CLIP: clip that can be fastened to a
beam to support a hanger wire or strap. (CISCA)
BENCH MARK: The elevation or a reference point
from which is determined the correct height
of a ceiling. (CISCA)
BEVEL EDGE: An acoustical tile is considered
bevel edge material when the face of the tile
turns up at the edge at approximately 450
for 1/8" to 1 " around the perimeter of the
(CISCA)
tile.
Slightly rounded edge of tile.
BURRED EDGE:
Helps hide lipping caused by severe light
(critical) shining over ceiling .
(CISCA)
CAP: The rolled covering on the flange of
a T—Bar. Some T—Bars come with an aluminum
(CISCA)
cap .
CARRYING CHANNEL: see "Main runner" (1-1/2"
channel ) .
(CISCA)
CENTER LINE : A line indicating the midpoint
of a ceiling in either direction. Used as
a guide in starting a ceiling. Always look
for centerline in reflected ceiling plan or
blueprints as guide on where to start installa—
tion of ceiling .
(CISCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 9 ******
ECTION 09500
CENTER SCORE : A groove in a 12 "x24" acoustical
(CISCA)
tile to simulate a 12"x12" tile.
CHALK LINE: A string or fine line coated with
chalk and used to mark the height of the
moulding. The line is held with each end
close to the wall and then snapped against
(CISCA)
the wall.
CHANNEL: 1—1/2" U—shaped metal member approxi—
mately 16 • long hung with wire or strap from
the structural to support metal furring bars
(Normal spacing
in an acoustical ceiling .
is 4 o ) This channel is also referred
to as main runner or carrying channel .
(CISCA)
CLIP :
Border Spring; A 3•aa11 steel clip in a Z
or H—Bar ceiling that fits between the acous—
tical tile border cut and the wall moulding
to keep the cut tile from shifting .
End Lock: A 2—piece flat metal clip 24" long
x I" wide, used to support the ends of gyp—
sym backer board that do not fall on a nail—
ing channel.
Fixture : A scissors—type clip with threaded
bolt that can be fastened to a main T in a
grid system to support a surface—mounted light.
H—Bar: Clip used to fasten H—Bar to 1—1/2"
channel.
Hold—down: A U—shaped piece of metal fasten—
ed over the tee above a lay—in panel to hold
the panel in place against uplift caused by
drafts.
Intersection: A metal piece used on some grid
systems to fasten cross tees to main tees.
T—Bar: Clip used to fasten 'II—Bar to 1—1/2"
channel.
Z—Bar: Clip used to fasten Z —Bar to 1—1/2"
(CISCA)
channel .
CONCEALED GRID: A direct—hung grid where the T
fits into the kerf of the acoustical tile and
all parts are concealed. The system is he Id
together with cross—T splines and spacer bars.
(CISCA)
CONCRETE NAIL: A short hardened nail used to
(CISCA)
fasten moulding to concrete.
CORNER CAP : Factory—formed miter that fits
over the exterior of interior corners of
(CISCA)
metal mouldings,
(CISCA)
COUPLING: see "spline".
CUT NAIL: Triangular hardened steel nail used
to fasten moulding to a masonry wall. (CISCA)
DIFFUSER ; circular or rectangular metal
grille recessed in a ceiling for the passage
of air from a ducted system. (Flange on
09500
ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
diffuser covers edge of ceiling
See also "linear air diffuser .
(CISCA)
DRY LINE: A string 1 ine suspended from
two points and used as a guide in in—
(CISCA)
stalling an acoustical ceiling.
EGG-CRATE LOWER: A polystyrene, acrylic
or metal open cell grid panel to permit
the circulation of air or the transmis—
sion of light from above the ceiling.
(CISCA)
FIRE-CODE BACKER-BOARD: A gypsum backer-
board with a one—hour f ire rating. Class
A or Class 25 Acoustical tile may be ce—
mented to this backer—board and still
achieve one —hour rating. (CISCA)
PLANGE: The horizontal exposed face of a
(CISCA)
T-bar.
FLEXIBLE MOULDING: A plastic or metal
moulding with a plastic face that can be
applied to circular columns or curved
(CISCA)
sur faces.
FRACTURE : A type of failure of the cement
in a cemented ceiling caused by improper
insta Ilation of the acoustical tile .
(CISCA)
FURRED CEILING: see "attached ceiling"
(CISCA)
GRID CEILING : An exposed grid ceiling is a
dir ect—hung suspension system, that is ,
the runners hang directly from the hangers
It uses main and cross tees
or ceiling .
with drop—in acoustical tile panels. Stan—
It is al—
dard sizes are 2'x4' and 2 'x2'.
so referred to as lay—in ceiling or tee—
(CISCA)
bar ceiling .
HANGERS: Metal straps, rods or wires
used to support a suspended ceiling sys—
tem from the structure . (CISCA)
HIGH DENSITY TILE: Acoustical tile with
good attenuation and low sound absorp—
tion. A mineral tile is an example of
(CISCA)
high density.
HI—HAT FIXTURE A small circular recessed
light from 6" to 12 deep sometimes
ca 1 led a can fixture because it resem—
bles a tin can. Larger HI—Hats may
cause additional field labor for acous—
(CISCA)
tical con tractor.
INSERT: A type of fastener installed in
concrete or support structure that is
used to support hangers. There are
many different types. For example,
screw eyes drilled to v•.ood joists, ex—
pansion sleeves set in a predrilled hole
in concrete, T—shape anchors, powder—
driven studs with small eyelets, or
butterfly type nailed to the concrete
forms. (CISCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 10 ******
SECTION 09500
KERR: A groove cut out of the edges of tiles.
This kerf permits the tile to be inserted on—
to the flange of various types of rretal fur—
(CISCA)
ring or leveling splines.
LATH NAIL: A small blue nail used to fasten
gypsum board to furring. (CISCA)
LAY-IN PANEL: see "Acoustical ceiling
(CISCA)
Board " .
LEVELING SPLINE: A 3" fiber strip inserted
into the kerf at the intersection Of four
(CISCA)
cemented tile.
LINEAR AIR DIFFUSER: An air diffusing bar
attached to air duct for distribution Of
It is not normally attached to the
air.
ceiling system. It is similar to an air
bar system. (CISCA)
LOW DENSITY TILE: Acoustical tile with
poor attenuation and high sound absorp-
It is made of glass fibers or rock
t ion.
(CISCA)
wool.
Carrying chan—
MAIN RUNNER; 1-1/2" channel.
(CISCA)
nel
METAL FURRING: A light gauge framewrk of
strips fastened to 1—1/2" channels, or bar
There are various shapes, for ex—
ample H—shape, Z —shape and T—shape. Acou—
stical tile may be nailed or screwed to
furring.
(CISCA)
METAL PAN: Normally at 12"x24" steel or
aluminum acoustical ceiling panel that
snaps in a special spring locking tee
bar. (CISCA)
METAL PAN HOLD DOWN SPACER: A light gauge
channel that fits between a metal pan
border cut and the moulding to force the
pan to lay flat on the mouldling. (CISCA)
MITER : To neatly cut two pieces Of moulding
to match or fit together at an inter ior
or exterior corner, (at a miter joint) .
(CISCA)
MITER MOULDING: A moulding used at the in-
ter section of a vertical acoustical ceil—
ing break and the acoustical ceiling.
(CISCA)
MONEL WIRE: Noncorrosive wire used in wet
areas for hangers
(CISCA)
MOULDING: A light gauge metal angle or chan—
nel fastened to the wall or partition to
support the per imeter of an acoustical tile
ceil ing .
(CISCA)
NAILING CHANNEL: A metal furring bar shaped
to receive annular nails and gypsum board.
(CISCA)
NONBREÄTHTNG SPLINE: A fiber or metal strip
inserted into the kerf of a tile to elimin—
ate the passage of air through the joint
09500
ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
between two tile- in a Z—Bar or H and
system. (CISCA)
PENDANT LIGHT FIXTURE: A light fixture hung
from the ceiling on a long stem or chain.
(CISCA)
PENETRATION : An opening that extends through
the basic material; for example, sprinklers,
pipes, ducts, conduit, hoods, vents, re—
(CISCA)
cessed lights and grilles.
PLENUM: The space above a suspended ceiling;
it is sometimes used as a chamber to hold
cold or hot air to be diffused through
(CISCA)
small openings in the ceiling.
PLENUM BARRIER: vertical surface framed from
the structure above to the finished ceiling
and sealed to prevent the passage of air.
Taped gypsum board and plaster on furring ,
lead sheet, or Airsonite are typical ma—
terials used for constructing plenum barrier.
(CISCA)
POP RIVET: A small gauge metal used to fasten
TZBars to moulding or to fasten any two
light gauge metal pieces together. The
rivets are installed with a hand—operated
plier—type tool called a pop rivet gun
(CISCA)
through a predrilled hole.
PRIMER: A thin paint or glue size material
sprayed or rolled onto concrete to insure
that the cemented acoustical tile will prop—
(CISCA)
erly hold or bond to the concrete.
PUNCHING: The spacing of the holes on the
11Ei.n tee to receive a cross tee in a grid
system. (CISCA)
RECESSED TROFFER LIGHT: A light fixture re-
cessed into the ceiling displacing acousti—
cal tile and normally requiring additional
framing.
(CISCA)
RESILIENT HANGER: A type of hanger with rub-
ber or fiberglas insulator insuring no
metal—to—metal contact.
It affords maximum
protection against sound transmission.
This is also called a sound isolation hang—
er. (CISCA)
SCRIBE: To cut and fit acoustical tile neat—
Iy to a wall or vertical surface.
(CISCA)
SHADOW MOULDING: A z-shaped moulding that
will produce a reveal or space between the
ceiling and the wall when fastened to the
wall Often used at irregular wall sur—
faces.
(CISCA)
SIZE: A material used for f ill ing pores in
plaster or concrete to produce a smoother
(CISCA)
sur face.
SLIP MOULDING: A light gauge channel used
to cover the exposed edge of cemented
acoustical tile panels.
(CISCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 11 ******
SECTION 09500
SOUNP BARRIER: A material installed in a plenum
or partition to prevent the passage of sound
Sound deaden ing
from one area to another.
board, lead sheet or special foil insulation
(CISCA)-
make good sound barriers .
12"x12", or 12 "x
SOUND ABSORBING PAD: 12 "*24"
36 n insulation batting with polyethylene or
paper wrapping for seating in a metal pan
ceiling to provide increased sound absorp—
tion efficiency for the ceiling. The normal
size is 12"x24 "
. (CISCA)
SOUND ISOLATION HANGER: see "resilient hanger".
(CISCA)
SPACE UNIT: A special size acoustical block
fastened to wall or ceiling surfaces in vari—
ous patterns for sound absorption. (CISCA)
SPLAYED HANGERS: Hanger hung at an angle
rather than perpendicular to support grid
(CISCA)
or 1—1/2" channel.
SPLICES: Small metal pieces used to fasten
two furring bars together such as Z, H and
(CISCA)
T—Bars or nailing channels.
SPLIT LINE: The elevation of the bottom of
the 1—1/2" channel in a suspended acousti—
cal ceiling other than grid.
(CISCA)
SQUARE EDGE: An acoustical tile is considered
square edge rnaterial when the edge of a tile
from face to back is perfectly straight or
perpendicular to the plan of the face.
Creating a hair line joint when installed.
(CISCA)
SURFACE-MOUNTED LIGHT FIXTURE: A light fix-
ture fastened on the surface of an acousti—
cal ceiling. (CISCA)
SUSPENDED CEILING: A ceiling that is hung from
the structure with wire or strap hangers.
(CISCA)
— groove edge detail
T & G: Stands for tongue
on acoustical tile or gypsum board. (CISCA)
TAKE—OFF; A quantity estimate of areas and
footages measured from a drawing with a
tape or architectural scale.
(CISCA)
TERMINAL BEAD: A moulding used at the inter-
section of a vertical plaster surface and an
acoustical tile ceiling to form an acousti—
cal moulding and a plaster stop .
(CISCA)
3/4" CHANNEL: A lathers' light gauge metal
channel shaped furring bar used to support
metal lath — nomaIIy 16 feet long.
(CISCA)
TIE WIRE: 16 0 r 18 gauge galvanized wire used
to fasten two pieces of metal furring to—
(CISCA)
gether.
TRANSLUCENT: A ceiling with polystyrene,
acrylic or plastic lay—in panels which allows
the light to pass through fran fixtures above
the ceiling but obstructs ordinary vision to
the plenum above.
(CISCA)
09500
ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
U—CHANNEL: A metal furring channel to
which asbestos board is attached with •
(CISCA)
screws.
WATER I.EVEL: A hose with a glass pipe
inserted in both ends used in leveling
ceilings .
(CISCA)
WIRE GRID: A wire spacer that holds the
insulation pad in a metal pan ceiling
away from the back surface of the pan.
(CISCA)
WEB: The vertical dimension of a T—Bar.
(CISCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 12 ******
SECTION 09501
ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT: see sound Absorp-
(CISCA)
tion.
ACOUSTIC POWER: The sound energy of a source
ernitted per second, measured in watts.
(CISCA)
Definite rate of sound energy is emitted
(CISCA)
(Sound Intensity) .
attainment of the
ACOUSTICAL CORRECTION :
best possible hearing conditions for
(CISCA)
wanted sound.
ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS: Materials which have
high absorption coeffic ients. (CISCA)
ACOUSTICALLY SATISFACTORY AUDITORIUM: opti-
mum acoustic condi tions in an auditorium
are obtained when an average sound rises
to a suitable intensity in every part Of
the auditorium with no echoes or distor—
tion of the original sound, and then decays
quickly enough not to interfere with suc—
ceeding sounds. This ideal is seldom
reached, but the human ear allows a rather
wide variation from ideal without damaging
(CISCA)
the overall effect.
AIR BORNE TRANSMISSION: Transmission of
sounds which or iginate in the source rooms
as sounds in the air.
(CISCA)
AMPLIFICATION : The artificial strengthening
of sound by mechanical means (CISCA)
AMPLITUDE: Distance over which the air par—
ticles travel on each side of their neutral
(CISCA)
position.
ATTENUATION: In acoustics, the deleting or
holding back of the energy of sound waves
as they pass through a rnaterial. Materia Is
are rated for their ability to prevent
sounds from pa ssing thr01.5h them. (CISCA)
ATTENUATION FACTOR: The difference in noise
level measured in decibels between a
source room ard an adj acent receiving room
when it is assumed that all the sound en—
tering the receiving room travels by way
of the conu•non ceiling of the two rooms.
(CISCA)
BINAURAL : The reception of sourds
through both ears.
(CISCA)
CEILING STC: A single nurnber rating of two—
room ceiling sound attenuation. (CISCA)
COMPLEX TONE: A sound having two or
frequencies.
(CISCA)
CYCLE; Each complete round trip of any vi—
brat ing body starting from its neutral
position, moving to one side them to the
other side and back to neutral. (CISCA)
In certain acoustica Ily incorrect
DEAD SPOTS :
auditoriums, places where sound emitted on
the stage is scarcely aud ible.
(CISCA)
09501
THEORY OF SOUND
DECIBEL: Ten times the logarithm of the ratio
of two sound intensi ties, energy densities
(CISCA)
or powers.
Unit for measuring the ratio of any two
amounts of acoustic power or sound intensity.
DECIBEL REDUCTION: A reduction in the inten-
sity level expressed in decibels is commonly
(CISCA)
termed the decibel reduction.
DIFFUSE SOUND: Sound in an enclosure is dif—
fuse when sound waves travel equally in all
directions throughout the enclosure and the
sound level varies minimally throughout
(CISCA)
the enclosure.
DIFFRACTION: The tendency of sound waves to
flow readily around obstacles which are
anal 1 in comparison to the wave length of
(CISCA)
the sound.
ECHO: A single reflection of sound which
can be heard as distinct repetition of the
(CISCA)
original sound.
EXCESSIVE REVERBERATION: Long persistence
of sound in a highly reflective room.
(CISCA)
PLOW usiSTANCE: A measure of the ability
of a material to impede the flow of air
(CISCA)
through it.
FIANKING SOUND PATH: A sound transmission
path such as a structural path which by—
(CISCA)
passes a transmission barrier.
FLUTTER: A multiple echo set up between
(CISCA)
parallel reflecting surfaces.
FREQUENCY: The number of cycles occurring
in one second. (CISCA)
FREQUENCY SCALE: The audible frequency scale
extends from approximately 20 cycles per
second to 20, 000 cycles per second.
In
acoustical work the range from 100 to
7000 cycles per second is most important.
The absorption of acoustical materials is
æasured at octave intervals between 125
and 4000 cycles per second.
(CISCA)
HERTZ: The unit of frequency. One cycle
per second is one hertz (Hz) .
(CISCÄ)
IMPACT TRANSMISSION: When a wall or floor
is set into vibration by direct mechanical
impact, and the sound is transferred through
that wall or floor into another area. (CISCA:
INTENSITY:
The amount of sound energy per
second that is carried across a unit area
(CISCA)
A measure of the amount of energy contained
in the vibrating air particles, or the
strength of sound at an observer 's ear .
INTENSITY LEVEL: Expressed in decibels is
ten times the logarithm of the ratio of
the intensity of a sound to a reference

****** Result for Image/Page 13 ******
SECTION 09501
10 log10. The reference
i#ensi ty.
intensity 10 is usually taken as 10—12
tts
(CISCA)
per square meter.
INTERFERENCE: The destructive or reinforcing
action of two or more arriving at the
(CISCA)
same position simultaneously.
The alternate doubling and cancellation Of
amplitude from point to point caused by two
waves travelling in opposite directions ,
passing through each other.
LOUDNESS LEVEL: The intensity level of a sound
of I, 000 Hz frequency which sound equally as
(CISCA)
loud as the sound being cons idered.
LOUD SPOTS: Places in a room *lere sound
focuses and increases the intensity level .
(CISCA)
One in which several
MULTIPLE ECHO (FLUTTER) :
repetitions of the original sound can be
heard in more or less rapid succession.
(CISCA)
NOISE : sound. (CI SCA)
NOISE ISOLATION CLASS (NIC) : A single-number
(CISCA)
rating of noise reduction.
NOISE LEVEL: Intensity of noise when measured
(CISCA)
in decibels.
NOISE QUIETING: The reduction of sound inten-
sity, through the use of absorptive material,
to a level permitting comfortable working
(CISCA)
conditions .
NOISE REDUCTION; The difference in noise
level measured in decibels between a source
room and a receiving room. (CISCA)
NOISE REDUCTION COEFFICIENT (NRC) :
The average
sound absorption coefficient to the nearest . 05
mea sured at the four frequencies 250, 500,
(CISCA)
1000 and 2000 Hz.
NORMALIZED ATTENUATION FACTOR : An attenuation
factor corrected to receiving room total ab—
sorption Of 126 sabins.
(Cf. Attenuation
Factor . )
(CISCA)
OCTAVE: The Interval between any tn•n sounds
having a frequency ratio of to one. Ex—
ample - 128, 1st octave 256, 2nd 512. (CISCA)
OPEN PLAN OFFICE: An office in which acoustical
screens are used in place of par—
titions, and in which office layout is partially
dictated by planning considerations
(CISCA)
OPTIMUM TIME OF REVERBERATION: The reverberation
time which will give the best acoustical condi—
tions for the intended use of room. (CISCA)
THEORY OF SOUND
psychological sensation of sound creat—
ed by intensity and frequency. High f re—
quencies create high pi tched sounds and
conv er sely.
POROSITY: The ratio of the volume Of an
acoustical tile's pores to its solid
content. Acoustical tile owe their
sound absorptive values to the fact
that they are highly porous. (CISCA)
PURE TONE: A sound having only a single
(CISCA)
frequency.
REFIECTION: Changing the direction of
(CISCA)
travel of a sound wave.
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT: The fraction of
sound energy returned into a room after
a sound wave strikes a surface in the
room. The fraction not returned to the
room is the absorption coefficient.
(CISCA)
REVERBERATION: The prolongation of sound
in a room by multiple reflections. (CISCA)
Prolongation of sound after the source
is stopped.
REVERBERATION BETHOD: A method of deter-
mining the sound absorption of a space
by the direct measurement of reverbera—
(CISCA)
tion times.
REVERBERATION TIME: The time required for
any average sound to reduce in intensity
to a value one—millionth of its origin—
al intensity, or to reduce sixty deci—
be Is, after the sound source has stop—
ped. (CISCA)
SABIN: One square foot of a surface hav—
ing perfect absorption, an absorption
coefficient of 1.00.
(CISCA)
SABNE FORMüIA : Relates room volume and
total acoustical absorption to rever—
beration time:
'1'= • 05V/A
V
A
Reverberation time in sec.
— Room volume in cu. ft.
— Total absorption in sabins) (CISCA)
PHON: Unit of loudness level
PITCH: The auditory sensation
to locate a sound on a scale
The higher the frequency the
(CISCA)
(CISCA)
*ich enables one
from low to high.
higher the pitch.
09501
SOUND: A wave motion in the air set up
by any vibrating body. (CISCA)
SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT: The frac-
tion of the instant energy absorbed
(not reflected by a material when a
sound k ve strikes it is called the
sound absorption coefficient Of that
(CISCA)
material) .
SOUND ABSORPTION UNIT: see Sabin:
(CISCA)
SOUND INSULATION: see sound transmission
(Cl SCA)
contro I.

****** Result for Image/Page 14 ******
SECTION 09501
SOUND LEAKS; Cracks under doors, openings
in a wall, pipe or wiring holes, etc. ,
which allow sound to escape through a
structure from one room to another. (CISW
SOUND LEVEL ICTER; An electronic device
which measures the decibel level of sounds.
(CISCA)
SOUND TRANSMISSION: see Sound Transmission
Control.
SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC) : A single-
number rating of its sound barrier effi—
cacy. A tin—room STC is the same as a
(CISCA)
(Cf. ceiling STC) .
ceiling STC.
SOUND TRANSMISSION CONTROL: The use of
sound insulation (i.e., barriers) or
other means to reduce the level of sound
transmitted from one location to another.
(Cf. Air Borne Transmission and Structure
Borne Transmission . ) (CISCA)
SOUND A pressure disturbance in air
proceeding at a finite velocity (approxi—
(CISCA)
mately 1120 ft./ sec.)
1,120 ft. per second or
SPEED OF SOUND:
763 miles per hour is the speed of sound
in air under standard conditions of tan—
(CISCA)
perature and pressure.
STANDARD MOUNTING; Acoustical ceiling
board or tile are usually tested in stan—
dard mountings which simulate common in—
stallation conditions: e.g., direct
application as with glue; #2 on furring ,
#7, on a simulated suspension systan.
(CISCA)
The rapid build —up Of sound
STEADY STATE :
intensity at each point in a room due to
the accumulation of reflected waves
reaching a steady value which does not
change as long as the source continues.
(CISCA)
STRUCTURE BORNE TRANSMISSION: Transmission
of sounds which originate in the source
room as sounds in the building structure is
(Cf. Air Borne
terrned structure borne.
Transmission) .
(CISCA)
THRESHOLD OF AUDIBILITY: Intensity level
of the faintest sound the ear can hear.
(CISCA)
Intensity level at
THRESHOLD OF FEELING;
which a sound is so loud as to begin to
cause pain to the normal ear. This is
approximately at 130 decibels. (CISCA)
TRANSMISSION: Transfer of sound through
(CISCA)
walls, floors and ceilings.
TRANSMISSION LOSS: The sound insulating
efficiency for airborne sound of a wall
— or the number of
or floor construction
decibels which a sound loses in being
transmitted through a Ell, floor or ceil—
ing. (CISCA)
09501
THEORY or SOUND
The difference (in decibels) between the
level of sound power incident on the barri—
er from the source room and the level of
sound power radiated directly into the re—
ceiving room.
see Attenua—
TWO-ROOM ATTENUATION FACTOR:
(CISCA)
tion Factor and Ceiling STC.
WAVE LENGTH: The distance a wave travels in
It is approximately equal to
one cycle
speed of sound (1,120 ft. per second
(CISCA)
in air) divided by the frequency.

****** Result for Image/Page 15 ******
SECTION 09550
BACK; The side opposite to face Of a
laminated hardwood blæk. )
BARK POCKET: Comparatively small area of
bark around which normal wod has grom .
(ANSI)
BMSHNESS: Condition of wod characterized
by low resistance to shock and by abrupt
failure across the grain without splinter—
ing . (ANSI)
BURL: A swirl or twist in the grain of the
wood which usually occurs near a knot or
crotch but does not contain a knot. (ANSI)
Saul I splits running paral lei to
CHECKS :
grain Of wod, caused chie fly by strains
produced in seasoning. (ANSI)
CROSS BREAK: Separation of the wod cells
across the grain. Such breaks rray be due
to internal strains resulting from un—
equal longitudinal shrinkage or to exter—
nal forces.
DECAY; The decomposition of wod substance
by fungi. The incipient stage is charac—
terized by discoloration and may be accom—
panied by a softening of the wod substance.
The final or ultimate state is character—
i zed by the partial or complete
collapse
of the wood structure and the destruction
(ANSI )
of the wood substance.
Separation of plies or layers
DELAMINATION :
of vood or other Itzterial through failure
of the adhesive bond (ANSI )
Stains in wood substances.
DISCOLORATIONS :
Corru•aon veneer stains are sap stains, blue
stains, stain produced by chemical action
caysed by the iron in the cutting knife
coming in contact with the tannic acid of
the wood, and those resulting fran the chem—
(ANSI)
ical action of the glue
DOZE : A form of incipient decay character—
ized by a dull and lifeless appearance of
the wood, accompanied by a lack of strength
and softening of the wod substance. (ANSI)
FACE: The side of any laminated hardwood
block that is exposed to view after instal—
lation. (NSI)
GAP: Open sl its in the inner plies or im—
(ANSI)
properly joined veneers.
GRAIN : The direction, size, arrangement and
appearance of the fibers in wood or veneer.
(ANSI)
GUM POCKETS ; Well—defined openings between
rings of annual growth, containing gum or
evidence of prior gum accumulations. (ANSI)
GUM SPOTS: Gum or resinous ltEteriaI or m lor
spots caused by pr ior resin accumulations .
Gum spots can often be removed by sanding.
(ANSI)
09550
WOOD FLOORING
HARDWOOD: General term used to designate lum—
ber or veneer produced from broad—leafed or
deciduous trees in contrast to softwood,
which is produced from evergreen or conif—
(ANSI)
erous trees.
The nonactive center Of a tree
generally distinguishable from the outer
portion (sapwood) by its darker color.
(ANSI)
JOINT : The 1 ine between the edges or ends
of two adjacent sheets of veneer or strips
of lumber in the same plane. (ANSI)
JOINT, OPEN: Joint in which two adjacent
pieces of veneer do not fit tightly to—
(ANSI)
gether .
KNOT; Cross section of tree branch or 1 imb
with grain usually running at right angles to
that of the piece of wod in which it occurs.
(ANSI)
KNOTHOLES : Opening produced when knots drop
from the wood in which they were originally
anbedded. (AN SI )
KNOT, PIN: Sound knots less than 1/4 inch in
(ANSI)
diame ter .
KNOT, SOUND, TIGHT: Knots that are solid
across their face and fixed by growth to
(ANSI)
retain their place.
LAP: A condition where one piece of veneer in
the same ply overlaps an adjacent piece.
PARQUET FLOORING: Mosaic hardwood slat floor—
ing or unit block flooring installed in a
(CSI)
pattern .
Insertions of filler reterial or
PATCHES :
sound wood plugs or shims placed and glued
into veneers or panels from which defective
portions have been removed. (ANSI)
PATTERN: The configuration make up for each
ind ividual flooring unit or the pattern pro—
Ind iv id ua1
duced in the overall floor area .
flooring units patterns are of the following
basic types:
Basket Weave: Rectangular wood strips of
equal size, interwoven to produce the equal
sides of the floor ing unit.
Diamond: Individual wood strips are at 4 50
diagonals to the equal sides of the floor—
Four individual units produce
ing unit.
the diamond shape.
End to End: Rectangular wod strips in—
sta I led with grain running in one direction
and usually with all end joints in line .
Finger : Rectangular wod strips forming 5
fingers which will produce an equal size
block, and when placed in a checkerboard
pa ttern .

****** Result for Image/Page 16 ******
SECTION 09550
HeFringbone: Rectangular wood strips slanted
and alternated row by row to form wood
block unit. Flooring unit will not be square
but will lace togetrEr installed. (CSI)
PLASTIC IMPREGNATED HARDWOOD BLOCK FLOORING: A
relatively new product of with resin
throughout the pore structure creating a com—
posite product with improved characteristics,
such as abrasion resistance, built—in finish
and dimensional stability over ordinary wod.
(CSI)
PLY: A single sheet of veneer, or several pieces
laid with adjoining edges, which form one lay—
er in a piece of laminated block flooring. (ANSI)
ROUGH CUT: Irregular shaped areas of generally
uneven corrugation on the surface of veneer ,
differing from surrounding snooth veneer
and occurring as the veneer is cut by
lathe or slicer. (ANSI)
SAPWOOD: The living %00d of lighter color occur—
Sane tirres
ring in the outer portion of a tree.
(ANSI)
referred to as "sap"
SHAKE: A separation along the grain of wod in
which the greater occurs between rings
Of annual growth. (ANSI)
SHARP CONTRASTS: For purposes of this Standard,
this term means that face veneer of lighter
than average color should not be joined at the
edges with veneer of darker than average color
and that two adjacent pieces Of veneer should
not be widely dissimilar in grain, figure
and other natural character Itzrkings. (ANSI)
SLAT PARQUET FLOORING: Rectangular pieces of
hardwood strip flooring in short lengths
(usually all • Ehe same ) Iåid in a pattern such
(CSI )
as herringbone or end to end.
SMOOTH, TIGHT CUT: veneer carefully cut to
minimize lathe checks . (ANSI )
SOFTWOOD: General tem used to describe lum—
ber or veneer produced from needle and/or
(See "Hardwod") (ANSI)
cone—bearing trees.
SOLID UNIT BLOCKS: Modular blocks cmposed
of solid hardwood flooring strips bound to—
gether by glue or steel splines embedded in
(CSI)
the back .
SPECIES: A distinct kind of wod. (ANSI)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The ratio of the weight of
a certain volume of a substance to weight
Of an equal volume Of water, the tanperature
of which is 39.20F (40C). (ANSI)
Separations of wood fiber running
SPLITS:
parallel to the grain (ANSI)
SQUARE: Rectangular inod strips of equal s ize
will form a frame which is the actual square
(CSI)
flooring unit.
09550
WOOD FLOORING
STREAKS, MINERAL: Natural discoloratioq
(ANSI)
of the wod substance.
SWIRL: Rectangular wood strips of equal
size form an exter ior frame for the
si ze of the unit desired and the inter—
ior is filled with smaller rectangular
(CSI)
strips .
TWISTING: Warping in which one corner
of a product which is normally flat
twists out of the plane of the other
(AN Sl )
three.
UNIT WOOD BLOCKS: Laminated plywood
block flooring usually with one piece
of wod as the fin i shed surface. (CSI)
VENEER: A thin sheet of wod, rotary cut
sl iced or sawed from a lug, bolt or
flitch. Veneer may be referred to as
a ply when assembled into a block. WSI)
TARPING: Any di stortion of a piece of
wod from its true plane that may occur
(ANSI)
in seasoning.
WOOD FILLER : An aggregate of resin and
strands, shreds, or flour of vood which
is used to fill openings in wod and
provide a snooth, durable surface. (ANSI )

****** Result for Image/Page 17 ******
SECTION 09600
FLOOR BRICK, INDUSTRIAL: Brick units for sur-
facing industrial floors subjected to abra—
sion, chemical attack, thermal and mechani—
(ASTM)
cal shock.
PAVING BRICK, PEDESTRIAN and LIGHT TRAFFIC:
Brick units for surfacing such areas as
patios, walkways, floors, plazas and drive—
ways to support pedestrian and light vehi—
cular traffic .
(ASTM)
For other terms relating to this Section, see
appropriate sections in Division 4
09600
STONE AND BRICK FLOORING

****** Result for Image/Page 18 ******
SECTION 09650
ABOVE GRADE; A suspended floor with com—
plete ventilation below, located above
ground level Moisture is se Idom a prob—
lem with above grade floors. (MFC—HL)
ABOVE-GRADE SUBFLOORS: Floors above ground
level. Normally an air space of at least
18 between the ground and the subfloor ,
with proper cross ventilation in both di—
rections, should be provided to help as—
(IS)
sure dryness.
ABRASION: A form of wear, in which a grad—
ual removal of a flooring surface is
caused by the frictional action of rela—
(ASN)
tively fine hard particles.
ABuSION RESISTANCE: Determined by one of
several tests, this shows degree' to shich
the floor withstands foot traffic and
daily wear.
(IS)
Performed in several
ABRASION TESTS:
(1) Sandpaper mving continuously over the
surface of the floor—covering ; (2) Walk—
ing wheel, which simulates walking feet;
(3) Sand dropped on the surface of the
floor covering under a revolving disc.
There is no Government procedure establish—
ed for running this test.
ADHESIVES: Used to bond floor covering to
the subfloor. The grade level, type of
subfloor and type of backing on the floor
cover ing determine the type of adhesive
required. The popular adhesives used are :
Linoleum Paste (white and tan) ; Latex
Adhesives (white) ; Asphalt (black) . (MFC—HL)
ADHESIVE MATERIALS: Adhesives designed for
applica tion of resilient floor covering
are being developed as rapidly as the floor—
ing nuterials. The specifier s*nuld con—
sult with flooring manufacturer s recom—
mendations pertaining to adhesives, but a
general knowledge of the most comrnon types
may also be helpful
(CSI)
Linoleum Paste: Linoleum pastes are water—
base enulsions of sulfite—liquor, designed
for installation of Iinoleum, rubber tile,
sorne vinyl s, cork tile, lining felt and
some other materials Being Eter—base
anulsions which remain water soluble, they
are unsuitable for application on grade
slabs or suspended slabs not thoroughly
dry, or in applications where spillage or
dampness may be expected.
(CSI )
Asphaltic Adhesives: There are 2 types in
general use, emulsion and cu t—back. Both
are suitable for installing asphalt or
vinyl—asbestos tile. Although they even—
tuaIIy become hard, asphaltic adhesives
will renain soft and tacky for a long
period of time. Because asphalt and vinyl—
asbestos tile are relatively rigid with a
high—degree of cold flow, they require ad—
hesives wi th long tack retensions to insure
(CSI )
contact.
(A) Emulsion type: Emulsion—type adhe—
sives are water—base anulsion con—
09650
"OOF T.NC
taining from 50 to 60 percent asphalt
with no flarrunability or toxicity
(CSI)
hazards.
(B) Cut—back; Cut—back adhesives are so—
lutions of asphalt in hydrocarbon
(CSI)
solvents.
Brushable adhesives
Brushable Adhesives :
are higher viscosity adhesives which can
be applied with brushes, rollers or by
trowel .
(CSI)
Resinous,
Resinous, Waterproof Adhesives:
waterproof adhesives generally contain al—
cohol as a solvent and have approximately
the same application characteristics as
linoleum paste. Although dried films are
insoluble in ordinary water, they are likely
to be attacked by alkaline solutions, which
nzkes than unsuitable for use over concrete
(CSI)
surfaces on or below grade.
Procedures vary for using
Latex Adhesives:
latex adhesive, but in general, tile may
be installed in a wet film up to 10 minutes
after application of the adhesive. Tile
should be rolled to insure good contact.
These adhesives have excellent resistance
to water and remarkable adhesion for wet
(CSI)
concrete.
Epoxy Adhesives;
Epoxy adhesives permit
the installation of resilient flooring on
concrete in contact with the earth below
grade; provided that there is no hydro—
static pressure.
The adhesives may also
be used for vinyl over existing resilient
floor surfaces. The adhesive sets hard
and tight after tile is installed through
catalytic action and does not depend upon
air—drying. Generally, adhesive is supplied
as 2—part rtEter ial and must be carefully
thoroughly mixed and appl led in accord—
ance with rrnnufacturer's instructions. Be—
fore adhesive hardens, spots can be cleaned
from tile and tools with alcohol on a cloth.
(CSI)
AFTER SOFTENING: Thié does. not occur with
vinyl floorings.
It did occur with long
time aging of linoleum and was known as
saponif ication .
(MFC-HL)
AIR BUBBLES: Trapped air under floor cover—
ing. Bubbles may range from silver d011ar
size to very large areas. Generally caused
by improper rolling, irregular subfloor ,
pre—set adhesive or subf loor contamination .
(MFC-HL)
ALKALINE MOISTURE: water carrying diluted
alkaline salts. Excessive amounts can be
very destructive to adhesive bond and floor
cov erings .
(BEC-HL)
ALKALINE SALTS: Alkaline salts exist in ce-
ment, sand and subsoil .
The salts are
cart led through the concrete subfloor by
misture. Where moisture penetration is
excessive, large quantities of alkaline

****** Result for Image/Page 19 ******
SECTION 09650
salt are brought to surface of the slab,
breaking down adhesive, finding its through
seams and tile joints. AS moisture dries, a
white salt deposit relEins.
(MFC-HL)
ASBESTOS FIBERS; A mineral used in the manufac-
ture of vinyl asbestos (VA) tile and backing
for sheet vinyl floor ings. Will not deterior—
ate with moisture .
(MFC-HL)
ASBESTOS FELT BACKING: An asbestos fiber felt,
light grey or white in color. Used as a back—
ing or carrying agent for vinyl floor
coverings.
Since moisture does not deterior—
ate this type of felt, its development made
possible the installation of vinyl floor cover—
ings on or below grade, in direct application
to concrete subfloors.
(MFC-HL)
ASPHALT TILE; Asphalt tile is a composition of
asphaltic and/or resinous thermoplas tic bind—
er, asbestos fibers, pigments and fillers,
formed under heat and pressure and then cut
to size. Asphalt tile is extremely moisture
resistant; special fonnulations are available
in grease—resistant grades, but are Iimited.
(CSI)
ASPHALTIC UNDERLAYMENT: An asphalt compound of
emulsion, sand and Portland Cement mixed with
water to forrn a trowelable fill. Generally
used for deep filling, since this mixture
does not trowel to a feather edge. For deep—
er applica tion, fine gravel may be added.
Nonaggregate mix must be used for top finish.
(MFC-HL)
Steiner Tunnel Test (see Flame
A.S.T.M.E.-84:
Spread Rating - A.S.T.M.E.-84). (MFC-HL)
BACKED VINYL: Backed vinyl consists of proper—
Iy compounded vinyl resin stack bonded to
scrap vinyl, rubber, or other nonvinyl back—
ing.
Standard sheet materials are canposed
of vinyl resin wearing surface with a back—
ing of asbestos—flex felt or resin—saturated
rag fiber.
(CSI)
BACK ING; May be of rag felt, asbestos felt
or foam. Originally used on resilient floor—
ing as a carrying agent during manufacture.
Today's backings also provide resilience,
misture barrier, dimensional stability and
insulation. Many have high sound deadening
qualities.
(MFC-HL )
BASES: Floor bases are strip reter ials of rub—
ber or vinyl designed for the transition be—
tween vertical and horizontal surfaces and
come in 2 types; cove and stra ight or flat
The n flash cove and base is a
(carpet) .
I—piece base and border treatment usually of
some material or flooring while "top—set" is
designed for installation over flooring .
Bases may be flat or shaped and extruded or
mo Ided.
(CSI)
BELOW GRADE; Below outside ground level. Usu—
ally a concrete slab, basement Any
portion of which is below ground level con—
stitutes entire area as below grade. (EC—HL)
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING
A floor which is located below the
ground level, usually a concrete slab.
Presence Of moisture is automatically
assumed; should be properly tested to
determine the moisture level Proper
floor and installation procedure must
be selected. (IS)
BEVELED EDGING: An applied ramp, fasten-
ed in place to taper edge of floor cover—
ing to lower level. Available in as—
phalt compound, vinyl compound, rubber
or al uminum. (MFC—HL)
BINDER BARS: Made of metal, vinyl or
rubber and used to finish off raw edges
such as doorways or between two differ—
ent types of floors.
Used for resurfac—
BOARD UNDERLAYMENTS :
ing rough or uneven stripwood subf loors,
or as a finished subfloor over rough
underfloor. Available in thicknesses
from 1/4" to 5/8" in three product
categor ies : Plywood; Hardboard (Under—
layment, Grade) and Particleboard (As—
sociation Grade ) . (MFC—HL)
BOND TEST: A test to determine ho Iding
quality of resilient flooring to sub—
Use a piece Of
fl oor. Proc edure :
specified floor covering about one
yard square, install with specif ied
adhesive in several locations through—
out area to be covered . Roll patches
carefully and allow adhesive to dry
thoroughly; usually one week to 10 days.
When patches are removed, delamination
of backing felt should occur, indicating
subfloor is dry, free of hardening or
curing compounds, oil or grease. (MFC—HL)
BUFFING: Usually accomplished with a
poær—driven polishing machine.
Popu—
lar method of Inaintaining linoleum as—
phalt tile and VA tile.
(MFC-HL)
BUILT-IN CUSHIONING: A vinyl foam core
loca ted between wear layer and backing
felt, providing comfort under foot,
quiet, warmth and elimination of most
indentations.
(MFC-HL)
Positioning edge to edge, such
BUTTED :
as butting tile or underlayment board.
(MFC-HL)
BURRED EDGES : Most often caused by cut—
ting seam with dull knife, leaving a
jagged edge Can be removed by alumin—
um foil and electric iron, scraping and
sandpaper ing, rubbing with hammerhead
or with scrap æterial.
(IS)
APPING: Procedure and material used
for self—coved tile and/or sheet goods
installation. The cap strip, usually
metal but also can be vinyl or rubber ,
has a flange into which the top edge of
the coved floor covering fits.
(IS)

****** Result for Image/Page 20 ******
SECTION 09650
CHAMBER TEST: Common reference to f lane
spread resistance te sting OFC—HL)
CHEMICAL RESISTANCE: Ability to withstand
staining or corrosive action Of chemi—
Sheet vinyl floors resist the ma—
cals.
jority of house m Id chemical s. (MFC—HL)
The degree to which the floor covering
resists stains and/or corrosive action of
various household and industrial chemi—
cals .
CHIP—BOARD: A reference term for particle—
(MFC-HL)
board.
CHIP DESIGN: A small rounded or flake-
shaped decorative particle. A popular
decoration for calendered or moulded vinyl
floor coverings, where small chips are in—
(MFC-HL)
laid into the wearlayer .
CLEAR VINYL SURFACE: A clear vinyl compound
used as the tough, long wearing æar layer
for cushioned vinyl flooring and roto—
printed floor covering . (MFC—HL)
COLOR PIGMENT: A dye used in producing
decorative color particles for aspha It
tile and vinyl asbestos tile, inlaid or
moulded vinyl floor covering, and used
to color the vinyl inks used to print
cushioned vinyl floor covering. (MFC—HL)
COMMERCIAL: Floor coverings designed to be
installed in schools, hospitals, public
buildings or in stitutions. Commonly re—
(FTC-HL)
ferred to as contract work);
CONDUCTIVE FLOORING: A floor designed to
carry off built—up static electricity,
reducing the possibility of explosion in
hospital operating rooms, powder storage
and loading plants. A spark proof fl oor
ava ilable in linoleum, vinyl and troweled
(MFC-HL)
on floors.
CONCRETE PIANK SUBFLOOR: A reinforced precast
concrete unit instal led over supporting
steel. Because of the joints between units
a concrete or latex fill topping is required
before resilient flooring can be installed.
(MFC-HL)
CORK TILE: Composed of pure cork particles
uniformly bonded by process and may
contain thermosetting binders Tile may be
unfinished or finihsed with waxes, lacquers,
(CSI)
resins or clear plastic films.
COVE BASE: The curving of floor covering from
floor up the wall usually four to six inches
high, forrning a sanitary curved sur face at
junction Of f loor and RI I.
COVE STRIP; Used for flash cove installation,
this is usually a 1/8" strip of muslin—
Installed at floor level so
backed wax.
that floor cover ing can be curved up over
it in forming the cove.
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING
CROSS SEAM: A seam joining the ends of .
floor covering, one to another A swirl or
saw—toothed cut is best as it is less no—
(MFC-HL)
tic eable .
A procedure used to join two ends of the
floor covering together. A cross seam should
not be used in an area where another cross
seam is used . Should attempt to use where
they will be least objectionable. (IS)
CURING; An agent used with concrete subfloors
to reduce evaporation rate of water and
achieve a harder and denser finished slab.
Curing compounds can create bonding
Note :
Tests should be made prior to the
probl ems.
(IS)
instal lation.
CUSHION: A closed cell expanded vinyl used
as a core or as a backing in cushioned vinyl
floor coverings to provide comfort under
foot, warmth, quiet and to resist indenta—
(MFC-HL)
tions .
CUSHIONED VINYL FLOORING: Any of the vinyl
sheet floor coverings in which a foam layer
is incorporated as part of the product
(ASTM)
thickness.
DEPTH : A visual appearance measurement. Ab—
ility to look through clear wear layer or
(MFC-HL)
chip .
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY: The characteristic of
the floor covering to retain its orig inal
size without appreciable expansion or shrink—
(FEC-HL)
age in use.
DOUBLE-CUT: Also called full-lapped. Always
used with nonpatterned goods Can also be
used on patterned goods with large—size
blocks with sufficient selvage. Double—
cutting is done by lapping the edges of the
rtEteriaI (3/4") and striking a chalk line
(3/8 from edge of top sheet, along entire
length. A cut is then made on the chalk—
line completely through the top sheet and
deep enough to leave a guide for the cutting
(IS)
of the bottom sheet.
DROP MATCH: Refers to sheet goods where the
pattern design matches at the midpoint of
the design. For example, a half or 9 "
drop match means that there is an 1 a " raatch
at the edge of the floor cover ing. AS the
design repeats across the floor, it drops
one half match every second row (see
(IS)
Pattern Matching & Repeat) .
DRYING CONDITIONS: The optimum for concrete
and adhesives is low humidity and moderate
temperature. Water must evaporate for con—
crete to harden and adhesives to set. Good
air circulation is very important in con—
crete drying. (MFC-HL)
DYNAMIC LOAD RESISTANCE INDENTATION: The
ability of flooring ItEteriaI to recover
from momentary impact or time controlled
static load. (MFC-HL)

****** Result for Image/Page 21 ******
SECTION 09650
EDGING: Made of metal, vinyl or rubber, it pro—
tects the floor covering 's edge at doorvnys and/
or other areas where raw edges are exposed.
(IS)
EMBOSSING: TO ornament with high and low sur—
Produced mechanically or chemically.
faces
Has extreme value in concealment Of subfloor
irregularities and indentations. Prolongs
gloss retention since only high point of em—
(MFC-HL)
bossing receives surface abra sion.
END STOP : A resilient base used for finishing
(CSI )
the base run at flush openings.
EPOXY ADHESIVE: A on-part adhesive that is
mixed on the job. Has short working time.
(MFC-HL)
Used for special requirements.
EXTERNAL CORNER: A resilient base preformed
(CSI)
for external corners.
FADING: Pro longed exposure to ultra—violet rays
of sunlight causes lightening or fading of
color in linoleum floor covering. Vinyl
floor covering resists fading to a higher
degree. Reds, blues and greens wi II show
slight fading under extreme ultra—violet
(MFC-HL)
light.
FEATHER EDGE : Procedure to reduce the gauge
of the tile or thickness of sheet goods by
taper ing the edge in order to achieve level
installation across width and length of
(IS)
fl oors.
FEATURE STRIPS : Contrasting strips or shapes
of resilient flooring rrzterial used as bor—
ders or to delineate pattern for decorative
or usage purposes (as in gymnasium or multi—
(CSI)
purpose game situations) .
FELT SCORER; A rounded, pointed brad awl or
ice pick used to crease felt lining at junc—
tion of floor and Ell prior to cutting
(MFC-HL)
FIBERGLASS REINFORCED VINYL: Vinyl floor cov-
ering having an interlayer of fiberglass.
Usually very light gauge fiberglass intend—
ed to maintain dimensional stabi Iity.
(MFC-HL)
FIELD: The area of resilient flooring that is
contaiied within the limits of the borders
(CSI)
or walls.
FILL: procedure in subfloor preparation to
level low spots, depressions, IÜ1es and the
like to a level surface. Usually a troælled—
on product.
FILLET STRIP : A structural backing for a flash
cove. (CSI)
FINISH: The appearance of the flooring with re—
gard to gloss level, surface texture and em—
(ICC-HL)
bossing .
FITTING: That part of the tile or sheet goods
installation where the floor covering is
fitted to Ells, doorEys, around projections,
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING
etc. Methods most often used are
(Isf
pattern—scribed, or hand—fitted.
FLAKEBOARD: Another name for particle—
board. Also referred to as chip—
(MFC-HL)
board.
FLASH COVE and BASE: A combined base and
border which is coved at the junction
of zontal and vertical surfaces.
(CSI )
FLAME SPREAD PXTING - A.S.T.M. E-84 :
Es-
tabli shed by use of the Steiner
Tunnel Test——wherein the sample of
flooring material is fastened to the
ceiling of a long tunnel approximately
25 feet long by two feet wide and
feet high . A flame is drawn through
the tunnel by forced draft and the
rate of flame spread and charring meas—
ured to give a flame spread rating.
OEC-HL)
FLEXIBILITY: That property of a resilient
flooring which allows it to be deformed
by bending or rolling wi thout cracking
breaking or showing other permanent
(ASTM)
defects .
FOAM-CUSHIONED: Floor covering that has
a core of vinyl foam cushioning, a
backing of rubber or vinyl foam.
(FEC-HL)
FOAMED VINYL BACKING: A closed cell vi-
nyl foam backed floor covering .
The
vinyl foam takes the place of usual
asbestos felt and adds extreme com—
fort under foot, quietness and warmth.
Should not be used over radiant heated
floors due to its high insulating
quality. (MFC-HL)
FREE FORM: A nonrectangular shape, a
curved junction usually used to join
different colored floorings, used to
designate one area from another.
(MFC-HL)
Is a reference to overall thick—
ness. A general term for linoleum
floor coverings, where overall gauges
run from 1/16" to 1/4" in thickness.
Vinyl floor coverings are gauged in
overall thousandths of an inch. (MFC—
GOUGE: A form of wear, consisting of a
wide deformation accompanied by materi—
al removal and penetrating a consider—
able distance below the inunediate
fl ooring surface.
(ASTM)
GRADE: Refers to the subfloor: above—
grade, on—grade or below—grade (see
specific categor ies) .
(IS)
GRAINING: The grantüar or fibrous ap—
pearance of asphalt tile or vinyl as—
bestos ti 1 e. The embossed striated
effect used to simulate wood in vinyl
(MFC-HL)
floor coverings and tile.


---2---




****** Result for Image/Page 1 ******
SECTION 09650
. GREASE RESISTANCE: ability of the floor-
ing to withstand the effects of grease.
Special forrnulated asphalt tile, vinyl as—
bestos tile and vinyl floor coverings resist
grease through the tile joints or flooring
(MFC-HL)
seams will destroy most adhesives.
GRINDING: The use Of a concrete or terrazzo
grinder to level subfloors, remove paint,
surface films and hardening or curihg com—
(MFC-HL)
pound s.
I-mND FITTING: Installation in which instead
of guidelines or scribe marks, the contour
of the baseboard trim or other irregulari—
ties is used as the guide for the knife
(i fitting floor covering to the peri—
(IS)
meter of the room) .
HARDBOARD: Used as under layment to resur—
face irregular wod subfloors. Special
formulated underlayment quality is desir—
able as against a soft board which will in—
dent, or a tznpered board which, when
nailed or stapled, will leave a protrusion
(MFC-HL)
in the surface of each fastening.
HIGH—LOW: A term used to indicate a differ—
ence between sheets of flooring at the
seam. (MFC-HL)
The floor covering i.ndustry
HOMOGENEOUS :
uses this term rather loosely to indicate
compatible vinyl formulations. (ICC—HL)
HOMOGENEOUS VINYL: A thoroughly blended com-
position of thermoplastic bind ers, fi Ilers ,
and pigments; binder consists Of a poly—
vinyl chloride or copolymer resin compound—
ed with suitable plasticizers, stabilizers
and coloring agents. coloring agents must
be insoluble in and resistant to
cl eaning agents and to ultra—violet light.
Homogeneous vinyl tile are a superior re—
silient floor irig for application where ap—
pearance, high quality and wear—resistance
(CSI )
are important.
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE: Takes place with on-
grade or below—grade concrete slabs when
either excessive water is present or there
is a high water table. Pressure forces E —
ter through the slab, which can cau se the
job to fail.
INSPECTION PROCEDURE: When performed by the
flooring it should include
pre—installation inspection of job condi—
tions, quality of subfloor, heat avai labi—
Iity, light, delivery conditions and area
free of other trades During instal lation,
inspection may be reveal improper layout
of Nterial, fitting, seaming and poor
wrkmanship. It is best corrected ear Iy
in the installation.
(MFC-HL)
IMPACT INDENTATION: Tests the degree to which
the floor covering recovers frcm indenta—
tion created by dropped obj ects or foot
traff ic ,
(IS)
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING
IMPACT NOISE RATING: Increasingly impor;tant
with several large cities as well as FHA
and HUD establishing minimum noise level
standards for multiple housing. Test mea—
sures the noise that results from dropped
objects, foot traffic and the like. (IS)
INERT FILLER : A filler without active prop—
(MFC-HL)
erties, such as limestone.
INLAID SHEET FLOORING: A floor surfacing ma-
ter ia1 in which the pattern is formed by
colored areas that extend from the surface
through to a backing, and that are bonded
(ASTM)
together and to the backing .
INLAID VINYL: A vniyl flooring having decora—
tive chips or flakes through its entire
(MPC-HL)
thi ckness.
INLAID VINYL WEARLAYER: A wearlayer having
clear—through decoration applied to a felt
or scrap vinyl backing (MFC—HL)
Installing a design into the overall
INSETS :
fl oor covering. Methods include: drawing
directly on the floor and then cutting it
out; making a template; using precut de—
signs; drawing design on heavy paper backed
with carbon paper and then tracing to trans—
fer design for cutting out; mill—produced
pieces to be fitted, etc.
INSERT: Custom or standard shape in contrast—
ing color or pattern, set into the field
of resilient floor covering for special
(CSI)
purposes .
INTERNAL CORNER: A resilient base preformed
(CSI )
for internal corner application.
JOINTS: The junction of tile units. Re—
The junction of
ferred to as tile joints.
under layment board. A precut surface
butted together . (MFC—HL)
KNIFING: Procedure in which a knife is
used to gradually cut the floor covering
to fit the room. (IS)
LATEX: A rubbery, milky liquid used in floor—
ing and felt backing production. Used as
the liquid vehicle when mixing latex fills.
(MFC-HIJ )
I.ATEX-TYPE UNDERLAYMENTS: A mixture of latex
and lumite cement. Trowelable to feather
edge, extremely strong, will not crack or
fracture under load. Should be used to
repair on or below grade concrete subfloors.
(MFC-HL)
LIGHT REFLECTIVITY: Defined as the percentage
of total light failing on the surface of
the flooring which is reflected back to the
eye. It is not influenced by the na ture of
the surface, but is dependent on the color
of the surface. Pure white has the highest
reflective value.
(MFC-HL)

****** Result for Image/Page 2 ******
SECTION 09650
LIGHV REFLECTANCE VALUES: The percentage of total
light reflected back to the eye from the floor.
Color of the floor covering surface is the in—
fluencing factor. Measured with a reflecto—
meter, using standard light source
LINING FELT: A roll-type 36-inch wide underlay-
men t. Used to absorb stripwood floor expan—
sion and contraction. Required under burlap
backed linoleum and tile •when installed over
stripwood flooring. Three types are available:
Dry felt; semisaturated felt and fully satura—
(FEC-HL)
ted felt.
LINOLEUM: Blended composition of cork or wod
flour, oxidized oleo—resinous binders, pig—
ments and fillers cured arid backed with bur—
lap or felt. Linoleum is a low to medium—
pr iced resilient flooring excelling in resi—
(CSI)
lience and quietness.
LIQUID SOLVENT WAXES: A wax containing a sol-
vent base, such as naptha. Used for in ten—
ance of vinyl asbestos tile and linoleum.
Should not be used on asphalt tile. Waxes
are not recommended for vinyl floor cover ings
Vinyl dressings should be used for maintain—
ing sheet vinyl floor coverings.
(MFC-HL)
LOAD LIMIT: The rnaxünum arnount Of static we ight
that can be placed on a resilient floor with—
(MPC-HL)
out permanent damage to the surface.
LOOSE—LAY: Floors installed witrnut use of ad—
hesive, generally rotovinyl products. Recom—
mended procedures sometirnes vary, so check
nznufacturer. Around per iræter floor cover—
ing is put beneath quarter round. Adlpsive
is used at seams, by adhering to wrap—
ping paper or shade cloth and not to floor.
(IS)
MASTIC UNDERLAYMENTS: A mixture of asphalt
emulsion, sand and cement to which some water
is added to provide trowelability. Used for
level ing large areas of concrete subf loors.
Has poor structural strength and can crumble
and break down under heavy traffic. (MFC—HL)
MATCH BnRKS: A ærk indicating the pat tern
repeat point, usually found in the selvage
trim—off edge of sheet floor coverings.
(MFC-HL)
BATTE SURFACE: A dull or sateen finish as op—
posed to high gloss finish. (MFC—HL)
MEDALLIONS : A decorative pattern or ornamen—
tat ion used as a motif in floor covering
design .
(MFC-HL)
MEMBRANE VAPOR BARRIERS: Advisable in all on
or below grade concrete subfloors. Properly
insta 11 ed, will effectively stop moisture
penetration through the slab, placing it in
the suspended slab category. Manbranes are
installed prior to pouring slab over a drain—
age pad or sandwiched between layers of
concrete. (MFC—HL )
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING
MITRE: The junction of two pieces of
flooring at an angle, usually at 450.
Used when installing border material ,
top set base or quarter round mould—
ings.
(MFC-HL)
MODIFIED LOOSE-LAY: Similar to procedure
for loose—lay, except that adhesive is
used for cementing seams to floor and
(IS)
at doorways (see Loose—Lay) .
MOISTURE TESTS: Prior to installing re-
si lient floors over a concrete sub—
floor, the subfloor should be tested
for dampness. Mill specs should be
checked to be sure the floor is proper
for the installation. Test methods
are :
Chemical : A ring of caulking compound
or putty 6" in diameter and 1/2" high
is securely bonded on the concrete at
each corner of the room and at the cen—
ter A small hole is drilled in the
concrete inside each ring and granulated
anhydrous calcium chloride is placed
on a watch or clock crystal, covered
with a piece of glass and pressed down
If there is dampness in
on the putty .
the slab, moisture will appear on the
cover glass in 48 to 72 hours and the
calcium chloride will be all or partial—
Iy disso Ived.
(IS)
Electrical: Works on principle of re—
sistance to electricity passing through
the moisture in the slab. To detect
deep—seated moisture, holes must be
drilled halfway through the slab with
pins inserted in the holes.
(IS)
Humidity Test: A relative humidity me—
ter is placed on the surface of the con—
crete next to interior walls and pil—
lars. The meter is covered with an 18"
square polyethylene sheet, sealed at
the edges with tape or cement. On a
slab 4" thick, test should run 24 hrs.
up to 7 2 hrs. on a thicker slab. If
the meter reading stays at 80%, slab
is too wet.
(IS)
Mat Test:
24" squares of goods to be
insta I led are placed at several points
on the subfloor and installed with ad—
hesive and let remain from 24 to 48
hrs. Remove patches.
If beads of wa—
ter are found on the subfloor, moisture
is present. Test can also be performed
using a water soluble adhesive.
If ad—
hesive fails to dry after 48 hrs., or
if it is partly or completely dissolved,
there is an abnormal arnount of mois—
ture in the slab.
(IS)
Primer Test: Spread primer in several
locations on the floor, including the
Scrape primer with a putty
corners .
knife.
If the primer peels off of the
floor, moisture is rising to the sur—
face of concrete too rapidly .
(IS)

****** Result for Image/Page 3 ******
SECTION 09650
MOLD GROWTH: occurs where wod or rag fiber
felt, cotton or jute backed floor cover—
ings are installed in contact with n•ois—
Cure, such as on or below grade concrete
subfloors. Linoleum is su sceptible when
(MFC-HL)
installed in such areas.
MOSAICS : A surface decoration accomplished
by inlaying small pieces of various—
colored square or rectangular chips to form
a pattern, often used in moulded type vinyl
(MFC-HL)
floorings.
NET SEAM: A neat seam by this results
from the angle at which the knife blade is
held. If the blade is held at a true 900
to the floor, a net seam results. Tilting
blade away from edge will resuat
in an open seam, toward the edge produces
too tight of a seam. (IS)
NO—BURR SEAM: A seam free of jagged saw—
toothed turn up Can oc cur with moulded
or calendered vinyl floorings when seam
(MFC-HL)
is cut with a dull knife.
NO—WAX: Flooring having a special formulat—
ed wear layer, which Ina intains gloss reten—
tion with a minimum of maintenance. (}EC—
HL)
OLEORESINOUS BINDERS: A range of drying oils
used in the production of linoleum fl oor
(EEC-HL)
cov erings .
OVER SCRIBING: Use a divider or compass as
a ærking device. Trace a wall
contour
covering. (MFC-HL)
directly onto the floor
PARQUET FLOORS: A mosaic of pieces of
to form a pattern often simulated in cush—
ioned sheet vinyl flooring and embossed
arc-HI)
vinyl asbestos tile.
PARTICLEBOARD: Used as an underlayment for
floor covering. When properly processed
can be successful as underlayment.
Formu—
lated of wood chips and flakes bonded with
resins and binders under pressure to form a
board—like sheet avai I able in various
OEC-HL)
thicknesses.
PASTE A sani—solid mixture of so Ivents
and wax. Extensively used to maintain
linoleum and asphaltic formulated tiles.
(MFC-HL)
PATTERN : A design or ornarnental figures
that give the flooring its distinction and
appearance. Also a term used to describe a
covering , using
method of fitting floor
felt as a pattern, nan-ply, pattern scribing.
(MFC-HL)
PATTERN MATCH: That point at which the de-
sign unit repeats and matches. Pattern
match in resilient floor covering N y
range from three to 36 inches with a few
(See
running as high as 54 inch repeat.
U.EC-HL)
Repeat) .
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING
PATTERN SCRIBING: An accurate and conveni-
ent procedure for fitting sheet goods
Cons is t s
(particularly in a small room) .
of two operations (a) scribing the contour
of vertical surfaces to lining felt or
heavy wrapping paper and (b) transferring
the pattern by rescribing the lines on the
felt onto the floor cover ing being in—
(IS)
stal led.
PERIMETER INSTALLATION: Procedure with ap-
proved sheet goods in which the floor is
installed by using special adhesive system
around the outer edges and at seams in—
(IS)
stead of spreading entire floor.
PIGMENTS: A dye substance finely pulverized
used for coloring floor covering composi—
tion and inks used in the manufacture of
cushioned vinyl floor coverings. (MFC—HL)
PLAIN TILE: Reference used to describe solid
(MFC-HL)
color tile or nonembossed tile.
POLYMERIC FLOOR FINISHES: A compound com-
monly known as vinyl dressing used as a
floor finish for vinyl floor coverings.
Should not be appl led over an existing
fini sh . (MFC—HL)
POLYMERIC POURED (SEAMLESS) FLOORS: A floor
covering composed of polymeric material ap—
plied to the substrate in a liquid form
alone, or in combination with mineral or
plastic chips, pigments, desiccants, or
fillers, which convert (s) to a thick built—
up covering . (ASTM)
POLYVINYL-ACETATE UNDERLAYMENTS: Polyvinyl-
acetate resins are the main ingredient of
concrete bonding compounds for securing
concrete topping to old concrete, terrazzo,
marble, concrete block, brick, ceramic tile
and painted or nonporous surfaces such as
metal, or other materials providing no suc—
tion or absorption. They eliminate the
costly, time—consuming practices of chipping
drilling, roughing, acid—washing or scari—
(MFC-HL)
fying old surfaces.
PRINTED SHEET VINYL FOOORING: A floor surface
material in which the pattern is printed on
a backing and protected with a wear layer
of transparent or translucent vinyl plas—
tic. (ASTM)
REFLECTANCE VALUES: Established by a reflect-
ometer using a standard light source. Pure
white is rated at 100; darker colors fall
somewhere below that rating; Black is rated
(MFC-HL)
at zero •
REDUCER: An extruded resilient piece used for
edge trim to protect exposed edge of floor
covering at lines of demarcation With an
exposed substrate of floor treatment of
(CSI)
lesser thickness.

****** Result for Image/Page 4 ******
SECTION 09650
REPEBT: Indicates the distance between identical
design elements in sheet goods. The most wide—
Iy used is an 18 t' repeat, with range from 3" to
13-1/2", 27" and 54"
54 comrnon are 9 " ,
repeats (9" and 12" repeats usually found in
(IS)
Enall block or tile designs) .
RESILIENT FLOORING: An organic floor surfacing
rtEteria1 made in sheet or tile form or forraed
in place as a seamless ITEteriaI of which the
wearing surface is nontextile. The resilient
floor covering classification by common usa ge
inc ludes, but is not limited to asphalt, cork,
Iinoleum, rubber, vinyl, vinyl asbestos ,
and polymeric poured seamless floors. Resi—
lient in this sense is used as a conmonly ac—
cepted term, but does not necessarily define
a physical property. (ASTM)
RISERS: Vinyl or rubber used for covering the
part of the step which forms the back, per—
pendicular to the tread.
ROLLING : procedure for rernoving trapped air
and properly setting the floor covering into
the adhesive (Iinoleum roller) . Also proce—
dure for use on seams (seam roller ) . (IS)
ROTOGRAVURE: A printång technique encompassing
large metal cylinders onto Which the design
or pattern has been etched. The design may
be duplicated from photography or may be an
artist's rendering. The printed surface of
the floor covering is then protected with a
clear vinyl wearlayer. Roto gravure printing
of floor covering offers unlimited design and
(MFC-HL)
pattern opportunities.
ROTOVINYL: A printed sheet vinyl f looring in
which the pattern is printed by a rotogravure
(ASTM)
process .
RUBBER FLOORING : Composed of rubber compounds
of the synthetic butadiene—styrene type.
Flooring is close to vinyls in quality, but
slightly inferior in durability and in re—
(CSI )
sistance to grease and alkalis.
RUNNERS: Light gauge continuous length mater—
ial used for covering or Sta irs.
(CSI)
SADDLE : An insert in resilient flooring at
an interior opening; related to thresYDIds .
(CSI)
SEALANT : A vinyl liquid compound used for seal—
ing seams in vinyl floor covering. (MFC—HL)
SEALED SEAMS ; A seam that been sealed with
an applicator, thereby welding the vinyl æar—
layers together creating a virtually
appearance and eliminating soil and moisture
(MFC-HL)
penetration.
SEAMS: The joining of tw edges of srpet floor
covering accomplished with a knife by double
cutting or underscriving. (BE )
SEAM CUTTER: An electrically poæred or hand
propelled holder containing a blade set to
cut a net true edge. Usually this tool is
guided by a straight edge. (EC—HL)
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING
SEAM SEALING: Procedure for welding
seams of vinyl sheet goods, using
special applicator and sealant.
prop—
erly applied, welds the wear layers for
appearance, elimination of soiled seams
and elimination of moisture penetration.
(IS)
Usually minor defects in prod—
SECOND S :
uct, such as off—shade, off—register
and poor surface finish. May be two
pieces to the material
with some inspection prior to install—
ing. (MPC-HL)
SELVAGE : A strip down the edge of sheet
goods, rrerked with codes for matching
and . pattern repeat data. Also selvages
provide overlap for cutting seams.
(IS)
SELVAGE EDGE: Widestrip surplus materi—
al usually carrying *ttern repeat in—
formation. The selvage edge assists in
providing sufficient overlap for cut—
ting seams and cut away during seam cut—
(MFC-HL)
ting .
SERVICE A residential we ight floor
covering having an overall thickness of
(EEC-HL)
065 to 070 thousandsthS.
The pattern design matches
SET MATCH:
straight across the sheet from edge to
edge. A terrn used in connection with
geometric patterned floor coverings.
(MFC-EL)
In filled, moulded or calen—
SHADING :
dered floor covering, shading is caused
by improper dispersion of decorative
In rotoprinted vinyl s, shading
color.
is caused by slight variance in pressure
from one side to the other on printing
Shading may also occur be—
cylinder s .
tween production runs of a given pattern.
(NFO-HL )
Floor covering manuf ac—
SE-EET FLOORING:
tured in six—e nine— and 12—fOOt
widths as opposed to tile unit floors.
Genera Ily, a reference to adhesively
(MFC-HL)
applied floor covering.
SEEET—VINYL: Encompasses those floor
coverings that are normally adhesively
applied. The reference vould apply to
calendered, moulded and cushioned
vinyl floor coverings in a variety of
(MFC-HL)
thicknesses and widths.
STAGGERED JOINTS : An offset joint pat—
tern recormended for appl ication of
under layment board. Avoids all joints
running in a continuous straight line.
(MPC-HL)
STATIC LOAD INDENTATION: The indents
fiEde by heavy equipment or furniture
remaining in one position for long
periods of time. Indents caused by

****** Result for Image/Page 5 ******
SECTION 09650
refrigerators, stoves and Otrpr semi—
permanent equipment, usually leave perma—
nent indentations in floor covering .
(MFC-HL)
STRAIGHTEDGED/SINGLE-LAPPED: procedure for
cutting searns when there is not a•aough
selvage on large block designs, or if small—
scale designs or interliner patterns are
Edge of one piece is squared by
used.
cutting it along a straightedge. This is
then lapped over the edge of the adjoining
seam, and with knife held against the
squared edge, the under piece is scored .
scored piece is then trinuned along the
length of the seam. (IS)
STATIC-CONDUCTIVE FLOORING: static-conductive
flooring in tile and sheet rtEteriaI is
available in vinyl, rubber and linoleum.
Floor ing 1iEteriaI is a specially forrnulated
mixture including carbon or similar conduc—
(CSI)
tive material as an integral part.
STRINGER; A continuous strip rtEteriaI per—
forming the function of wall base as app—
lied to stair work . (CSI)
STRIPPING: The process of removing old wax
and floor finishes after several applica—
tions which leave an undesirable build—up.
OEC-HL)
SUBFLOOR: The floor supporting the fl oor
covering. The subfloor may be of strip—
plywood, concrete, terrazzo, rnarble,
ceramic tile or metal suitable prepar ed
to receive the installation of resilient
(EC-HL)
floor covering.
THERMOPLASTIC: A formula that softens with
heat and hardens with cold. Vinyl floor
covering has this property . Lighted
cigarettes left smoulder ing on vinyl floor
covering can soften, melt and char the
vinyl surface, and a surface depression
(MFC-HL)
often results.
THIN TOE PROFILE: A long, flexible toe on
vinyl or rubber top set base designed to
give wide coverage and form to floor in—
(MFC-HL)
equalities.
TREAD: Vinyl or rubber material used for
covering that part of the step which is
(IS)
walked on.
UNDERLAYMENT: The application of a surfac—
ing material over existing floors to
smooth and level irregularities for the
installation of floor covering The ex—
treme flexibility of floor covering ma—
terials tend to telegraph irregular ities
(MFC-
through the fin ished installation
Installed to cover subfloor irregularities
and to absorb the movanent of wod sub—
floors. A variety of underlayments are used
to smooth and level irregularities Hard—
board, particleboard, plywood, mastic with
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING
latex binders, mastic with asphalt binders,
rrestic with polyvinyl—acetate, etc. (IS)
procedure used for sheet goods
seaming, fitting tightly to walls; for
fitting tile, for fitting stair treads, etc.
For example, when used for sheet goods
seam an edge Of one sheet of the floor cover—
ing is squared and a second piece laid so
that the overlap is over the trimmed edge of
the f irst piece. The edge of the top piece
is inserted in the under scriber, and with
the guide pressed against the square edge
of the bottom piece, you score the top
piece by drawing the underscriber along the
edge of the bottom sheet. The needle
trades the contour of the lower sheet
edge, making a guide line for the knife.
UNDERSCRIBING: Accomplished with a tool having
a Ioær nib which rides against the edge of
the bottom sheet of flooring. The under—
scr iber, shaped like a clothes pin, has a
needle set directly above the back edge of
the nib. When dravm down the sheet, the
needle will trace the contour of the lower
sheet edge, providing a scratch line as a
(MFC-HL)
guide for the knife.
VINYL ASBESTOS TILE: A floor surfacing unit
cmposed of vinyl plastic binder, asbestos
fibers, mineral fillers and pigments .
The vinyl plastic binder is an essentially
poly (vinyl chlor ide) resin or a poly (vinyl
chloride) copolymer resin compounded with
suitable plasticizers and stabilizers.
(ASTM)
VINYL COVE BASE : A preformed vinyl base
treatment wi th a radius toe. In heights
of 1—1/2, 2, 4 and 6 inches. Applied to
walls after installation Of floor covering
providing a sanitary decorative treatment.
properly installed, provides a surface
moisture protection at junctions of floor
(MFC-HL)
and walls.
VINYL FONI: An expanded vinyl forming a
cellular resilient layer.
Used as a core
or backing for cushioned vinyl floors .
VINYL PLASTIC RESINS: A compound of vinyl
chlor ide.
(MFC-HL)
VATER BASED >DDITIVES:
Most adhesives used
today are water paste, latex
adhesives and asphalt anulsion. Cut back
and a few special adhesives use solvent as a
carrying agent. solvent base adhesives
should not be used under floor covering unles:
specified by the floor covering manufacturer .
(MFC-HL)
WATERPROOF FLOORS: Resilient floor coverings
do not qualify as a waterproof floor.
seams
and open edges will permit water to seep
below causing adhesive and flooring failure.
some cities and states specify one piece
flash coved floors in bathrooms in multiple

****** Result for Image/Page 6 ******
SECTION 09650
dwellings to avoid water leakage below.
(*C-HL)
WAX STRIPPING (See stripping): process
of removing built—up residue of old
(MFC-HL)
mXING: A method of maintaining floor cover—
ing other than vinyl so as to retain its
original appearance and luster. Vinyl floor
covering should be maintained with vinyl
dressing. (MFC—HL)
WAX YELLOWING: Discoloration of floor cover-
ing due to excess amount Of old wax. (hEC—HL)
WEAR: The accumulative and integrative action
of all the deleterious mechanical influences
encountered in use which tend to impair a
material's serviceability. Such influences
include, but are not limited to abrasion,
scratching, gouging and scuffing.
(ASTM)
WEARLAYER; The top portion of the floor cover—
ing engineered to absorb both traffic and wear.
Thickness varies from product to product and
for specific installations : residential,
light conunercial and heavy cornrnercial. (IS)
09650
RESILIENT FLOORING

****** Result for Image/Page 7 ******
SECTION 09680
ABRADED YARNS: Continuous filament yarns in
which filaments have been cut or abraded
at intervals and given additional twist to
produce a certain degree of hairiness.
Abraded yarns are usually plied or twisted
(CRI)
with other yarns before using .
ABSORPTION: The ability of a fiber, yarn or
fabric to attract and hold gasses or liq—
uids within its pores.
In the carpet industry, refers to
ACRYLICS:
acrylic and mod acrylic fibers. Acrylic
f iber is a polymer composed of at least
858 by weight of acrylonitrile units.
Modacrylic fiber is a polyrner composed
of less than 858 but at least by
weight of acrylonitrile units. Acrylics
come only in staple form and are noted
for their high durability, stain resis—
(CRI)
tance and wool—like appearance.
AFFINITY: The tendency of substances
to chemica Ily unite as fiber or dyestuff .
(CRI)
AMERICAN ORIENTAL: A term applied to loom-
made Araerican carpets Of the Axminster or
Wilton weave which have been manuf actured
in the color and pattern designs of Ori—
ental rugs. Being without sizing, these
Amer ican—made carpets are soft and pliable
and can therefore be folded like an Ori—
ental. The sheen or lustre distinguishes
this type of Xnerican carpet fran the
(CRI)
other weaves.
ANTISTATIC: Ability of a fabric to disperse
electrostatic charges to prevent the build—
(CRI)
up of static electricity.
ATTACHED CUSHION: A cushion material perma-
nently adhered to the back of the carpet
or rug during the manufacturing process.
(CRI )
AUTOCLAVE : An apparatus for carrying out
certain finishing operations, such as
heat—setting yarn under pressure in a
(JJI)
super—heated steam atmosphere.
AVERAGE STIFFNESS: Average weight in grams
per denier that will stretch fiber
(CRI)
AXMINSTER; One of the basic weaves used in
making carpets The pile tufts in this
weave are mechanically inserted and bound
to the back, making possible almost un—
limited combinations of colors and pa tterns
(see "weaving") •
BCF: Bulked continuous f i lament. Contin—
uous strands of mannEde fiber made into
yarn which has been texturized to increase
bulk and covering power. (CRI)
BACKING: Material that forms the back of the
carpet, regardless of the type of construc—
tion. (1) Primary back—in a tufted car—
pet, the material to which surface yarns
09680
CARPETING
attached. May be made of jute, cotton,
(2) Secon—
woven or nonwoven synthetics .
dary back—also called "double backing" .
Any terial (jute, wven or nonwoven syn—
the tics, scrim, foam or cushion) laminated to
(CRI )
the prirnary back.
BACK SEAMS: While all carpet searns are lo—
cated on the back or underside of the carpet,
those made when the carpet is turned over
while
or facedown are called "back seams" ,
those made with the carpet faceup are called
(CRI)
"face seams" .
BALUSTER (BANISTER): one of set of small
pillars that support a handrail (or balus—
trade) on a stairway. (CRI )
ANK: Name applied to a setting machine yarn
(CRI )
creel .
BASEBOARD : A board skirting the lower edge of
(CRI )
a wall.
BEAM: Large, horizontal cylinders or spools.
The warp yarns are wound on beams located
back of the line Of weave. The woven fabric
is VÄ)und on a beam located usually in front,
(CRI)
just below the line of weave.
BEARDING: Long f iber fuzz on loop pile fabrics
caused by fiber snagging and inadequate an—
(CRI )
chorage.
(I) The action of the lay and reed
BEAT-UP :
when forcing the filling to the fell of the
cloth. (2) The point in the timing cycle of
(3) The number of
the above operations .
tufts per inch of length in warp row of pile.
Used in connection with Axrninster, Chenille
and other carpets not woven over wires.
synonymous with "wire" in Wilton, velvet, etc
(CRI)
BENT NEEDLES: (I) Needles in the 6.1 fting ma—
chine permanently pushed out of place caus—
ing a streak or grinning, running lengthwise
because of off—standard tuft spacing across
(2) A needle in the Jacquard
the width.
that is out of alignment with punched hole
(CRI)
in pattern cards.
BINDING : A strip sewed over a carpet edge for
(CRI )
protection against unraveling.
Colloquial name for the end of a
BIRDCAGE :
stair rail where the bannisters are curved
in a spiral to form a newel post. (CRI )
BLEEDING: Transfer of f iber dyes to a liguid
medium. These dyes may be redeposited on
(CRI)
other fibers and cause staining.
BLEND: fabric containing a mixture of
or more fibers or yarns, or a combination of
(CRI)
two or more fibers spun into a yarn.
BOBBIN : A spool—like device made of various
materials, shapes and constructions with a
head at one or both ends and a hole through
its length or barrel for placement on a

****** Result for Image/Page 8 ******
ECTION 09680
It is used to hold yarn for
sp*ndle or skewer.
spinning, weaving or sewing. (CRI)
BODY: The compact, solid, firm or full feel Of a
(CRI )
fabric.
BONDED URETHANE CUSHION: A carpet cushion made
from trim generated from urethane foam prod—
uct manufacture which has been granulated and
bonded to form a porous foam ma terial and fab—
(CRI)
ricated into foæn sheets.
BRAIDED: Reversible oval or round rugs produced
from braided strips of new or used material.
(CRI)
BREAKING STRENGTH: Ability of a fabric or yarn
to resist rupture by evenly applied tension.
Expressed as pounds of force applied to one
inch width in warpwise or fillingwise direc—
tion. (CRI)
BROADLOOM: An obsolete term or iginally used to
denote carpet produced in widths wider than
six feet. Was at one time used to identify
It is no longer an accept—
t' high quality" ,
able term in the carpet industry, the pre—
ferred word being simply "carpet"
(CRI)
BROCADE: A carpet or rug in which a raised
pattern or engraved effect is formed using
heavy twisted yarn tufts on a ground of
straight fibers, the colors of which are
often the same. (CRI)
BRUSSELS: A term formerly, but now rarely,
used to describe a loop pile or round—wire
carpet woven on the Wilton loom. (CRI )
BRUSSELS PITCH: 252 or 256 dents per 27 inches
in width. (CRI )
(Also "puckers") A carpet that does
BUCKLING:
not lay flat on the floor and contains ridg—
es. Can be caused by uneven beam tension,
dimensional instability and putting together
mismatched carpet. Failure to stretch wall—
to—wall installations sufficiently will also
(CRI )
contribute buckles.
BULKING: Processing yarn, usually by mechani—
cal means, to fluff it up and give more cover—
age with the same weight. Also known as tex—
turizing and lofting.
(CRI)
BULLNOSE: colloquial name for Step Return"
(CRI)
BURLING: A hand tailoring operation to remove
Insert missing tufts
any knots and loose ends.
of surface yarns, and otherwise check the con—
dition of the fabric. Also a repair operation
on worn or damaged carpet is reburling.
(CRI)
CAM LOOM: A loom in which the shedding is per—
formed by means of cams. A velvet loom. (CRI)
CARPET: The general description for fabric used
It is occasionally used
as a floor covering .
incorrectly in the plural as "carpets" or
"carpeting" The preferred usage today is
"carpet n in both singular and plural form. It
09680
CARPETING
may be used as an adjective, as in
(CRI)
"carpeted floors .
CARPET CUSHION: A term used to describe
any kind of material placed under car—
pet to provide softness when it is walked
on. Not only does carpet cushion pro—
vide a softer feel underfoot, it usually
provides added acoustical benefits and
In
longer wear life for the carpet.
some cases the carpet cushion is attach—
ed to the carpet when it is manufactured .
Also referred to as "lining", "padding"
or "underlay", although "carpet cushion"
is the preferred term. (CRI)
CARPET SQUARES (Tiles): Loose laid or
self adhesive backed squares of carpet.
(CRI)
CATCHER THREADS: warp threads in chenille
Axninster carpets which attach the chen—
ille fur to the carpet backing struc—
(CRI )
ture .
CELLULOSE : A carbohydrate of complex
molecular structure which forms the
basic frarneianrk of plant cells and walls.
Used as a basic raw material in making
(CRI )
ra yon.
(I) The binder warp yarn that
CHAIN :
over and under the filling shots of
(2) Axrninster loom——refers
the carpet.
to the endless chain that carries the
tube frames. (3) Dobby to
the endless chain of pattern selector
(CRI)
bar s.
CHAIN BINDERS: yarns running warpwise
(lengthwise) in the back Of a woven car—
pet, binding construction yarns together
(CRI
in a woven construction.
CHENILLE: A pile fabric by the in—
sertion of a prepared weft row •of surface
yarn tufts in a "fur" or "caterpillar"
form through very fine but strong cot—
ton "catcher" warp yarns, and over a
(CRI )
heavy woolen backing yarn.
COCKLING: curliness or crimpiness ap—
pear ing in the cut face pile as a result
of a yarn condition.
(CRI)
(CRI )
COME: An open—top reed.
COMBER BOARD (also "Comper Board") :
(1)
The part of the Brussels Card Jacquard
mechanism that raises all face yarns
simultaneously for the insertion of the
botta•n filling shot.
(2 ) The part of
the Fine Index Jacquard through which
the lingoes are threaded to hold them
in place.
(CRI)
COMBINATION : A term which refers to yarns
or fabrics:
(I) A combination yarn is
composed of two or more yarns having
the same or different fibers or twists,
e.g., one yarn may have a high twist;
the other, little or no twist.

****** Result for Image/Page 9 ******
SECTION 09680
combination fabric is one which uses the
(CRI)
above yarns.
COMMERCIAL MATCHING: matching of colors
within acceptable tolerances, or with a
color variation that is barely detectable
(CRI)
to the naked eye.
CONSTRUCTION: Carpet construction is de—
fined by stating the manufacturing method
(tufted, woven, etc.) , and the final ar—
rangement of materials achieved by follow—
(CRI )
ing specifications.
Con tin uous strand of
CONTINUOUS FILAMENT :
synthetic fiber extruded in yarn form,
without the need for spinning which all
(CRI)
natural fibers require .
COP: A centerless package of filling yarn
suitable for insertion into a shuttle.
(CRI)
COTTON : A soft, white, f ibrous substance
composed of the hairs clothing the seeds
Of an erect, freely branching tropical
(I) Thread spun
plant (cotton plant) .
(2) Fabric made of cotton.
fron cotton.
(CRI)
COUNT: (1) A number identifying yarn size
or weight per unit or vice versa depend—
ing on the particular systan being used.
(2) Count of fabric is indicated by the
nurtber of warp ends and filling ends
(CRI )
per inch.
COVER: Descr iptive of how the face yarn
(CRI)
covers the back.
CRAB: A hand device usually used for
stretching carpet in a small area where
a power stretcher or knee kicker cannot
be used. (CRI)
CREEL: The rack located adjacent a tuft—
ing rtBchine which holds the cones of
pile yarn Which supply yarn to the need—
Ies Of a tufting machine. (CRI)
CREELING: The process of mounting yarn
(CRI )
packages on the frame.
CRIB/ Axminster loom: Refers to the frame
work that carries the spool
chain .
(CRI )
CRIMP: processing yarn, usually by heat
or pressure, to fix a wavy texture and in—
crease bulk.
(CRI )
CRIMPING: Method of texturizing staple and
continuous filament yarn to produce irreg—
ular al ignment of fibers and increase
bulk and covering power; also facili tates
interlocking of fibers, *lich is necessary
for spinning staple fibers into yarn. (CRI)
09680
CARPETING
CROCKING: Term used to describe excess . color
rubbing off as the result of improper dye
(CRI)
penetration, fixation or selection.
CROPPING: The pa ssage of carpet under a
revolving cylinder fitted with cutting
blades to obtain a level surface and a
(CRI)
uniform height of pile
CROSS DYED: Multicolored effects produced in
a fabric with fibers of different dye affini—
ties.
(CRI)
Seams made by joining the ends
CROSS SEAMS.
(CRI)
of carpet together.
CUSHION-BACK CARPET: carpet having a cushion-
ing lining, padding or underlay material as
an integral part of its backing. (CRI)
CUSTOM TUFTED: Carpet or rugs in which pile
yarns are manually tufted with hand ma-
chines or by narrow width tufting machines.
(CRI)
CUT: A length Of fabric, such as carpet. (CRI)
CUT PILE: A fabric, the face of which is com—
(CRI)
posed of cut ends of pile yarn.
CYLINDER: The part Of the Jacquard that sup—
ports and H)lds the punched pattern cards in
position while the plungers or needles that
control the yarn selection pass through the
This "cylinder" is not cylindrical
card.
5— or 6—sided.
in shape but is frequently 4—,
(CRI)
The pile yarn in a Wilton
DAD (Pile yarn) :
carpet which remains hidden in the backing
structure when not forming a pile tuft. (CRI)
DEEP DYED: Refers to dye penetration in car—
pet fibers which permits clear, true carpet
colors that retain their brilliance for the
life Of the carpet. (CRI)
DEFLECTED NEEDLE: Needles in the tufting ma-
chine that are pushed aside by a warp end in
the backing cloth causing a streak or "grin—
ning" running lengthwise because of off—
standard tuft spacing across the width. (CRI)
DELUSTERED FIBER: Manmade fiber on which the
normally high sheen has been reduced.
(CRI)
DENIER: Unit of weight for the size of a
single filament. The higher the denier,
the heavier the yarn. Denier is equivalent
to number of grams per 9000 meters. (CRI)
DENSITY: The amount of pile packed into a
given volume of carpet, usually measured in
ounces of pile yarn per unit volume. (CRI )
DENT: (1) The space between wires of reed or
heddles or harness through which the warp
ends are drawn. (2) The space between two
(CRI)
chains in a fabric.

****** Result for Image/Page 10 ******
SECTION 09680
DIFFFRENTIAL DYEING FIBERS (dye-variant fibers)
Fibers, natural or manmade, so treated or
modif led in composition that their affinity
to be re—
for dyes becomes changed; i.e. ,
served, dye lighter or dye darker than nor—
mal fibers, dependent upon the particular
dyes and methods of application employed. (CRI)
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY: Tendency of a fabric to
retain its size and shape; 11B y be brought
about by chemical treatment or æchanical
means; e.g. , a secondary backing adds dimen—
sional stability to carpet. (CRI)
DIRTY BACK: Excess face yarn showing on the
back of carpet. The usual causes are poor
timing, insufficient tension on the face
yarn, excessively bulky face yarns, and in—
(CRI )
sufficient stuffers.
DOBBY : A device that selects the rotation in
which one or more of a group of harnesses are
raised over a filling shot. Can float an
end over as many filling shots as desired.
(CRI)
Produces geometric patterns.
DOMESTIC: Describes carpet 11Bde by skilled
craftsmen in the United States (CRI)
DOPE DYED (Same as spun Dyed and Solution
Dyed) This applies to synthetic fibers only.
The coloring materials are added to the
solution before extruding through a spin—
neret to form Ehe filament.
(CRI)
DOUBLE BACK: A woven or nonwoven
adhered to the backing of some carpet as
additional reinforcement, to provide greater
dimensional stability and improved tuft
bind. Also known as scrim back. (CRI)
DOUBLE BEATING; Two successive beats of
reed to press heavy or bulky filling in
(CRI)
pl ace .
DmW: The manner and rotation in which the
warp ends are placed in the loom heddles
and reeds.
(CRI )
DRAWING-IN OR DRAWING-UP: The process of
placing the warp ends through the heddles
and reeds of the loom. (CRI)
DRAW—STRAIGHT: The ends are drawn in straight
or direct sequence from first to last harn—
(CRI
ess in the plan
DROP MATCH: When the design in a carpet must
be dropped in the next combining width of
CRI)
carpet to maintain the pat tern.
DRUGGET: A coarse, heavy imported fabric,
felted or plain mven, usually of all wol.
The designs are either woven into a fab±ic
or printed.
(CRI )
DRY FOAM: A detergent solution containing only
a small amount of water is mechanically wrked
into the surface of the carpet and the loose
soil is removed by a vacuum. (CRI)
09680
CARPETING
DRY ROT: Is identified by a loss of
strength, generally in the backing caus—
ing the mater ial to break or tear easily.
Associated with growth of bacteria and
fungus on the back Of the rug or car—
pet. (CRI)
Heated rotating
DRYING CANS (Cylinders) :
cylinders over which textile mater ials
are passed to dry them. (CRI)
: Colloquial name for a narrow
strip of carpet side seamed to standard
width to compensate for unusual offsets.
sloping walls, etc., but never used as
a substitute for good planning and
(CRI)
proper stretch ing techniques.
DYEING: The process Of coloring materi—
als; impregnating fabric with dyestuff.
1. Solution dyed: Synthetic yarn which
is spun from a colored solution; the
filament is thus impregnated with the
pigment.
2. Stock dyed: Fibers are dyed before
sp inning.
3. Yarn (or skein) dyed: yarn dyed be—
fore being fabricated into carpet.
4. Piece dyeing unfinished carpet: Car—
pet dyed "in a piece" after tufting or
weaving but before other finishing proces—
ses such as latexing or foaming .
5. Cross dyeing: Method of dyeing fab—
rics with dyestuffs which have differ—
ent affinities for different types of
ya rns.
6. Space dyeing: process whereby differ—
ent colors are "printed" along the length
of yarn before it is manufactured into
car pet.
7. Continuous dyeing: The process of dye—
ing carpet in a continuous production
line, rather than piece dyeing separate
lots. Most often done on Kusters con—
tinuous dyeing equipment which flows on
dyestuffs, as distinguished from submerg—
ing carpet in separate dye becks. (CRI)
DYE BECK: A large vat into which roll
lengths are submerged for piece dyeing.
DYESTUFF: The substance which adds color
or textiles by absorption into the fiber
or by chemical 4ttachment.
(CRI )
ELASTICITY: The ratio of stress to strain
within the elastic limit of the material
(CRI)
ELECTROSTATIC FLOCKING: The process used
for the majority of flocked commercial
Specially treated fibers are
carpets .
charged by an electrostatic field. When

****** Result for Image/Page 11 ******
CARPETING
SECTION 09680
FIBER RUGS: Rugs made of specially pre—e
the charged fibers encounter the obj ect to
pared paper yarns in combination with
be coated, they are moving vertically at a
Fiber rugs are
cotton and wool yarns
high speed and they becane firmly embedded
reversible, come in plain or twill
(CRI)
in the adhesive
(CRI )
weaves and are often sized.
In carpet, the type Of pattern
EMBOSSED:
FILAMENT: A single strand of any kind
formed when Ipavy twisted tufts are used
of f iber, natural or synthetic. (CRI )
in a ground of straight yarns to create
an engraved appearance. Both the straight
FILLER: Fuller t s earth or clay—or simi—
and twisted yarns are often of the same
lar in the compound ing
(CRI)
color .
(CRI )
of latex and attached cushion.
(I) An individual warp yarn. A warp
END:
FILLING YARN: Yarns, usually of cotton,
is composed of a number of ends. (2) A
jute or kraftcord, running across a
(CRI)
short length Of remnant.
woven fabric and used with the chain
yarns to bind the pile tufts to the
EXTENDED LENGTH: The length of the face
(CRI)
backing yarns .
pile yarn used to make one inch of tufted
(CRI)
carpet.
FILM (cut—film or slit—film yarns) :
yarn composed of one or more continu—
Seams, either sewed or cemented,
FACE SEAMS.
ous narrow strips of manmade film
that are made without turning the entire
(usually slit—film, but strips may be
carpet over or facedown. They are rnade
extruded) , or incorporating one or
dur ing installation where it is not possi—
more strips as a major component. (CRI)
(CRI)
ble to make back seams.
FINISHING: A final process through which
FADEOMETER: Standard laboratory device for
fabrics are put; such as shearing,
testing a fabric's resistance to sunlight.
steaming, application of secondary back
(CRI)
or cushion, application of soil retard—
ant or antistatic material, etc. (CRI)
FADING: LOSS of color usually caused by ex—
posure to sunlight or atrnospheric gases.
FLEXIBILITY: The property of bending
(CRI)
without breaking . (CRI)
property of dye to retain its
FASTNESS :
FLOAT: (I) A planned part of the design
color when cloth is exposed to sun, per—
in which the face yarn is carried over
spiration, atmosphere, washing, or other
or more wires. (2) A defect in the
color destroying agents. The tem fast—
face of carpet resulting from a long
ness" is a relative one. A dye rrey be
loose end of face yarn that is not se—
reasonably fast to washing and only mod—
(CRI)
curely fastened into the back
Fastness of color
erately fast to light.
is tested by standard procedures. (CRI)
FLOCKING: Short, cropped fiber or flock
is adhered, usually by electrostatic
FELL or FELL OF THE CLOTH: The line to
processes, to a base fabric, resulting
which a filling end is beaten by the reed.
in a short pile material with a velvety
(CRI)
(CRI )
texture .
FELT OR FELTED: An inexpensive rug, usually
FLOOR MAT: Carpet usually less than 22—1/2
woven in pla in colors (or stenciled or
in. wide and less than 7—1/2 sq. ft. in
printed) , in plain flat weaves and felted.
(CRI )
area .
(CRI )
FLUFFING: Appearance on carpet surface
FELTING: The process of pressing or matting
of loose fiber fragments left dur ing
together various types of hair or fibers
manufacture; not a defect but a charac—
to form a continuous fabric, known as
teristic which disappears after carpet
(CRI)
felt.
(CRI )
use and vacuuming.
FIBER: Any substance, natural or synthetic,
FRAE S : Racks at back of the Wilton loom
strong enough to be used in thread or yarn
holding spools from which yarns are fed
form for processing as a textie.
(CRC)
into the loom, each frame holding sep—
arate colors; thus a 3—frame Wilton has
FIBER CUSHION: A term used to describe car—
(CRI )
three colors in the design.
pet cusion made by the needle punch process
out of animal hair or jute material, or a
FREE FORM: A floor area bounded by walls
blend. Some constructions are fib de with
Sometimes
and of nonrectangular shape.
a ribber face and backed by IEir or fiber.
(CRI)
called "form—fit area"
(CRI)
09680
-5

****** Result for Image/Page 12 ******
FRIEZE: (pronounced "free—zay") : A tightly
twisted yarn that gives a rowh, nubby ap—
(CR.I)
pearance to carpet pile.
FRIEZE YARN: A hard—twisted yarn used common—
Iy in plain fabrics to effect a rough, knotty
textured appearance in the surface pile .
(CRI )
FULL ROLL: An unbound cut Of carpet, described
in the carpet industry as being over 30 feet
in length, by the width of the production run
(CRI)
from which it was cut.
FUZZING: Hairy effect on fabric surface caused
by wild fibers or slack yarn twist, by f.ibers
slipping out of yarn or contour in either ser—
It is corrected by
vice or wet cleaning.
shearing in manufacturing and by the profes—
Carpet of continouus fila—
sional cleaner.
ment yarn is füzzed by filament snagging and
(CRI )
breaking .
GAGE OR GAUGE: The d istance between two needle
points exprssed in fraction of an inch. Ap—
plies to both knitting and tufting. (CRI)
GAIGE/ PITCH: The number of ends of surface yarn
In woven
counting across the width of carpet.
carpet, pitch is the number of ends of yarn
216 divided by 27=
in 27 inches of width; e.g.,
8 ends per inch. In tufted carpet, gauge also
means the number of ends of surface yarn per
inch counting across the carpet; e.g., 1/8
gauge = 8 ends per inch. TO convert gauge to
pitch, multiply ends per inch by 27; e.g. ,
1/10 gauge is equivalent to 270 pitch, or 10
ends per inch x 27 One—eighth gauge is 8
- 216 pitch. (CRI)
ends of yarn per inch x 27
GAUGE WIRE: A type of standing wire used with
an extra filling yarn to control the 1k ight
(CRI)
of the pile.
GRASS: Rugs 1iEde of certain long joint less
grasses, twisted With cotton threads into
yarns. Grass rugs are usually reversible
(CRI)
and cane in plain weave and color.
GRATE or GRID or HOOK PLATE: The part of the
Fine Index Jacquard in which the bottom
hooks of Jacquard hook wires are set when the
top hook is not engaged by the griff.
It is
also used to raise all the remaining face
yarns that were not selected to be raised by
the griff to permit the insertion Of the
(CRI)
bottom shot
GREIGE GOODS (pronounced "gray goods") : Un-
dyed carpet or Other textile materials. (CRI)
GRIPP or GRIFFE: (1) part of the Fine Index
Jacquard consisting Of members containing
the metal knives, (2) Also applied to
metal lifting knives used to lift the hook
selected to be up at the correct time.
(CRI)
GRIN: A term used to indicate the condition
where the backing of the carpet shows between
the rows of pile tuft; e.g., some carpet may
show the backing when layed over the nosing
of a step. (CRI)
09680
C P ING
GROUND COLOR; The background color against
which the top colors create the pattern
(CRI)
or figure in the design.
HAIR : Animal f iber other than wool or
(CRI)
HAND: The feel" of a carpet in the hand——
determined by such factors as pile height,
quality and kind of fibers, type of con—
struction, type of backing and dimension—
(CRI )
al stability.
HAND ABSORPTION: A detergent solution is
generated into a foam which is wrked in—
to the pile of the carpet by sponges.
The loose soil is remved by absorption
into the clean sponges. The application
of the foam and removal is done by hand.
(CRI )
(I) The frame holding the heddles
HARNESS :
through which the warp ends are drawn and
then raised and lowered to form the shed.
(2) The cords that connect the Jacquard
(CRI )
hooks to the lingo heddles.
HEATEER : A multicolor effect provided by
intimately blending fibers Of different
colors prior to spinning carpet yarn.
(CRI)
EAT SET: Stabilization of yarns to insure
no change in size or shape; the process of
heat setting in an autoclave, using super—
(CRI)
heated steam under pressure .
HEDDLE: A series of vertical cords or
wires, each of which has in the middle
a loop or eye which receives a warp yarn.
The two heddle frames, each carrying a
set of chain warp yarns, rise and fall
alternately forming the shed through
(CRI)
which the weft shuttle passes.
HEDDLE FRAME: The frame on which the hed-
dies are mounted . (CRI )
HESSIAN: Plain cloth, usually of ute,
conta ining single yarns of approxima tely
(CRI)
the same count in warp and weft.
HIGH DNSITY : A term to describe a materi—
al with IEavier than normal weight—per—
unit volume. (CRI)
HIGH DENSITY FOAM: Rubber product applied
as a liquid foam, then cured, to form an
integral part of the carpet back. The
minimum standards are oz./ sq.
yd. , in. , lbs . /
(CRI)
cu. ft.
HIGH LOW: A multilevel pile, sometimes
combining cut and looped surface yarns.
(CRI )
HOOKED RUGS: Yarn or strips of cloth insert—
ed into a prewoven cloth stenciled with
a pattern. Usually a hand or single
needle process. Modern tufting is mech—
(CRI)
anized hooking.

****** Result for Image/Page 13 ******
TION 09680
(1) The vertical
. HOOKS also WIRE HOOKS:
wires in a Jacquard that are hooked on
each end and the bottom hook attached by
cords to the lingo heddles carrying the
pattern yarn. The top hooks are posi—
tioned by the needles to either be caught
onto or clear the lifting knife in the
In most Jacquards, the hooks that
griff.
are picked up by the lifting knives
raise a face yarn end over the filling
(2) The hook—shaped
shot and/or wire.
stamped metal latches used to catch the
pile after it is beaten up and retard
the wire s tendency to jump or fall
(CRI)
toward the reed.
HOPPER: The assembly that engages the pile
wire head, drawing it from the front of
the wire set and returning it under the
pile shed. (CRI)
HOT hELT; A blend of polymer and filling
applied in a heated state to a carpet back,
to lock in surface yarns and for lamina—
(CRI )
tion.
INDOOR/ OUTDOOR: Obsolete term—see outdoor
carpet. The f irst carpet pr oduced for
outdoor use was named indoor/outdoor car—
pet. Over a period of tine this term wa s
erroneously throught by retailers and
consumers to indicate "that if it is okay
for outdoor use it has superior qualities
Since this statement is gener—
indoors. "
ally incorrect, the carpet industry wants
to avoid perpetuating this teni. (CRI)
INGÆUIN CARPET : A double faced pileless car—
pet using colored filling yarns to make
the design. The fabric is reversible and
the designs and colors on the face and back
will also be in reverse positions. This
type was also cal led Scotch or Kiddermin—
(CRI)
ster.
INGRAINING: Mixing and weaving threads of
(CRI)
various colors.
JACQUARD; The pattern control on a Wilton
loom. A chain of perforated cardboard
"cards" punched according the design
elernents, which when brought into position
activates this mechanism by causing it to
select the desired color of yarn to form
the design on the pile surface. The un—
selected colors are woven "dormant"
through the body of the fabric .
(CRI)
JACQUARD CARDS: Punched cards (usually laced
together) which are presented to the Jac—
quard in sequence, for the selection of
lifting of the pile ends as required for
patterning
(CRI)
JAMB: The side of a door frame, doorway
or window; usually the side on which the
opening for the lock is placed.
(CRI)
JASPE: Irregular stripes Of two hues, shades
or values of the same color used to produce
a particular effect on the pile yarn of
09680
CARPETING
plain or even designed fabrics. Variqus
jaspe effects can be produced by varying
(CRI)
the twist of the yarn.
JERXER BAR (tufting ) : The guide or thread
jerker which takes up slack tufting yarn
during the upstroke of the needle and con—
trols the amount supplied for the back—
(CRI)
stroke.
JUTE : A fibrous skin between the bark and
stalk of a plant native to India and the
Shredded and spun, it forms a
Far East.
strong and durable yarn used in carpet
backing to add strength, weight and stiff—
(CRI)
nesse
Coarse, brittle white fiber occurring
frequently in "nonblooded" carpet wools.
These fibers do not accept dye and conse—
quently an excess could be prominent and
(CRI )
undesir able .
KIDDERMINSTER CARPET: originated in a town
of that name in England. Similar to Ingrain
(CRI)
Car pe t.
KILMARNOCK CARPET: Similar to Ingrain carpet.
(CRI)
KNEE KICKER: A short tool with gripping "teeth'
at one end and a padded cushion at the other
used in making small stretches during car—
pet installation.
(CRI)
KNIFE: Refers to either of the two steel
blades of an Axrninster loom that operates
as a shear to cut and make the pile ends.
(CRI)
KNITTING: A method Of fabricating a carpet in
Surface and
one operation, as in weaving.
backing yarns are looped together with a
stitching yarn on machines with three sets
(CRI)
of needles.
KMFTCORD: A tightly twisted yarn made from
kraft paper used as a backing yarn in car—
pet weaves as an alternate for cotton or
jute.
(CRI )
KUSTERS DYEING: Named after the Kusters dye
This is a piece dyeing technique
machine.
that al lows uniform and continuous dyeing
in great quantities.
(CRI )
LAMINATED: TW or more layers of f irmly
(CRI )
united material.
LASH BOARD or LIFTING BOARD: The part of the
Brussels Jacquard that contains keyhole—
shaped notches in a board through which lash
cords with positioned knots are threaded and
then to lift the face yarn selected by the
pattern card for the insertion of the wire
(CRI)
and shot
LATEX: A milky, rubbery fluid found in sev—
era I seed plants, and used to seal the back
of carpet and for lamination. May be used
(CRI )
on tufted or woven carpet.

****** Result for Image/Page 14 ******
SECTION 09680
A term used to describe the applica—
tion of a natural or synthetic latex compound
to the back of carpet. (CRI)
LAY: (1) A collective name given to the parts of
the loom that perform the operation of beating
up. The parts include reed, reed cap, race
plate, shuttles, shuttle brakes, picker sticks,
lug, cams. (2) The tendency of pile tufts or
loops to lean in a certain direction. (CRI)
LENO WEAVE: weave in which warp yarns, arranged
in pairs, are twisted around one another be—
(CRI)
tween "picks" of weft yarn.
LEVELLING BOARD or PADDER: The part of the
Brussels Jacquard that assists in properly
positioning the needles or plungers that were
pushed back by the unpunched portions of the
(CRI)
pattern card.
LEVEL LOOP: A construction in which the carpet
face yarns are tufted or woven into loops of
(CRI)
the same pile height.
LINGO or LINGOE: The weight attached by a cord
to the heddles to assist in holding a taut
(CRI)
vertical position.
(CRI)
See Carpet Cushion.
LINING;
LIP: The chain and/or stuffer left on the edge
(CRI)
of carpet after it has been cut.
LOOM: A machine in which yarn or thread is woven
into a fabric by the crossi_ng of the warp or
chain by other threads, cal led the weft or
filling, at right angles to the warp threads.
(CRI)
LOOPED PILE: Pile surface in which looped yarns
In woven carpets, sometirnes
are left uncut.
(CRI)
referred to as 'Iround wire"
LOOPERS: The thin flat steel components that
move beside the inserted needles and hook the
(CRI )
tufting yarn into loops
LOW ROWS: Rows of excessively low pile height
across the width of the carpet. Usually due
to run out of final bits of face yarn on
the spools on the Axrninster loom. (CRI)
LUSTER: Sheen of yarns, fiber or fin ished
CCRI)
fabr ics.
LUSTER FABRIC: Any cut pile fabric woven wi th
surface yarns spun from special types of sta—
ple and chemically washed, like handwoven ori—
ental fabrics, to give a bright sheen or lus—
(CRI)
ter.
LUSTERING: Finishing process produces luster
(CRI )
on yarns, cloth.
MARKER: (I) A distinguishing threadline wven
in the back toward the right hand edge to
enable the workroom or installer to assem—
ble breadths Of carpet and rnve the pile lay
in one and same direction.
(2) A pattern
marking point of a distinguishing color woven
into the back to each edge to enable the work—
room or the installer to assernble breadths
09680
CARPETING
of carpet and match the pattern when
(CRI )
working on åe under side.
hATTING : Extreme pile crush combined
with entanglement of fibers and tufts.
(CRI)
MENDING (picking ) : A hand operation
carried out on carpet before finishing
to remove any knots and loose ends of
yarn, to insert pile tufts where miss—
ing and to replace and repair backing
(CRY.)
yarns as required.
METALLIC FIBER: A manufactured fiber
cornposed of metal, plastic—coated metal,
metal—coated plastic or a core completely
The most important
covered by metal .
characteristic of metallic fiber in car—
pet is to reduce buildup Of static elec—
(CRI )
tricity.
MILL END: The remainder of a roll carpet,
generally descr ibed in the carpet indus—
try as being over 9 feet in length, but
under 21 feet in length, by the width
of the roll from which it was cut. (CRI)
MIL: A unit commonly used for measuring
the diameter of textile monofilaments——
1/1000 inch.
MITRE: The junction of two pieces of car—
pet, wood or other material at an angle,
usually 45 degrees to form a right angle,
but may be any combination of angles.
(CRI)
(CRI)
MODACRYLICS: Refer to Acrylics.
MOLDED RUBBER BACK: A type of carpet
backing. Liquid rubber is coated on the
carpet back and then rolled out with an
(CRI)
embossed roller.
MOLDING: A strip, generally of wod, at
the bottom of a baseboard or wall, to
cover the joint between wall and floor.
(CRI)
MONOFILAMENT: A filament large and strong
enough to be used directly as a yarn for
making textiles through any established
(CRI)
process
MORESQUE : A special coloring or textural
effect created by winding together in the
spinning process two or more yarns of
different colors or tones of the same
(CRI)
co Ior .
MULTIFILAMENT: Yarns made of many fila-
The finer
men ts plied or spun together.
the filaments spun together, the softer
and more luxurious the yarn and textiles
(CRI)
ÄEde from it.
NAP: The pile on the surface of e carpet
(CRI )
or rug.
NARROW CARPET: Fabric woven 27 inches
and 36 inches in width. (CRI)

****** Result for Image/Page 15 ******
SECTION 09680
NATURAL GRAY YARN: Unbleached undyed
yarn spun from a blend of black, brown or
(CRI)
gray wools
(I) Jacquard hor izontal
NEEDLE :
wires, rods or plungers. The forward and
backward movement of which is controlled
by the pattern punch cards. one end is
placed into a needle board and the ends
extend slightly beyond the board sur face.
The other end projects into a levelling
board, padder, needle box or spring box.
The forward and backward movanents posi—
tion the lash cord knots to be picked up
by the lash board, lifting board or
comber board, or the hooks to be picked
up by the griff remain in the grate.
(2) Axminster to retal rod
used to insert a shot of filling yarn
(3) hooks that make the
(4) needle with an
loops .
eye to punch the pile yarn through the
(5) Needlepunching——
backing material.
The needle that stitches the fibers to a
(CRI)
base fabr
NEEDLE BAR: The part of the knitting and
tufting machine used to hold the needles
(CRI )
in position
NEEDLE BOARD: (1) The part of the Jacquard
that holds the end of the needles that are
presented to the punched cards carried on
(2) The base that holds the
the cylinder.
(CRI )
needles for needlepunching.
NEEDLE BOX--SPRING BOX, LEVELLING BOARD,
PADDER: The part of the Jacquard that
holds the opposite ends of the needles to
the needle board. Contains springs to re—
position the needles pushed back by the
unpunched parts Of the pa ttern cards. (CRI )
NEEDLEPUNCHING: Layers or batts of loose
fiber are needled into a core or scrim
fabric to form a felted or flat—textured
material A needlepunched fabric can be
embossed, printed or laminated to a cush—
ion, or otherwise finished. (CRI)
NOIL : A by—product in wrsted yarn manufac—
ture, consisting of short wool fibers, less
than a determined length, which are combed
(CRI)
out .
NONWOVEN; A fabric 11Ede up of a
held together by a chemical or
(CRI)
ing agent.
NOSING: The front dividing I ine
where the top of a riser joins
(CRI)
a tread.
NYLON : A synthetic ma terial, of
polyamids derivable from coal,
web of fibers
fibrous bond—
of a step,
the front of
synthetic
air and
water, which is adapted for fashioning
into filaments of extrane toughness ,
strength and elasticity. (CRI)
ODOR: Abnormal or obnoxious gnells. Usu—
ally caused by fungi attacking jute or
sulfur compounds in Ia€ex back—size. (Ckl)
CARPETING
OILY WIRES: A gray or black discoloration
across the width of the carpet due to both
If oil is colorless,
dirty and Oily wire.
appearance of defect is delayed until car—
pet is in service and the difference in
(CRI)
soiling rate makes it apparent.
OILY YARN: Soiled yarn running In the warp
direction. Not always apparent at time of
in spection but is revealed in service by
difference in soiling rate. Generally
caused by excessive oiling of rings or
(CRI)
spinning or twisting equipment.
OLEFINS : Any long chain synthetic polymer
composed of at least by weight of ethy—
lene, propylene or other olefin units. (CRI)
ORIENTAL RUGS: Handwoven rugs made in the
(CRI)
Middle East and the Orient.
OUTDOOR CARPET: A term used to describe car—
pet that has been specially engineered so
that all e] ements of the product will resist
the ravages of the sun, rain and snow. Out—
door carpet is generally made of all syn—
Special attention has been
thetic mater ial .
paid to sun fade degradation of the pile
f i ber. (CRI )
Spun and wound yarn, placed on
PACKAGE DYED:
large perforated forms, is colored by dye
(CRI )
forced through the perforations.
(CRI)
PADDING: see carpet cushion.
PATENT-BACK CARPET: carpet so constructed that
the fabric can be cut in any direction, with—
out raveling of edges. The edges are joined
by tape and adhesives instead of being
(CRI)
sewed.
PATTERN: (1) Any ornamental feature that is
decorative in a fabric and serves to dis—
(2) The sketch
tin guish it from plainness.
to scale showing a design.
PATTERN BARS: A series of bars on the tufting
n•achine that are linked together by an end—
less chain to make a complete pattern. A
bar extends across the width of the machine
and con tainS grooves to accomV10date each
single end of face yarn. The grooves are cut
to various predetermined depths to control
the pile height by regulating the yarnfeed
(CRI )
and obtain a surface pattern.
PATTERN ROLLERS: A combination of rollers on
the tufting machine that determines both the
pile height and the pattern by controlling
(CRI )
speed of the yarnfeed.
STREAKS: occurs in all patterned car—
Sometimes the figures
pet to some degree.
line up in such a way as to be too obvious
and objectionable.
(CRI )
PICK: The number of weft yarns shuttled
across the warp yarns, and indicating close—
ness of weave lengthwise. A high grade
Wilton fabric may have 39 picks per inch,
or 3 shots of weft to each wire, (CRI)
09680

****** Result for Image/Page 16 ******
SECTION 09680
(1) The operation of taking the weft
PICKING:
(filling) through the warp shed during æaving.
(CRI)
(2) See mending.
PICKS PER INCH; The number of filling inser—
tions required to make one inch of fabric.
(CRI)
PIECE DYED: Entire carpet immersed in dye bath.
(CRI)
Used for dyeing tufted carpet.
PIGMENT : A finely divided, insoluble substance
used to deluster or color yarns or fabrics.
(CRI)
PIGMENTED YARNS : A dull or colored yarn spun
from a solution to which a pigment has been
added. (CRI )
The upright ends of yarn, whether cut or
PILE :
looped, that form the wearing surface of car—
(CRI)
pet or rugs.
PILE CRUSH: Bending of pi Ie by con stant walking
(CRI)
or the pressure of furniture.
PILE DENSITY: The number of tufts both across
In tufted car—
and lengthwise of the carpet.
pet the measure across the carpet is called
needles per inch, or gauge. Lengthwise is
called stitches per inch. (CRI)
PILE HEIGHT: The height Of pile mea sured from
the surface of the back to the top of the pile .
(CRI)
PILE SETTING: Brushing done after shampooing
to restore the damp pile to its original height.
A pile lifting machine or a pile brush is used.
(CRI)
PILE WIRE: A metal strip or rod over which the
(CRI)
yarn is woven to produce a pile.
PII.E YARN: The yarn used to forrn the loops or
(CRI)
tufts of carpet.
PILLING: A condition in certain fibers in which
strands of the fiber separate and become knotted
with other strands, causing a rough, spotty
appearance. Pilled tufts should never be pull—
ed from carpet, but may be cut off with sharp
(CRI)
scissors at the pile surface.
(CRI )
PITCH:
See Gauge.
PLAIN or FIAT WEAVE: A fabric with a flat sur-
face, in pla in, twill or fance æaves, having
a printed, stenciled, or "woven in" design,
(CRI)
and generally reversible.
PLANTING: A method pf placing spools of differ—
ent colors of surface yarn in frames back of
Jacquard Wilton looms so that more colors will
appear in the design than are supplied in the
full solid colors used. These extra "planted"
colors are usually arranged in groups of each
shade to give added interest to the pattern.
(CRI)
09680
- 10
CARPETING
PLUSH FINISH: A term used to describe a
dense cut pile carpet in which the sur—
face has a solid "mirror—liken appear—
ance. The ends of each tuft tend to
(CRI)
merge into a conunon surface.
PLY: The number of strands of yarn twist—
ed together to form a single yarn, as
(CRI )
in "2—pIy" or 3—pIy" .
Two or more strands, ends
PLIED YARNS:
or plys either twisted or otherwise co—
hesively entwined, intermingled or en—
(CRI)
tangled into a heavier yarn.
POLYESTER: A manufactured f i ber in which
the fiber—forming substance is any long
chain synthetic polymer composed of at
least 858 by weight of an ester of a
dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid
(CRI)
(p-HOOC-C6H4--COOH) •
POLYMER: In synthetics, the basic chemi—
cal unit from which fibers are made.
It
is made of large complex molecules formed
(CRI)
by uniting molecules (monomers) .
POLYPROPYLENE : High—molecular weight para—
ffin fiber made by the polymer ization of
propylene (FTC classification Olefin) .
(CRI )
POWDER: Absorbent granules containing a
dry cleaning fluid and other cleaning
agents are sprinkled over the surface of
the carpet. This is wrked into the car—
pet pile. Vacuuming removes the granules
and attached soil.
(CRI )
POWER STRETCHER: An extension-type ver-
sion of the knee—kicker, with more "teeth"
arranged in a head which can be adjusted
for depth of "bite" or used to stretch
larger areas of carpet that cannot be
(CRI )
handled by the knee kicker.
PRIME URETHANE CUSHION; Carpet cushion
made from virgin polyether urethane
(CRI )
foam slab stacks.
PRIMARY BACKING: The material on which
the carpet is constructed. The material
to which the visible secondary backing
is anchored. Usually j ute or polypro—
pylene. (CRI)
PRINT DYED: The pattern is screen pr inted
on the woven carpet by means of pre—
metalized dyes.
(CRI)
PRINTED CARPETE Carpet with surface pat-
terns applied by means of dyes used on
engraved rollers, wood blocks or screens.
(CRI )
PRINTING: The process of producing a pat—
tern with dyestuffs on carpet and rugs.
May be done by several methods, such
as screen printing (e.g., on Zimmer
equ ipment, which may be flat bed or

****** Result for Image/Page 17 ******
CARPETING
SECTION 09680
RESIST PRINTING: A dye-resist agent is .print-
rotary screen printing) , or on roller
ed on tufted carpet prior to piece dyeing.
equipment operating on relief—
(CRI)
equip—
printed principle (e.g. ,
(CRI )
ment ) .
RESTuTCH: A term applied to the remedial
steps necessary for the correction Of im—
PUCKERING: A condition in a carpet seam,
properly laid carpet resulting from appli—
due to poor layout or unequal stretch—
cation of wrong stretching techniques,
ing, etc., wherein the carpet on one
carpet defects or undetermined causes. (CRI)
side of the seam is longer or shorter
than åat on the other side, causing the
REVERSE COLORING: The process whereby the
long side to wrinkle or develop a "plea ted
dominant background colors and the top col—
effect.
or s of a fabric are reversed. It can be
done in Wilton weaves by changing the yarn
QUARTER: A quarter of a yard, or 9 inches,
(CRI)
colors of each frame.
formerly used as a unit of voven carpet—
width measure. A 27 inch carpet was
RISER: The vertical or front surface of a
therefore designated 3/4 carpet ard a 36
step, ri sing from the back of a tread. (CRI)
inch carpet was known as 4/4 carpet. To—
day actual feet and inches are given in
ROTARY BRUSH: A detergent solution is worked
(CRI )
describing carpet width.
into the pile of the carpet by the bristles
of the brush. some machines are equipped
(CRI )
See Match.
QUARTER DROP-MATCH:
with vacuums to remove the loose soil and
(CRI)
so Iu tion.
QUARTER—ROUND: A length of wood used for
finishing moldings and joints between
ROUND WIRE or LOOPED PILE: A Wilton or velvet
walls and floors, four of which, if
carpet woven with the pile yarn uncut. (CRI )
placed together along their straight
edges, wuld make a completely circular
ROVING : A loose cluster of fibers drawn or
(CRI )
(i . e. , cylinderical) "pole"
rubbed into a single strand with very little
twist; an intermediate stage between sliver
(1) A plain weave Itzde of rag
RAG RUG:
and yarn. (CRI )
strips, filling and cotton chain warp .
(2) Bra ided rag strips stitched together
ROWS or WIRES: The number of lengthwise yarn
(CRI)
by hand or machine .
In Axminster
tufts in one inch of carpet.
or chenille, they are called "rows", in
RANDOM SHEAÄED: Textured pattern created
Wilton and velvet, they are known as "wiresn
by shear ing some of the top or higher
(CRI )
loops and leaving others looped. (CRI)
RUBBER: A cushioned carpet back which may be
REED: A frame holding thin strips Of steel
applied in various forms, such as contoured,
with narrow spaces between them through
compressed or slab. Also, a separate rug
which the warp ends are drawn in a def in—
or carpet cushion. (CRI)
ite order. The reed is mounted in the
lay and used to distribute and spread
RUG: A term used to designate soft floor cover—
warp yarns and beat the filling up to the
ings laid on the floor but not fastened to
fell of the cloth. (CRI)
it. AS a rule, a rug does not cover the en—
tire floor .
(CRI )
REED 2ARK: Streak running in the E rp di—
rection caused by loose or bent reed. )
SAPONIFICATION : Reaction which causes acetate
to be converted to regenerated cellulose.
REMNANT: The remainder Of a roll of carpet
(CRI)
generally described in the carpet industry
as being under 9 feet in length by the
SAXONY FINISH: A term used to describe a
width of the roll from whiOh it cut.
dense cut pile, usually made of yarns that
(CRI )
have been plied and heat set, so that each
tuft end has a distinguishable appearance .
REPEAT: The distance from a point in a
pattern figure to the sartE point where it
(CRI)
occurs again, measuring lengthwise of the
SCALE DRAWING: A drawing in which the measure—
fabric •
ments represented are drawn to a predeter—
mined scale, such as 1/4 inch equals one
RESIDUAL SHRINKAGE: of shrinkage
foot, so that all elements and dimensions
remaining in a fabric after the decrease
in the drawing are proportional in length
in dimensions has been determined by pre—
and width to the actual room, floor or
shrinking; decrease in dimensions of a
building depicted.
(CRI)
fabric after washing or dry cleaning.
(CRI)
SCALLOPS : The up—and—down uneven effect
along the edge of carpet causedl by inden—
RESILIENCE: The ability of a carpet fabric
tations where tacks are driven.
(CRI )
or padding to spring back to its original
shape or thickness after being crushed
or wa Iked upon. (C RI)
- 11
09680

****** Result for Image/Page 18 ******
SECTION 09680
SCRAMBLER BOX: A device incorporated in sme
tyies of tufting pattern attachments to equal—
i ze the distance of travel of all pile ends
in the pattern groups repeating across the
machine width, and thus avoid problems arising
(CRI )
due to differences in ten sioning.
SCRIBING: Transferring the exact irregularities
Of a wall or other surface onto a piece of car—
pet, wood or paper, which is then cut to fit
(C RI)
those irregularities.
SCRIM BACK: A double back nude of light, coarse
fabric, cemented to a jute or kraftcord or
(See
synthetic back in tufted construction.
(CRI )
Double Back) .
SCULPTURED: In carpet, this refers to a type
of pattern forrned when certain tufts are eli—
minated or pile yarns are tightly to the
back to forra a specific design in the face of
the carpet. The pa ttern resulting simulates
(CRI)
the effect of hand carving.
See Back Seams; Face Seams; cross Seams;
SEAMS:
- 12
Side seams. (CRI )
SEAMLESS: Without seams. (CRI)
SECONDARY BACKING: The extra layer of rtzteri-
al laminated to the underside of the carpet
additional dimensional stability and body.
Usually latex foam, jute, polypropylene or
(CRI )
vinyl .
SECONDS: Carpets or rugs rejected for having
for
certain imperfections, flaws or devia tions of
weave and marked as "seconds" or 'V imperfect"
CRI)
by the manufacturer.
SELF—TONE : A pattern of two or more shades of
the same color. Whén two shades are used in
a pattern or design, it is called "two—tone"
(CRI )
The edge of a carpet so finished that
SELVAGE :
it will not ravel or require binding or hem—
(CRI)
ming.
SERGING: Also known as "oversewing," this is a
method of finishing the edge Of carpet
It is
customary to serge the side and bind the end.
(CRI )
SERRATED or UNDULATING or WAVY WIRES: A wire
cut high and low to a plan and combined in a
group to rotate in sequence to create a de—
sired pattern in the surface of the carpet.
(CRI)
SET or DROP—mTCH: In a set—match carpet pat—
tern, the figure matches straight across on
each side of the narrow carpet width; in a
drop—match, the figure matches of the
design; in a quarter drop—match, the figure
matches one—quarter of the length of the re—
peat on the opposite side.
SETTING: The process of preparing a pattern
the Axminster loom by winding the speci—
fled colored yarns on a spool in sequence re—
(CRI)
guired for weavxnge
09680
CARPETING
SEWING POLE: Any piece of wod or other
more or less rounded, over
which carpet may be laid in order to fa—
cilitate sewing and other related opera—
tions. Most installers prefer a wooden
pole about 4 inches in diameter that has
been slightly flattened on one side. (CRI)
SHADING: An apparent change of co Ior in
carpet pile caused as light is reflected
in different ways when pile fibers are
bent; not a defect, but a characteristic
especially of cut pile fabrics, includ—
(CRI )
ing upholstery and clothing .
Sæ.G : A low density type of carpet of cut
and/or loop pile construction wherein the
pile surface texture has a random tumbled
appearance. This effect is created in
use by the random layover of the pile
yarn in all directions, as distinguished
from the normal upr ight position of the
(CRI )
pile in plush carpet.
The process in manufacture in
which the fabric is drawn under revolving
cutting blades as in a lawn mower, in or—
der to produce a smooth face of the fabric .
(CRI)
SHED: The "V "—shaped opening behind the
race plate that is formed by warp ends
as they are raised and lowered by their
respective harnesses for the insertion
of the filling.
(CRI)
SHEEN-TYPE: A rug having a high luster,
usually produced by chemical washing.
(CRI)
SHOOTING or SPROUTING: Individual strands
of yarn protruding above the surface of
These may be extra long ends
the pile.
of tufts which were not sheared at the
mill, pieces of backing material which
have risen above the surface, loose ends
which vere not secured firmly, or occa—
sionally the untwisting of the tightly
twisted tufts in a twist weave carpet .
This condi tion Of sprouting or shooting
does not mean that the fabric is coming
It is
apart, for it does no damage.
only necessary to clip or shear these
The
loose ends even with pile surface .
sprouting yarns should not be pulled out.
(CRI )
SHORT ROLL: An unbound cut Of carpet gen—
erally described in the carpet industry as
being over 21 feet in length, but under 30
feet, by the width of the roll from which
(CRI)
it was cut.
SHOT: The number of weft yarns in relation
to each row of pile tufts crosswise in the
loom. A 2—shot fabric i s one having two
weft yarns for each row of pile tufts, a
3—shot fabric has three weft yarns for
(CRI)
each row of tufts.
SHRINKAGE: The contraction of fabrics after
wetting and drying
(CRI )

****** Result for Image/Page 19 ******
SECTION 09680
In weaving, a boat—shaped, wooden
. SHUTTLE :
instrurnent which holds the bobbin from
which the weft yarns unwind as the shuttle
(CRI)
pa s ses through the warp shed.
SHUTTLE BOX: The receivers on each side of
the loom that catch the shuttle as it
comes through the shed of the loom. (CRI)
SIDE SEAMS: Seams running the I ength of the
carpet, adding to the width. Also cal led
(CRI)
length seams .
SIZING: Operation consisting of applying
starch, gelatin, oil, wax or any other in—
gredient onto yarn to aid the process of
fabrication or to con trol fabric char ac—
teristics. Warp sizing is usually referred
(CRI)
to as slashing.
SKEIN DYED YARN: Surface yarn spun from wh ite
staple and dyed in kettles or vats by im—
mersion in skein form. (CRI)
SLIVER: A loose, soft, untwisted, strand
or rope of fibers.
SMASH: Breakage of a large number of warp
ends because of some irregularity in the
(CRI)
loom function.
SMYRNA: A reversible, double—plied rug,
woven from chenille fur strips without the
backing char acteristic of the chenille
weave. The binding yarns are cot—
(CRI)
ton, jute or paper.
SOIL RETARDANT : Agent applied to carpet pi Ie
(CRI)
yarns to resist soiling.
Dye or colored pigments add—
SOLUTION DYED:
ed to solution before extrusion of synthe—
(CRI)
tic filaments.
SPACE DYED: A special machine applies tw or
more colors to the yarn at predetermined in—
- 13
(CRI )
tervals prior to tufting .
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Ratio of the weight of a
given volume of the fiber to an equal vol—
urne of water taken as standard at sta ted
(CRI)
tempera ture s.
SPIKE ROLL: A spiked cylinder at the front
the loom that controls the number of rows
per inch in the carpet by regulating the
speed with which it advances the cloth.
(CRI)
of
(1) Chemical Spinning: The process
sp INNING ;
of producing manmade fibers, including the
extrusion of the spinning liquid through a
spinneret into a coagulating medium and the
winding of the filaments onto bobbins or in
cake form. (2) Mechanical Spinning: Twist—
ing together and drawing out short fibers
into continuous strands of yarn.
(CRI)
SPLüSH: term used to describe a sani—dense
cut pile carpet, about halfway in appear—
ance between a shag and a plush
The tufts
09680
CARPETING
lay less irregularly than a shag, but . not
(CRI)
as regular as a plush.
SPONGE CUSHION: A carpet cushion made of
chemically blown sponge, including both
(CRI)
waffle or flat surfaces.
(1) A cylinder with end flanges on
SPOOL :
which yarn is (2) Axr:
flanged interlocking ended c _ linder used
in "setting" on which pile yarn is wound
in a predetermined sequence to make a
(CRi)
pa ttern .
SPROUTING: Protrusion Of individual tuft or
yarn ends above the surface pile level of
carpet but may be clipped off with scissors
(CRI)
level with the pile surface.
SPUN DYED (Mass Pigmented, Dope Dyed) :
criptive of colored manmade fibers in which
the color ing rnatter is incorporated in the
substrate before extrusion as filament. (CRI)
STABILIZING: Treating a fabric so that it will
not shrink or stretch more than a certain per—
(CRI )
centage.
STAIN: The result of a foam substance being
deposited on a carpet with no success in re—
(CRI )
moval .
STANDING WIRE: A term applied to pile forming
wires that are fixed and extend through the
The height of the wire controls the
reed .
height of the pile ends.
(CRI)
Fiber in the natural, unprocessed
STAP LE ;
state, usually in short lengths, which must
be spun or twisted into yarn, as opposed to
continuous filament.
(CRI)
STAPLE FIBER: The short lengths into which
filament yarns are cut to enable them to be
spun on conventional spinning machihery.
(CRI)
STAPLE NYLON: Nylon composed of specially en—
gineered fibers cut into short staple for
spinning yarns.
(CRI)
STATIC SHOCK; The discomfort experienced by
a per son touching a conductive object and
grounding to earth a static charge accumula—
ted in the body by external friction.
(CRI)
STAY TACKING: Temporary tacking of the carpet
to hold the stretch. (CRI)
STEP RETURN: A bottom step, the nosing of
which extends out considerably over the ri—
It is frequently wider than the rest
ser .
of the stairs, and is usually curved at
the ends. Known also as a bullnose. (CRI)
STIFFNESS: Ability of a fiber or fabric to
resist bending . (CRI)
STITCHES: The number of I engthwise yarn tufts
in one inch of tufted carpet.
(CRI)

****** Result for Image/Page 20 ******
CARPETING
SECTION 09680
TENACITY: Stress appl led to produce a
STITCH LENGTH: The length of yarn from a
particular elongation in a f iber. The
(CRI )
statch is made.
breaking tenacity is the stress required
to elongate a fiber to the breaking
STOCK DYED YARN: Surface yarn spun from fibers
(CRI )
point.
that have already been dyed in staple form
Compare Skein dyed
in large quantities.
TENSILE STRENGTH: Breaking strain of yarns
yarn. (CRI)
High tensile strength means
or fabrics.
(CRI )
strong yarns of fabrics.
STOP MARKS: A m.•rk across the width of tufted
carpet caused sy off—standard feed relation—
TEXTURE: A surface effect obtained by us—
ship of either yarn or cloth feed or both on
ing different heights of pile or two or
the start up on the machine. (CRI)
more forms of yarn, or by alternating the
round and cut pile wires, by "brocade" en—
STREAK : A discoloration extended as an irregu—
graving, simulated or actual carving or
(CRI )
lar stripe in the carpet.
shaving with an electric razor, or other
special treatment of the design, to give
STRETCH: The lengthening of a filarnent, yarn ,
added interst beyond that provided by the
(CRI)
or fabric when stress is applied.
(CRI )
wven design or tones.
STRIA or STRIPED: A striped effect obtained
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: The measurement of
by twisting loosely two strands of one shade
(CRI )
heat flow through a material.
of yarn with one. strand of a lighter or dark—
er The single yarn appears like irreg—
Specialty yarns of
THICK and THIN YARNS:
(CRI)
ular stripes.
(CRI )
varying thickness.
STUFFERS: Extra yarns running lengthwise through
THREADING; (I) The process of drawing the
a woven fabric to increase weight and strength.
yarn ends through the tube frame which
(CRI)
prepares pile spools for the Axrninster
loom. (2) Same as "drawing in " (CRI)
SWATCH: small piece of fabric used as a repre—
(CRI )
sentative sample of the goods.
THREE-QUARTER CARPET: The term used in
referring to a fabric woven 27 inches in
TABBY EAVE: A type of weaving used to give a
width ( or 3/4 of the standard yarn) .
staggered diagonal pattern across the weft
is a carryover from the early days of
yarns. Most commonly used in loomed carpet
carpet weaving when the European "e11"
(CRI )
construction.
was the standard width for weaving carpet
Since an ell is equivalent to 27
strips.
TABLET TEST: Standard testing me thod for car—
inches and since the U.S. standard mea—
pet flamnabil i ty using methenamine reagent tab—
sure is the yard, the term 3/4 carpet
let for ignition, under controlled condi tions .
(CRI )
was coined.
(CRI)
Sornetimes referred to as "pill test" .
THRESHOLD: The raised board beneath a
TAK DYEING: A process in which dye is applied over
door. Also known as sill or saddle. (CRI)
a continuous dyed fabric by a controlled " sprin—
(CRI)
k let' technique.
TIMING: The proper relationship of vari—
ous actions and movements in the loom and
TAKE UP (Also Crimp): The difference in distance
(CRI )
the tufting machines.
between two points Of a yarn as it lies in
fabric and the same two points when the yarn
TIP SHEARING: Texture pattern created in
has been removed and straightened, expressed
the same way as random shearing, but
as a percent of the extended length. Similar
generally less def inite than random shear—
to extended length used in tufting except that
(C RI)
extended length is linear and the base is one
inch of carpet. (CRI)
T(NE ON mNE: carpet pattern made by us—
ing two or more shades of the sarne hue.
Extended Len th—Woven Len th x 100 =
Take Up
(CRI )
Extended Lengt
TOP COLORS : Colors of the yarn used to
TAKE UP ROLL: Refers to the shaft that winds up
form the design, as distingui shed from
the cloth after it leaves the "spike roll
(CRI )
ground color.
TOTAL WEIGHT: weight per square yard of
TAPESTRY: A term formerly, but now rarely, used
the total carpet pile, yarn, primary and
to describe a looped pile fabric wven on the
(CRI )
secondary backings and coatings .
velvet loom. (CRI )
TRAFFIC: The passing to—and—fro of per sons
TEMPLATE: A pattern, generally of paper or
with special reference to carpet wear
(CRI)
cardboard for shaping carpet to be cut.
resulting therefrom. (CRI )
09680
- 14

****** Result for Image/Page 21 ******
CARPETING
SECTION 09680
VINYL: A synthetic carpet back which may be
TREAD: The horizontal part of a step on
applied in either a "hard n or cushioned
(CRI)
which the foot treads.
form. (CRI)
TUBE FRAMES A device on the Axrninster loom
VINYL FOAM CUSHIONING: A type of carpet cush-
consisting of a base mernber on which are
ioning made from the combination
mounted supports to receive pile yarn
(CRI )
of solids and liquids.
spools, guide tubes through which pile ends
are drawn, a friction device to provide
WARP: A series of threads or yarns (usually
tension while the spool is unrolling and
delivered from a beam) running lengthwise in
catches to hold the assembly on an end—
the carpet. Usually consists of chain,
less cha in . (CRI)
stuffer and pile warp. (CRI)
TUFT BIND: The force required to pull a
WARP PIIE : An extra set of warp yarns woven
tuft from a cut pile floor covering or to
into a fabric to form an upright pile. (CRI)
pull free one leg of a loop from a looped
(CRI)
pile floor covering.
Fiber and yarn by—products created in
vmsTE:
the manufactur ing and processing of fibers
TUFTED CARPET; Carpet or rug fabric that is
(CRI)
not woven in the usual manner , but formed
or yarns.
by the insertion of thousands Of needles
Surface and backing yarns are inter—
WEAVING:
that punch tufts through a fabric backing
laced or Inven together, in one operation.
on the principle of the sewing machine .
( See
Several types of looms are employed.
(CRI)
(CRI )
Axminster, Wilton, Velvet) .
TUFTING: Process of stitching fabric, leav—
VEFT OR WOOF: The threads running across a
ing the stitcheg long enough to be cut off
woven fabric from selvage edge to selvage
(CRI )
or left as loops.
edge, binding in the pile and weaving in
(CRI )
the warp threads.
TUFTS: The cut or uncut loops of a pile fab—
(CRI )
ric .
WEIGHTING: Finishing materials applied to a
(CRI)
fabric to give increased weight.
TUNNEL TEST; A test method measuring flame
spread, fuel contribution and gnoke den—
WIDTH: Distance between the two selvages of
sity of building materials. Reference——
(CRI)
a cloth.
(CRI )
ASTM E-84.
WILTON : Named after a town in England. This
The number Of turns about its axis
TWIST:
carpet weaving process employs a Jacquard
(TPI )
per inch of yarn.
pattern making mechanism, operating on the
same principle as player piano rolls, with
TWIST CARPET: Surface texture created with
punched pattern cards determining pile height
tightly—twisted yarns, resulting in a
and color selection; most often used for
(CRI)
nubby or pebbly effect.
pa tterns and multilevel textures. (CRI)
TWO—TONES: A design or pattern obtained by
WIRES: Metal strips inserted in the weaving
(CRI )
using two shades of the same color .
shed in Wilton and velvet weaves so that
the surface yarns are bound over them, form—
UNDERLAY : see Carpet cush ion.
(CRI)
ing a loop of the proper height, in round
wire construction, loops are left uncut; in
VAT DYES: Dyes forrned in fabrics by oxida—
cut pile, flat wires with knife edges are
tion and precipitation of the original dye
used, cutting loops as wire is withdrawn.
indigo Vat dyeing refers
liquor; e.g. ,
(CRI)
to a kind of dye rather than a method of
dyeing Raw stock dyeing, skein dyeing,
WIRE IGHT: The part on which the wires
or solution dyeing can be performed with
sl ide and wire hopper travels on a broad
(CRI )
vat dyes.
velvet or Wilton loom. (CRI)
VELVET CARPET: A Wven carpet trade on a
WOOLEN YARN: A rather soft, bulky yarn spun
cam loom very similar to the Wilton loom,
from both long and short wol fibers not
except that there is no Jacquard motion to
combed out straight but lying in all di—
control when each indiv idual yarn rises to
rections so that they interlock and pro
the surface. Today most velvet carpet pro—
(CRI)
duce a felt—like texture.
duced is a level loop fabric in tweed or
Some cut pile plush or
plain colors.
WORSTED YARN: Made of long staple carpet
(CRI )
splush fabrics are also produced.
f iber and combed to parallel the fiber and
remove the extremely short f ibers. (CRI)
VELVET FINISH: A term used to describe the
sur face of a dense cut pile carpet, pro—
WOVEN BACKING: Backing produced by a weav—
duced usually on a tufting machine or vel—
ing process using natural fiber, such as
vet loom. See also Plush, Splush and
jute, cotton duck or synthetic yarns. (CRI)
Saxony Finish .
(CRI )
- 15
09680

****** Result for Image/Page 22 ******
CARPETING
SECTION 09680
(or Yardage) Cloth sold by the run—
YARD. GOODS*
ning yard as distinguished from manmade gar—
(CRI)
ment s.
YARN: A continuous strand for tufting, weaving
(I) Continuous filament yarn;
or knitting ;
Yarn formed into a continuous strand fran two
(2) spun yarn
or more continuous filaments.
Yarn formed from staple by spinning or twist—
ing into a single continuous strand or yarn.
(CRI )
YARN DYEING: . spun fiber or yarn dyed before
(CRI)
carpet is manufactured.
The number of strands of single yarns
YARN PLY:
twisted together to form one carpet yarn .
(CRI)
(CRI)
YARN SIZE: Refer to count.
YARN WEIGHT: Number of yards of yarn per unit
(CRI)
of weight.
- 16
09680

****** Result for Image/Page 23 ******
SPECIAL FLOORING
SECTION 09700
. For terms relating to this Section,
in:
Section 09400
section 09900
— Terrazzo
— Painting
see terms
09700

****** Result for Image/Page 24 ******
SECTION 09760
. FLOOR TREATMENT :
disseminating
FbOOR TREATMENT
(CSI )
For other
terms in:
Section
Section
Section
Section
meta Ilic—type stat ice
and spark—resistant finish.
relating to this Section, see
terms
09400 -
09700 -
09800 -
09900 -
Terrazzo
Special Flooring
Special Coatings
Painting
09760

****** Result for Image/Page 25 ******
SECTION 09900
ABRASION RESISTANCE: Resistance to being
worn away by rubbing or friction; relat—
ed more to toughness than to hardness. A
necessary quality for floor finishes, ena—
(NPCA)
mels and varnishes.
ABRASIVE: A material used for wearing away
a surface by rubbing. Examples of abra—
sives are: powdered pumice, rottenstone ,
silica, sandpaper, steel wol. These ma—
terials are used for snoothing rough sur—
They also are used
faces before painting
for producing "rubbed" finishes on fine
(PDCÄ)
furniture and wodwozk .
ABSORPTION: Process of soaking up, or assi—
milation of one substance by another. (PDCA)
ACCELERATOR: Catalyst; a material which ac-
celerates the hardening of certain coatings.
(PDCA)
ACCELERATED WEATHERING: Manmade methods of
rapidly duplicating or reproducing actual
(PDCA)
weather conditions .
ACOUSTIC PAINT: paint which absorbs or dead-
(PDCA)
ens sound.
ACRYLIC: Synthetic resin similar to that used
in transparent, glass—like plastics. Widely
used as a latex and as a solvent—thinned
coating which is often described as an acry—
lic lacquer. These are film—forming sub—
stances made by polyrnerizing a monomer such
as ethyl acrylate. They are similar in per—
formance to the vinyl resins except they
show excellent ultra—violet resistance and
maintain their flexibility through a wide
range of conditions. Also obtainable as
an emulsion and is used extensively in ex—
terior latex paints (PDCA)
ACTIVATOR: catalyst or curing agent. (PDCA)
ADHESION: The property which rtEkes a paint
(PDCA)
film stick to a surface.
ADSORPTION: process of attraction to a sur—
face; attachment; the retention of foreign
molecules on the surface of a substance.
(PDCA)
ADtTLTERÄTION; The substitution of inferior
materials for those accepted as standard.
(PDCÄ)
(PDCA)
AGITATOR: stirrer; mixer.
AIR DRY: The ability of a paint or coating
to dry under normal conditiöns of - tempera—
(NPCA)
ture and humidity.
Spray gun valve con—
AIR ADJUSTING VALVE:
(PDCA)
trolling input air.
AIR BUBBLE: Bubble In paint film caused by
(PDCA)
entrapped air.
AIR CAP or AIR NOZZI.E: Perforated housing
for atomizing air at head of spray gun.
(PDCA)
09900
PAINTING
AIR DRY; To dry a coating under ordinau
50 to 80 degrees
room conditions; i.e. ,
Fahrenheit with 40 to relative humidity.
(PDCA)
AIR mTRAPMENT: Inclusion of air bubbles in
paint f (PDCA)
AIR HOSE: Hose of air supply quality, usually
(PDCA)
red.
AIR JET (BLAST CLEANING): Type of blast
clean ing gun in which the abrasive is con—
veyed to the gun by partial vacuum. (PDCA)
AIR MANIFOLD : Conunon air supply chamber for
(PDCA)
several lines.
AIR TRANSFORMER: Device for controlled re-
(PDCA)
ductj on in air pressure.
AIR VALVE: Control valve in air line system.
(PDCA)
AIR VOLUME: Quantity of air in cubic feet
(usually per minute) at atmospheric pres—
sure. (PDCA)
AIRLESS SPRAY: The principal here is to in—
crease the fluid pressure of paint by means
of a pump. When this pressure is released
to the spray nozzle, atomization occurs. Ad—
vantages over air spray include higher film
(PDCA)
build, and little or no overspray.
ALCOHOL: A flanunable solvent; alcohols com—
monly used in painting are ethyl alcohol
(ethanol) and methyl alcohol (methanol
(PDCA)
wod alcohol) .
ALCOHOL RESISTING: Showing on damage when in
(PDCA)
contact with alcohol.
ALIPHATIC: The name usually applied to petro—
leum products derived from a paraffin base
crude oil, and sometimes called n straight
chain hydrocarbons. Among the typical ali—
pha tic hydrocarbons are gasoline, mineral
(PDCA)
spirits, naphtha and kerosene.
ALKYD; A synthetic resin which is a condensa—
tion product involving a polybasic acid, suc.
as phthalic, maleic, or succinic, and a poly
hydr ic alcohol such as glycerine and the gly
cols, usually with addition of a modifying
They are used in paints, varnishes
agent.
(PDCA)
and lacquers.
ALLIGATORING: This term is used to refer to
a painted surface on which cracks, resemb—
ling the hide of an alligator, have formed.
Cortu•non cause of this condition is the appli—
cation Of thick films which prevent the un—
der surface from becoming thoroughly dry and
hard, or from drying the paint in poorly
venti lated rooms. (PDCA)
ALUMINUM PAINT; A mixture of finely divided
aluminum particles, in flake form, combined
with a vehj.cle such as thin varnish. (PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 26 ******
SECTION 09900
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE: Room temperature or
(PDCA)
ture of surroundings.
Curing agent combined with epoxy
AMIDES :
(PDCA)
Cur ing agent combined with epoxy
AMINES :
(PDCA)
temper a—
resins.
re sins .
ANALINE COLORS: A term loosely used to indicate
(PDCA)
coal tar dyes or derivatives.
ANCHOR PATTERN: profile, surface roughness. (PDCA)
ANCHORAGE: The mechanical effect of paint "key—
ing" itself into the surface of or other
This
materials to which it has been applied.
effect is similar to the "clinch" of plaster
(PDCA)
anchorage between the lath
Blast cleaning at angles less
ANGLE BLASTING :
(PDCA)
than 90 degrees.
ANCLE OF DECREE (AIRLESS SPRAY CAP): Orifice angle;
controls width of spray, pat tern angle. (PDCA)
(PDCA)
ANHYDROUS; Free from moisture.
ANTICORROSIVE PAINT: Metal paint designed to in-
hibit corrosion and rusting, Applied directly
to the metal, usually as a primer for finish
(PDCA)
coats .
ANTI-FOULING PAINT; The final coat of paint ap-
plied to the hull of a ship below the water
line. contains poisonous substances, such as
red or yellow mercuric oxide, red cuprous
oxide, or metallic soaps containing mercury ,
Its purpose is to prevent
copper or the like.
the growth of marine life, such as barnacles,
which greatly retard the speed of a ship. (PDCA)
ANTIQUE FINISH: A finish usually applied to fur—
(PDCA)
niture to give the appearance of age.
APPLICATOR: one who applies; tool for applying .
(PDCA)
APPRENTICE PAINTER: one engaged in learning the
painting trade who is covered by a written ag—
reement with an employer, associ ation of em—
ployers or other responsible agency. Such an
agreement provides for a certain number of years
of reasonably continuous employment and for par—
tic i pation in an approved program of training in
(PDCA)
related technical and general subjects.
ARCING: Swinging spray gun away from perpendicu—
(PDCA)
lar.
ARCHITECTURAL ENAMEL: An enamel designed for use
on interior trim. May be gloss, semi—gloss,
(PDCA)
satin or eggshell.
AROMATIC :
to I u01
powder.
ASPHALT :
so the
(PDCA)
Refers to solvents such as xylene and
which possess a good to high solvent
(PDCA)
Black solid bitumen found natura II y. A1—
residue from distillation of petroleum.
09900
PAINTING
ASPHALT VARNISH: A mixture of asphalt and
a drying oil. Often used where high
( PDCA)
acid resistance is necessary .
ATOMIZE: Break stream into small parti—
(PDCA)
cles.
BACK PRIMING: Applying a coat of paint to
the back of wodwork and exterior sid—
ing to prevent moisture from entering
the mod and causing the grain to swell.
(PDCA)
BAKING FINISHES: Baking at elevated tem-
per atures improves certain types of
coatings used on metal articles, such
as automobiles and refrigerators, etc .
Baking may be done in an oven, under
inf rared lamps, or by induction heat—
ing according to the demands of shape,
The ar—
space and other requirements.
tic Ie that is coated must, of course,
be able to withstand the temperature
required for the proper baking of the
finish. Baking is usually employed to
speed drying and step up production .
(PDCA)
Shielding or blocking
BARRIER COATING:
coating or f i Im. (PDCA)
Sometimes called Benzol. Often
BENZENE:
confused with Benz ine due to similarity
in pronunciation Benzene is a very
powerful solvent for many materials. Its
use is restricted, however, due to its
toxicity and also due to the fact that
it is a fire hazard. Its use is gener—
ally restricted to industrial finishes
(PDCA)
for spray application
BENZINE : A hi ghIy volatile petroleum prod—
uct often used as a lacquer diluent.
Highly flanunable and a fire hazard both
in shipping and storage and when used in
the home by an inexper ienced per son. It
has low solvent power, and is fast evap—
(PDCA)
orating .
(PDCÄ)
BENZOL: see Benzene .
BINDER: The f i Im—forming ingredient in
paint that binds the pigment particles
together . (PDCÄ)
BITUMASTIC: A protective coating used
It is
primar ily for waterproof ing.
made from specially ref ined coal tar
(PDCA)
pitch and fillers.
BITUMEN: Originally asphalt. NOW any
mineral hydrocarbon, but usually black
(PDCA)
pitchy material.
BLAST ANGLE: Angle of nozzle with ref-
erence to surface; also angle of parti—
cle propelled from rotating blast clean—
ing wheel with reference to surface.
(PDCA)
Cleaning with propelled
BLAST CLEAN ING:
(PDCA)
abras ives .

****** Result for Image/Page 27 ******
SECTION 09900
BLEACHING: Restoring discolored or stained
wood to its normal color, or making it
(PDCA)
lighter by using a bleaching agent.
Some of
See "Bleachi ng
BLEACHING AGENTS:
the bleaching agents used are potassium
permanganate, sodium bisulfite, sodium
(PDCA)
hypo—sulfite and hydrogen peroxide.
BLEACHING LACQUER: Bleaching lacquers are
basic lacquers containing bleach solutions.
They are used for lightening effects on
dark mods . (PDCA)
BLEEDING: Migration Of a dye or stain from
stained wod or an undercoat into subse—
quent coats. This usually occurs as the
result of solubility in the vehicle por—
t ion of the top coat. It can often be pre—
vented or reduced by the application of an
intermediate coat of shellac, aluminum
For example, a
paint or enulsion paint.
white enamel applied over mahogany wod—
wrk or over a brilliant red enamel will
(PDCA)
develop ink spots in a few weeks .
BLEEDING STAIN: Stain which w rks up or
"bleeds" through succeeding coats of fin—
(PDCA)
ishing materials.
BLENDING: The wrd "blending" is of ten used
synonymously with the word "mixing
When
two materials are blended, they are inti—
(PDCA)
mately mixed.
BLISTERING: Caused usually by applying paint
to a surface containing excessive misture.
Blistering rnay also occur vhen moisture
enters painted %ood through some indirect
source such as poor joints or careless car—
pentry worke It may also be caused by ex—
(PDCA)
cessive heat.
coat or transition pri—
(Barrier
BLOCK com:
mer) —tie coat (adhesive) between noncompati—
(PDCA)
ble paints.
BLOOM; A fluorescence or deposit on a var—
Sorne times
nished or lacquered surface.
caused by a thin film of foreign material
such as smoke, dust or oil, or by allowing
the finish to dry in a poorly ventilated
(PDCÄ)
atmo sphe re.
BLOWN OIL: A vegetable or fish oil which
has been thickened (bod led) by air blown
(PDCA)
through it while heated .
BLOW TORCH: An instrument used in burning
off paint f 11m. Should be used only by
It is a dangerous
exper ienced operators.
f ire hazard when used by amateurs. (PDCA)
BLUSHING: Cloudiness in the surface of a
film. Usually caused by drying under im —
proper condi tions. Frequently used in the
trade as synonymous with Blooming. (PDCA)
BODIED OIL; Made from alkali—refined I in—
seed oil, which is kettle—bodied urder
(PDCA)
heat .
09900
PAINTING
BODY: Thi ckness of a fluid. Becoming qbso—
lete. More suitable words are Consistency
or Viscosity. (PDCA)
BOILED OIL: Drying oil treated with driers
(PDCA)
to shorten the drying time.
(PDCA)
BONDING: Adhesion •
BOXING: Mixing paint by pour ing from one
bucket to another several times to assure
most uniform consistency and smoothness. (PDCA
BREATHE: The ability of a paint film to per—
mit the passage of moisture vapor without
causing blistering, cracking or peeling.
(PDCA)
BREATHING-TYPE COATING: A coating which is
sufficiently permeable to permit transmis—
sion of water vapor without detr imental
(PDCA)
effect to itself.
BRIDGING: The ability of a paint or enamel
to cover a crack, a void, or other small
gap. Bridging is closely related to the
surface tension and plasticity of the prod—
(PDCA)
uct.
(PDCA)
BRIGHT BLAST: White blast.
BRONZING LIQUID: A vehicle especially formu—
lated for use as binder for aluminum or
(PDCA)
gold bronze powder .
BRUSH: A tool composed of bristles set into
a handle; often used to apply coatings.
Bristles may be synthetic (needed for water—
thinned paints) or natural, such as hog
hair .
(NPCA)
BRUSHABILITY: The ability or ease with which
(NPCA)
a paint can be brushed.
BRUSH hmRKS: Marks of the brush that remain
in the dried paint film. (NPCA)
BRUSH-OFF-BLAST: see NACE NO. 4 under the
alphabetical listing of N. (PDCA)
BUILD: Apparent thickness or depth of the
(NPCA)
paint after drying.
BURNISHING: Shiny or lustrous spots on a
paint surface caused by rubbing (NPCA)
BUTADIENE-STYRENE: A synthetic latex simi-
lar to synthetic rubber and used in Ia tex
paints.
(PDCA)
CALCIMINE : A water—thinned paint composed
essentially of calcium carbonate or clay,
and glue. Sometimes spelled kalsomine. (PDCA
CALCIUM CARBONATE (CALCITE, MARBLE DUST ,
CARBONATE OF LIME, ENGLISH WHITING, LIMESTONE
CLIFFSTONE WHITING): A white crystalline sub
stance used as an extender pigment and as
a putty ingredient.
(PDCA)
CALCIUM DRIERS: Used widely in combination
with other metal driers to convert paint
to hard films. (PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 28 ******
SECTION 09900
CALCIUM SULPHATE: A white inert pigment which is
practically free from color and opacity when
It is used
ground in oil or grinding vehicle.
(PDCA)
as an extender pigment.
CARBON BLACK: Jet—black, nonbleeding pigment,
made by burning natural gas in insufficient sup—
(PDCA)
ply of air.
(PDCA)
CARBONATE OF LEAD: see White Lead.
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE: A nonflarmable liquid with
(PDCA)
good solvent properties .
CARMINE: A brilliant red—like pigment with little
hiding power. Must be used over a solid cover—
(PDCA)
ing ground color of a similar shade.
CASEIN: The protein of milk and the principal
constituent of cheese which is used extensively
(PDCA)
in the manufacture of water paints.
CASTOR OIL: Oil obtained from the castor bean.
Nondrying. May be converted to a drying oil
by chemical treatment, and is then known as
(PDCA)
dehydrated castor oil .
CATALYST: A reaction promoter. A substance
present in minor amounts which induces, alters
or accelerates a chemical reaction. A cata—
lyst is unchanged by the reaction which it
(PDCA)
crea tes .
CAT—EYE: Hole or holiday shaped I ike a cat •s
(PDCA)
eye; cratering.
CAULKING COMPOUND: A semi—drying or slow—drying
plastic material used to seal joints or fill
crevices around windows, chimneys, etc. Usu—
ally made in two grades, the gun type for ap—
plication by use of a special gun; and the
knife type for use with a putty knife. (PDCA)
CELLULOSE; An Inert substance, the chief compo—
nent of the cell walls of plants. Nitrocellu—
lose, used extensively in making lacquer, is
prepared from cellulose (cotton linters) by
(PDCA)
treatment with chemicals.
CEMENT BASE PAINT: A paint composed of Portland
cement, lime, pigment and other modifying in—
Sold as dry powder Mixed with
gredients .
water for application.
(PDCA)
CHALKING: The decomposition of a paint film by
lesion into a loose powder on the film sux—
face. Mild chalking, accompanied by satis—
factory color retention in tinted paint, is
considered a desirable characteristic. Heavy
chalking which washes off to leave an unpro—
tected surface is highly undesir able. Before
recoating a heavily chalked surface, all of the
This is usually ac—
chalk should be removed .
complished by vigorous brushing .
(PDCA)
Shallow crack of short length. (PDCA)
CHECK:
The formation of short narrow cracks
CHECKING :
in the surface of a paint film. These cracks
may assume many patterns, but the usual ones
resemble the print of a bird's foot or small
09900
PAINTING
squares. These cracks usually curl 1.12
and flake off as the paint film ages.
(PDCA)
CHINA CI.AY: A mineral used as extender
pigment mostly aluminum silicate. (PDCÄ)
(PDCA)
CHINAWOOD OIL: see Tung Oil.
(PDCA)
CHINESE BLUE: A form of iron blue.
CHINESE RED: Chrome orange deep--a basic
(PDCA)
lead chromate.
CHLORINATED RUBBER: A synthetic resin
made by chlorinating rubber under speci—
It is characterized by
fled conditions .
a neutral acidity, resistance to acid and
alkalies, and its solubility in aromatic
and aliphatic hydrocarbons and turpen—
It is insoluble in lacquer sol—
tine .
(PDCA)
vents and al cohol .
CHROMA: Intensity or depth of color. The
quality Of a color that relates to its
concentration.
(PDCA)
CHROME GREEN : A green pigment composed of
iron blue and chrome yellow. Now res—
tr icted in use .
(PDCA)
CHROME ORANGE. An orange pigment composed
pr incipally of basic lead chromate. Now
(PDCA)
restricted in use.
CHROME YELLOW: A yellow pigment composed
primarily of lead chromate Now restrict—
(PDCA)
ed in use
CHROMIUM OXIDE GREEN: A dark green pigment.
Should not be confused with Chrome Green .
(PDCA)
CLEAR COATING : A transparent protective
and/or decorative film, (PDCA)
CLOSE-GRAIN WOODS: W00dS such as birch,
maple, etc., where the fibers are fine
and are held closely together are cal led
close —grain woods. (PDCA)
CLOUDINESS: When a nonpigmented material
such as varnish, lacquer or oil is not
clear and transparent, it is said to be
This term is sometimes used
"cloudy" .
(PDCA)
in conjunction with blushing .
COAL TAR ENAMEL: A coal tar coating which
dries to a hard, glossy film. Often
used for protection of metal from corro—
(PDCA)
sion.
COAGULATE; To change from a liquid to
(PDCA)
a thickened curdled state.
COAL TAR-EPOXY PAINT: Paint in which bind-
er or vehicle is a combination of coal
(PDCA)
tar with epoxy resin .
COAL TAR PITCH: Refined, common pitch
obtained as distillation residue from
coal tar.
(PDCA )

****** Result for Image/Page 29 ******
SECTION 09900
COAL TAR SOLVENT: Derived from the distilla-
tion of coal tar. Four main pr oducts for
the paint industry are benzol,• toluol, xy—
101 and solvent naphtha . (PDCA)
COATING: A paint, varnish, lacquer or other
finish used to create a protective and/or
(NPCA)
decorative layer .
COHESION : Property Of holding se If together
(PDCA)
COLD WATER PAINT: The paint in which the
binder or vehicle portion is cornposed of
casein, glue or other protein material
Usua Ily employed on con—
dissolved in water.
(PDCA)
crete, masonry or plaster surfaces.
COLLOID : A material compose of ultramicro—
scopic particles of a solid, liquid or a
gas dispersed in a different redium which
can be solid, liquid or a gas. A latex
is a colloid composed of a dispersion Of
ultramicroscopic resin par ticles in a wa—
ter medium. This is contrasted with a sol u—
tion where the resin particles are soluble
in the liquid and dissolved when combined
(PDCA)
with it.
COLOR: A term used variously to designate
the colors of the spectrum; to denote the
pigments used to produce various colors in
paints, enamels and lacquers; and to ex—
press the act of applying color to an ob—
ject by means of paint, lacquer, stain,
(PDCA)
etc
: A paste formed by mixing
a color pigment with japan. Used princi—
(PDCA)
pally for tinting.
COLOR—IN—OIL: A paste formed by mixing a
color pigment in linseed or other vege—
Used principally for tinting .
table oil.
Concentrated color that can be
COLORANT
added to paints to make specific colors,
(NPCA)
(NPCÄ)
COLORFAST: Fade resistant.
COLOR RETENTION: The ability of a film of
paint or varnish to show little change in
original color after being exposed to the
(PDCA)
wea ther.
COLOR STABILITY: A pigmented product i s
considered stable when it shows no color
change in its wet shade
(PDCA)
COLOR STRENGTH (PIGMENTS): Relative strength
or ability of pigments to color base nuteri—
al which is white or light in color. (PDCA)
COLOR-UNIVERSAL: Tinting colors similar to
colors—in—oil except they are formulated
to be compatible with a wide variety of
solvent—thinned paints as well as water—
thinned (latex) paints. Manufacturer' s
instructions are the best guides to compati—
bility with modern complex chemical coatings .
(PDCA)
09900
PAINTING
COMMERCIAL BLAST: see NACE NO. 3 under .the
(PDCA)
alphabetical listing Of N.
COMMERCIALLY PURE (C.P.): This term defines
the purity of a substance on the basis of
accepted conunercial standards . (PDCA)
COMPATIBILITY: Ability to become blended
(PDCA)
with otrprs.
COMPLEMENTARY COLORS: Two contrasting or
opposite colors which combine the use of
(PDCA)
three pr imary colors.
COMPOSITION; Analysis; make-up (PDCA)
CONCRETE: Testing for Alkaline Material in:
concrete may be tested for evidence of alka—
Ii by applying a few drops of a 18 solution
of phenolphthalein in alcohol to scattered
spots on floor which have been dampened with
If masonry is alkaline, drops turn
water.
red or purple. Another method is to dampen
several pieces of red litmus paper and apply
If lit—
them at random over concrete floor .
mus paper turns blue, alkali is present and
neutralizing agent is essential before paint—
(PDCA)
ing .
CONVERTER; That which causes change to differ—
ent state; catalyst; curing agent; promoter.
(PDCA)
COOL COLORS: Hues or colors in which blue
pr edxuinates. The term t' cool " is used be—
cause of the association with ice, water
(PDCA)
and sky.
COPPER STAINING: Usually caused by corrosion
of copper screens, gutters, or downspouts
Can be
washing dom on painted surfaces.
prevented by painting or varnishing the cop—
per. (PDCA)
COVERAGE: The area over which a g iven amount
of paint will spread and hide the previous
(Usually expressed in square feet
surface.
per gallon)
(PDCA)
CRACKING: A form of paint failure in which
cracks or breaks in the paint film extend
through all coats down to the building ma—
This defect is caused by
terial itself.
the use of paint which, because of its com—
position, becomes hard and brittle. (PDCA)
Hairline cracks in a paint film.
CRAZING:
(PDCA)
CREEPING: Also known as Crawling . When the
paint finish as it is brushed on, runs to—
gether in little drops and does not wet the
surfaces properly.
(PDCA)
CREOSOTE: A product made from coal tar and
used as a wood preservative. It should not
be used on
conternp lated at
CROSS-LINKING: A
chemicals unite
if painting over it is
a later time (PDCA)
particular method which
to form films.
(PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 30 ******
SECTION 09900
CROWS FOOTING: A surface appearance caused by
the film drying in a gas—polluted atmosphere or
(PDCA)
ir- a draft.
CROW STEPS or CAT LADDERS: Long boards to which
short cross pieces have been nailed at inter—
Used on a roof when
vals to be used as steps.
staining or painting.
(PDCA)
CURE: The chemical reaction process through
which a coating transfers itself from the 1 i —
quid state to the solid hard protective film.
(PDCA)
Special colors made by adding col—
CUSTOM COLOR:
or ant to paint or by intermixing colors, which
permits the retailer to match a color selected
(NPCA)
by the .consumer .
CUTTING IN: An operation calling for most care—
ful workmanship to keep a clean edge, as for
example "cutting in" on a window sash with a
(PDCA)
sash tool.
(PDCA)
Having no gloss or sheen.
DEAD FLAT;
DECALCOMANIA: Paint films in the forms of pic—
tures or other decorations which can be trans—
ferred from a temporary paper back ground to
(PDCA)
other surfaces.
DEGREASER : Chemical solution (compound) for
(PDCA )
grease removal.
Separation of layers. (PDCA)
DELAMINATION :
DENATURED ALCOHOL: Grain or ethyl alcohol made
unsuitable for beverage purposes by adding
(PDCA)
compounds of a poisonous nature.
DEW POINT: Temperature at which mo isture con—
(PDCA)
denses .
DIRT COLLECTION; The accumulation of dust, dirt
and other foreign matter on the pa int sur face.
(NPCA)
DIOXIDE: An oxide in which tw atoms of oxygen
are combined with one atom of the metal to
titanium
form an oxide mo lecule. Example:
dioxide.
(PDCA)
DISPERSION: Suspension of one compound in an—
other, e.g., a material broken up into parti—
cles small enough to be suspended in a liquid
by rapid mixing or agitation.
(PDCA)
DRAG: Resistance of finishing material to the
movement of the brush.
(PDCA)
Compounds of certain metals which hasten
DRIERS :
the drying action of paints and varnishes. MOSt
of these are solutions of metallic soaps in oils
and vola tile solvents, the most commonly used
being lead, manganese and cobalt salts of or—
ganic acids.
(PDCA)
DROP CLOTH: A large piece of fabric used by a
journeyman painter to protect furniture, rugs
and other articles from damage; also used over
bushes and shrubs.
(PDCA )
09900
PAINTING
DROP (SCAFFOLD): one vertical descent
(PDCA)
of the scaffold.
Oils which are converted to
DRYING OILS;
solid fi Ims when exposed to oxygen in
Linseed, tung, per illa oils
the air .
are the three principal vegetable oils
in the drying class. Fish oil is the
only animal oil of the drying class suit—
ed for use by the paint industry. (PDCA)
That stage of drying when
DRY DUST FREE:
particles of dust that settle upon the
surface do not stick to the paint
film. (NPCA)
DRY TACK FREE: That stage of drying when
the paint no longer feels sticky or
(NPCA)
tacky when lightly touched.
Depth of applied coat—
DRY FILM THICKNESS:
ing when dry, expressed in mils (1/1000
in.) •
(PDCA)
DRY SPmy: Overspray or bounce back; sand
finish due to spray particle being par—
tially dried before reaching the sur—
(PDCA)
face.
DRY TO HANDLE: A film of paint or varnish
j.s "dry to handle" when it is hardened
sufficiently so that it may be handled
without marring .
(PDCA)
That stage of drying when
DRY TO SAND:
a paint film can be sanded without the
(NPCA)
sandpaper sticking or clogging .
DRY TO TOUCH: A film of paint is "dry to
touch" when it is hardened sufficiently
so that it may be touched lightly with—
out any of it adhering to the fingers.
(PDCA)
DRYING TIME: Time interval between appli—
(PDCA)
cation and final cure.
DURABILITY ; The ability of paint to last
or hold up well against destructive ag—
ents such as weather, sunlight, deter—
genes, air pollution, abrasion, or
marring.
(NPCA)
Pigments found in earth
EARTH PIGMENTS:
such as ochre, umber, sienna, Van Dyke
brown, chalk, barytes and graphite. (PDCA)
EFFLORESCENCE: A deposit of water solu-
ble salts on the surface of rtEsonry or
plaster caused by the dissolving of salts
present in masonry, migration of the so—
lution to the sur face and deposition of
the sal ts when the water evaporates (PDCA)
EGG SHELL LUSTRE: Lustre closely resembl-
ing that of an egg shell.
(PDCA)
: That property of a film
which permits it to stretch or change
in size and shape, returning to normal

****** Result for Image/Page 31 ******
SECTION 09900
copditions wi thout breaking or rupture during
the di stortion. The term elasticity should not
be confused with toughness, tensile strength,
or elongation which have dif ferent meanings.
(PDCA)
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY: Spraying in which elec-
tric charge attracts paint to surface. (PDCA)
EMULSION: A liquid preparation in which minuee
particles or globules of another liqu id, not
ordinarily miscible, remains in suspension.
The suspension of very particles of oil
in water, or water in oil, by an emulsifying
agent. An emulsion in which the di spersed
particles are a solid is called a suspension,
thus a latex cannot be called an emulsion in
It should be noted that
the strictest sense .
the dispersed particles or globules are not
soluble in the liquid, but remain discrete
entities dispersed throughout the liquid.
(PDCA)
ENAMEL: A special type of paint rtede with var—
nish or lacquer as the vehicle. The line of
distinction between enamel and Oil paints is
very indefinite. An enamel is usually high in
gloss and pigmented with high hiding pigments
only. It has a low pigment volume. (PDCA)
END SEAL: paint applied to the ends of boards
in order to seal the pores to prevent the en—
trance of rroisture which wuld cause decay and
affect the paint film. (PDCA)
EPOXY ESTER: Epoxy modified oil; single package
(PDCA)
epoxy.
EPOXY RESIN: A resin derived from bisphenol.
Used in varnishes and enamels similar to al—
kyds, and also in catalyzed coatings for in—
dustrial maintenance work. Outstanding chemi—
cal resistance and toughness are its chief
(PDCA)
features .
EROSION: The wearing away of the top coating
of painted surface (e.g., by chalking) or by
the abrasive action of windborne particles of
grit, which may result in exposure of the
(PDCA)
underlying surface.
ESTER GUM: A synthetic resin made by a com—
(PDCA)
bination of rosin and glycerine.
ETCH: Surface preparation of metal by chemi—
(PDCA)
cal means .
ETHYL ALCOHOL : Alcohol produced by the d is—
tillation of fermented grain or from petroleum
(PDCA)
sour ces .
EVAPORATION RATE: Rate of solvent release; eva-
poration rate, final—time interval for com—
plete evaporation of all solvents; evapora—
tion rate, initial—time interval during which
low boil ittg solvent evaporates completely. (PDCA)
EXTENDER; A pigment of low hiding power. When
used properly, extenders may contribute de—
sirable properties to paint products, such
(PDCA)
as durability and porosity.
09900
PAINTING
FADING: The loss of color by destruc—
tion of coloring matter through expo—
sure to light, heat or other agents.
(PDCA)
FAILURE: The term comrnonly used to des—
cribe the condition of a paint film at
All paints
the end of its "useful life
must eventually fail The method of
failure and the condition of the surface
for repainting are the important fac—
(PDCA)
tors.
FALSE BODY : Appearing to have a heavy
consistency and given the impression that
a thick film will be deposited upon dry—
ing, whereas the opposite re suits. (PDCA)
FAN PATTERN : Geometry of shape of spray
(PDCA)
pa Etern .
FANNING (SPRAY GUN TECHNIQUE): Arcing;
moving the spray gun away from the work.
(PDCA)
FATTY: A material which has bodied up
with age and no longer dries as well
(PDCA)
as it originally did.
FEATHERING: (1) Flickering a gun at the
end of each stroke; (2) Tapering edge.
(PDCA)
FEEL: A journeyman's term for the work—
(PDCA)
ing qualities of a paint.
FERRIC OXIDE (IRON OXIDE): A pigment of
varying shades Of red obtained in its
natural form from mines in different
parts of the world. Available in dry
and pa ste form. Considerable amounts of
synthetic iron oxide are now in use. (PDCA)
FERROUS: Pertaining to, or derived from
(PDCA)
iron.
FIELD PAINTING: The painting that is done
to new or rebuilt structures at the place
of erection either before or after erec—
(PDCA)
t ion .
FILLER : A pigment composition for filling
pores or irregularities in a sur—
face preparatory to application of other
f inishes. (PDCA)
FILM: A layer or coat of material applied
(PDCA)
to a surface.
FILM BUILD: Dry thickness character is—
(PDCA)
tics per coat.
FILM FORMER: A substance which forms a
skin or membrane when dried from a Ii—
(PDCA)
quid state.
FILM INTEGRITY: Degree of continuity of
film. (PDCA)
FILM THICKNESS: The thickness of a coating
on a surface measured in thousandths of
(PDCA)
an inch or mils.

****** Result for Image/Page 32 ******
SECTION 09900
. FILM THICKNESS GAUGE:
Device for measur ing
film thickness; both wet and .dry gauges
are available.
(PDCA)
Strainer; purifier .
(PDCÄ)
FILTER:
FINISH COAT: The last applied film of coat—
ing in a painting system. (PDCA)
RETARDANT PA : A paint wh ich wi II delay
flaming or overheating of substrate. (PDCA)
FISH OILS: Comparatively inexpensive drying
oils used extensively for cheap paints.
They have good wetting properties but poor
durability of weather resistance.
The y
tend to become tacky in humid weather and
are slow drying. The oil is obtained from
mar ine animals such as menhaden, sardines
(PDCA)
and whales.
FLAKING: Detachment of small pieces of paint
film. (PDCÄ)
CLEANING: Method of surface prepara-
tion of steel using flame.
(PDCA)
FLAMMABILITY: Measure of the ability to
burn .
The use of this is preferred
to inflawnability because of the differ—
ence of individual interpretation in as—
sociating the prefix in 'l as negative.
(PDCÄ)
FLASHING: The nonuniform appearance on walls
or other surfaces in which a coating dries
with spotty differences in color or gloss
usually due to improper sealing of the por—
ous surface.
(PDCA )
FLASH POINT:
The temperature at which a
saturated vapor of thinner or a solvent
will ignite with a spark. (PDCA)
FLATTING AGENT; An ingredient used in lac-
quers and varnishes to reduce the gloss
or give a rubbed effect.
(PDCA)
FLATTING OIL: A varnish-like composition
made of heavy—bodied oil dissolved in a
thinner, used to reduce paste paint to a
flat paint.
(PDCA)
FLAT PAINT: A type of interior paint
which is designed to produce a lusterless
finish.
(PDCA)
FLEXIBILITY: Ability to be bent without
(PDCA)
damage.
FLINT PAPER: Abrasive paper which is grayish—
white in color.
Inexpensive but short s..ork—
ing life.
(PDCA)
FREE FLOWING: A free flowing material is one
that levels itself; thereby eliminating
brush marks and other defects.
(PDCA)
FLOCCULATION: The development of loosely
bound solid aggregates in a pigment vehi—
cle dispersion
(PDCA)
09900
PAINTING
FLOCK: Soft, fluffy fibers recovered fr;om
wool, cotton, or rayon manufacture.
They
are some times blown upon an adhesive to pro—
duce novel finishes on walls or wall cover—
ings.
(PDCA)
Process of finishing by flowing
FLOCOÄT :
finishing material on article by means of
hose, allowing excess to drain into tank.
(PDCA)
FLOOR AND DECK ENMEL: An enamel designed for
excellent abrasion resistance and smooth sur—
faces.
Because it is rarely applied to ver—
tical surfaces, it is made with the maximum
Of flow to insure leveling .
(PDCA)
FLOOR VARNISH: A varnish made specifically for
floors formulated to have good toughness,
flexibility and abrasion or wear resistance.
(PDCA)
FLUID HOSE:
Inaterials;
Specially designed hose for paint
usually black.
(PDCA)
Fluid tip with orifice; in a
FLUID NOZ ZLE:
broader sense it means needle and tip com—
bination of a spray gun.
(PDCA)
FLUID TIP: Orifice in spray gun into which
needle is seated.
(PDCA)
FLUORESCENT PAINT: Luminous paint which glows
only during activation by ultraviolet or
"black light.
(PDCA)
FOAMING: Frothing .
(PDCA)
FOGGING: Misting .
(PDCA)
FORCED DRYING: Acceleration of drying by in—
creasing the temperature above ambient tem—
perature accompanied by forced air circula—
tion .
(PDCA)
FOSSIL RESIN: Any of the natural or earth
type resins, which derive their character is—
tics through aging in the ground .
(PDCA)
FUNGICIDE: A substance poisonous to fungi;
retards or prevents fungi growth.
(PDCA )
FLOW: The degree to which a wet paint film
can flow out after application so as to
el iminate brush marks and produce a uniform
surface on drying.
(PDCA)
GALVANIZED IRON:
Sheet metal coated by dipping
in hot zinc.
(PDCA)
GALVANIZED STEEL:
Steel plated in molten bath
of zinc.
(PDCA )
GARNET PAPER: Abrasive which is reddish in col-
or, hard and sharp; comes from same source
as serni—precious jewel by that name. More
expensive than flint paper but lasts longer.
(PDCA)
GEL: A gelatinous ma ss produced by slow
change, physical action, or by addition cf
saline substances to solution of a colloid
body .
(PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 33 ******
SECTION 09900
Belonging to a particular family. (PDCA)
GENERIC :
GHOSTING: A coating wi th a skippy appearance.
See Skippy. (PDCA)
GILDING: Process of obtaining a finish by using
metal leaf (metal hamrnered into very thin
(PDCÄ )
sheets) .
GILSONITE: A black, coal—like substance used as
gum resin in the manufacture of black asphal—
(PDCA)
tum varnishes.
GLAZING: A process of applying transparent or
translucent coatings over a painted surface
(PDCA)
to produce blended effects.
GLOSS: The luster, shininess or reflective
ability of a surface, or the ability to re—
flect light regularly. It is based on the de—
gree of optical smoothness of a surface. (PDCA)
GLOSS PETER: Device for measuring sheen or lus—
(PDCA)
tre .
GLOSS RETENTION: Ability to retain original
(PDCA)
sheen.
GLYCERINE: A polyhydric alcohol used in manu—
facture of alkyd resins, ester gum and various
resins for varnish mak ing . (PDCA)
BRAININESS: Roughness of a protective film re—
(PDCA)
sembling grains of sand.
Simulating the grain of wod by means
GRAINING:
of specially prepared colors or stain and grain—
ing tools.
(PDCA )
(3m IN MISING: Swelling of the fibres of wod by
water, producing an undesirable rough sur—
face.
(PDCA)
BLAST: Comercial blast. (PDCA)
GRIT: An abrasive obtained from slab and various
other materials.
(PDCA)
GROUND COAT; The base coat in an antiquing sys—
tem that is applied before the graining colors,
glazing or other finish coat. (NPCA)
GUIDE COAT: A coat similar to the finish color
coat but of different color to assure good
coverage. (PDCA )
GUM: A natural mucilaginous material derived from
certain trees.
Sometimes erroneously applied
to resins. (PDCA)
GUM TURPENTINE: The oleoresinous material obtain—
ed by wounding the living pine tree and whi.ch,
upon distillation, yields (gum) rosin and (gum)
spirits of turpentine, as distinguished from
wood rosin and steam disti 1 led wod turpentine
obtained from stumps and limbs of dead
(PDCA)
trees.
GUN DISTANCE:
Space between tip of spray gun and
(PDCA)
work .
09900
PAINTING
GYPSUM: An extending pigment, not much
used in oil paints, but used extensively
(PDCA)
in cement water paints.
HAIR LINES: Very narrow cracks in paint
or varnish f i 1m. (PDCA)
HAMMERED EFFECT FINISH: so called because
of its resemblance to hammered metal.
Produced by incorporating an aluminum
powder in vehicle which controls leafing
and nonleafing effect to create unique
designs.
(PDCA)
HARDNESS: The ability of a paint film
to resist denting, scratching, or marr—
(NPCA)
ing .
HARD OIL FINISH: A varnish giving the ef-
fect of a rubbed—in—oil finish, but pro—
ducing a hard surface. The term has
gradually been extended to cover all
sorts of archi.tectural varnishes with a
moderate luster (PDCA)
I-AZING; Clouding. (PDCA)
HEAT RESISTING; A coating showing no
hazardous effects upon subjection to
(PDCA)
elevated temperatures.
HEAVY BODIED: A lacquer or similar mater
al which has a thick consistency or high
viscosity is termed to have a heavy
body .
(PDCA)
HEAVY BODIED OIL: A high viscosity oil.
(PDCA)
HIDING POWER: The ability of a paint to
hide the previous surface or color. (NPCA)
HIGH BU ILD: Producing thick dry films
(PDCA)
per coat.
HIGH FLASH NAPHTHA: An aliphatic solvent
having a high flash point 113 OF, (450 C)
(PDCA)
HIGHLIGHTING: Making certain parts of
finished project appear lighter than
other parts.
(PDCA)
HIPAC (HIGH PERFORMANCE ARCHITECTURAL
COATINGS) : A generic name for what was
formally known as "tile—like" coatings.
Usually applied in a continuous high—
build film that comes to a hard—glazed
finish extremely resistant, depending
on kind, to heat, moisture, abrasion,
stain ing, chemicals, fungus growth and
fire. Available in several types (epox—
ies, polyurethanes, epoxy polyesters) .
HIPAC's can be either clear or pigment—
ed finishing materials generally con—
sisting of two to four individual prod—
ucts marketed as one complete system.
(PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 34 ******
00
Ability (or property) to prevent
. HOLD OUT ;
- 10
(PDCA)
soaking into substrate.
HOLIDAYS: Areas of surface missed by
(PDCA)
painter.
HOLIDAY DETECTOR: Device for detection of
See "Spark Test—
pinholes or holidays.
(PDCA)
ing.n
Spots in plaster due to improper
HOT SPOTS:
If paint is applied
mixing of the plaster.
over them, a chemical reaction causes
"burning", and this damages the paint
film. Such spots must be specially primer—
(PDCA)
coated before painting .
HOT SPRAY: This is a technique recently de—
veloped which makes use of the fact that
as a paint is heated the viscosity de—
creases sharply. Hence, thinners need
not be added for application. By this
method of applica tion, thick even coats
of paint may be applied. (PDCA)
HOUSE PAINT OUTSIDE: Paint designed for use
on the exter ior of buildings, fences and
other surfaces exposed to the weather .
(PDCA )
HUE: Used to designate the name of a color——
(PDCA)
such as red, blue or orange.
HUMIDITY: Measure of moisture content; rela—
tive humidity is the ratio of the quantity
Of water vapor in the air compared to the
greatest amount possible at the given tan—
Saturated air is said to have a
per ature.
(PDCA)
humidity of 100 percent.
HYDROCARBON: solvents derived fran coal tar
and petroleum and containing carbon and
hydrogen . (EDCA)
(PDCA)
HYDROUS : Containing water .
IMPACT RESISTANCE: A measure of resistance
to a blow; ability to resist deformation
(PDCA)
fran impact.
Inability to mix with or
INCOMPATIBILITY :
(PDCA)
adhere to another material
INERT r. Chemically inactive, resistant to
(PDCA)
corrosion.
INFmRED; Invis ible part of spectrum be—
tween radio waves and red portion of vi—
sible spectrum. (PDCA)
INFLAMMABILITY: Measure of ease of catching
f ire; ability to burn; use of the word
flammability is preferred to inflamnability
due to the possible misinterpretation of
(PDCA)
the prefix "in" as a negative.
INHIBITIVE PIGMENT: one which retards corro-
(PDCA)
Sion process.
INORGANIC : Containing no carbon. (PDCA)
09900
iNSULATING VARNISH: A varnish specifi- .
cally designed for electr ica1 insula—
(PDCA)
tion of wires, coils, etc.
INTENSE COLOR: A strong, vivid color .
(PDCA)
INTERCOAT CONTAMINATION :
presence of for—
eign matter between successive coats.
(PDCA)
INTEP.COAT ADHESION: The adhesion between
(NPCA)
coats of paint.
INTERIOR: The inside surfaces Of a struc—
(NPCA)
ture .
INTERMEDIATE COAT: Middle coat; guide
(PDCA)
coat.
INTERNAL MIX: A spray gun in which the
fluid and air are combi ned before they
(PDCÄ)
leave the gun.
INTUMESCE: To form a voluminous char on
ignition; foaming or swelling when ex—
posed to f lame. Characteristic of fire
(PDCA)
retardant coatings.
IRON OXIDE: Pigment available in three
forms; red, brown and yellow, and of
(PDCA)
high iron content.
(PDCA)
JAPAN: A type of varnish.
JAPAN COLOR: Color ground in japan var—
(PDCA)
nish .
JAPAN DRYER: A resinate—base liquid dri—
er. (PDCA)
JOINT FINISHING SYSTEM: Proprietary com-
binations of tape and compound with
specific recommendations for appl ica—
tion, number of coats, sanding, and
(PDCA)
special conditions
JOINT TAPE : Either perforated, tapered
edge continuous paper tape or fiber—
glass mesh tape used to span and rein—
force joints in gypsum wallboard sur—
faces. Applied with joint compound.
(PDCA)
JOURNEYMAN PAINTER: one who has had full
experience and school ing as an appren—
(PDCA)
tice.
see "Cal somine " .
KALSOMINE :
(PDCA)
KAURI GtJM: A fossil copal found in New
It: is soluble in alcohol,
Zealand .
esters and ketones; insoluble in coal
tar solvents, petroleum naphtha and
turpen tine .
(PDCA)
KB (KAURI-BUTANOL) VALUE: Measure of sol-
vent power . (PDCA)
KEROSENE: Also known as coal oil. A
high boiling petroleum distillate with


---3---



****** Result for Image/Page 1 ******
SECTION 09900
an. average boiling range of 1500 to 250 oc. and
is used in the formulation of enamels and
(PDCA)
flat wall paints.
.,.ETONE: Any one of the important group of organic
compounds con taining the bivalent ketone groups,
such as acetone or dimethyl ke tone. They are
colorless volatile liquids or crystalline solids,
(PDCA )
such as camphor.
Drying of wod, pa in t, varnish or
KILN DRYING:
lacquer in a room or compar tment with heat, and
(PDCA )
humidity regulated.
(PDCÄ)
Units of viscosi
KREB UNITS:
LAC: A natural resin secreted by insects which
live on the sap of certain trees in Oriental
(PDCÄ)
countries. Base for shellac .
LACQUER: A material of cel lulose base .
It dries
by evaporation Of the thinner or solvent and
has a low solids content making it necessary
to apply several coats for a good full finish.
(PDCA)
LAITANCE: Milky white deposit on new concrete.
(PDCA)
LAMPBLACK: A pigment consisting of finely ground
(PDCA)
car bon.
LAP: TO lay or place one coat so its edge ex—
tends over and covers the edge of a previous
coat, causing an increased film thickness.
(NPCA)
\TEX: A synthetic resin used as base for water
In latex, pigment is in sus—
emulsion paints.
pension whereas in rubber base paint the pig—
See "Rubber Resin " .
ment is in solution.
Ex-
amples are polyvinyl acetate, styrene butadi—
ene, and acrylics, used as a base for water
emulsion paints.
(PDCA )
LEACHING: The process of extraction of a sol—
uble component from a mixture with an insoluble
component by percolation of the mixture with a
solvent, usually water .
(PDCA)
LEAD CARBONATE, BASIC: A type of White Lead.
(PDCA)
LEAD DRIER: A compound of lead and an organic
acid for hastening the drying of pa (PDCA)
LEAD OXIDE: A combination of lead and oxygen,
such as red lead.
(PDCA)
LEAD SULFATE, BASIC; A type of White Lead.
(PDCA)
LEADED ZINC : mixture of zinc oxide and basic
sulfate white lead . (PDCA)
LEAFING: Action peculiar to aluminum paints, in
which the flat flakes in the pigment overlap
each other. (PDCA)
T EVELING: Ability Of a film to flow out free
from ripples, pockmarks and brush marks
after appl ica tion .
(NPCA)
09900
- 11
PAINTING
LIFTING : The softening and penetration
of a previous film by solvents in the
paint being applied over it, resulting
(NPCA )
in raising and wrinkling.
See "Fading n
LIGHTFASTNESS:
(NPCA)
LINSEED OIL; Obtained from the f ,
Iin seed oil is used in paints in larger
quantities than any other oil and is
considered the finest vehicle for exter-
ior paints because of its excellent dry—
(PDCA)
ing properties and durability.
LITHARGE: Lead monoxide of brownish col—
or used as a source of lead for driers
and for red lead .
(PDCA)
LITHOPONE: A white pigment derived from
barium sulphide and zinc sulphate for—
merly in wide use, now seldom used.
(PDCÄ)
LIVERING: An abnormal increase in the con—
sistency of paint or enamel which re—
sults in a liver-like mass.
(PDCA)
LIQUID DRIERS: Solution of driers in
paint thinners. (PDCA)
LONG OIL VARNISH: One made with a rela-
tively high proportion of oil to resin.
Generally slower drying, tougher and
more elastic than short oil varnishes,
prirrarily intended for exterior use .
(PDCA)
LOW BOILING SOLVENT: A solvent with an
initial boiling point below 302 OF
(PDCA)
LUMINOUS PAINTS: Coatings which emit
light rather than just reflecting it.
There are three classes:
fluorescent
which requires ultraviolet light to ac—
tivate it; daylight fluorescent, which
—nits additional light from absorbed so—
lar radiation; and phosphorescent, which
continues to glow for some time after the
external energy is removed.
(PDCA)
LUSTER: The gloss, shine or br ightness
of a finished surface.
( PDCA)
MAGNESIUM SILICATE: White extender pig-
ment which adds "Fluffiness" to products
in which it is used. Provides very
little opacity.
(PDCA)
BLAJNTENANCE PAINTING; (1) Repair painting;
any painting after the initial painting
job; in a broader sense it includes paint-
ing of items installed during maintenance;
(2) All painting except that done solely
for aesthetics.
(PDCA)
MALEIC ; A di—basic acid. Used primarily
in alkyd varnishes and enamels to pro—
mote faster drying. Sometimes used as
a wetting agent in pigment grinding .
(PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 2 ******
SECTION 09900
MARBLING; Simulating the grain and texture
of polished marble by means of fin ishing
(PDCA )
materials.
FLARINE VARNISHES: varnishes especially de-
signed for immersion in water and expo—
(PDCA)
sure to mar ine atrnosphere.
Temporary cover ing of areas not
MASKING:
(NPCA)
to be painted .
MASKING TAPE: A strip of paper or cloth
similar to adhesive tape which can easily
It is used to protect small
be removed.
surfaces which the painter does not want
(PDCA)
to get smeared with paint.
MASTIC : A heavy—bodied pastel ike coating
of high build often applied with a
(NPCA)
trowel .
Color midway between a dark
MEDIUM VALVE:
(PDCA )
color and a light color.
(MF.K) METHYL ETHYL KETONE; A strong flamm-
(PDCA)
able organic solvent.
MELAMINE RESIN: A synthetic resin made
from melamine and aldehyde . (PDCA)
- 12
PAINTING
gasoline. The standard type has a bcA1ing
range of about 300—4000 F. Odorless mineral
spirits have been refined to remove some
odorous constituents and boil somewhat
higher. (PDCA)
MISCIBLE: Capable of mixing or blending uni—
(PDCA)
form Iy.
Holidays; skips; voids .
MISSES :
(PDCA)
METALIZING:
a metal
NET
The process of spraying wi th
(PDCA)
A class of paints that include
(PDCA)
metal flakes.
METALLIC SOAP: Compound of fatty acids of
the vegetable and animal oils with metals
It has
of other than the alkali metals.
the property of being a drier, thi.cken—
(PDCA)
ing agent and flattening agent.
METHYL ALCOHOL: Methyl alcohol (methanol ,
wood alcohol, Columbian spirits) is a
mobile, toxic, flammable and volatile I i —
(PDCA)
quid of spiritous odor .
MI L: One thousandth of an inch, used by
number of mils to designate the thickness
(PDCA)
cf a coating on a surface.
MILDEW RESISTANCE: The ability of a coating
to resist growth of molds and mildew.
Mildew is particularly preval ent in moist,
humid , and
MILDEWCIDE:
MILL SCALE:
dur ing hot
of metals.
and steel .
MILL WHITF.;
nish type,
warm climates.
(NPCA)
See "fungicide
(NPCA )
The heavy ox ide layer formed
fabr ication or heat treatment
Especially applied to iron
(PDCA )
White paint with vehicle of var—
used to augment illumina tion on
MIST COAT: Thin tack coat; thin adhesive coat.
(PDCA)
MOBILITY; The degree to which a material flows.
(PDCA)
Color harmony formed
MONOCHROMATIC HARMONY :
by using shades and tints of a single color .
(PDCA)
MONOMER; Composed of single molecules; a
basic chemical used to make polymers. (PDCA)
Irregular cracking of dried
MUD-CRACKING:
(PDCA)
film, as in a dried mud puddle.
MULTICOLOR: A lacquer or oil base type paint,
suspended in treated water, appl icable by
spray only, which deposits a film of dots
that may include a number of different colors
and dot sizes.
(PDCA)
MURIATIC ACID: The conmercial name for a
(PDCA )
dilute form of hydrochloric ac id.
MVT (MOISTURE VAPOR TRANSMISSION): Moisture
vapor transmittion rate through a known
( PDCA)
membr ane .
NACE NO. 1 WHITE METAL BLAST CLEANED SURFACE
FINISH: This finish is defined as a surface
with a gray—white, uniform metallic color ,
slightly roughened to form a suitable anchor
pattern for coatings; this surface shall be
free of all oil, grease, dirt, visible mill
scale, rust corrosion products, oxides,
pa int or any other foreign matter; the sur—
face shall have a color characteristic of
the abrasive media used; photographic or
other visual standards of surface prepara—
tion may be used to further define the sur—
face.
(PDCÄ )
NACE NO. 2 NEAR-WHITE BLAST CLEANED SURFACE
FINISH: This finish is defined as one from
which all oil, grease, dirt, mill scale,
rust, corrosion products, oxides, paint,
or other foreign matter have been removed
from the surface except for very light
shadows, very light streaks or slight dis—
colorations; at least 95 percent of the sur—
face shall have the appearance of sur face
blast cleaned to a white metal surface
finish and the remainder shall be limited
to the light discoloration mentioned above;
photographic or other visual standards of
surface preparation may be used to modify
(PDCA)
or further define the surface.
(PDCA)
interior of industrial plants.
MINERAL BLACK : natural black pigment based
on graphite. (PDCA)
MINERAL SPIRITS: A petroleum-derived solvent
used for thinning paint and similar to
09900

****** Result for Image/Page 3 ******
PAINTING
SECTION 09900
OCHRE: A natural ye 110w L ron oxide mixed
NACE NO. 3 COMMERCIAL BLAST CLEANED SURFACE FINISH:
with siliceous matter, occurring in cer—
TKis finish is defined as one from which all oil,
(PDCA)
tain parts of the earth.
grease, dirt, rust scale, and foreign mat ter
have been completely removed fran the surface and
ODORLESS MINERAL SPIRITS: A solvent by-
all rust, mill scale, and old paint have been com—
product of the aviation gasoline indus—
pletely removed except for slight shadows, streaks
(PDCA)
try.
or discolorations; if the surface is pitted,
slight residues of rust or paint may be found in
OFF—COLOR: A finishing mat:erial color
the bottom of pits; at least two—thirds of
which does not match the standard with
surface area shall be free of all visual residues
(PDCA)
which it is being compared.
and the remainder shall be limited to light dis—
coloration, slight staining or light residues men—
OIL ABSORPTION: A measure of the ability
tioned above; photographic or other vi suaI stan—
(PDCA)
of pigments to absorb oil.
dards may be used to further defi_ne the surface.
(PDCA)
OIL BASED PAINT: A paint which contains
drying oils as the basic film forming
NACE NO. 4 BRUSH-OFF BLAST CLEANED SURFACE FINISH:
ingredients, the drying process being
This finish is defined as one from whi.ch oil,
achieved by oxidation. Minor alkyd
grease, dirt, rust scale, loose mill scale,
modif ications are sometimes made to
loose rust, and loose paint or coatings are re—
speed up the characteristically slow
moved completely, but light mill scale and
(PDCA)
dry of true oil based paints.
tightly adhered rust, paint and coatings are
permitted to remain provided they have been ex—
OIL COLORS: Colors ground to form of
posed to the abrasive blast pattern sufficiently
paste, in linseed oil. (PDCA)
to expose numerous flecks of the underlying met—
al fairly uniformly distributed over the entire
OIL LENGTH: Oil length in varnish is
surface; photographic or other visual standards
measured by the oil in gallons per hun—
of surface preparation may be used to further
dred pounds of resin. A long—oil var—
(PDCA)
define the surface.
nish is tougher than a short—oil varnish.
Rubbing varnish is a typical short—oil
NAILHEAD RUSTING; Rust from iron nails that pene—
varnish and spar varnish is a typical
trates or bleeds through the coating and stains
long —oil varnish. (PDCA)
(NPCA)
the surrounding area .
OIL RUBBING: The process of rubbing the
NAP: The length of fibers in a paint roller
dried film of finishing material with
(NPCA)
cover .
(PDCA)
oil and an abrasive agent.
NAPHTHA: Hydrocarbons suitable for use as a
OIL SOLUBLE: Capable of being di ssolved
(PDCA)
paint thinner .
(PDCA)
in oil.
NATURAL RESINS; Bush resins made from the exu—
OIL STAINS: There are two types, pene—
dation of trees, or fossil resins taken from
penetrating
trating and nonpenetrating.
fossilized vegetable matter in the earth.
oil stains contain dyes and resins that
Examples are damar, elemi and copal res—
penetrate into the surface; nonpenetra—
ins ,
(PDCA)
ting oil stains contain larger amounts
of pi gments and are usually opaque or
NEAR-WHITE BLAST CLEANING; see NACE NO. 2.
(NPCA)
translucent.
(PDCA)
OITICICA OIL: oil secured from the oitici-
NITROCELLULOSE: A binder ingredient widely used
ca nut, similar in properties to tung
(PDCA)
in lacquer manufacturing.
(PDCA)
oil.
NONDRYING OILS: An oil which does not of itself
OLEORESINOUS: said of a varnish made
possess to a perceptible degree the power to
(PDCA)
Of oil and resin.
take up oxygen from the air and lose its Ii—
quid characteristics.
(PDCA)
OPACITY: The property in a paint which
enables it to hide and color a sur face .
NONFERROUS: containing no iron.
(PDCA)
(PDCA)
NONFLAMILABLE: Incombustible, will not burn. (PDCA)
Impervious to light; not trans—
OPAQUE :
(PDCA )
parent.
NONGRAIN AISING STAIN: wood stain which does
not raise the grain of the wood. Made by dis—
OPEN-GRAiN WOODS; Woods of loose, open
solving dyes such as used in making water
formation with minute openings between
stains in special solvent, instead of water.
the fibers, such as oak and walnut, are
(PDCA)
(PDCA)
called "open—grain woods.
NONVOLATILE: The portion of a paint left after
ORANGE PEEL: The irregular surface of a
the solvent evaporates; sometimes cal led the
film resembling the dimpled skin of an
solids content. (NPCA)
orange, caused by a failure of the film—
to flow out to a smooth level surface.
(PDCA)
09900 - 13

****** Result for Image/Page 4 ******
SECTION 09900
PAINT COATING:
ORANGE SHELLAC: A shellac having a reddish
(PDCÄ)
(PDCA )
brown to orange color.
PAINT FAILURE:
ORGANIC COLORS: Pigments of animal,
(PDCA)
vegetable or dyestuff originS.
Compounds produced by plants
ORGANIC:
(PDCA)
and animals.
Film former containing resin
ORGANOSOL :
(PDCA)
plasticizer and solvent.
( PDCA )
ORIFICE: opening; hole.
OVERATOMIZED: Dispersed too finely by
use of excessive atomizing air pressure
(POCA )
(PDCA)
OVERCOAT: Second coat; top coat .
portion (width) Of fresh paint
OVERLAP :
(PDCA)
covered by next layer .
Sprayed paint which did not
OVERSPRAY :
(PDCA)
hit target; waste.
(PDCA)
OXALIC ACID: Type of bleach.
OXIDATION : Combination with oxygen; dry—
(PDCA)
ing; burning; rusting .
OXIDE: The chemical compound formed by
the reaction of oxygen on a metal such as
lead, zinc, iron, titanium. Some oxides
occur in nature and are mined, others are
iron
made synthetically. Examples:
(PDCA)
oxide, zinc oxide.
OXIDIZE: TO unite with oxygen (PDCA)
PAINT: A mixture or dispersion of pigments
or powders in a liquid or vehicle. A gen—
era 1 term referring to a pigmented liqu
composition that is converted to an opaque ,
solid film after application as a thin
(PDCA)
layer.
Emulsion Paint : A paint, the vehicle of
which is a stable dispersion of binder
in water. The binder may be oil, oleores—
inous varnish, resin or other emulsifiable
binder.
Latex Paint; A class of emulsion paints
in which the dispersed vehicle is a high
molecular weight resin produced by anul—
sion polymerization.
Oil Paint; A paint that contains a dry—
ing oil or long oil varnish as the basic
vehicle ingredient.
Paste Paint: A paint in which the nonvola—
tile ingredients are sufficiently concen—
trated to permit substantial reduction with
thinner or vehicle before use
Water Paint: A paint, the vehicle Of which
is water dispersion, water solution, or in—
gredients that react chemically with water.
- 14
09900
PAINTING
Paint in position on a surface.
The loss of usefulness of the
(PDCA)
paint coating .
PAINT PROGRAM: Comprehensive painting plan .
(PDCA)
(PDCA)
PAINT PROJECT: Single paint job.
PAINT REMOVER: A compound which softens old
paint or varnish and permits the scraping
(PDCA)
off of the loosened material.
PAINT SYSTEM: The complete number and type of
coats comprising a paint job. In a broader
sense, surface preparation, pretreatments,
dry film thickness, and manner of applica—
t ion are included in the definition of a
paint sys tem. (PDCA)
PAINTING: All operations required to use
(PDCA)
paints properly.
PAINTING MATERIALS: All materials required to
(PDCA)
adequately paint a surface.
PASS (SPRAY): Motion of the spray gun in one
(PDCA)
dir ection only.
(PDCA)
Chemically inactive.
PASSIVE:
PATCHING PLASTER: A special plaster It-ade for
(PDCA)
repairing plaster walls.
PASTE: A stiff plastic mixture of pigment and
(PDCA)
vehic I e .
PASTE PILIER: A material of paste or semi—
paste consistency used to smooth cast iron
(PDCA)
or fill the pores Of wood.
PASTE PAINT: A pa int in which a pigment is
sufficiently concentrated to permit a sub—
stantial reduction with vehicle before use .
(PDCA)
PEEI„ING: Detachment of a paint film in rela—
paint applied to a
tively large pieces.
damp or greasy surface usually "peels"
Sometimes it is due to moisture back of the
(PDCA)
painted surface.
PENETRATING STAIN: Oil-soluble dyes dissolved
(PDCA)
in solvents such as benzol.
PERM: Unit of permeance; grains of water vapor
per hour per square foot per inch of mercury—
(PDCA)
water vapor pressure difference.
pH: A measure of alkalinity, acidity or neu—
tra Iity in acgueous (watery) solutions. (PDCA)
PHENOLIC: A synthetic resin made by condens—
ing phenol or a similar compound with formal—
dehyde. Phenolic varnishes are made by cook—
ing phenolic resins with a drying oil and
are widely used in spar varnishes and many
enamels. occasionally used as a catalyzed
coating .
(PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 5 ******
SECTION 09900
PHOS?HAT.TZE: Form a thin phosphate coating
on surface usually by treatment with H2P04 (ph0S—
(PDCA)
photic acid) .
PHOSPHORESCENT PAINT: Luminous paint which emits
light after the white light has been turned
off No phosphorus is used. (PDCA)
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE: A white powder rtEde from
naphthalene (same substance as moth
and used in the manufacture of alkyd resins.
(PDCA)
PICKLE: A solution or process used to loosen or
remove corrosion products such as scale and
(PDCA)
tarnish from a metal.
• When a too—heavy coating of
"PICK UP SAGS .
paint has been applied and starts to sag or
run down the. surface, the painter brushes up
through the sagging paint to level it off.
(PDCA)
Paint ingredients mainly used to im—
PIGMENTS :
(NPCA)
part color and hiding power .
PIGMENT VOLUME: The percentage by volume of pig—
mnt in the nonvolatile portion of a paint, as
calculated from bulking value and composi tion
data. The letters "PV" are commonly used as an
(PDCA)
abbreviation .
PINHOLING: The formation of small holes or vo ids
in a coating, usually caused by entrapped sol—
vent in the film which pops through the par—
tiaIIy dried surface of the coating. (PDCA)
PITTING: Formation of small usually shallow de—
press ions or cavities.
(PDCA)
PLASTER OF PARIS: A white powdery substance
formed by calcining (heating) gypsum. When
mixed with water, it forms a paste which soon
sets. Originally brought from a suburb of
Paris.
(PDCA)
PLASTICIZER: An organic ester or resinous N teri—
al of low vapor pressure, either liquid or semi—
solid, used to blend with brittle materials to
produce a lacquer or vehicle having good flexi—
(PDCA )
bility.
PLASTISOL: Film former containing resin and
plasticizer with no solvents.
(PDCA)
POCK MARKS: pits; craters. CPDCA)
POLE—GUN: Spray gun equipped with an extension
tube.
(PDCA)
POLISHING: Said of wall paints where shiny spots
or surfaces have resulted from washing or wip—
ing. (PDCA)
POLYAMIDE: Product used in rnaking dripless paint.
(PDCA)
POLYESTER: In the surface coatings industry, this
usually refers to a catalyzed film fomer . The
reactive substance is essentially styrene.
Small amounts of peroxides are usually added to
09900
- 15
PAINTING
cause polymerization. Not often used
as a paint film due to difficulty in
application, poor adhesion and poor
flexibility. (PDCA)
POLY&ER: A high molecular weight materi—
al composed of a large number of repeat—
ing units Of monomer linked together .
Types of polymers are:
Homopolymer: A single type of monomer
linked with itself . A conunon example
would be polyethylene, where ethylene
is the repeating unit.
Copolymer : different monomers
linked alternately or spaced according
to varying quantities used An example
is polystyrene—butad iene or polyvinyl—
aceta te—d ibutylmaleate.
Terpolymer: Three polymers polymerized
(PDCA)
together .
POLYMERIZATION: The uniting of two or
more molecules (as of an oil) to form
one larger This effect takes
place by oxidation when paints or var—
nishes dry to form a film, or when oil
is heated in a kettle to make it heavier.
Oils and resins are often heated together
(PDCA)
forming polymers .
POLYURETHANE'. This is a film forming sub—
stance produced when an isocyanate reacts
with other substances to produce an Organ—
ic compound known as a urethane. It shows
good chemical and excellent solvent re—
sistance. Abrasion resistance is also
outstanding. May be obtained as aid dry—
ing, moisture—cured, catalyzed types.
(PDCA)
POLYVINYL ACETATE: A synthetic resin large-
Iy used as the vehicle for many latex
paints. Often referred to as PVA. (PDCA)
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) : A synthetic resin
used in solvent type coatings and fluid
bed coatings, produced by the polymeri—
zation of vinyl chloride; PVC is also
used in anulsion (water) paints. (PDCA)
POROSITY: Degree of integrity or continuity .
(PDCA)
POT LIFE: Time interval after mixing dur—
ing which liquid material is usable with
no difficulty.
(PDCA)
PRETREATENT: Chemical alteration of the
surface to make it suitable for painting.
(PDCA)
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PAINTING:
Spot re—
pair painting; touch up or full coats of
paint
PRIMARY
which
other
(PDCA)
before rusting starts.
COLOR: A primary color is a color
cannot be produced by mixing any
two colors.
The three true prirnary

****** Result for Image/Page 6 ******
SECTION 09900
RED LABEL
colors are red, yellow and blue. See Book
terials
(PDCA)
Six.
(26.7C).
PRIME IN THE SPOTS: Apply a primer coat to
RED LEAD:
spots where old paint has been scraped,
used as
brushed or burned off , shellacked or
(PDCA)
patched with new plaster.
PRIMER: The first coat in any painting op—
(PDCA)
era t j on .
PRINTING: The marring of a varni shed surface
with such things as hot dishes or alcohol—
(PDCA)
ic beverages.
Paint sufficiently dry so
"PRINT FREE" .
that no imprint is left when something is
(PDCA)
pressed against it.
PRODUCTION RATE: Measurement of surface
area cleaned or coated in one working day
by one man. (PDCÄ)
Surface contour of a blast—cleaned
PROFILE:
surface as viewed from the edge; cross
section of the. surface. (PDCA)
PROFILE DEPTH: Average d i stance between
tops of peaks and bottom of valleys on the
(PDCA)
surface.
PROOF: Indication Of percentages of wa ter
and grain alcohol; a mixture which is 100
proof be water, 508 alcohol by
volume. A mixture which is 120 proof
(PDCA)
would contain alcohol
PROPRIETARY : Available on open market under
(PDCA)
Eand name.
Interval of time during
PROTECTIVE LIFE:
which a paint system protects substrate
(PDCA)
from deterioration.
PUMICE STONE; A stone of vo Icanic or Igin
which is pulverized to produce a soft abra—
sive used extensively in rubbing fin {shing
coats of fine wood finishes.
(PDCA)
PUTTY; A dough—like mixture of pigment and
oil (usually whiting and linseed oil——
sometimes mixed wtih white lead), Used to
set glass in window frames, fill nail holes
(PDCA)
and cracks .
PUTTY COAT: Final coat of plaster.
(.PDCA)
QUICK DRYING: A rnaterial wi th a relatively
short drying time. (PDCA)
RAW SIENNA: One of the brown earth pi grnents.
(PDCA)
RAW UMBER: A brown earth pigment, having a
different chemical composition than raw
sienna.
(PDCA)
RECOAT TIME: Tirne interval required between
applications of successive coats. (PDCA)
09900
- 16
PAINTING
GOODS: Flamrnable or explosive ma —
with flash points below 800 F
(PDCA)
An oxide of lead—red in color—
a rust—inhi.biting pigment and as
(PDCA)
a source of lead in some driers.
REDUCER: A material which lowers viscosity
but is not necessar ily a solvent for the
(PDCA)
particular film former; thinner .
REFLECTANCE: The ability of a film to re-
flect or return the light that strikes the
film. (PDCA)
REFRACTIVE INDEX: Refraction is the degree
to which a ray of light passing through a
material is bent. The Refractive Index Of
a mater i al is measured on an instrument
called a Refractometer. The higher the
Refractive Index of a pigment, the higher
is its hiding power when used in paint or
enarne I . (PDCA)
RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Indication in terms of
percentage of. amount of water vapor in a
given volume of air at a given tempera—
ture, compared to total amount of water
vapor the air could hold at the given
(PDCA)
temperature .
REMOVERS : A solvent designed to soften old
paint and varnish films and facilitate
their removal. Removers usually contain
wax or some similar material to slow down
evaporation of solvent and to prevent them
(PDCA)
from running off vertical surfaces.
REPAINTING: A complete painting operation
(PDCA)
including surface preparation.
REPAIR OF SURFACES: All procedures required
to return the surface to a satisfactory
condition for painting
(PDCA)
RESIN : A natural or synthetic material that
is the main ingredient of paint and that
binds ingredients together .
It also aids
adhesion to the surface. Examples of the
rnany terms used to describe resins include
acrylic, alkyd, epoxy, nitrocellulose, poly—
urethane, polyvinyl acetate, silicone, sty—
(NPCA)
rene—butadiene, and vinyl.
RIDE THE BRUSH: Bearing down on the brush
to the. extent that the paint is applied
with the side of the bristles instead of
the flag ends.
(NPCA)
ROLLER: A paint application tool having a
revolving cylinder covered with Iambswool,
fabric, foamed plsatic or other material.
(NPCA)
(a) A process by which a
ROLLER COATING :
film is applied mechanically to sheet ma-
terial; the sheet is passed between hori—
zontal rollers, one of which is kept coated
with a film of liquid varnish, enamel or
lacquer. (b) The applica t ion of paint by

****** Result for Image/Page 7 ******
SECTION 09900
meens Of a hand—operated roller to wall sur—
(PDCA)
faces, etc.
ROOF COATING: An asphalt material designed for
It may be straight
application to asphalt roofs.
asphalt, or it may contain asbestos and similar
materials. Some types are co lored with aluminum
(PDCA)
or other pigments .
ROPEY: Paint does not flow on evenly, dries with
(PDCA)
slight ridges .
ROSIN; A resin obtained from pine trees contain—
ing principally isomers of abietic acid. Wood
rosin is obtained from stump or dead wood, us—
Gum rosin is obtained
ing steam distillation.
(PDCA)
from the living tree.
ROTTENSTONE: A brown siliceous stone used as an
- 17
Simi lar in nature to pumice stone ,
abrasive .
(PDCA)
though softer in texture .
RUBBER: Natural or synthetic rubber, as such,
is rarely used in coatings although certain
specialized types such as Neoprene, appear oc—
casionally. A material similar to synthetic
rubber is widely used in latexes, and certain
processed rubbers, chlor ina ted, cyclized, etc . ,
are used in masonry paints and industrial
(PDCA)
maintenance products .
RUBBING OIL: Neutral, medium—heavy mineral oil
used as a lubricant for pumice stone in rub—
(PDCA)
bing varnish, also lacquer.
RUBBING VARNISH: A hard-drying varnish which
may be rubbed with an abrasive and water or oil
to a uniform leveled surface.
(PDCA)
RUNS: Also known as "sags" or "curtains"
regularities of a surface due to uneven flow,
frequently due to applica tion Of a coat that is
too heavy and not bru shed out well.
(PDCA)
The coating of red or yellow oxides of
RUST :
iron produced when iron or steel is exposed
to a humid atmopshere. Not to confused
a term loosely used to des—
with "white rust " ,
cribe corrosion products of certain nonferrous
(PDCA)
metal s .
RUST BLOOM: Di scoloration indicating the be—
ginning of rusting . (PDCA)
RUSTING: Corrosion Of iron resulting in the
formation of products on the surface consist—
ing largely of hydrous ferric oxide.
(PDCA)
Solutions which etch
RUST-INHIBITIVE WASHES:
the metal and form a dull gray coating of uni—
form Iy fine texture, thus producing rust—
inhibitj.ve surface receptive to pr iming coat.
RUST PREVENTIVE PAINT OR PRIMER: The first coat
of paint applied directly to iron or steel
structures to slow down or prevent rusting
(NPCA)
Steel Structures Painting Council. (PDCÄ)
SSPC :
09900
PAINTING
SAGS: Excessive flow, causing runs or
sagging in paint film during applica—
tion. Usually caused by applying too
kea vy a coat of paint or thinning too
(NPCA)
much.
SAL SODA: crystalli zed sodium carbonate.
Used for making cleaning solutions to
remove grease and grime from old paint—
(PDCA)
ed sur faces.
SAND DOWN: Remove gloss of old finish
(PDCA)
prior to painting .
SAND FINISH: Rough f inish plaster wall.
(PDCA)
Blast cleaning using sand as
SANDBLAST :
(PDCA)
an abrasive.
SANDING: Smoothing of a surface, by hand
or machi ne, to enable production of a
better final finish.
(PDCA)
SANDING SEALER: A type of lacquer acting
as seal coating over applied wood filler.
It is sanded prior to application of
fin ishing lacquer.
(PDCA)
SANDY FINISH: A surface condi tion having
the appearance of sandpaper, may result
(PDCA)
from over spray.
SANDING SURFACER: A heavily pigmented
fini shing material used for building
the surface to a smooth condition.
It
(NPCA)
is sanded after drying.
The reaction of basic ma—
SAPONIFICATION :
terials such as metal oxides or hydroxi—
des with organic acids (as in oils and
fats) to form soaps.
(PDCA)
SATIN FINISH: When a dried paint film
does not have a full luster, but has one
resembl ing the luster of satin, it is
said to have a satin finish.
(PDCA)
SCALE: Rust occurring in thin layers.
(PDCA)
SCALING: An evidence of paint failure
which is the last Stage of cracking
Moisture entering the cracks in the
paint film destroys its adhesive prop—
erty, and results in the breaking or
scaling of the. paint.
(PDCA)
SCRUBBABILTTY: The ability of a paint
film to withstand scrubbing and clean—
ing with water, soap and other house—
hold cleaning agents .
(NPCA)
Excessive sanding can cause
SCUFFING :
scuff ing of ei ther the gypsum wall—
board panel face paper or the joint tape
itself . These scuff marks should be
covered with further treatments of com—
pound, or the rough paper will absorb
paint differently than smoother sur—
faces and leave a "fuzzy" finish. (PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 8 ******
SECTION 09900
. SEALER: A thin I iguid applied to seal a sur—
face, to prevent previous paint fran bleed—
ing through fran the surface, or to prevent
undue absorption Of the topcoat into the
(NPCÄ)
substrate.
colors made by combining
SECONDARY COLORS:
For example, the second—
pr imary colors.
ary color orange, is obtained by mixing red
(PDCA)
and yel low.
Small grains resembling undissolv—
SEEDINESS;
ed gum in lacquer and similar æterial.
(PDCA)
Term used to describe paint
SELF-CLEAN ING :
in which rate of chalking is controlled so
dirt on surface will be washed away with
(PDCÄ)
accumulated chalk.
SELF PRIMING: Use of sand paint for pr imer
The paint may be
and for subsequent coats.
thinned differently for the different coats.
(PDCA)
SEMI—GLOSS: This term refers to the glossi—
ness Of a finish and is between eggshell
(PDCA)
and high or full gloss.
SEMITRANSPARENT : A degree of hid ing greater
than transparent but less than opaque.
(NPCA)
SET TO TOUCH: An intermediate stage in the
drying of a paint or varn ish film which is
reached when gentle pressure Of the finger
shows a tacky condition but none of the
coating adheres to the fing er.
(PDCA )
The dropping—out Of pigment and
SETTLING :
fillers from solution to the bottom of
the containers .
(PDCA)
SET UP: Drying to the state where the materi—
- 18
(PDCA)
al no longer flows.
Color in a tint.
(PDCA)
SHADE ;
SHADING IACQUER: Transparent colored lec-
quer used in shading. Applied with a spray
(PDCA)
gun.
SHADOWING: Being able to see the pre ceding
coats through the last coat .
(PDCA)
SHEARY: A finish which is not uniform in
gloss after drying.
(PDCA)
SHEEN: The degree of luster of dried finish
film. (PDCA)
SHEEN UNIFORMITY: The even distribution of
luster over the entire surface of an applied
(PDCA)
f inish.
SHELF—LIFE: Maximum interval in which a ma—
ter ial may be stored
condition .
(PDCA)
SHELLAC : Derived from
called Lac Used a s
and still be in usable
a resinous substance
a sealer and finish for
09900
PAINTING
floors, for sealing knots and other purposes.
A natural resin, usually in the form of thin
flakes. Ordinary shellac varnish is a sol—
(PDCA)
ution of shellac in alcohol .
SHINER: A spot glossier than the rest of the
(PDCA)
area .
SHIP BOTTOM PAINT: special product designed
to prevent corrosion and fouling with marine
(PDCA)
life on the bottom of ships.
SHRINKAGE: Decrease in volume on drying. (PDCA)
SIENNA ; An earth pigment of a brownish yellow
color when raw; orange red or reddish brown
when burnt. The color comes from the oxides
(PDCA)
of iron and manganese.
SILICA: Ground quartz Used as an extender
(PDCA)
pigment.
Those ernploying silicates
SILICATE PAINTS:
as binders: used primarily in inorganic
zinc rich coating.
(PDCA)
SILICONE; A resin resulting from the chemical
treatment of quartz rock especially useful
as a waterproofing material.
(PDCA)
SILICON CARBIDE: Abrasive crystals are shiny
black; very hard and br ittle. Made by fusing
si I ica sand and coke in an electric furnace.
(PDCA )
SINKING IN: The absorption of a considerable
amount of the finishing ma terial by the
(PDCA)
undercoa t.
(PDCA)
SIZE: A sealer.
SKIM COATING: Technique of applying a thin
coat of finishing compound over entire sur—
This knocks
face of gypsum wallboard panel.
down the nap of the paper and provides even
sheen and absorption, sometimes cal led for
under high sheen enamel paint systems. (PDCA)
SKIN : A tough layer or skin formed on the
surface Of a paint or varnish in the con—
tainer. Caused by exposure to air.
(PDCA)
Said of paint too heavy—bodied for
SKIPPY;
uniform application which causes the brush
to skip on the surface, leaving some spots
in sufficiently coated and others with too
heavy a coating.
(PDCA)
Places where the journeyman painter
SKIPS :
has failed to cover with paint, or the
brush has been too dry to apply the proper
thickness of 1m. (PDCA)
SLING PSYCHOMETER TOOL: Simple testing de-
vice to determine both temperature and
relative humidity in work area, factors
which affect drying time and shrinkage of
joint finishing compounds.
(PDCA)
Said of a paint which is easy to
Sl.1P :
app I y.
(PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 9 ******
SECTION 09900
SLOW DRYING: Requiring 24 hours or
(PDCA)
recoating .
SOLIDS VOLUME: Percentage of total
(PDCA)
pied by nonvolatiles.
- 19
longer
vo I ume
before
occu—
SOLUBILITY: Degree to which a substance be
(PDCA)
dissolved.
PAINTING
SPOTTING: The appearance of disco lored
(PDC)
spots on a varnished surface.
SPOT PRIMING : A method for protecting
localized spots. The only areas primed
are those that require additional pro—
tection due to rusting or peel ing of
(NPCA)
the former coat.
SOLUTION :
so Ived.
SOLVENCY :
SOLVENTS :
A liquid in which a substance is dis—
(PDCA)
Measure of ability to dissolve. (PDCA)
Volatile liquids, usually of low
boiling points, used in paints and similar ma—
terials to dissolve the various compounds of
some of them are used to d is—
the vehicle.
solve the nitrocellulose used in making Iac—
(PDCA)
quer .
SOLVENT PELEASE: Ability to permit solvents to
(PDCA)
evaporate.
SOLVENT vmSH: Cleaning with solvent.
(PDCA)
SOYBEAN OIL: A semidrying oil obtained from
(PDCA)
soybeans.
SPACTLING (or SPACKLING) COMPOUND: A powder
which is mixed with water and used as a crack
filler, for building up rough surfaces
preparatory to painting and for other surfaces.
CPDCA )
SPALLING; The chipping or fragmenting of sur—
face or surface coating caused, for example,
by differential thermal expansion or contrac—
(PDCA)
t ion.
SPARK TESTING: Detection of holidays (flaws)
by using a special spark testing tool. (PDCA)
SPARKPROOF TOOLS: Bronze beryllium tools, (PDCA)
SPAR VARNISH: A very durable varnish designed for
severe service on exterior surfaces
It must
be resistant to rain, sunlight and heat. Narned
from its original use on the spars of ships.
(PDCA)
SPATTER: Small particles or drips of liquid paint
thrown or expelled when applying paint. (NPCA)
SPATTER F INISH: Finish which provides a spattered
or speckled effect.
(PDCA)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Ratio of weight of a given vol—
ume to æight of an equal volume of water at
(PDCA)
the same tæperature .
Band of colors produced when
SPECTRAL COLORS:
ray of sunshine is bent by glass prisms. (PDCA)
SPECULAR GLOSS: Mirrorlike reflectance. IPDCA)
SPIRIT STAIN; One made by dissolving a dye in an
alcohol. (PDCA)
SPIRIT VARNISH: A varnish made by dissolving a
resin in a solvent. It dries primarily by
evaporation rather than by oxidation. CPDCA)
09900
SPRAY CAP : Front enclosure of spray gun
equipped with atomizing air holes. (PDCÄ)
SPmy HEAD: Combination of needle, tip
(PDCA)
and air cap.
SPRAYING: A method of application in
which the coating material is broken up
into fine mist that is directed onto the
surface to be coated. Atomization is
generally effected by compressed air ,
but other methods are direct pressure
(airless spray) and centrifugal force.
(PDCA)
SPRAY PATTERN: Configuration of spray with
(PDCA)
gun held steady.
SPREADING RATE: The area to which a paint
can be spread; usually expressed as
(NPCA)
square feet per gallon.
STAIN : A transparent coating which colors
the substrate, usually wood, without
obscur ing grain or other texture .
(NPCA )
STARCHING, BUTTERMILKING; A mixture of
starch and water, or buttermilk alone ,
which sometimes is applied as the final
coat on high quality wall decoration.
Since it is transparent, it permits the
decoration to show through and when the
wall becmes dirty the starch, or butter—
milk, can be washed off without affecting
the original decoration. The process
can be repeated many times to protect
(PDCA)
the decoration.
STARCH SOLUTION: A solution for starching
newly painted walls so that they can be
more ea sily washed. (PDCA)
STEAM CLEAN: A cleaning process using
live steam. (PDCA)
STENCILING: Placing a design on a wall
or other surface by applying the finish
through a template cut out of thin, flat
(PDCA)
paper or metal .
STICK SHELLAC: Shellac which comes in
solid stick form. Used extensively for
(PDCA)
furniture patching.
STIPPLING: A finish made by using a stip—
pling brush or roller stippler on a
newly painted surface before the paint
(PDCA)
is dry.
STRAKS : A surface defect characterized
by essentially parallel lines of differ—
(PDCA)
ent colors or shades.

****** Result for Image/Page 10 ******
AINTING
SECTION 09900
TACK : The degree of stickiness of a pav-at or
. STRETCH: A term used to describe the width
varnish f i Im. during the drying period. Oil
of a section of a wall that is painted be—
paints and spar varnishes may retain an af—
fore moving the ladders or scaffolding .
tertack for several weeks after they are
(PDCA)
(PDCA)
considered dry .
STRIKING IN: A finishing material which soft—
TACK FREE: A finished surface which is no
ens the undercoats or sinks into them
(PDCA)
longer sticky.
(PDCA )
slightly.
TACK RAG: Cloth impregnated with varnish
STROKE: A single pass with a spray gun in one
used in wood finishing to remove abrasive
(PDCA)
dir ection.
dust from surface Of wood, before applying
(PDCA)
finishing materials.
STYRENE ACRYLIC: A type of latex hase water
emulsion paint . (PDCA)
TALC: A hydrous magnesium aluminum silicate
It is also
used as an extender in paints
STYRENE-BUTADIENE: A type of latex base
knovm as talcum powder and soapstone. (PDCÄ)
water emulsion pain t. (PDCA)
TALL OIL: A blend of resin and Oil acids ob—
STYRENE RESIN: A synthetic resin made from
tained as a by—product from the sulpha te
vinyl benzene. (PDCA)
(PDCA)
process for making paper.
(PDCA)
SUBSTRATE: Surface to be painted.
TAR: A thick brown or black liquid with a
characteristic residue from the dis—
SUCTION: The suction of a surface to be
tillation of wood, peat, coal, shale or other
painted is due to its porosity which causes
vegetable or mineral material
(PDCA)
it to rapidly absorb newly applied paint.
(PDCA)
TEMPERA: A water—thinned or water—ernulsion
(PDCA)
paint .
SUCTION SPOTTING: Due to the absorption of
oil in a new coat by porous areas in a pre—
TENSILE STRENGTH: Resistance to elongation;
(PDCA)
viously painted surface.
the greatest "longitudinal stress a substance
bear without rupture or remaining per—
SULFATE: A chemical compound in ich sul—
(PDCA)
manently elongated .
phur and oxygen are combined with a metal
or other substance in a certain ratio. Ex—
TERTIARY COLORS: Colors made by combining
(PDCA)
lead sulphate.
amp I e :
colors on color wheel that are adjacent, like
(PDCA)
red and orange.
SURFACE: An area which is to be coated or
The. kind of
the character of the area .
Small pieces of material usually
TEST PANELS:
finish obtained after the finished WE k
wood or metal, on which surface coatings are
(PDCA)
has been rubbed.
(PDCÄ)
applied for testing purposes .
SURFACE CONDITIONER: preparatory coating
TEST PATTERN: Spray pattern used in adjusting
applied to chalked, painted masonry sur—
spray gun. (PDCA)
face for bonding chalk to undersurface .
(PDCA)
TEST RACK: A frame used to hold panels during
the testing period.
(PDCA)
SURFACE DRYING: Drying of a finishing ma-
terial on top while the bottom rerna ins
TEXTURE: The roughness or irregularity of a
(PDCA)
more or less soft.
(PDCA)
surface.
SURFACE SALER: PVA, shellac, prime coat
TEXTURE PAINT: One which may be manipulated
or proprietary sealer applied to gypsum
by brush, trowel or other tool to produce
wallboard surface, previous to spray tex—
various effects,
(NPCA)
ture application or ceramic tile applica—
tion on moisture resistant gypsum wallboard
THERMOPLASTIC: Mobile or soften under heat.
(PDCA)
panels.
CPDCA)
SURFACE TENSION: property of finishing ma-
THERMOSETTING: Becomes rigid under heat and
terial which causes it to try to shrink
( PDCA)
cannot be remel ted.
(PDCA
THINNERS: Volatile liquids used to lower or
SUF.FACER: A paint used to gnooth the sur—
otherwise regulate the consistency of paint
face before finish coats are applied
and varnish. (PDCA)
(NPCA)
THIXOTROPIC: The property possessed by certain
SYNTHETIC RESINS: A large group of resin-
gels of becoming liquid when agita ted and
like materials produced synthetically by
coagulating again when left in an und isturbed
either polymerization or condensation of
condition. (PDCA)
various chemicals. (PDCA)
09900 - 20

****** Result for Image/Page 11 ******
SECTION 09900
THORPUGH DRYING: Uniform drying of entire film.
( PDCA)
THUMBNAIL PROOF: Checking hardness of a finish
hy pressing thumbnail against it.
(PDCA)
TIE COAT: Intermediate coat used to bond d if—
(PDCA)
ferent types of paint coats.
TINT: A color thinned or let down with white.
Tints are made by a full strength
color with a white paint.
(PDCA)
TINT BASE; The basic paint in a custom color
system to which colorants are added to make
(NPCA)
a wide range of colors.
TINTING COLORS: colored pigments ground in
media compa bible with paint vehicles, added
in relatively small proportions to already
prepared paints to modify their color. With
the introduction of latex paints of many
types, tinters have been developed that can
be used with both organic solvent—thinned
paints and with water—thinned paints.
Such
dual purpose tinters are known as "Universal
Tin ters"
(PDCA)
TINTING STRENGTH: The coloring poær of a
(PDCA)
standard paint or pigment.
TITANIUM: A metal which is the basis for the
(PDCA)
pigment, titanium dioxide.
TITANIUM CALCIUM: Paint pigment made by com-
bining titanium dioxide of rutile type and
(PDCA)
calcium sulphate.
TITANIUM DIOXIDE: Compound of titanium. White
in color. Used as a pigment in paints and
enamel s .
(PDCA)
TONER: A nonextended pure organic pigment
usually, although some toners are bases on
such metals as copper, molybdenum, and tung—
sten, (NPCA)
TOUCH—UP; The abil i ty of a coating film to be
spot repaired (usually wi thin a few months
of initial painting) wi thout showing color
or gloss differences.
(NPCA)
TOLUOL (TOLUENE) :
Lacquer dilutent normally
made by coal tar distillation.
(PDCA)
TONE: A gradation Of color, either a hue, a
tint or a shade; as a gray tone.
(PDCA)
TONE DOWN: The process of reducing visual
prominence of an installation by the appli—
cation of external coatings; blending of
overall color scheme with the surrounding
env ironmen t.
(PDCA)
TOO MUCH DRAG: Refers to paint that has ex-
cessive "Full" or "drag" in its application.
CPDCA)
TOOTH: A term sometimes used by journeymen
painters to describe the characteri stics of a
paint which provide good anchorage or adhe—
sion for succeeding coats. They say it gives
" tooth" to the surface.
CPDCA)
09900
- 21
PAINTING
(PDCA)
TOP COATING: Finish coat.
TOXICITY; The quality of being poisonous;
It usually affects painters through in—
(PDCA)
halation of fumes.
TRAFFIC PAINTS: paints designed for high-
way marking. They must dry rapidly, ex—
hibit good abrasion and water resistance
and be suitable for appl ication to either
concrete or asphalt They often contain
coarse materials such as pumice or glass
beads . (PDCA)
TRI SODIUM PHOSPHATE; A strong alkaline
chemical used for cleaning, degreasing
and dulling surfaces prior to painting.
(PDCA)
TRIAD COLOR HARMONY: Harmony obtained by
using colors from three equidistant points
of the color wheel. Red, yellow and blue
nake up a triad.
(PDCA)
TRIGGERING: Intermittent squeezing and re—
leasing of trigger .
(PDCA)
TRIM ENAMEL PAINT: surface coating differ-
ing from ordinary house paint by faster
drying, by having gloss and show—
ing fewer brush marks. Used mostly on
tr im, shutters, screens. (PDCA)
TRUE COhQLEMENT COLOR HARMONY: Two colors
directly across the color wheel from
each other are true complements. Examples
are red and green, and orange and blue .
(PDCA)
TUNG OIL: A drying oil obtained from the
nut of the tung tree; also cal led China—
wood oil.
(PDCA)
TURPENTINE: A co Iorless, volatile liquid
obtained by distillation of the oleo—
resinous secretions found in living and
dead pine trees; used as a paint thinner.
(PDCA)
TWO—COAT SYSTEM : Two—coat paint applica—
tion for initial painting .
(PDCA)
ULTRAMARINE: Artificial lapis lazuli
used as a blue pigment.
(PDCA)
ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT' Often referred to as
black light, is at the lower range of
the light spectrum. This 1 ight is the
portion of the spectrum which causes
the destruction of paint films. (PDCA)
UMBER: A hydrated iron manganese ore
running from olive shades in raw condi—
tion to dark rich brown shades in the
burnt state. Used extensively as a pig—
ment .
(PDCA)
UNDERCOAT: The coat or coats applied to
a surface after priming, filling, etc.
or after the preparation of a previously
painted surface, and before the applica—
tion of a finishing coat. An undercoat

****** Result for Image/Page 12 ******
SECTION 09900
should possess good hiding power and a color
leading up to that of the fin ishing coat ,
and should be suitable for use with other
paints in the system. (PDCA)
UNIFORMITY: Not varying in gloss, sheen,
color, hiding or other property. (NPCA)
UREA RESIN: A synthetic resin made by react—
ing urea and formaldehyde. Rarely used in
trade sales products, but common in chemü—
(PDCA)
cal coatings.
URETHANE RESINS : A relatively new synthetic
resin characterized by excellent flexi—
bility and chemical resistance. Used in
ma terials similar to alkyds and also in
catalyzed f inlshes. Also important in
It is outstanding for ma—
making foams
r ine finishes and floor finishes.
(PDCA)
USEFUL LIFE: The length of time a coating
is expected to remain in service.
(PDCÄ)
VALUE: The 1 ightness or darkness of a
color .
(PDCA)
VANDYKE BROWN: A brom pigment which con-
sists of decomposed vegetable Inatter that
has almost approached the coal state.
(PDCA)
VARNISH: A liquid composition which is con—
verted to a translucent or transparent
solid film after application in a thin
layer
(PDCA)
VARNISH STAIN; A varnish containing a
stain
(PDCA)
VEGETABLE Oil..s: Oils obtained from the
seeds or nuts Of vegetable growth. In—
cl uded are linseed, soybean, peril 1 a,
hempseed, tung, castor, etc. (PDCA)
VEHICLE :
The liquid portion of a paint
composed ma inly of solvents, resins,
or oils,
(NPCA)
VENETIAN RED: A pigment consisting usual) y
Of calcium sulfate and red iron oxide.
(PDCA)
VINYL: The name of a class of resins. Vi—
nyl acetate is comrnonly used in latex
pa ints.
polyvinyl chloride is used in
some solvent—thinned coatings wlpre high
chemical resistance is called for. There
are many other vinyl derivatives which
appear in various specialized coatings.
(PDCA)
VINYL COATING: One in which the major por-
tion of the binder is of a vinyl resin .
(PDCA)
VINYL COPOLYMER: Resins produced by co-
polymerizing vinyl monomers such as
vinyl acetate and vinyl chlor ide (PDCA)
09900
- 22
PAINTING
VISCOSITY: The fluid thickness of an 041,
varnish, paint or enamel .
(PDCA)
VISCOSITY CUP: A device for measuring vis-
cosity.
VOLATILE:
(PDCA)
(PDCA)
Said of a liquid that evaporates.
VOLATILF, CONTENT :
which evaporate.
VOLATILE THINNER:
Percentage of materials
(PDCA)
All that liquid portion of
a paint, water excepted, which is volatile
in a current of steam at atmospheric pres—
(PDCA)
sure.
VOLATILE VEHICLE: That portion of the vehi—
cle, sometimes called "solvent", which eva—
porates as the coating dries and which holds
the solids in solution.
(PDCA)
Solution such as glue, starch,
SIZE:
casein, shellac, varnish or lacquer, used
to seal or fill pores of wall surface to
stop suction, counteract chemicals or stains
and prepare surface for paint, paper or
fabr i c.
(PDCA)
Colors in which red—orange pre—
WARM COLORS :
dominates. This term is applied not only
because of the association with fire, heat
and sunshine, but also because they are ac—
tually warmer than cool colors.
(PDCA)
VASH COAT: A very thin coat of finishing
material, usually shellac.
(PDCA)
VmSHABILITY: The ability of a paint to be
easily c] eaned without wear ing away during
cleaning .
(NPCA)
VmTER BLASTING: Blast cleaning using high
velocity water.
(PDCA)
WATER SPOTTING: A paint appearance defect
caused by water droplets.
(NPCA)
ATER-THINNED PAINT: A paint whose thinner is
mainly water. The binder may be a material
that (1) requires water for setting, e.g.,
Portland cement; (2) which is soluble in
casein; (3) which is emulsi—
water, e.g.,
fiable in water, e.g., flat wall paint
binders. (PDCA)
WATER WHITE: Transparent and colorless like
(PDCA)
water .
WAVE LENGTH: Computed distance between vibra—
tions Of light that produce visible color
sensation on eye. In visible spectrum, red—
orange has longest wave length; violet the
shortest. Wave lengths are measured in
millimicrons. Wave lengths longer than
red—orange are cal led infrared.
(PDCA)
WEATHERING: The effect of exposure to weather
on pa int films. (N?CA)
WET EDGE: Length of time a wall pa int can
stand and be brushed back into the next
stretch without showing lap
(PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 13 ******
SECTION 09900
Device for measuring wet film
WET FILM GAUGE:
- 23
(PDCA )
thi ckness
WET FIIN THICKNESS: Thickness of liquid film im-
(PDCA)
mediately after application .
Chemicals used in solutions,
WETTING AGENTS:
emulsions or compounded mixtures to reduce the
surface tension and give greater ease of mix—
(PDCA)
ing and stability to the solution.
Products used to promote adhe—
WETTINC OILS:
sion of applied coatings when all mill scale
(PDCA)
and rust cannot be removed .
The maximum distance of pene—
WETTING STRENGTH:
tration the vehicle is capable of delivering
the paint or coating assembly in a vertical
or horizontal direction on a specific sub—
(PDCA)
strate.
The time required for a vehicle
WETTING TIME:
to reach the end point of distance and pene—
tration on a metal (PDCA)
Blast cleaning to the white metal.
WHITE BLAST :
(PDCA)
WHITE LEAD: Compounds of lead used as te
pigments in many types of paint. There are
basic lead carbonate and bas ic
two type s :
(PDCA)
lead sulfate.
WHITE V'ASH: One of oldest paints. Principal
ingredient is lime paste. Whitewash formula:
Trisodium Phosphate 3 1b. ,
Casein 5 lb.,
Lime paste 8 gal. Eight gallons Of stiff
lime paste are obtained by slaking 25 lbs.
Casein
of quick line in 10 gal. of water.
should be soaked in 2 gal. of hot water un—
til softened. Trisodium Phosphate dissolved
jn I gal. of water is added to casein mixture
This solu—
and casein allowed to dissolve.
tion should be mixed with lime paste and 3 gal.
(PDCA)
of water.
Calcium carbonate, limestone or chalk
WHITING;
in pigment form. Used as an extender in paints
and for making put ty.
(PDCA )
Pigment oil stain.
(PDCA)
WIPING STAIN:
WIRE BRUSH: A hand cleaning tool comprised of
bundles of wires; also the act of cleaning a
surface with a wire brush, includ ing power
brushes .
(PDCA)
WOOD TURPENTINE: Turpentine that has been nude
by steam distill ing Southern pine chips and
stumps rather than distilling the pure gum
( PDCA)
gathered from live trees.
WOOD FIILERS: Fillers are of kinds——paste
Paste fillers are something like
and liquid.
a very thick paint and are composed of some
solid powdered substance, usually silica or
powdered quartz, mixed with Iin seed oil or
varnish thinned with turpentine or benz ine
(.PDCA )
09900
PAINTING
WRINKLE FINISH: A varnish or enamel film
which exhibits fine wrinkles or ridges.
Used largely for its novelty effect on
(PDCA)
manufactured articles.
WRINKLING: Development of ridges and fur—
rows in a paint film when the paint
(NPCA)
dr ies.
XANTHIC: Containing yellow or pertaining
(PDCA)
to yel low color.
XYLOL; A solvent resembling benzol and
toluol but of a higher boiling fraction
It is used as a dilutent in lacquer and
as a constituent of synthetic enamels,
derived from distillation of coal tar
and from hydroforming of a selected pe—
(PDCA)
troleum fraction.
YELLOWING: Development of a yellow color
or cast in white, pastels, colored or
(NPCA)
clear finishes.
ZINC: Ore obtained from mines; used ex—
(PDCA)
tensively as paint pigment.
ZINC CHROMATE: Yellow pigment stable to
light and sulphur fumes, but with lower
tin ting strength than chrome yellow,
and made by reacting zinc oxide with
It is also cal led
chromate solutions .
"zinc yellow" and "buttercup yellow" .
(PDCA)
Finely divided zinc metal,
ZINC DUST:
Used chiefly in metal
gray in color .
primers, especially for galvanized iron.
(PDCA)
ZINC OXIDE : A compound of zinc used as a
white pigment in many types of paint.
(PDCA)
ZINC PHOSPHATE COATING: Treatment used
on steel to improve adhesion Of coat—
ing s .
(PDCA)
ZINC SILICATE:
(PDCA)
Inorganic zinc coating .
ZINC SULFIDE: Compound of zinc used as
a whi pigment in many types Of paint
See Lithopone.
(PDCA)
ZINC YELLOW A yellow pigment, pr i mar ily
Zinc Chromate
USed in metal primers
for its rust inhibiting proper ty.
(PDCA)

****** Result for Image/Page 14 ******
SECTION 09950
A pattern or design not based
ABSTRACT :
on natural forms. (WCMA)
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: considered to be
the first indigenous American style of
painting, although it was anticipated by
Turner and by Kandinsky, others.
Notable for amorphous shapes on large
(WCMA)
canvases .
ACANTHUS : A motif derived from the large
leaf Of the low—growing acanthus plant .
Used at an early date by the Greeks for
architectural scrolls and on the capitals
of the Corinthian co lumn, it subsequent—
Iy became an essential part of many fa—
(WCMA)
bric patterns.
ACCENT: Any device such as a br ight color
or an object such as a small rug,
(WCMA)
draws attention.
ACRYLIC: Refers to a family of plastic
resins which may be used as pigment bin—
der, for surface coating, or to make syn—
(WCMA)
thetic fibers.
ADN4 DESIGN: The two Adams brothers, Robert
and James, were Scottish architects who
designed buildings, interiors and furnish—
ings in England during the late 18th cen—
tury. Their style is marked by a fresh,
restrained use of classical motifs. (WCMA)
AIR KNIFE: Device to remove excess pigment
at the time a wallcovering is "ground
coated " .
(WCHA )
ALL-OVER PATTERN: The typical effect pro-
duced by a wallcovering. A pattern in
which the units of design are evenly dis—
tributed over a surface, without undue
(WCMA)
emphasis.
Similar or comparable in certain
ANALOGOUS :
Colors adjacent to each other
respects.
on a color wheel, and thus forming a
close, often vibrant relationship.
(WCMA)
APPLIQUE: A design or ornament applied to
another surface
In wallpaper, cut—outs
applied to a plain, textured or fi gured
(wcpm )
bac kground.
ARABESQUE; An ornamental structure either
geometric or flowing in character
The
term in its widest sense includes stylized
arrangements of picturesque subject ratter
as well as all interlacings, grilles and
(WCMA)
fretvnrk.
The "new art" which flourished
ART NOUVEAU :
rather briefly in Europe at the end of
the last century and has staged an extra—
ordinary comeback in the late Sixties.
It
uses natural forms distorted into whiplash
curves. Popularly known as Psychedelic
(WCMA)
art.
09950
WALL COVERING
AVANT—GARDE: Literally anything in advqnce of
the times. What is considered far out, or
advanced, at the moment, may or may not be—
cane an accepted and even commonplace form
(WCMA)
of art in the future
BANDBOX DESIGNS: Motifs taken from bandboxes
or hatboxes of the early 19th century which
were covered with wallpaper, usually of a
topical or romantic nature. (WCMA)
BASKET-WEAVE: Simulations of loosely woven
(WCMA)
fabrics, baskets or coarse matting .
In printing, a spreading of pigment
BLEEDING :
beyond the design outline, or the appearance
(VICMA)
of one color through another .
BLOCK CUTTER: A craftsman who, by hand, ham-
mers into a roller the grass strips and felt
from which the wal I paper will be printed.
(WC>LA)
BLOCK PRINTING: Also called hand-blocking. A
process of printing with blocks on which the
unit of design stands out in relief.
Pear
is traditionally used, and a different
(WCMÄ)
block is needed for each color .
BOLT: A roll of fabric or paper of a given
(WCMA)
(See Roll of Wallpaper) .
length.
BORAX: A colloquialism of the home furnishings
trades, denoting cheap, or in bad taste.
(WCMA)
BORDER: A narrow strip around an edge. A
border wallcovering is used for trimming ,
or as a frieze, generally just under the
(See Soffit).
(WCMA)
cei ling .
BROKEN TWILL: A tightly woven twill-weave
cloth having a thread count in the range of
76 by 52 (warp by fill) and weighing approxi—
mately 8.6 ounces per square yard.
(CSI)
Heavy mechanical rollers used to
CALENDER :
snooth, glaze and establish thickness of
paper, cloth and other sheet materials.
(CSI)
CALENDERED STOCK: A paper which has been
compressed to make it srnooth and glos sy.
(WCMA)
Can be of any ground color .
CANOPY CEILING : A decoration composed Of a
ceiling paper, or a sidewall paper such
as a stripe, in which the strips are cut
in triangles and hung so that the apex
will terminate in the center of the ceil—
ing to produce a striking domed effect.
CAPITAL : The upper part of a column or
pillar, an occasional wallpaper motif
(WCI.IA)

****** Result for Image/Page 15 ******
SECTION 09950
Plain, geometrical, small diaper ,
CEILING PAPERS:
trellis or foliage patterns which look well on
(WCMA)
the ceiling from all directions.
CELLULOSE: An insoluble starch—like or woody
substance taken from plants and used as the
base for many synthetic materials, e.g. , wall—
(V,'CI'LÄ)
paper paste.
In a room, the pr incipal fo—
CENTER OF INTEREST:
cal point, architecturally speaking, such as,
In a wallcovering
for example, a fireplace.
design, the dominant motif, usually hung at
eye level in the central area of a room to es—
tablish a starting point for hanging the rest
(WCMÄ)
of the wallcovering.
The topmost molding of a dado, placed
CHAIR RAIL:
on the wall at the height of a chairback as
(WCMA)
protection.
CHINOISERIE: Originally, European designs " in
NOW loosely applied to
the Chinese taste. "
almost any oriental form of decoration. (WCMA)
CHINTZ: Papers resembling the pr inted cotton
materials from India once known as "Chints " ,
(WCMA)
featuring brightly colored flower s.
Basically a pasting technique whereby
COLLAGE:
pictorial images or patterns, and pieces of
colored, textured ITEteria1 are superimposed
Sometimes descr i bed as the
on each other.
most characteristic method of Twentieth cen—
(RCPIÄ)
tury art.
Containers spaced around a rotary
COLOR PAN:
press which transfer the pigment to a sieve
cloth, which in turn transfers it to the
(GCMA )
printing roller .
The combination of colors in which
COLORWA Y
a design is printed, any given design usually
being made in from two to six colorings.
In
a line of papers, each colorway is referred to
as a "sheet " or style" .
(WCYLA)
COLOR RUN: The amount of roll age produced of a
single color combination at any one time. When
the same combination is run again, it receives
a differ ent " run" number .
(WCMA)
Designs in which an his—
COMMEMORATIVE PAPERS :
toric event or personage is memor ialized, as
for exaraple the well—known Minute Man documen—
tar y corunemorating the Declaration of Indepen—
(WCMA)
dence .
COMMERCIAL: manufactured in quantity to serve
(WCMA)
low—priced narkets
COMPANION PAPERS : A set of two papers designed
and colored to be used together in the same or
adjoining areas. one is often a large Id
pattern, the other a texture or stripe. (WCMA)
Those in which the arrange—
CONVENTIONAL DESIGNS :
ment is regular and stylized, in contrast to
more natural del ineations of a subject. (WCMA)
09950 2
COVERING
In wal I paper, a very narrow
CORDUROY :
stripe imitating the fabric. The name
is derived from the French "Corde du ROi
or King's cord.
(WCMA)
CORNICE: A horizontal molding or combina—
tion of moldings to finish the top of a
Paper simulating the same . (WCMA)
wall .
CORNUCOPIA: The Horn of Plenty filled
with fruits and vegetables symbolizing
(WCMA)
abundance .
Bright bold embroidery using
CREWEL WORK:
wor Sted yarn, generally in a mixture of
English and East Indian motifs based on
(WCMA)
the so—called "tree of life "
DADO: The lower part of the wall, custo—
Paper that
mar ily of chair rail height.
prov ides this architectural division.
(WCMÄ)
DAMASK: Patterns imitating stylized t ex—
tile motifs in which foliage predominates.
These "damasks" are most convincing when
they use self—toned colorways, such as
(WCMA)
shades of red.
DESIGN: A plan, or a single unit of deco—
(WCMA)
(See pattern) .
ration.
Small units of design framed or
DIAPER:
spaced to create an all—over diamond—
( WCMÄ )
shaped pattern.
pricing system where the whole—
Dl SCOUNTING :
sale price is represented as a discount
(WCbLA)
on the list or retail price.
That part of the machine
DOCTOR BLADE:
pr inting equipment Which wipes off ex—
cess color as pigment is transferred
from roller to the raw paper on the press.
(WCMA)
DOCUMENTARY : A design based on a "document " ,
i.e. an old paper or fabric dating from
the nineteenth century or ear lier. (WCMA)
DOMINO: Early French wa II paper made in
small sheets, originally imitating mar—
(WCMÄ)
ble, later patterned.
DRILL: A tightly woven twill—weave cloth
having a thread count in the range of 68
by 40 (warp by fill) and weighing approxi—
mately 4.8 ounces per square yard.
(CSI)
DROP CEILING: A form of decoration in which
the cei ling paper is brought down to a
suitable depth on the walls of a room
and divided from the sidewall by a border
Gives the illusion of a
or n•olding.
lover ceil ing .
(WCMA)
EMBOSSING: A raised effect created when
metal rollers impress a design into the
(WCMA)
back of a wallcovering.

****** Result for Image/Page 16 ******
SECTION 09950
. ENGRAVING: Machine—printing of wa Ilpaper
with etched—out rollers to obtain subtle
and fine effects not possible with sur—
face printing. (WCMA)
FESTOONING: Process by wh ich paper is hung
Sticks
and dried after being printed
carry the paper, in long loops, through
(WCM.A)
a "drying chamber. "
FILL: In a woven fabric, threads running
parallel to the loom and hence running the
width of the fabric; in the textile indus—
(CSI)
try, fill is called wof.
FLAME SPREAD: The æximum distance the flame
spreads along the length of the sample from
the end of the igniting flame determined
by observation. The f lame spread factor
is derived from expressing flame spread
for the tested material as a percentage
of the flame spread for untreated red oak.
(CSI)
FLEUR-DE-LIS: The stylized iris flower ,
adopted by the kings Of Prance as a royal
symbol . (WCMA)
FLEXIBLE WALLCOVERINGS: Those vhich are
pliable such as paper, man—made vinyls
and fabrics, as opposed to "liquid" wall
coatings, such as paint, or "rigid" like
paneling or other solid wall products
(WCMA)
such as Formica or ceramic tile.
FLOCK: Wal Icoverings imitating the surface
of damask or cut velvet. Made by
finely fibers over a pattern printed
in varnish or some other sticky .
(WCMA)
FLORALS: Any wallcovering design featuring
recognizable flowers and foliage. (WCMA)
Striped patterns incorpora—
FLORAL STRIPES:
(WCMA)
ting floral motifs.
FOIL: A very thin sheet of flexible me tal
on a paper or fabric back. Can be pr inted
with transpar ent or opaque color and
mottled to resemble rterble, tortoise
(WCMÄ)
shell, etcetera.
FLUTING: Concave grooves carved on a sur—
face to decorate it. They are norrnally
parallel, but sometimes, as on twisted
columns, spiral
(WCMA)
FRET : A geometric band or border motif ,
consisting of interlacing or interlocking
lines Also known as a "key" or meander
(WCMA)
pattern.
FRIEZE: A type of wallpaper popular in
early 1900' s.
Generally a pictorial border
which ran above door height, or, in dining
(WCMA)
rooms, above the plate rail.
FUEL CONTRIBUTED : A time—temperature curve
developed by plotting time versus tznpera—
ture, raeasured by a thermocouple located at
09950
WALL COVERING
the 23 foot point (vent end) of the test
furnace. The fuel contributed factor is
derived by expressing the net area under the
curve for the tested material as a percent—
age of the net area under the curve for
untreated red oak . (CSI)
GRASSCLOTH: originally a hand—made product
imported from Japan made by gluing woven
native grasses onto a paper backing .
Printed wallpapers or dimensional wallcover—
ings, especially vinyl, that simulate the
same. (WCMA)
GROUND: Raw stock on which a coat Of pigment
has been applied before the top colors are
(WCMA)
put on .
GRISAILLE: Decorative treatment in which ob—
jects are rendered in tones of grey. Often
intended to give the effect of sculptured
rel ief, as in the famous wallpaper panels
(WCMA)
by John Baptist Jackson.
GROTESQUE: A fanciful hybrid human, animal, or
plant form used as an ornamental motif. (WC>IA)
GROUND COAT: The coat of pigment applied to
the raw stock which acts as the background
color for the design. (WCMA)
HARLEQU IN: An arrangement of parti—colored
diamond or lozenge shapes recalling a mas—
(WCMA)
qUerade costume.
HERALDIC: Designs whose motifs are inspired
by some form of heraldry, such as crests or
coats—o f —arms.
(WCMA)
INK-EMBOSSED TALLPAPERS: Differ from regular
embossed wallpapers in that the ink colors
are applied at the time the paper is being
(WCMA )
anbossed.
JASPE; French term meaning jasper.
Paper s
that show shaded, fine, vertical lines,
sometimes in irregular widths, reproducing
appearance of jasper stone cut across
the grainy. (WCMA)
Process of building up in thin
LAMINATION :
layers, then under heat and pressure with
an adhesive added, bonding together as one
(WCHA)
pr od uc t.
LINE; Merchandise belonging to one group or
In wall—
series offered by a manufacturer .
"name" collections appear ing period—
paper ,
ica11y every year or (WCMA)
LINING FABRICS: Muslin or canvas used under-
neath fine papers to avoid small cracks
possibly open ing up in a plaster wall and
(WCMA)
showing through.
LINING PAPER: Plain paper applied before the
wallpaper. Assures a smoother surface and
better adhesion .
(WCMA)

****** Result for Image/Page 17 ******
SECTION 09950
LINKWSTA : A permanent wal Icovering coated with
a wood flour and linseed oil mixture on a paper
backing. Linkrusta patterns are molded rather
than pr inted . (WCMA)
LITHOGRAPI-ED PAPER. Wallpaper nude by the print-
ing process used for billboards and posters.
Lithography exploits the affinity of color for
the greasy naterial in which the design is put
(WCMA)
on the roller . A "transfer" process.
LOTUS: one of the oldest of all decorative motifs,
utilizing the water—lilies of the Nile river in
(WCMA)
every degree of stylization.
.%CHINE-PRINTING: The method by which the bulk
of modern wallpapers are produced. Machine—
printing employs a rotary press and a series of
cyl inders or rollers to turn out wallpaper at
high speeds. Raw paper stock is first given a
coating of the ground color by a special ma—
chine, after which the paper proceeds in a
continuous web to the rotary press wrere the
top colors are applied and it is then festooned
on specially heated drying racks. At the end
of the line the paper is rolled up and cropped
Printing rollers are of
into commercial rolls
three kinds: brass and felt, routed out, or
(WCMA)
engr aved.
MARBLED PAPERS: Originally made by stirring col—
or s mixed with gums in a flat pan and "float—
ing't them on the sheets of paper that were
used for box and chest linings, and the end—
papers in books. Most of today's simulations
of marble are made by machine or silk screen,
although an occasional firm uses the old flo—
(WCMA )
tat ion method .
MATCHING: Act of hanging strips Of paper so
that the design will be in correct relation
to the preceding strip. The types of ma tch
are as follows:
1. A "random match" is the simplest type of
The pattern will look well no matter how
all.
one panel is placed in position in relation to
Stripes, all—over textures, and
the next one.
grasscloth patterns are usually random matches.
2. A " straight match" is one where the pattern
on one strip must be joined with a portion of a
pattern on another strip in order to complete
the pattern across the wall. After being hung ,
the design will be seen repeated, from strip to
strip, at the same height from the ceiling line
3. A "drop match" will have a portion of the
pattern on each strip like the straight rrztch.
However, the pattern will not repeat itself
at the same distance from the ceiling line ac—
ross the various strips on the wall.
Instead
the matching point will apparently drop lower
on each succeeding strip, but tkE pattern will
be seen to match at the same horizontal points
the first and third,
on alternate strips:
the second and fourth, and so on. Since there
is a certain amount Of wa ste with "drop" match—
ing of large—scale patterns, professional paper—
hangers measure and cut adjacent strips from
different rolls of the wallcovering, and plan
to alternate them. Small, left—over pieces
09950 4
WALL COVERING
can often be matched to go above door—.
ways or under windows. Elaborate pa t—
terns occasionally match at every third
or fourth strip of paper but this, the
multiple drop match, is quite rare.
(WCMA)
MEDALLION ; A decorative element confined
within a round, oval, square or rectan—
(WCMA)
gular outline .
Papers having a "watered "
MOIRE PAPERS:
(WCMA)
silk sheen effect.
MONK'S CLOTH : A basket—weave ma terial
of cotton, jute or flax. Wallcoverings
(WCMA)
that simulate it.
MONOCHROMATIC: Of one color, sometimes
in different light—and—dark values.
(WCMA)
MOSAIC: A type of floor, wall and ceiling
decoration in which pieces of colored
glass or stone are set in cement to form
(WC&iA)
a picture or pattern .
(WCMA)
MURAL: see scenic.
MUTED COLORS: Colors whose brightness
has been lessened or moderated, often
by their complementary co Ior. Also
called grayed colors or tones which,
on losing most Of their character as a
(WCMA)
color, are known as "neutrals" .
NATURALISM; In design, the close im i ta—
tion of natural forms and materials
(WCMA)
OATMEAL PAPER : Rough—textured wallpaper
in tan, eggshell or pale mixtures of
color which were very popular earlier
in the century . (WCMA)
OP ART: Not necessarily a matter of opti—
cal illusion. This style embraces all
types of disturbances crea ted for the
human eye, whether by lines, vibrating
color, or mving objects. Victor vasarely
is the acknowledged "father" of contem—
por ary Op Art. (WCMA)
OSNABURG: A lightly open square—weave
cloth having a thread count in the range
of 38 by 28 (warp by fill) and weighing
approximately 3.6 ounces per square
yar d.
(CSI )
OVERLAPPING SEAM: Method of hanging in
which only one selvage is trimrned. (WCMA)
PANEL DECORATION: A type of wallpaper
which flourished in the second half of
the 18th century, related to the wood—
paneled wa I Is then in use. Wallpaper
panels of the present day are thought
of more as " spot" decorations. (WCMA)
PATTERN : A design which is repeated. (WCbLA)

****** Result for Image/Page 18 ******
SECTION 09950
. PILLEMENT DESIGN: for the 18th cen-
-5
tury artist Jean Pillement who helped
popularize chino iserie.
PLAIDS: Designs consi sting of crossed
stripes, many of them or iginating in
(KCMA)
Scottish clan tartans.
Papers roade
PLASTIC-BONDED WALLPAPERS:
a protein size with a plastic added.
are washable, but subject to staining
(WCMA)
certain liquids.
Papers that
PLASTIC-COATED mLLPAPERS :
more shable and stain—resistant. A
to
with
They
by
are
thick plastic coating increases the re—
sistance and permits vigorous washing.
(WCMA)
PLASTICIZER: An •additive agent that imparts
flexibility to otherwise rigid material .
(CSI)
PRE—PASTED: Adhesive applied to the back
of wallcovering by tre manufacturer. Dip—
ping in water before hanging activates
(WCMA)
the paste.
PRE-TRIMMED PAPERS (TRIMMED PAPERS) Rolls
of wallpaper from which selvage been
(WCMA)
trimrned at factory.
PRIMARY COLORS: The trxee pigments, red,
ye I low and blue, vhich cannot be produced
(WCMA)
by any mixture of other pigments.
PRINT ROLLER: In machine printing, the cy—
linders on which a design is "cut" A
different cyl inder is used for each color
in the design and these are disposed around
the huge drum of the rotary press
applies the top colors of the design. Roll—
ers are of three types: brass and felt,
made by hand—hammering small pieces of
brass and felt into a hardwood cylinder to
form the design; routed, made by a machine
which cuts away from a metal roller every—
thing but the areas to be printed; and en—
graved, 11Bde by incising the design by
hand with punches into a copper cylinder .
Some engraved rollers, such as textures,
are made by a photo—electric process.
(WCMA)
PRODUCTION RUN: Production of one pattern in
one combination of colors from begin—
ning to end on one machine.
(See Color
(WCMA)
Run) .
PUTTER—ON: Craftsman who traces final hand—
colored sketch issuing from design studio
to ser i es of acetate sheets, and fran these
onto set of rollers, each tracing being
broken down to that part of design in a
given color.
(WCMA)
RAILROADING: The horizontal rather than ver—
tical application of a wallcovering or the
use, horizontally, of an upholstery fabric,
(WCMA)
09950
COVERING
Paper in large reels, as it .comes
RAW STOCK:
(WCMA)
from paper mill.
In printing which requires several
REGISTER :
color impressions, the guiding process that
assures each color will fall in right
(WCMA )
plac e .
RELIEF : A type Of decoration accentuating the
High
design by cutting away the background .
relief means noticeably raised design, low
relief only slightly raised. In wallpapers,
shadows can give the effect of relief. (WCMA)
REPEAT: The distance from the center of one
motif of a pattern to the center of the next.
ROLL OF A bolt, consisting of
36 square feet of wallcovering, of which 30
square feet is estimated as usable. Bolts
corae in single, double and triple rolls.
( WCMA )
ROOM LOT: A sale unit consisting of enough
rolls of a pattern for a given room. (WCMA)
ROSETTE: A motif formed by a series of petals
or leaves arranged around a central point.
These are conventionalized to form a circle,
(WCMA)
ellipse or square.
ROUTING: Process by which a design is put onto
a cylinder by cutting away the background,
rather than building it up, as in brass—and—
(WCMA)
felt rollers.
RUNS: Manufacturer's term applied €0 t:he num—
ber of times an individual paper is made.
(WCMA)
SCENIC: A hand—screened, 11B chine—pr inted or
lithographed wall decoration, with a pictori—
al design that continues over two or more
Scen ic s
strips of paper, without a repea
are frequently designed so that some strips
will match with others in the set, thus per—
mitting extension over a large area. Also
(WCMA)
called murals.
SCREEN PRINT: see Silk-screening.
(we-MA )
SCULPTURED mLLCOVERING: Products molded of
solid (usually synthetic) material in which
the texture and shadows are real .
(WCMA)
SEAMS; There are three methods of joining
seams in hanging wallcoverings. All three
are satisfactory, but the "butt" method pro—
duces the srnoother finished job and is most
often preferred. The three methods are as
fo Ilows :
I. To "butt" a seam, edges are fitted tightly
together without any overlap. If the wa 11—
covering comes untrimmed, selvages must be
cut off at both sides of the roll. This
leaves a flat, invisible seam, with no double
thickness.

****** Result for Image/Page 19 ******
SECTION 09950
2. The "lap" method is Vhere one strip is lap—
peå over the selvage of another. Wal Icoverings
are usually hung from left to right, but your
paperhanger (or you) will decide which is best
for the roora. In moving from left to right,
the selvage will be left intact on the right
The clean edge will
and trinuaed on the left.
overlap and cover selvage edge. This proce—
dure vould be reversed in hanging from right
to left.
3. The "wire—edge" method is a version of the
"butt" technique, but will overlap about 1/16
of an inch into pattern, so that no wall
shows through in case the butting is not per—
fect. Here also both selvages to be re—
( wcmA)
moved.
SECONDARY COLORS; Result fran combining two of
the primary colors: red, yellow and blue. Pure
pigments should produce the secondary colors
(WCMA)
which are orange, violet and green.
SELF—TONE: Wal Icovering in which syndes of one
color are featured. Habitually used for dam—
asks and in f (WCMA)
SELVAGE: Either edge of a roll of ",allpaper,
carrying no design, and intended to protect
the latter, as well as give instructions for
(WCMA)
matching or any other information.
SEMI-AUTOMATED SCREEN PRINT: same process as
Silk Screening, except printing is
( wcw.)
done partly by
SEMI-TRIMMED PAPERS: Those in which the sel-
vages of the paper are partially severed by
perforation or scoring in the process of
manufacture and may be easily detached by
tapping the ends of the roll on the table or
floor. Also refers to papers fully trimmed
(WCMA)
on only one edge.
SHADE: A color produced by adding a percent—
age Of black to a pigment. See Tint. (WCMA)
SHEET: see Colorvay. (WCMA)
SHEETING: A closely woven cloth having a thread
count in the range of 56 by 56 (warp by fill)
and weighing approximately ounces per
(CSI)
square yard.
SHIKI: Oriental shantung silk glued to a paper
backing. Imi tations of the same in rotogra—
(WCMA)
vure papers or IWIded vinyl
SIDEnLL: Main wall area to be covered with paper .
Sidewall patterns are thought of as suitable for
covering the walls of an entire room. (WCMA)
SIEVE CLOTH: A wolen blanket moving as a contin—
uous belt which transfers colors from color pan
to roller in machine—printing . (WCMA)
SILK—SCREENING: Also called hand—screening. A
pr inting process for producing wallcoverings
with the use of silk tightly stretched on frames,
a separate screen being used for each color .
Areas Of the designs to be printed in a given
09950 - 6
COVERING
color are left open, while the rest of.
the silk is treated With an insoluble
coating. The ground—coated paper is
then laid out on long tables and the
operator moves from one pre—set point
to the next, applying the design by
passing a squeegee over the paint in
(WCMA )
the silk—screen frame.
SINGLE ROLL: Standard commercial length,
containing 36 square feet of surface
after trinuaing, regardless of width of
paper. Wallpaper is usually put up in
double or triple rolls, depending on
wid th, but prices are quoted by the
(WCMA)
single roll.
SIZE: A sealer used to prepare the wa II
(WCMA)
before paper is applied .
SKIN: An ungrounded, nonwashable, low—
(WCMA)
priced grade of wallpaper.
SMOKE DEVELOPED: smoke is detected by a
photo—electric circuit operating across
the furnace flue pipe. A curve is de—
veloped by plotting time against values
of light absorption (decrease in cell
light output ) . The smoke development
factor is derived by expressing the net
area the curve for the vinyl—coated
fabric as a percentage of the net area
under the curve for untreated red oak.
SOFFIT; The underside of a beam or a
In wallcoverings, bor—
structural part.
der and soffit paper are the same.
Border ) . (WCMA)
SWAG; A swinging or suspended decoration
representing leaves, garlands, drapery
(WCMA )
or ribbons.
STENCIL: Method of applying a design by
brushing ink or paint through a cut—out
(WCMA)
surface.
STOCK: Different qualities and grades of
paper Also the inventory on hand.
(WCMA)
STRAIGHT EDGE: A ruler or z inc strip
used by paperhanger to trim selvage off
paper . (WCMA)
STRIA: A thread—like striped effect. (WCMA)
STRIKE-OFF: A proof of a design run off
before actual production, in order to
check quality of reproduction, colors,
(WCMA)
etcetera.
STRIP : length Of wallpaper cut to fit
height of wall. single section of the
(WCMA)
design, in a scenic.
STRIPPABLE PAPER: A chemically treated
stock tough enough to resist tearing ,
with a special formulation which pezmits
a release of the wallcovering from the
adhesive. This makes it possible to

****** Result for Image/Page 20 ******
SECTION 09950
remove an entire strip from the wall with—
It is referred to as "dry
out wetting .
(WCMA )
str ippable "
STYLE: Generally, "good" design tret dis—
plays craftsmanship and has lasting quali—
In wallpaper parlance, a synonyrn
ties.
(WCMA)
for "colorway" .
Paper pulp made by removing non—
SULFITE:
cellulosic components of wood by chemical
treatment to increase strength and white—
(GCMA)
ness.
Conventional machine
SURFACE PRINTING:
printing in which the rai sed or routed
design on the roller is transferred to
(WCMA)
paper .
(WCMA)
SWATCH: sample.
TEA CHEST PAPER: small geometrical pa tterns
similar to those used in the Orient to
( WCMÄ)
package tea.
TINT: A color produced when a pigment is
(WCMA )
(See Shade) .
mixed with white,
TOILE DE JOUY: Refers to line-engraved
patterns first
printed in monotone on cotton or linen
in the city of Jouy, France. By exten—
s ion, all such patterns, many of them
"commemorative" wal I papers from other
(WCMA )
countries.
TOP COLORS; Those forming the design against
(WCMA)
the ground color .
TOPIARY: Concerns an ornamental garden .
The art of tr imming and tra ining shrubs
and trees into unnatural, purely dec—
orative shapes.
TOTAL WEIGHT: The combined we ight of both
backing and coating measured in ounces
(CSI)
per square yard .
TRELLIS DESIGN: Lattice—vork, sometimes sup—
(WCMA)
porting climbing flowers.
TRIMMER: Machine or device that renoves the
(WCMA )
selvage.
Literally "fool—the—eye
TROMPE L'OEIL:
sign that creates a three—dimensional illu—
sion by means of shadow and graphic tex—
(WCMA)
tures .
TRUE: Exact or level, as applied to wa II s.
(WCMA)
TURNOVER: The cycle of depletion and replen—
(WCMA )
ishment of rtErchandise.
VALUE: Lightness or dar kness of color. (WCMA)
VINYL: Man—made ma terial which can be pro—
duced in solid, liquid or flexible form.
In the manufacture Of wallcoverings, vinyl
is either a flexible film or a liquid.
(WCMA)
09950
mLL COVERING
VINYL COATING: Liquid vinyl applied to .back—
ing material, usually paper or fabric. Af—
ter applica tion, the product is passed
through a heated oven to bond the two
(WCMA)
ter ials together .
VINYL LAMINATE: Vinyl laminated to either
paper or a woven or nonwoven fabr ic. (WCMA)
VINYL 'ALLCOVERINGS: At present there are
six types:
I. Vinyl lamina ted to paper.
2. Paper laminated to lightweight woven
cloth and vinyl coated.
3. Vinyl laminated to lightweight woven
cloth, natural or synthetic.
4. Vinyl laminated to lightweight nonwoven
cloth, natural or synthetic.
5. Vinyl laminated to nonwoven paper/ fabr ic
web .
6. A man—made base impregnated with vinyl.
(WCMA)
In a woven fabric, threads running per—
WARP :
pendicular to the loom and hence lengthwise
(CSI)
in the material .
WEIGHT: Expressed in ounces per square yard
of finished vinyl—coated fabric .
However ,
not all manufacturers express weight in
this met}-od; some prefer to express weight
in ounces per lineal yard because mater i al
(WCMA)
is sold by the lineal yard price.