Construction Dictionary 7 - Thermal & Moisture Protection Terminology

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SECTION 07310
NOTCH: Cut-out
on the ends or sides of
in applying with proper
offset.
(JM)
projection or slit
shingles to assist
exposure or course
BUTT: That portion of a
posed to the weather.
"Tab". (JM)
Tin discs with
BUTTONS :
for securing saturated
deck .
SHINGLES
shingle which is ex—
Sometimes called
a center nail hole
felt to the roof
ALLIGATORING: A term used to denote severe
cracking or checking of an asphalt coated
surface . (JM)
AMERICAN METHOD: A method of applying indiv—
idual shingle units to provide a square
butt appearance.
(JM)
APPLICATOR: General term for a class of trade
who sell asphalt roofings, shingles, and
sidings on an applied basis.
(JM)
APPROVED CONTRACTOR: An individual, partner-
ship, or corporation generally qualified by
technical training and experience to prop—
erly direct or perform the application or
repair of roofing, waterproofing, or sheet
metal work, as required in the roofing in—
(JM)
dustry.
ARCH KETTLE: A kettle for melting solid as-
phalt or pitch. It is arched at the bottom
to provide for kindling a wood fire or using
an oil burner.
ASPHALT: A thermoplastic residue obtained
from the distillation of petroleum, com—
monly used as an impregnating and water—
proofing agent in asphalt roofing prod—
(JM)
ucts .
BARE : Term used in connection with roll roof—
ing when it is furnished without nails and
lap cement. Also describes saturated felt
to which no coating has been applied. (JM)
BLEEDING: Exuding of asphalt coating or
saturant to the surface of mineral sur—
faced roofing with resultant staining or
discoloration.
(JM)
BLIND NAILING: Application Of roll roofing
in such a manner as to conceal or cover
all nail heads. The lap of the undersheet
is nailed to the roof deck and then covered
with a quick set lap cement which holds
the overlaying lap Of the top sheet in
place, covering all nail heads .
(JM)
BLISTERING: An enclosed raised spot on the
surface of prepared roofing and built
roofs due to non—adherence of asphalt coat—
ing and saturated felt, or to expansion
of gases within the roofing.
(JM)
BOSTON HIP : A method of applying individual
shingles on the hips and ridges of a roof
by overlapping and concealing the nails. (JM)
BUCKLING: Warping or wrinkling of roll roof—
ing or shingles caused by shrinkage or
expansion of roof deck. The condition
may be brought about by drying out of green
roof sheathing or expansion of roof sheath-
ing due to condensation of moisture from
within the building.
(JM)
07310
CANT STRIP : A beveled strip used under flash—
ing at the point where the roof deck meets
any vertical wall .
(JM)
CERAMIC GRANULES : Granules condsting of a
natural mineral base, the surface of which
has been colored with a glaze, composed
of mineral pigments and a flux and fired
at a high temperature.
(JM)
CLIP FASTENER: Metal clip for fastening
down tabs or securing ends of shingles .
(Also see "staples )
(JM)
COAL TAR PITCH: A residue of coke oven tar
used as the bitumen for tar and gravel
built—up roofs.
(JM)
COATING ASPHALT: A high softening point as-
phalt usually prepared by air refining ,
which possesses a high degree of toughness
and weather resistance .
It is used as the
protective surface in finished roofings .
(JM)
COCKING: Warping or curling of the tabs of
shingles upon exposure .
(See "BUCKLING")
Often caused by shrinkage and expansion of
the roof sheathing.
(JM)
COLD APPLICATION or WELD PROCESS: A method
of applying built—up roofing or prepared
cap sheets .
(JM)
COLD PATCH: To repair a roof leak
prepared roofing or membrane and
(JM)
cement.
COLLAR: Metal fl ashing for a vent
COMB: The ridge of a roof.
(JM)
COMPOSITION ROOFING: All types of
roll roofing and shingles .
(JM)
by using
plastic
pipe .
(JM)
asphalt
CONCEALED NAILING: see "BLIND NAILING"
(JM)
CONDUCTOR PIPE: The metal pipe used to carry
the water away from the gutters .
(JM)
COUNTER—FLASHING: That portion of roofing
constructed of fabric and bitumen or of
metal usually inserted and anchored in the
raggle groove above the base flashing .
Counter—flashing acts as a protection for
the base flashing .
(JM)
COURSE: A horizontal layer forming one of a
series of layers in the application of
shingles to a roof deck .
(JM)

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SECTION 07310
COVEmGE : A term used to describe the
ber of layers per unit area obtained
the use of certain types of shingles ,
as single coverage, double coverage ,
(JM)
nurn—
by
such
etc.
CRICKET : A small false roof used to throw off
water from behind an Obstacle, such as a
chimney.
(JM)
CURLING: A condition sometimes found on as—
phalt shingle roofs wherein the shingle tabs
turn up around the edges giving a saucer—
like appearance. Usually caused by under—
saturation of the base felt or drying out Of
the asphalt coating and saturant .
(JM)
CUT BACK: A mixture Of asphalt and a volatile
solvent, such as naptha or mineral spirits.
For example, lap cement, asphalt primer, etc.
(JM)
CUT—OUT: The portion of the strip shingle re—
moved or cut out to produce the tab and give
the effect of individual shingles .
Sometimes
called a "slot" .
(JM)
DORMER: A small housel ike structure in the
roof, containing a window. (JM)
The metal pipe used
DRAIN PIPE:
from the roof .
(JM)
DRY COURSE: The first course of
the eave.
(JM)
DRIP EDGE or DRIP FUSE: A strip
the starter course at the eave
to drain water
shingles at
used under
of the roof.
This is usually a metal strip extending or
projecting over the roof deck to prevent
rotting of the roof boards at the eave. (JM)
DRY FELT: A mat or web of fibrous materials,
such as rag, paper, jute, asbestos , etc. ,
used in the manufacture of saturated felt:
and prepared roofing.
(JM)
DUTCH LAP: A method of applying individual
shingles .
(JM)
EAVE TROUGH: The galvanized or wood gutter
at the eave of the roof.
(JM)
EAVES: The projecting lower edges of a roof,
over—hanging the walls of a building.
(JM)
END CAP: Metal end piece to close end of
hanging gutter .
(JM)
The overlap at the end of roll
END LAP:
roofing.
(JM)
EXPOSED NAILING: The opposite of concealed
nailing.
In exposed nailing the nail heads
at the laps are exposed to the weather.
(JM)
EXPOSURE; The maximun distance, measured on the
length of the shingle, that is exposed to the
weather, disregarding the space between indiv—
idual shingles and the cut—out sections of
square butt strip shingles .
(JM)
07310
SHINGLES
FACE NAILING: Nailing which leaves the heads
exposed to the weather.
FILLER: Finely divided mineral aggregate
used as an extender or to increase the weath—
er resistance of coating asphalt.
(JM)
Openings occurring in the lapped
FISH MOUTH:
portion of applied saturated felt or pre—
pared roll roofing as a result of wavy or
scalloped edges on the rolls Of felt or pre—
pared roofing before application.
(JM)
The nails and cement packed with
FIXTURES :
roll roofing.
(JM)
FLASHING: (Bare) Any protective and water—
(Counter) proof material used to
protect from the weath—
er the juncture of a roof and a vertical
wall rising above the roof, such as a
parapet wall, chixmey, skylight, vent pipe ,
(JM)
etc.
FLUX: Asphalt of low softening point and
consistency as purchased by roofing man—
ufacturers for processing into roofing
saturants and coatings .
(JM)
FRENCH METHOD: A method of applying large
size single coverage individual shingles .
Sometimes called Hexagonal Method.
(JM)
FURNISH: Raw material used in manufacture
of dry felt.
(JM)
GABLE :
The vertical triangular portion of
the end of a building from the level of
the eaves to the ridge Of the roof .
(In
a gambrel roof it, of course, is not tri—
angular but otherwise similar. )
(JM)
GABLE END: That part of the s idewaII from
a line extending from eave to eave and up
to the roofline.
(JM)
GAMBREL ROOF: A roof with two areas on each
side with different degrees Of slope— a
lower steeper slope and an upper flatter
slope, so that each gable is pentagonal .
(JM)
GRANULES: The mineral particles Of a graded
size which are embedded in the coating as—
phalt of shingles and roofing.
(JM)
GUTTER: Metal or wood trough at eave of roof
to drain rain water.
(JM)
HANGING GUTTER: Metal or wood trough at eave
of roof for drainage, held in place by wire
or strapping •
(JM)
HEAD LAP : The portion of the shingle com—
pletely covered by succeeding courses .
Thus a 12" wide shingle with a 5" exposure
and a 5" cut—out (totaling 10 would have
a 2 " headlap. In other words, headlap is
the shortest distance that water will have
to travel up the shingle to reach the roof
deck .
(JM)

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SECTION 07310
The caps sometimes used to close
HEADS :
the ends of roll roofing containing
(JM)
fixtures .
HEXAGON OR HEX: A strip shingle, the tab
or butt of which is 1/2 of a hexagon.
(JM)
HIP, HIPS, OR RIDGE: A raised line form-
ed between the opposite slopes or sides
of a roof. The external angle formed
by the meeting of two sloping sides of
a roof. (JM)
HIP ROOF: A roof consisting of four tri—
angular roof surfaces, or, more common,
a roof consisting Of two trapezoidal and
(JM)
two triangular roof surfaces .
HOOK KNIFE: A crescent shaped knife for
(JM)
cutting roofing.
HORIZONTAL APPLICATION: Roof roofing ap-
(JM)
plied lengthwise on the roof.
HORSEFEATHERS: A beveled strip or drop
siding used to level out wood shingle
roofs or clapboard siding preparatory
to re—roofing or re—siding with asphalt
(JM)
shingles .
HOT STUFF: Heated asphalt, tar, or pitch
used for mopping or applying over felt
for flat roof application.
(JM)
INDIVIDUALS : The cornmon term for shingles
in individual units . Each unit forms
(JM)
one tab in the applied roof.
INSIDE DRAIN : A drain pipe from the roof
through inside of building used on flat
(JM)
roofs only .
JUMBO (or GIANT) WEIGHT: An extra heavy
asphalt shingle or roll roofing usually
(JM)
made on a heavier weight felt base.
KETTLE: Equipment used for heating asphalt,
Ear, or pitch to a flowing consistency.
(JM)
KNOT BRUSH: Knitted bristle brush for
(JM)
applying asphalt coating.
LAID TO THE WEATHER: That portion of a
(JM)
shingle which is exposed.
LAP : That part of the roll roofing or
shingle which extends over the course
below. (JM)
LAP CEPENT: A cut back asphalt used for
cementing laps of roll roofing before
nailing.
(JM)
LEADER: Another term for down—spout. (JM)
LOCK SHINGLE or LOCKED TYPE SHINGLE:
Shingles with a device for locking the
shingles together when laid so as to pre—
(JM)
vent the butt from turning upward.
LOUVRE: Ventilator in the gable of a
roof or in the roof itself.
(JM)
07310
SHINGLES
MANSARD ROOF: A roof having two slopes on all
sides, the lower slope being steeper than the
(JM)
upper one .
MEYER.ANE : A saturated cotton or burlap fabric
used on built—up roofs, usually under the prom—
(JM)
enade decks .
MICA: A mineral surfacing used on roll roofing
and the back of asphalt shingles to prevent
sticking. The thin and plate—like particles
afford excellent protection to the surface
of roll roofing .
(JM)
MINERAL SURFACED ROOFING: Roll roofing or
shingles surfaced with either natural or
synthetic colored granules , which protects the
asphalt coating from the action Of the ele—
ments, add color, weight, and greater fire
(JM)
resistance to the sheet .
MONITOR ROOF : A roof having an upper small
gable type roof with a lower and generally
larger shed—type roof on each side. (JM)
MONITOR SASH: The sash between the upper and
(JM)
lower areas of a monitor roof .
MONOLITHIC: A method of manufacturing thick
butt shingles which builds up thick butt
portion by a heavy layer of coating over
(JM)
the saturated felt.
MOPPING: A layer of hot asphalt or pitch mopped
(JM)
between layers of saturated felt.
MUCK: Another name for a thin consistency
(JM)
plastic cement.
OCTABS : A type of strip shingle producing an
octagonal design. (JM)
OVERHANG: That portion Of roofing extending
(JM)
beyond the deck .
OVERLAY: A method of manufacturing thick butt
shingles by adding an extra layer of asphalt
(JM)
coating and mineral granules to the butts .
PEAK: see "RIDGE"
PENETRATION : The measurement Of the hardness
or plasticity expressed as the distance that
a standard needle vertically penetrates a
sample of the material under known conditions
(JM)
of loading, time, and temperature.
PITCH OR SLOPE: The angle of inclination that
a roof forms with a horizontal . The incline
or slope of the roof, usually referred to as
(JM)
quarter pitch, third pitch, etc.
PITCH CARD: A card clearly indicating differ—
ent angles which form roof pitches . By
sighting the intersection of the roof sur—
faces with this card from some distance the
slope or pitch of the roof can be determined.
(JM)
PLASTIC CEMENT: A mixture of asphalt, asbestos
fiber, and volatile solvent of thick consist—
ency generally used for roof flashings or
cold patching.
(JM)

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SECTION 07310
POIN'I? OF FELT: Weight in lbs. per 480 sq. Pt.
50 point dry felt
of dry felt. Example:
weighs 50 lbs. per 480 Sq. Ft. (JM)
PREPARED ROOFING: A general term applied to
(JM)
all asphalt roll roofing and shingles .
PYRAMID CAPS: A patented metal device for
fastening roll roofing, taking its name
from the general shape Of the fastener. (JM)
RAG FELT : A mat or web of fibrous materials
such as rag, paper, jute, asbestos, etc. ,
used in the manufacture of saturated felt
and prepared roofing.
(JM)
Slope. Sometimes used to denote the
RAKE :
edge of the roof along a gable.
(JM)
RIDGE OR HIP: The horizontal line where two
opposite sides of a roof join at the apex
of the roof.
(JM)
RISE: The vertical elevation of the roof
distance from the center
Of the span to the peak of the roof. (JM)
ROLLER: Weighted roller used by built—up
roofers for embedding the sheets in the
hot bitumen.
(JM)
ROOF: The covering of a structure .
consists Of the deck or structural por—
tion and the roofing which is laid on the
deck to keep out the elements .
Its chief
purpose is to seal the upper parts Of a
building as a protection against wind,
rain, and snow. (JM)
The boards which are nailed
ROOF BOARDS :
to the roof rafters to form the roof
(JM)
deck .
SATURATED FELT:
SHINGLES
A dry felt which is satG—
ROOF CEMENT :
ROOF COATING:
see "PLASTIC CEIENTt'
A roof coat composed of asphalt
dissolved in a solvent. Generally used for
re—coating old smooth surface roofs. Avail—
able in fibered or non—fibered consist—
(JM)
ROOF DECK: The sheathing, either wood or other
material, laid over the rafters to which the
finished roofing is nailed or otherwise fas—
tened.
(JM)
" RUBBER" ROOFING: General term sometimes ap-
plied to all smooth surfaced roofings .
(JM)
RUN : The horizontal distance from the eaves
to a point directly under the ridge or center
of the roof. (JM)
SADDLE : A ridge in the roof deck, whose top
divides the elevation of the roof so that
water will be diverted to the drainage heads .
(JM)
SATURANT : A bituminous material of low soft—
ening point used for impregnating the felt
base of prepared roofings or saturated
felt.
(JM)
07310 - 4
ated with either asphaltic or coal tar
pitch saturant. It is merely water—repel—
lent and to be serviceable as a roof cover—
ing it must be sealed by using it in corbin—
ation with a coating of either asphalt or
coal tar pitch. Also used under shingles
in new construction .
(JM)
SAW—TOOTH ROOF : Rows of shed—like roof areas
with vertical windows or skylights the
height of the rise .
(JM)
SCOTCH YETHOD: Manner of applying indiv—
idual shingles with the long side of the
shingle paralleling the eaves .
(JM)
SELF SPACING: Design at end of shingles to
provide uniform spacing.
(JM)
SELVAGE :
The unsurfaced strip along a
sheet of roll roofing which forms the
under portion at the lap.
(JM)
SELVAGE EDGE: That part of mineral sur-
faced roll roofing not covered with gran—
ules. Usually 2" to 4 except on 19"
selvage edge, which is 19" .
(JM)
SHED ROOF: A roof pitched in one direction
only .
(JM)
SHEDDING: A descriptive term for the pre—
mature loss of mineral surfacing from
prepared roofing. The condition may re—
sult from poor initial bond between as—
phalt and granule or from breakdown of
asphalt coating upon exposure.
(JM)
SIDE LAP: The horizontal distance one
shingle overlaps another in the same
(JM)
course .
SLATE :
see "MINERAL SURFACED ROOFING" .
SLATE SURFACED ROOFING: see "MINERAL SUR
FACED ROLL ROOFING'.'
SLOPE: See "PITCH"
SMOOTH SURFACED ROOFING: A type of roll
roofing which is coated on both sides in
either a smooth or veined surface and fin—
ished with talc, mica, or other fine
mineral particles .
(JM)
SNIPS :
Shears used for cutting metal
roofing.
(JM)
SOOTING: The accumulation of soot on
the surface Of mineral surfaced roofing
causing a dark discoloration. (JM)
SPACING: The distance between shingles .
(JM)
SPAN : The horizontal measurement from
the eaves on a symmetrical gable roof;
otherwise considered as twice the run. (JM)
SPIRAL NAILS :
Screw—type, large head nails
for applying roll roofing.
(JM)

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SECTION 07310
SPLIT ROLL: General term for design edge
(JM)
roll roofing.
SPOT NAILING: Nailing distantly spaced
to secure sheets be fore mopping. (JM)
SQUARE : A term used by roofers to indi—
cate an amount of roof area equal to
100 square feet. Sufficient roofing
material to cover 100 square feet of
(JM)
roof area.
SQUARE BUTT: Term used to describe strip
shingles with rectangular shaped tabs .
(JM)
STANDARD WEIGHT: The generally accepted
weight of shingles and mineral sur—
faced roofing.
(JM)
STAPLES : Metal fasteners for securing
the tabs of Dutch Lap or other shin—
(JM)
gles.
ordinarily a 9" or 12"
STARTER STRIP:
strip of mineral surfaced roofing
applied on the roof deck over the drip
The first course
edge at the eaves.
of shingles is applied over the start—
er strip.
(JM)
STEP FLASHING: Metal flashings in "L"
shape. Individual pieces used for
dormer windows or chimneys and stepped
between the shingle course .
(JM)
STRIP SHINGLE: A multiple shingle strip
consisting of projecting tabs or
From 2 to 4 in a strip. In—
butts .
tended to give the appearance of in—
dividual shingles when properly ap—
plied.
(JM)
SUMP : A pit or reservoir serving as
a drain on the roof deck .
(JM)
SURFACING: Any aggregate used on the
coating of roll roofing and shingles .
(JM)
TABS: The butts or projecting portions
of a shingle.
(JM)
LUMBER: Boards whose lateral edges
have been "tongued" on one edge and
" grooved" on the other edge to afford
0731
a tight, intelocking joint.
(JM)
TALC: A mineral powder used as sur-
facing on smooth roll roofing; also
used as dusting on back of shingles
prevent sticking.
(JM)
to
SHINGLES
THICK BUTT: A type of shingle having a hævy
tab or butt. The heavy tab construction
may be accomplished by the application of
a heavy film Of coating asphalt to the butt
of the shingles or by the application of extra
layers of coating asphalt and granules to
the butt portion.
(JM)
TOP MOP :
The finished mopping of hot asphalt
on a smooth top built—up roof. (JM)
UNDERLAY : The material used, usually 15 pound
felt, in covering a roof deck (base) , before
shingles are applied. New construction gen—
era11y. Also a term describing the initial
layer of coating asphalt and granules in the
"overlay" process .
(JM)
UNDERSIDE WIND PRESSURE: wind pressure on under-
side of roof caused by openings in sidewalls
of buildings; i.e. open doors, windows, vent—
ilators, etc.
(JM)
UNDERWRITERS' LABEL: small red and white label
used by permission of the Underwriters t Labor—
atories. Certain types of asphalt shingles
and roll roofing (grades better than 45 1b.
smooth) are authorized to bear a "Class C"
label if they conform to Underwriters' Lab—
oratories' standards .
(JM)
UNDERWRITERS' LABORATORIES: A non-profit organ-
ization maintained in the interest of insurance
companies to determine fire resistance Of
various materials .
(JM)
"UP AND OVER" APPLICATION: Roll roofing applied
up one side of the roof and down the other
parallel to the rafters .
(see "VERTICAL AP-
PLICATION •
(JM)
VALLEY: The place of meeting of two slopes of a
roof, forming a depression that carries water
to an outlet or drainage head.
(JM)
VENT OR VENT PIPE: small iron pipe outlet ex-
tending up through the roof.
(JM)
VENTILATING SKYLIGHTS :
Skylights that have side
openings for the purpose of ventilation. (JM)
VTENTILATORS : Metal hooded openings in roof for
purpose of ventilating.
(JM)
VERTICAL APPLICATION: Roll roofing laid parallel
to the rafters of the roof; i.e. the roofing is
laid up and down the slope of the roof rather
than horizontally. See"UP AND OVER APPLICATION'.')
(JM)
WIDE SELVAGE : Another name for 19 selvage
roofing.
(JM)
WIDE SPACE: Method of applying individual shingles .
(JM)

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SECTION 07510
BLLIGATORING: Shrinkage cracking of the bi-
tuminous surface of built—up roofing, or
the exposed surface of snooth—surfaced
roofing, in which the loss of volatile oils
under solar radiation produces a pattern Of
deep cracks with the scaly look of an alli—
gator's hide.
It occurs only in unsurfaced
biturnen exposed to the weather
ASPHALT; A dark brown to black, highly vis—
cous, hydrocarbon produced from the residuum
left after the distillation of petroleum,
used as the waterproof ing agent of a built—
It comes in a wide range of viscos—
up roof.
ities and softening about 135 OF
(dead—level asphalt) to 21 OOF or more
(special steep asphalt) .
(See "Bitumen") .
ASPHALT MASTIC: A mixture of asphaltic
terial, graded mineral aggregate, and fine
mineral matter that can be poured when
heated, but requires mechanical mnipula-
tion to form.
BACKNAILING: The practice of blind nailing
In addition to hot—mopping all the plies
to a substrate to prevent slippage on
slopes of 1—1/2 in. or more for steep as—
phalt, 1/2 in. or more for coal—tar pitch
and dead—level asphalt.
BASE SHEET: A saturated or coated felt
placed as the first ply in a multi—ply
built—up roofing It-embrane.
BITUMEN: The generic term for an amorphous,
semisolid mixture of complex hydrocarbons
derived fran petroleum or coal.
In the
roofing industry there are tw basic bi—
tumens: asphalt and coal—tar pitch. Be—
fore applica tion, they are either (I) heat—
ed to a liquid state, (2) dis solved in a
solvent, or (3) emulsified.
BLISTER: A spongy, rai sed portion of a roof—
ing membrane, ranging in size from I in. in
diameter and barely detectable height to
as much as 50 sq. ft. in area and 1 ft.
high. Blisters result from the pr essure of
entrapped air or vapor
BOND: Adhesive strength preventing delarnina—
tion of two roofing canponents,
(See also
"Manufacturer's bond")
(British thermal unit) The heat energy
BTU :
to ra ise 1 1b. of water I OF in temperature .
BUILT-UP ROOFING MEMBRANE: A continuous,
semi flexible roof covering of laminations
or plies, of saturated or coated felts
alternated with layers of bitumen, sur—
faced with mineral aggregate or asphaltic
ma terials.
BUR: Abbreviation sornetimes used for bu
up roofing membrane.
07510
BUILT-UP BITUMINOUS ROOFING
CANT STRIP : A continuous strip of triangular
cross section, fitted into the angle formed
by a structural deck and a wall or other
vertical surface . The 45—degree slope of
the exposed surface of the cant strip provide:
a gradual transition for base flashing and
roofing membrane from a horizontal roof
surface to a vertical surface.
CAP FLASHING: see "Flashing"
CAP SHEET : A mineral—surfaced coated felt
(or a coated felt without mineral surfac—
ing) used as the top ply of a built—up
roof ing membrane
COAL-TAR PITCH: Dark brown to black solid
hydrocarbon obtained frcxn the residuum of
the distilla tion of coke—oven tar, used
as the waterproofing agent of dead—level
It comes in
or low—slope built—up roofs.
a narrow range of softening points——from
140 to 1550F.
COATED BASE SEEET (OR FELT) : . A felt that
has previously been " saturated" (irnpregnat—
ed with asphalt) and later coated with hard—
er , more viscous asphalt, which greatly
increases its impermeability to moisture .
COID-PROCESS ROOFING: A bituminous membrane
comprising layers of coated felts bonded
with cold—applied asphalt roof cement and
surfaced with a cutback or ernulsified as—
phalt roof coating .
CONDENSATION: process through which water
vapor (as gas) liquifies as air temperature
drops or atmospheric pressure rises.
(See
"Dew point") .
COUNTERFLASHING: see "Flashing"
COVERAGE: The surface area (in square feet
or squares) that should be continuously
coated by a specific unit of a roofing
material, after allowance is made for a
specified lap.
CRACK:
A membrane tear produced by bending ,
often at a wrinkle.
(I) Permanent elongation or shrink—
CREEP :
age of the membrane resulting from thermal
or moisture changes .
(2) Permanent deflec—
tion of structural framing or structural
deck resulting from plastic flow under
continued stress or dimensional changes
accompanying changing moisture content
or tenper ature.
CUTBACK : An organic, solvent—thinned, soft
or fluid cold—process bituminous roof coat—
ing or flashing cement.
CUTOFF : A detail designed to prevent lateral
water infiltration into the insulation

****** Result for Image/Page 7 ******
wheze it terminates at the end of the day 's wrk.
A felt strip is (normally) to the
stepped contour of the deck, Ehe insulation edge
and the horizontal insulation surface.
DADO: A rectangular groove cut across the grain
Of a wood blocking member, normally to provide
edge canting at the per iprery of a roof .
DEAD LEVEL: Absolutely hori zontal, of zero slope.
(See Slope )
DELAMINATION : A built—up roofing—membrane failure
characterized by separation of the felt plies,
sometimes resulting in wrinkling and cracking .
The temperature at which water vapor
DEW POINT :
starts to condense in cooling air, with no
change in atmospheric pressure or vapor content.
EDGE STRIPPING: Applica tion of felt strips cut
to narrower widths than the normal 36—in. felt—
roll width to start the felt—shingling pattern
at a roof edge,
EDGE VENTING: The practice of providing regularly
spaced openings at a roof perimeter to relieve
the pressure of water vapor entrapped in the
insulation .
ELASTOMERIC: Having elastic properties, cap—
able of expanding or contracting with the sur—
faces to which the material is applied with—
out rupturing .
EMULSION; An intimate mixture of bitumen and
water, with uniform dispersion of the bitumen
globules achieved through a chemical or clay
emulsifying agent.
ENVELOPE: The continuous edge forrned by fold—
ing an edge base felt over the plies above
and securing it to the top felt ore if
above—deck insulation is used, to the top
surface of the insulation. The envelope thus
prevents biturnen drippage through the exposed
edge joints Of the laminated, built—up roof—
ing membrane and also prevents lateral water
infiltra tion into the insulation.
EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT: The moisture con-
tent, expressed as percen tage of moisture
weight to material weight, at a given tempera—
ture and relative humidity.
EXPOSURE: The transverse dimension of a felt
not overlapped by an adjacent felt in a built—
up roofing membrane. The "exposure" is thus
that part of the felt covered directly by the
flood coat The correct felt exposure in a
shingled, multi—ply roof is computed by di—
viding the felt width minus 2 in. by the num—
ber of plies ,
FALLBACK: : A reduction of bi tumen softening point,
sometimes caused by mixing asphalt with coal—
tar pitch or overheating the bitumen. (See
ten ing—point drift"
FELT: A fabric rnanufactured by the inter—
locking of fibers through a combination
of mechanical work, moisture and heat ,
without spinning, weaving, or knitting.
Roofing felts are manufactured from vege—
table fibers (organic felts) , asbestos
fibers (asbestos felts), or glass fibers
(glass—fiber felts) .
FISHMOUTH: An opening formed by an edge
wrinkle in a felt where it overlaps
another felt in a built—up roofing mem—
bran e.
FLASHING: Connecting devices that seal
membrane joints at expansion joints,
drains, gravel stops, and other places
where the membrane is interrupted.
"Base flashing" forms the upturned edges
" Capn or
Of the watertight membrane.
"counterflashingn shields the exposed
edges and joints of the base flashing.
FASHING CEMENT: A trowelable, plastic
mixture of bitumen and asbestos (or
other inorganic) reinforcing fibers, and
a solvent.
FLOOD COAT : The top layer of bitumen is
an aggregate—surfaced, built—up roofing
Correctly applied, it is
membrane .
poured, not mopped, to a weight of 60
1b. per square for asphalt, 75 1b. per
square for coal—tar pitch.
GAZE COAT: (I) The top layer of asphalt
in a gnooth—surfaced built—up roof as—
sembly; (2) a thin protective coating of
bitumen applied to the lower plies or top
ply of a built—up manbrane, when the
top pouring and aggregate surfacing are
delayed. (See "Phased application")
GmIN: Weight unit equal to 1/7,000 lb.,
used in measuring atmospheric moisture
conten t.
GRAVRL: Coarse, granular aggregate, with
pieces larger than sand grains, result—
ing from the natural erosion or crushing
of rock.
GRAVEL STOP: Flanged device, normally
metallic, designed to prevent loose
aggregate from washing Off the roof and
to provide a finished edge detail for
the built—up roofing assembly.
Roofer's term for
"HOT STUFF" or "HOT":
hot bitumen.
HYGFOSCOPIC: Attracting, absorbing and
retaining atmospheric moisture.
HYPALON : A synthetic rubber (chemically
chlorosulfonated polyethylene) , often
used in conjunc tion with neoprene in
elastomeric roof coverings.
( Hypalon

****** Result for Image/Page 8 ******
SECTION 07510
is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont
de Nemours & Co. )
INSULATION: see "Thermal insulation"
MANUFACTURER'S BOND: A guarantee by a se-
cur i ty company that it stands behind a
rrenufacturer's liability to finance mem—
brane repairs occasioned by ordinary wear
within a period generally limited to 10,
15 or 20 year s.
MEMBmNE: A flexible or sani—flexible roof
covering, the weather —resistant component
of the roof ing system. (See "Built—up
roofing membrane 1' ) .
MINERAL GRANULES : Natural or synthetic
aggregate ranging in size from 500 microns
to 1/4 in. diameter, used to surface cap
sheets, slate sheets and shingles.
MINERAL-SURFACED SHEET: An asphalt-saturated
felt, coated on one or both sides and sur—
faced on the weather—exposed side with
mineral granules,
MOPPING: An application of bitumen applied
hot with a mop or mechanical applicator to
the substrate or to the felts of a built—
up roofing membrane .
solid mopping : A continuous mopping sur—
face with no unmopped areas .
Spot mopping ; A mopping pattern in which
the hot bitumen is applied in roughly cir—
cular areas, generally about 18 in. in dia—
meter, with a grid of unmopped, perpendi—
cular bam s.
Sti:ip Itopping : A mopping pattern in which
the hot biturnen is applied in parallel
bands, generally 8 in. wide with 4—in. un—
mopped spaces .
Sprinkle mopping: A random pa ttern of
hea ted bitunen beads hur led onto the sub—
strate from a broom or
NEOPRENE: A synthetic rubber (chemically poly—
chloroprene) used in fluid or sheet—applied
elastomeric roofing ræmbranes or flashing.
PERLITE : An aggregate, used in lightweight
insulating concrete and in preformed insu—
lating board, formed by hea ting and expand—
ing silicaceous volcanic glass.
PERM: A unit of water—vapor transmission, de—
fined as 1 grain of water vapor per square
foot per hour per inch of mercury pressure
(1 in. HG = 0.491 psi).
di fference.
PERMEANCE: An index of a material's resis—
tance to water—vapor transmission .
( See
"Perm")
07510
PHASED APPLICATION; The practice of appaying
the felt plies of a built—up roofing mem—
brane in two or more operations, separated
by a delay normally of at least I day .
PITCH POCKET: A flanged, metal container
placed around a column or other roof—
penetrating element and filled with bitumen
or flashing cement to seal the joint.
PLASTIC CEMENT: see "Flashing cement" .
PLY: A layer of felt in a built—up roofing
membrane : a four—ply membrane has at
least four plies of felt at any vertical
cross section cut through the membrane.
The dimension of the exposed surface ("ex—
posure") of any ply may be computed by
dividing the felt width minus 2 in. by the
number of plies; thus, the exposed sur—
face of a 36—1m —wide felt in a four—ply
membrane should be 8—1/2 in. (See "Expo—
sure") •
PRIMER: A thin liquid bi tuminous solvent
applied to a surface to improve the ad—
hesion of heavier applications of bitu—
men and to absorb dust.
MKE: The edge of a roof at its intersec—
tion with a gable.
æGIET: A groove in a wall or other verti—
cal surface adjoining a roof surface for
the embedment of counterflashing.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY: The ratio of the weight
(or par tiaI pressure) of water vapor ac—
tua Ily diffused through an air—vapor
mixture to the saturated weight (or par—
tial pressure) of the water vapor.
ROLL ROOFING: coated felts, either smooth
or mineral—surfaced.
ROOFER: The roofing subcontractor.
SYSTEM: An assembly of in teracting
roof components designed to weatherproof ,
and normally to insulate, a building' s
top surface.
SATURATED FELT: A felt that has been im-
pregnated with bitumen of low softening
100 to 160 OF.
SEAL: A narrow counterflashing strip made
of bituminous Inaterials.
SELVAGE JOINT: A lapped joint detail for
mineral—surfaced cap sheets, in which the
mineral surfacing is omitted over the
transverse dimension of the overlapping sheet
to get better adhesion with the bituminous
mpping between the lapped cap sheet sur—
faces .

****** Result for Image/Page 9 ******
SECTION 07510
SHINGLING: The pattern formed by laying par allel
fert rolls with lapped joints so trat one longi—
tudinal edge overlaps the longitudinal edge of
one adjacent felt, wrereas the other long itudin—
al edge under laps the other adjacent felt. (see
Shingling is the normal method of ap—
"Ply")
plying felts in a built—up roofing membrane.
SLAG: A grayish, porous aggregate left as a resi—
due from blast furnaces and used as surfacing
ag ent.
SLIPPAGE: Relative lateral movement of adjacent
felt plies in a built—up membrane. It occurs
mainly in sloped roofing membranes, sometimes
exposing the lower plies, or eval the base
sheet, to the weather.
The tangent of the angle between the
SLOPE :
roof surface and the horizontal, in inches per
foot. The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers'
Association ranks slopes as follows :
1/2 in. maximum
Level :
LOW slope: over 1/2 in. up to 1—1/2 in .
Steep slope: over 1—1/2 in .
SMOOTH-SURFACED ROOF: A built-up roofing mem-
brane surfaced with a layer of hot—mopped as—
phalt or cold—applied asphalt—clay emulsion or
asphalt cutback, or sometimes with an unmopped
inorganic felt.
SOFTENING POINT: An index of bitumen fluidity.
Asphalt softening point is measured by the
l' test (ASTM D2398 ) Coa I—tar
pitch's softening point is mea sured by the
test (ASTM D61)
SOFTENING-POINT DRIFT: A lowering of bi tumen
softening point, generally caused by prolonged
overheating, or mixing aspYE1t and coal tar
pitch .
SOLID MOPPING: see "Mopping "
SPLIT: A membrane
stress .
SPOT MOPPING: See
SPRINKLE MOPPING:
tear resulting from tensile
"Mopping" .
See "Mopping"
BUILT-UP BITUMINOUS O
SUBSTRATE : The surface upon which the .
roof ing membrane is
deck or insulation.
SYSTEPI: See Roofing System" .
TEDLAR: polyvinyl fluoride, used as a
film surfacing in elastomeric membranes.
(Ted lar is a registered trademark of
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. )
Heat energy in
TEERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (k) :
Btu per hr transferred through a I—in.
thick I—sq. —ft. area of homogeneous ma—
teriål per OF of temperature difference
from sur face to surface.
THERMAL INSULATION: A æterial applied
to retard the flow of heat through an
enclosing surface. For roofs it should
have a maximum thermal conductance (C
value) Of 0.5 (Btu) (hr) (sq f t) (OF) .
THERMAL RESISTANCE (R): An index of a ma-
terial 's resistance to heat transmission,
the reciprocal of thermal conductivity
k or thermal conductance C
THERIAL SHOCK : The stress—producing phe—
nomenon resulting from sudden tempera—
ture changes in a roof membrane, when ,
for example, a rain shower follows brill—
iant sunshine.
VAPOR BARRIER. A material designed to re—
strict the passage of water vapor through
In the roof ing industry ,
a wall or roof.
it should be rated at 0.2 perm or less.
VAPOR MIGRATION: The movement of water-
vapor molecules from a region of high
vapor pressure to a region of lower vapor
pressure, penetrating build ing roof s
and walls.
VENT : A stack designed to convey water
vapor, or other gas, form inside a build—
ing or a building component to the atmos—
pher e.
VERMICULITE; An aggregate used in light—
weight in sulating concrete, formed by
heating and consequent expansion of mica
rock .
SQUARE: A roof area Of 100 sq. ft.
STACK VENTING: The practice of providing verti—
cal outlets in the interior areas of a built—
up roofing sy stan to relieve the pressure of
water vapor entrapped in the insu lation
STRIP MOPPING: see "Mopping n
(I) The technique of sealing the
STRIPPING:
joint between metal and built—up membrane with
one or tw plies of felt or fabric and hot—
or co Id—applied biturnen. (2) technique
Of taping joints between insulation boards.