Construction Dictionary - 6 Wood & Plastics Terminology

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SECTION 06050

CONNECTOR, TIMBER: Metal rings, plates or
grids which are embedded in the of
adjacent members, as at the bolted points
of a truss, to increase the strength of
the joint.
(AITC)

DOUBLE SHEAR: Applies to fasteners such as
nails. When gusset plates are placed on
both sides of a framing member so that the
nails penetrate both plates and are clinch-
ed (two places a nail might break) , the
nails act in double shear and can carry
twice the load of nails in single shear.
(APA)

FASTENERS: Any device, such as a nail, screw,
clip or staple used to hold plywood se-
curely in place of application (e. g. , to
structural framing) .
Nail size and type re-
quired is determined prxmarxly by thick-
ness and function of plywood.
For an
even stronger joint, use mth glue and
nails.
(APA)

NAIL COATINGS: surface treatment, such as
galvanizing, to prevent nails from rusting
upon exposure to weather, which prevents
staining of the siding material. Coatings
are also used to color match nails to
panels with which they are used.
(APA)

NAIL SCHEDULES: Refers to the size and spac-
ing of nails that should be used with vari-
ous thicknesses of plywood.
(APA)

NAIL STAINING: Staining of a surface (e.g. ,
siding) due to corrosion Of the fastener
or nail upon exposure to weather.
(APA)

NAIL VALUES: Resistance of nail to load;
varies with nail size, wood type and
quality, and use. (APA)

NAIL WITHDRAWAL: Refers to the resistance of
a nail to being pulled out of uood. Ring-
shank or spiral-thread nails have much
higher nail-holding power than regular
smooth-shank nails or coated nails.
(APA)

SINGLE SHEAR; Applies to fasteners such as
nails. When a gusset plate is nailed to
one side of a framing member the nails are
said to act in single shear (one place the
nail might break ) (APA)

STAPLE: A fastener for applying plywood
shea thing.
(APA)

TREENAIL: A pin, peg or spike used
chiefly for fastening planking and ceil-
ing to a framework.
(AITC)

06050 FASTENERS AND SUPPORTS

A-C EXTERIOR: . A sanded exterior panel grade des-
cribed by grades of face (A) and back (C) ven-
eers with minimum C quality inner plies, bondeC
with exterior glue meeting all the requirements
of Exterior type plywood. Used in siding,
Face is finish grade.
soffits, fences.
Can
be painted or stained. (APA)
AFG-OI : A performance specification developed
by the American Plywood Association for glues
reconunended for use in the APA Glued Floor
System. AFG-OI requires that glue applied at
the jobsite be strong under many moisture and
temperature conditions; be able to fill gaps
and be moisture and sunlight-resistant.
(APA)
Dried by exposure to air in a yard

AIR-DRIED :
or shed, without artificial heat.
(AITC)
(I) Seasoned by exposure to the atmosphere until
an approximate equilibrium has been attained
between the moisture content of the vood and
the relative humidity of the atmosphere, or
(2) seasoned below some arbitrarily specified
moisture content such as 20 or 18 percent by
exposure to the atmosphere, or (3) seasoned
until the seasoning checks are well developed
and the color of the exposed t•nod in the checks
as well as the general color on the surfaces,
has become grayer or browner than that of
freshly cut material.
'(AWPA)

ALONG THE GRAIN : In the same direction as the
grain. In plywood, the same direction as the
grain of the face ply, normally the long (8
foot) dimension. Plywood is stronger and
stiffer along the grain (as is all wood) than
i.t is across the grain.
(APA)

APPROVED AGENCY MARK: Plywood that bears the
mark of a qualified inspection and testing
agency as specif led by the plywood product
standard. Xnerican Plywood Association is an
approved inspection and testing agency for
softwood plywood , (APA )

BATTEN: A thin narrow strip of plywood or
lumber used to seal or reinforce a joint
between adjoining pieces of lumber or plywood,
(APA)

B-B EXTERIOR: A sanded panel grade described
by face (B) and back (B) veneers, with minimum
C quality inner plies and bonded with exterior
glue meeting all the performance requirements
of Exterior type plywood. An outdoor utility
panel with solid paintable faces.
(APA)

EXTERIOR: An exterior panel grade described
by grades of face (B) and back (C) veneers,
with minimum C quality inner plies bonded with
exterior glue meeting all the requirements of
Exterior type plywood, It is used for utility
uses such as farm buildings, some kinds of
fences.
(APA)

BEAM: A structural member supporting a load ap-
plied transversely to it.
(AITC)

BEAM, BOX: A built-up beam with solid
flanges and plywood or wood-base panel product
(AITC)
webs .

06100
ROUGH CARPENTRY

BEAM, PLYWOOD BOX: A beam built up fron
lumber and plywood in the form of a
long hollow box, which will support
load across an opening than will
its individual members alone. Lumber
members form the top and bottom (flang-
es) of the beam, while the sides (webs )
(APA)
are plywood.

BEVEL: TO cut plywood edges or ends at
an angle to make smooth mating joints
between panels.
(APA)

BLOCKING: Light lumber strips nailed
between major framing members to sup-
port edges Of plywood panels where they
(APA)
meet.

BOARD; A piece Of lumber before gluing
for width or thickness.
(WIC)

BOARD FOOT: A unit of measurement of
lumber represented by a board 1 foot
long, 12 inches wide, and I inch thick
or its cubic equivalent.
In practice,
the board foot calculation for lumber I
inch or more in thickness is based on
its nomihal thickness and width and
the length. Lumber with a nominal
thickness of less than I inch is calcu-
lated as 1 inch. (AITC)

BRIDGING: Short or metal braces or
struts crosswise between joists to hold
them in line.
Bridging may be solid,
(APA)
or may be crossed struts.

CANTILEVER: A structural member, such as
a beam or truss, which projects beyond
a support. Also a bracket-shaped sup-
port for supporting a balcony or cor-
nice. (APA)

CAULK; A sealing material to fill joints
or seams to make them waterproof.
Caulks are made in several forms, in-
cluding puttys, ropes or compounds
extruded from cartridges.
(APA)

EXTERIOR: Exterior unsanded panel
grade described by grade of face (C)
and back (C) veneers with minimum C
quality inner plies bonded with exter-
ior glue meeting all the requirements
of Exterior plywood. The lowest grade
ot Exterior plywood, it is used for
rough construction that is exposed to
weather ,
(APA)

PLUGGED: An exterior panel described
by grade of face (C-P1ugged) and back
(C) veneers, with minimum C inner plies
bonded with exterior glue meeting the
requirements of Exterior type plywood.
The face is plugged with open defects
not larger than 1/4 inch x 1/2 inch.
Used as UNDERLAYMENT, pallet bins, box-
car and truck floors, and linings .
Touch-sanded. Also called Exterior Un-
derl ayment .
(APA)

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SECTION 06100

INTERIOR: An interior unsanded panel
grade described by grade of face (C) and
back (D) veneers, with minimum D +ality
inner plies bonded with inter ior or ex-
terior glue. Used for sheathing and for
structural uses such as subf looring.
(APA)
CDX: Interior sheathing grade plywood
manufactured with exterior glue. Although
called CDX in the trade, the term is not
an official name. CDX is NOT •an Exterior
panel and should not be used for perma-
nent outdoor applications. (APA)
CLASS I, II: Terms used to identify differ-
ent species-group combinations of Plyform
panels.
Class I - Faces of any Group I species,
crossband Of any Group 1 or Group 2 species,
and centers of any Group I, 2, 3 or 4
species.
Class II - Faces of any Group I or Croup 2
species, and core and centers of any Group
I, 2, 3 or 4 species, or, faces of Group 3
species of 1/8 inch minimum thickness be-
fore sanding, crossband Of any Group 1, 2
or 3 species and centers of any Group I, 2,
(APA)
3 or 4 species.

CLEAR SPAN: Distance between inside faces of
supports. (APA)

COMPONENT: AS applied to plywood, a term
describing a glued or nailed structural
assembly of plywood and lumber, such as a
box beam or stressed-skin panel. Term
also used to describe prefabr icated build-
ing sections in panelized construction,
(APA)

CONTINUOUS BEAM: A beam supported at three
or more points over two or more spans.
(APA)

CORBEL; projection from the face of a wall
(AITC)
or column supporting a æight.

CROOK; The distortion of lumber in which
there is a deviation, in a direction per-
pendicular to the edge, from a straight
line from end-to-end of the piece, (AITC)
Stiffness in the di-

CROSS PANEL STIFFNESS:
rection perpendicular to (across) the grain
of the face ply, normally stiffness in the
4 -foot direction. (APA)

CURVED PANEL: Stressed-skin or sandwich
panel g that are curved €0 varying degrees
Used in roof construction. (APA)

DIAPHRAGM: Refers to the thin plywood skin
of a building working in canbination with
the framing to withstand wind and earth-
quake loads imposed on the structure. (APA)

DRY WALL: Interior covering nbterial, such
as gypsum board, hardboard, or plywood ,
which is applied In large sheets or panels.
(AITC)

06100
ROUGH CARPENTRY

EAVES: The edge of a roof that extends .be-
yond or overhangs the wall. The underside
of an eave may form an "open soffit.

EDGE SUPPORT: Support, such as Plyclips, or
blocking, installed between framing members
at plywood panel edges to transfer loads
from one panel to the other across the
Plywood with tongue-and-grooved edges
joint.
can be used in many applications without
(APA)
additional edge support.

END GRAIN; The end of a piece of wood (ply-
wood or lumber) that is exposed when the
wood fibers are cut across the grain. (APA)

ENGINEERED 24" FRAMING SYSTEM: A building
system (formerly called Mod 24) using ply-
wood over lumber framing spaced 24 inches
on center in walls, floors and roof. The
system uses a series of in-line frames -
trusses, studs and joists -to provide for
efficient less costly utilization of ma-
terials and simpler, faster construction.
It is recognized by major model codes and
the FHA. (APA)

ENGINEERED GRADES: General term for plywood
panel grades designed for structural uses,
as opposed to "appearance grades," which
are usually sanded or textured. Grade-
trademarks and uses of typical APA engin-
eered grade plywood are shown below. (APA)

EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT: Any piece of
wood will give off or take on moisture from
the surrounding atmosphere until the mois-
ture in the wod comes to equilibrium with
that in the atmosphere. The moisture con-
tent of the wood at the point of balance is
called the equilibrium moisture content and
is expressed as a percentage of the oven-
(AITC)
dry weight of the wood.
The moisture content at which wood will
neithev gain nor lose moisture when sur-
rounded by air at a given relative humidity
(AWPA)
and temperature.

EXTERIOR TYPE PLYWOOD: Plywood manufactured
for outdoor or marine use. This type of
plywood is bonded with 100% waterproof
adhesives. Veneers are all grade C or
better.

FACE GRAIN PARALLEL (OR PERPENDICULAR) :
Direction of the grain of the outer ply (face)
Of a plywood panel in relation to the sup-
ports, Plywood's greatest strength is
parallel to the face grain. Therefore, in
construction, . run the face grain across
supports •

FASCIA: Wood or plywood trim used along the
eave or the gable end of a structure. (APA)

FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP) : A prod-
uct made up of glass fibers, used in com-
bination with resins to create a rough,
nonscuff coating over plywood. The result-
ing coated panel (composite) is used in
truck and trailer bodies, containers, and
Seamless panels 40 feet
concrete forms.

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SECTION 06100
Iqng and longer can be produced as a sidewall
or roof of a trailer without internal framing .
(APÄ)

FIBER SATURATION POINT: The stage in the drying
or wetting of wood at which the cell walls are
saturated and the cell cavities free from wa-
ter. It applies to an individual cell or
group Of cells, not to whole boards,
It is
usually taken as approximately 30 percent
moisture content, based on ovendry weight.
(AITC)
Moisture content of wood at which the cell
walls are saturated but no free water exists
in the coarse capillary structure. For most
woods about 30 percent.
(HPB.LA)

FIELD GLUING: Procedure used in APA Glued Floor
System, in which tough, specially developed
glues are applied to the top edge of the floor
joists, then the plywood is laid on and also
nailed in place. Glue rather than nails car-
ries the load, developing a stiffer floor con-
struction that is virtually squeak-free. (APA)

FLANGE: TOP and bottom longitudinal members of
a beam. Plywood box beams are fabricated with
lumber flanges (top and bottom) and plywood
webs (sides ) . (APA)

FOAM CORE: Center of a plywod sandwich" .
Liquid plastic is foamed into all spaces between
the plywood panels and serves to insulate as
well as support the component skins. Or ply-
wood skins are pressure-glued to both sides of
rigid plastic foam boards or billets.
(APA)

FOUNDATION, WOOD: All weather Wood Foundation
(AWWF) . A residential building foundation sys-
tem in which pressure-preservative-treated ply-
wood panels and wood framing are used in place
Of masonry walls. AWWF basements are warmer ,
tighter, drier and more leak-resistant than
conventional basements. AWWF can be installed
on a prepared site in less than half a day in
any weather, speeding construction and re-
ducing costs. AWV'IF is also applicable to crawl-
space foundation construction.
(APA)

FRAME CONSTRUCTION: A type of building in which
the structural parts are wood or dependent on a
wood framework for support. Commonly, lumber
framing is sheathed with plywood for roofs,
walls and floor.
In building codes, the classi-
fication of frame construction remains the same
even when masonry covering is applied on ex-
terior walls.
(APA)

FRAMING : Lumber used for the structural member
of a building, such as studs and joists. (AITC)

FURRING: Process Of leveling parts Of a ceiling,
wall or floor by means of wood strips called
furring strips.
(APA)

GIRDER: A large or principal beam of wood or
steel used to support concentrated loads at
isolated points along its length.
(AITC)
A large horizontal beam used to support
interior walls or joists. Most wood
frame houses have a lengthwise center
girder that supports the floor joists
and plywood subf looring.
(APA)

GLUE-NAILED (ALS0 RAIL-GLUED) :
Combina-
tion of gluing and nailing plywood
joints and connections for stiffest
possible construction. For most effec-
tive fastening, pieces to be joined
should contact at all points. Glue is
applied to one or both surfaces ac-
cording to manufacturer' s directions.
Then, surfaces are pressed together
and nailed in place. For work such
as cabinets or drawers, or whenever
possible, joint should be clamped as
well as nailed to maintain pressure un-
til glue sets.
(APA)

GOOD ONE SIDE: Obsolete term for plywood
that has a higher grade veneer on the
face than on the back, used in situa-
tions where only one side of t:he panel
will be visible.
Such panels are prop-
erly identified by referring to their
face grades, as 'IA-DI' for instance.
(APA)

GRADE: The designation of the quality of
a manufactured piece of wood or of logs.
(AITC)
Designation of the quality of a piece
of plywood. In plywood there are sev-
eral veneer grades described by letter
which call out the face and back veneers
(B-C, etc.) or by intended end use of
the grade, for example, UNDERLAYMENT .
(APA)

GRADE-TRADEIARK (GTM) :
In the plywood in-
dustry, a mark stamped on the back or
branded into the edge of a panel of ply-
wood, which includes the type and grade
of the panel in addition to an identi-
fying symbol. (APA)

GROUP, SPECIES:
Plywood is manufactured
from over 70 different species of vary-
ing strength.
These species have been
grouped on the basis of strength and
stiffness, and, for purposes of the
manufacturing standard, PS I, divided
into f ive classifications: Group I ,
Group 2, Group 3, Group 4 and Group 5.
Strongest woods are found in Group 1.
The group number of a particular panel
is •determined by the weakest (highest
numbered) species used in face and
back (except for some thin siding panels
where strength parallel to face grain
is not important) .
(APA)

HEADER : A cross member placed bet:ween
studs or joists to support openings,
such as for stairway, chimney or
doors .
(APA)

SECTION 06100
Exterior type

HIGH DENSITY OVERLAY (HDO) :
plywood finished with a resin-impregnated
fiber overlay to provide extremely smooth
hard surfaces that need no additional
finishing, and have high resistance to
chemicals and abrasion. The overlay ma-
terial is bonded to both sides of the ply-
wood to become an integral part of the
panel faces. Used for concrete forms,
cabinets, highway signs, counter tops, and
(APA)
other hard-wear applications .

HEMICELLULOSE: A celluloselike material (in
wood) that is easily decomposable as by di-
lute acid, yielding several different sim-
(AITC)
ple sugars.

HOLLOW-CORE CONSTRUCTION: A panel construc-
tion with faces of plywood, hardboard, or
similar material bonded to a framed-core
assembly of wood lattice, paperboard rings
or the like, which support the facing at
(AITC)
spaced intervals.

HONEYCOMB CORE; A sandwich core rtEteria1
constructed of thin sheet materials or
ribbons formed to honeycomblike configura-
(AITC)
tions.

HONEYCOMBING: Checks, often not visible at
the surface, that occur in the interior of
a piece of wood, usually along the wod
(AITC)
rays.

I-BEAM: Beam whose cross-section resembles
Plywood box beams are con-
the letter I.
structed much as enclosed I-beams and are
used extensively as structural supporting
members. (APA)

INT WITH EXTERIOR GLUE: Interior type ply-
wood manufactured with exter ior glue for
greater ability to withstand exposure to
Not suitable for permanent ex-
moisture.
(APA)
terior exposure.

IDENTIFICATION INDEX: A set of numbers (e.g. ,
24/0) used in marking sheathing grades of
plywood. Numbers relate to species of the
panel face and back veneers and to the
panel thickness, They describe the panel 's
strength and stiffness properties. The
Identification Index was developed primar i-
Iy to identify maximum support spacing for
plywood in conventional construction. Num-
bers on the left side Of the slash ( / ) re-
fer to the required spacing of roof fram-
ing members (good for 35 pounds per square
foot uniform live load or better). Right-
hand numbers refer to floor framing spac-
(Maximum uniform live
ing requirements.
loads vary, but all are at least 160 pounds
per square foot; also good for concentrated
loads such as pianos, home freezers, water
heaters, etc. ) (APA)

INTERIOR TYPE : Term used to describe plywood
intended for inside uses or for construc-
tion where plywood will be subjected to
Interior type
only occasional wetting.
plywood is bonded with adhesives that eare
highly moisture resistant but not neces-
(APA)
sari Iy waterproof.

JOIST: one of a series of parallel beams
used to support floor and ceiling loads
and supported in turn by larger beams, gir-
(AITC)
ders or bearing walls.
Hot izontal framing members of a floor or
ceiling. (APA)

JOIST SPACING: Distances (specified by
building codes) between joists. Usually
specified as o. c. (on center), which is
the distance from the center of one joist
(APA)
to the center of the next joist.

KERF: A slot made by a saw; the width of the
(APA)
saw cut.

KILN: A chamber having controlled air-flow,
temperature and relative humidity, for dry-
ing lumber, veneer and other wood products.
(AITC)

KILN-DRIED: Dried in a kiln with the use of
artificial he at. (AITC)
A term applied to wood that has been dried
in ovens (kilns) by controlled heat and
humidity to specified limits of moisture
content. Plywood veneers are kiln-dried
(APA)
before lay-up.
Lumber or other materials that have been
dried in dry kilns to a moisture content
usually below that obtained in air-drying
by the application of artifically supplied
controlled heat, humidity and air circu-
(AWPA)
Ia tion.
Lumber dried in a closed chamber in which
the removal Of moisture is controlled by
artificial heat and usually by relative
(WIC) (WIC/NWMA)
humidi ty.

LOADS: The weight or pressure a structure
carries or sustains, which must be consi-
dered in planning a building. UNIFORM

LOADS are evenly distributed over a large
area, usually the entire surface of a ply-
wood panel. CONCENTRATED LOADS are loads
applied over a very small area (for exam-
pie, by a piano leg). DEAD LOADS are s ta-
tionary, permanent loads; that is, the
weight of all the material used on construc-
tion of the building (or section) LIVE
LOADS are planned loads the structure must
carry under normal conditions, such as pec-
ple or furniture and equipment, that would
(APA)
be moved on the surface.

LUMBER: The product of the saw and planing
mill not further manufactured than by saw-
ing, resawing passing lengthwise through
a standard planing machine, crosscutting
(AITC)
to length, and matching.

MARINE GRADE: Panels manufactured with the same
glueline durability requirements as other Ex-
ter type panels but with more restrictive
requirements on wood characteristics. The
grade is particularly suitable for marine ap-
plications where bending is required, as in
boat hulls.
(APA)

MEDIUM DENSITY OVERLAID (MDO): Exterior type
plywood finished with an opaque resin-treated
f iber overlay to provide a smooth surface that
is an ideal base for paint. Recorrunended for
siding and other outdoor applications, and for
built-ins, signs and displays.
(APA)

MEDIUM DENSITY OVERLAY: The resin-treated facing
on the finished product shall present a smooth,
uniform surface intended for high-quality paint
It shall consist of a cellulose-
f inishes.
fiber sheet containing not less than 17% resin
solids for a beater loaded sheet, or 22% for
an impregnated sheet, both based on the vola-
tile free weight of resin and fiber exclusive
of glueline. The resin shall be a thermo-
setting phenol or melamine type. The resin-
treated material shall weigh not less than 58
lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft. of single face includ-
ing both resin and fiber but exclusive of glue-
line. After application, the material shall
measure not less than O . 012 inch thick. Some
evidence of the underlying grain may appear .
The over lay face is produced in a natural color
(WIC)
and certain other colors.

METAL OVERLAID: Plywood that has a metal face
permanently bonded to it .
Panels may be metal
overlaid on one or both sides.
Surface finishes
include pebble texture as well as assorted
(APA)
colors (baked-on enamel) .

MOISTURE CONTENT: The amount of water contained
in the wood, usually expressed as a percentage
of the weight of the oven-dry sood. (AITC)
As applied to wood and plywood, the amount Of
it is usually expiressed
water held by the wood.
as a percentage Of the weight of the oven-dried
a one pound sample of oven-dried
wood (i.e.
wood could absorb of its weight in water
and weigh 1-1/4 pounds at moisture content) .
The plywood product standard limits the mois-
ture content of plywood to a maximum of 10 of
the oven-dry weight at the time of shipment from
(APA)
the mill.
As related to wood, the weight of water contained
in wood, usually expressed as a percentage of
the oven-dry weight of the wood. (AWPA)
The we ight Of the water in the wood expressed
in percentage Of the weight of the oven-dry
(WIC) (WIC/NWMA)
wood.

MOISTURE, FREE; Moisture that is held in the
cavities of wood in contrast to that within
cell walls. (AWPA)
cell
the
ROUGH CARPENTRY

MOISTURE GRADIENT: A condition of gradu-
ated moisture content between succes-
sive layers of wood, due to loss or ab-
sorption of moisture.
(AWPA)

MOISTURE, HYGROSCOPIC: Moisture within
the cell walls of wood in contrast to
free moisture in the cell cavities.
Syn. : bound water.
(AWPA)

NAIL POPPING: A problem in which nails
used in applying the Underlayment
sometimes appear to "pop" up so that
nail head impressions are visible on
the surface of the finished floor cov-
ering. The problem is caused by shrink-
age of floor joists away from the nails
after installation.
(APA)

NOMINAL THICKNESS; Full "designated"
thi ckness.
For exarnple, a nominal 2
inch x 4 inch stud may be 1-1/2 inch x
3-1/2 inch when dry. It is a commer-
cial size designation, subject to ac-
(APA)
ceptable tolerances.

NONCERTIFIED: Term that refers to ply-
wood not included in the Product Stan-
dard PS 1 and which may bear the mark
of the manufacturer rather than one of
the recognized testing agencies, such
as APA. (APA)
On-center spacing, meaning the
o.c.
distance from the center of one struc-
tural member to the center of the adja-
cent member, as in the spacing of stud-
ding, joists, rafters, nails, etc.
(APA)

OVERLAID PLYWOOD: Plywood panels with
factory applied resin-treated fiber
faces on one or both sides. Term may
also be applied to metal overlaid ply-
wood and other composites.
(APA)

PSF; Pounds per square foot. Measure
of loads distributed over a square
foot of surface. Used in determining
allowable spans for subfloor and roof
sheathing and floor framing.
(APA)
pounds per square inch. Measure of

PSI;
loads distributed over a square inch
of surface. (APA)
Pounds per square inch (psi) .
(AWPA)
Plugged and touch-sanded face of
P&TS;
a plywood panel. (APA)

PANEL GRADES : Appearance or structural
grade of a plywood panel, determined by
the veneer grades used for the face and
back of the panel. (APA)

PANEL SPACING: The gap left between plywood
panels when they are installed in a struc-
ture. A space should be left between pan-
els in floor, wall or roof deck construc-
t ion to allow for expansion due to changes
Space convention-
in moisture conditions .
al plywood subfloor 1/8 inch at edges and
1/16 inch at all end panel joints.
Pro-
vide 1/32 inch space between underlayment
butt joints over subfloor construction.
Space conventional sheathing 1/8 and 1/16
inch. When wet or humid conditions can be
expected, double these spacings for sheath-
(APA)
ing and subfloor panels.

PANELIZED CONSTRUCTION: Building components
fabricated in the form of wall, floor ,
sections, that will be as-
ceiling, etc. ,
sembled into the completed structure at
the building site. Panelized construction
cuts on-site labor charges through rapid
It offers the high qual ity
erection.
available through controlled factory pro-
duction . and inspection procedures. (APA)

PLANK: A broad board, usually more than 1
inch thick, laid with its wide dimension
horizontal and used as a bearing surface.
(AITC)
In wood frame construction, the hori-

PLATE :
zontal dimension lumber member placed on
top and/or bottom of the exterior wall
studs to tie them together and to support
(APA)
the joists and rafters.

PLYCLIPS : Amer ican Plywood Association trade
name for special aluminum H-clips used as
an economical substitute for lurnber block-
(APA)
ing in roof construction.

PREFABRICATED: To construct or fabricate all
of the parts, as of a house, at the factory,
so that final construction consists only of
assembling and uniting of standard parts at
the j obsite. (APA)

PREFRAMED: Construction term for panelized
building, in which the wall, floor or roof
sections are complete; that is, they are
fraraed and sheathed at the factory. (APA)

PURLIN: Subframing whose major purpose is
to support the roof decking , where larger
beams are main structural supports. (APA)

RAFTER One Of a series of structural
members of a roof designed to support roof
loads. The rafters of a flat roof are some-
(AITC)
times called roof joists.
Supporting member (s) ilnrnediately beneath
(APA)
the roof sheathing.

RIDGE BEAM: The top horizontal member of a
sloping roof, against Which the ends of the
(APA)
rafters are fixed or supported.

RIGID FRAME: Structural member in which the
studs and rafters are joined together with
plywood gussets, so that they act together
like an arch. Rigid frame construction
eliminates the need for ceiling or tie mem-
(APA)
bers.
sections (as of walls) of

SANDWICH PANELS:
layered construction made up of high-strength
plywood faces, or "skins" attached to both
sides of low-density core materials, such
as plastic foam or honeycomb paper fillers
(APA)

SAW KERF: (1) Grooves or notches made in cut-
ting with a saw; (2) that portion of a log,
timber or other piece of wood removed by
the saw in parting the material into two
(AITC)
pie ces .

SEASONING: Removing moisture from green wood
(AITC)
to improve its serviceability.

SHAKE: A separation along the grain, the
greater part of which occurs between the
rings of annual growth. Usually considered
to have occurred in the standing tree or
during felling. (AITC)
A separation along the grain of the wood,
the separation usually occurring between
(AWPA)
the annual rings.
A separation along the grain of wood in
which the greater part occurs between the
(HPMA)
rings of annual growth.
A separation of the wood, normally between
(WIC)
growth rings.

SHEATHING: The structural cover ing, usually
of boards, building fiberboards, or ply-
wood, placed over exterior studding or raf-
ters of a structure. (AITC)
The structural covering, usually of plywood
or boards, on the outside surface of the
It provides support for construc-
framing .
t ion, snow and wind loads and backing for
attaching the exterior facing material such
(APA)
as wall siding or roof shingles.

SHOP CUTTING PANEL: panel rejected as not con-
forming to the grade requirements defined in
Panel identification ,
the Product Standard.
a separate mark that does not mention the
Shop Cutting
Standard, reads:
Other Marks Void.
(APA)

SOFFIT: The underside of the roof overhang.
Plywood is often used as a finishing material
(APA)
for soffits.

SPAN TABLES: A list of allowable spans for
plywood. That is, maximum spacing for roof
and floor framing under various thicknesses
and grades Of plywood, along with allowable
(APA)
loads.

SPLICE PLATE: A piece of wood, often plywood,
used to attach lumber members end to end. (APA)

STRESSED-SKIN CONSTRUCTION: A construction in
which panels are separated from one another by
a central partition of spaced strips with the
whole assembly bonded so that it acts as a unit
when loaded.
(AITC)

STRESSED SKIN PANEL: An engineered structural
flat panel for roof deck or floor applications
built up of plywood sheets glued to framing
members.
The assembly covers quickly with
greater corn-bined load carrying capacity than
its individual members would have if installed
separately. (APA)

STRINGER: A timber or other support for cross
members in floors or ceilings.
In stairs, the
support on which the stair treads rest.
(AITC)
A lumber supporting member for a series of cross
members. Frequently applied to stair supports.
(APA)

STRUCTURAL I and II: These terms are used with
letter grades on certain structural grades of
plywood. They mean that the plywood can be
made only from particular species of wood, and
that they must meet special requirements of ven-
eer grade and workmanship. Any STRUCTURAL I
panel must use all Group I veneers throughout.

STRUCTURAL II panels allow veneers of species
Groups 1 through 3. All STRUCTURAL 1 and 11
panels are made with exter ior glue.
They are
recormended for heavy load applications, es-
pecially where shear strength is important, or
where panels are applied with face grain para-
Ilel to supports.
(APA)

STRUCTURAL SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION: A layered
construction comprising a combination of rela-
tively high-strength facing materials intima-
eely bonded to and acting integrally with a
low-density core material , (AITC)

STUD: one of a series of slender wood structural
members used as supporting elements in walls
and partitions.
(AITC)
Generally, 2 x 4 's used as the basic vertical
framing members of walls.
(APA)

STUD SPACING: The distance between the upright
members Of a wall's framework, traditionally
16 inches on center. Sometimes placed at 24
inches on center when using plywood for struc-
tural stability as in the Engineered 24" Fram-
ing System. (APA)

STURD-I-WALL: A wall system consisting of APA 303
panel siding applied directly to studs or over
nonstructural wall sheathing, i.e. , any sheath-
ing not recognized by building codes as meeting
bending and racking requirements between studs.
303 plywood siding bearing a Span Index of 24
o.c. in the grade-trademark may be applied ver-
tically to studs spaced 24 inches on center.
Panels with a Span Index of 16 0. c. rtEY be used
vertically over studs 16 inches on center. Panels
06100

ROUGH CARPENTRY
with either designation may be used on
studs 24 inches on center when applied
with face grain horizontal.
(APA)

SUBFLOORING: Plywood applied directly
over floor joists which will receive
an additional covering such as under-
layment, if tile is to be applied.
Plywood is used for strength and to
reduce the number of floor joints. (APA)

T-BEAM: Beam whose cross-section resem-
bles a "T"
Several T-beams side-by-
side, if acting as a unit, might form
a floor. This is the principle which
accounts for the increased stiffness
of the APA Glued Floor System. (APA)

TOUCH-SANDING: A sizing operation con-
sisting Of a light surface sanding in
a sander.
Sander skips are admissible.
Normally applied to C-PIugged faces.
(APA)

TYPE: Classification of plywood into
Interior and Exterior panels based on
glueline and veneer grades.
(APA)

UNDERLAYMENT : A material applied direct-
Iy below nonstructural finish flooring
such as tile or carpeting .
Plywood is
available in UNDERLAYMENT grade for use
in underlayment and in combination sub-
f 10 or -under laymen t.
(APA)

VAPOR BARRIER: A material with a high
resistance to vapor movement, such as
foil, plastic film, or specially
coated paper, that is used in combina-
tion with insulation to control con-
densa tion .
(AITC )

VENEER GRADES :
Standard grades of veneer
used in plywood manufacture. The six
grades are described as follows:
N-Specia1 order "natural finish" veneer
Select all heartwood or all sapwood.
Free of open defects, Allows some re-
pairs.
A-Smooth and paintable. Neatly made
repairs permissible. Also used for
natural finish in less demanding ap-
plications .
B-So1id surface veneer.
Circular re-
pair plugs and tight knots permitted.
C-Knoth01es to I"
Occasional knot-
holes 1/2 " larger permitted providing
total width of all knots and knotholes
within a specified section does not ex-
ceed certain limitsa, Limited splits
permitted. Minimum veneer permitted
in Exterior type plywood.
C-lmproved C veneer with splits limit-
ed to 1/8" in width and knotholes .
Plugged and borer holes limited to 1/4
by 1/2".


SECTION 06100

D-Permits knots and knotholes to 2-1/2" in
Width, and 1/2" larger under certain speci-
fied limits. Limited splits permitted.
(APA)

WALL SHEATHING: Plywood nailed to the studs
which acts as a base for the siding appli-
(APA)
cation.

WEATHERING:
The mechanical or chemical dis-
integration and discoloration Of the sur-
face of wood caused by exposure to light,
the action of dust and sand carried by
winds and alternate shrinking and swell-
ing of the surface fibers with continual
variation in moisture content due to
(WIC/NWMÄ)
changes in weather .

06100 ROUGH CARPENTRY - END

SECTION 06130  Start

BOXEP HEART: The term used when the pith fa 11S
entirely within the four faces of a piece of
wood anywhere in its length. Also called boxed
(AITC)
pith.
Descriptive of ties and timbers in which the
pith falls entirely within the four faces any-
where in the length of the piece.
(AWPA)

ANTISPLITTING IRON: A piece of flat iron, sharp-
ened on one edge and bent into one of several
shapes, used for driving into the ends of ties
or timbers to retard splitting.
Such irons
dependent upon their shape are called S-irons,
C-irons, Beegle irons or crinkle irons.
(AWPA)

HEAVY TIMBER: A building code designation for a
particular type of construction with good fire
endurance. Heavy Timber is widely recognized
as comparable to one-hour construction, A
plywood roof deck of tongue-and-grooved 1-1/8
inch 2.4.1 over 4 inch wide supports meets the
Heavy Timber requirements, and provides the
same good performance as nominal 2 inch tongue-
and-groove lumber decking. (APA)

PILE: A long, heavy timber, round or square cut,
that is driven deep into the ground to provide
a secure foundation for structures built on
soft, wet or submerged sites; e.g., landing
stages, bridge abutments.
(AITC)

PILE (GENERAL) : A timber, usually round, that
is embedded wholly or partly in surface or un-
derwater soil as a support for a superstructure
such as a bridge, building, trestle, wharf ,
(HPMA)

PILE, FOUNDATION: A pile which is entirely em-
bedded in the ground and capped with masonry.
(AWPA)

PILE, MARINE: A pile which is partly embedded in
bottom soil and partly exposed to salt sea wa-
ter and generally subject to attack by mar ine
or gani sms ,
(AWPA)

STRUCTURAL TIMBERS: Pieces of wood of relatively
large size, the strength of which is the con-
trolling element in their selection and use .
Trestle timbers (stringers, caps, posts, sills ,
bracing, bridge ties, guardrails) ; car timbers
(car framing, including upper framing, car
sills); framing for building (posts, sills, gir-
ders) ; ship timber (ship timbers, ship decking) ;
and crossarms for poles are examples of struc-
tural timbers.
(AITC)

TIMBERS, ROUND: Timbers used in the original
round form, such as poles, piling, posts and
mine timbers, (AITC)
06130

HEAVY TIMBER CONSTRUCTION
SECTION 06170

ALLOWABLE PROPERTY: The value of a property
normally published for design use. Allow-
able properties are identified with grade
descriptions and standards, reflect the
orthotropic structure of wood, and anti-
cipate certain end uses.
(AITC)

ANNUAL GROWTH RING; The layer of wood growth
put on a tree during a single growing sea-
son. In the temperature zone the annual
growth rings of many species (e.g., oaks
and pines) are readily distinguished be-
cause of differences in the cells' formed
during the early and late parts of the sea-
son. In some temperate zone species (black
gum and sweetgum) and many tropical species,
annual growth rings are not easily recog-
nized.
(AITC)

ASSEMBLY TIME: The time interval between the
spreading of the adhesive on the lamina-
tions and the application of final pressure
or heat, or both, to the entire assembly.
(AITC)

BALANCED CONSTRUCTION: A construction such
that the forces induced by uniformly dis-
tributed changes in moisture content will
not cause warping. Symmetrical construc-
tion of in which the grain direc-
tion Of each ply is perpendicular to that
of adj acent plies is balanced construc-
tion. (AITC)

BARK POCKET: An opening between annual grow-
th rings that contains bark. Bark poc-
kets appear as dark streaks on radial sur-
faces and as rounded areas on tangential
surfaces.
(AITC)

BASTARD SAWN: Lumber (primarily hardwood)
in which the annual rings make angles of
300 to 600 with the surface of the piece.
(AITC)

BENDING, STEAM: The process of forming
curved wood members by steaming or boiling
the wood and bending it to a form. (AITC)

BENDING MEMBERS; Members that are stressed
principally in bending such as beams, gir-
ders and purlins. (AITC)

BUILT-UP TIMBERS: An assembly made by join-
ing layers of lumber together with mechani-
cal fastenings so that the grain of all
laminations is essentially parallel.
(AITC)

BUTTRESS: A ridge of wood developed in the
angle between a lateral root and the butt
of a tree, which may extend up the stan
to a considerable height.
(AITC)

CAMBER; The srnaII amount of curvature which
can be built into a glued laminated timber
to offset anticipated deflection movement.
It may also be used to facilitate roof
drainage.
(AITC)

06170
PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL WOOD

CAMBIUM: A thin layer of tissue betweeo the
bark and uood that repeatedly subdivides
to form a new wood and bark cells.
(AITC)

CANT; A log that has been slabbed on one or
more sides. Ordinarily, cants are intended
for resawing at right angles to their widest
sawn face.
The term is loosely used. (AITC)

CASEHARDENING: A condition of stress and set
in dry lumber characterized by compressive
stress in the outer layers and tensile stress
in the center or core.
(AITC)

CELL: A general term for the structural units
of plant tissue, including wood fibers ,
vessel members, and other elements of di-
verse structure and function.
(AITC)

CELLULOSE : The carbohydrate that is the pr in-
cipal constituent of wood and forms the
frarnework of the wood cells.
(AITC)

CHECK (S ) : A lengthwise separation of the wood
that usually extends across the rings of
annual growth and commonly results from
stresses set up in wood during seasoning.
(AITC )
A separation along the grain of the wood,
the separation occurring across the annual
r ings.
(AWPA)
Small splits running parallel to grain of
wood, caused chiefly by strains produced in
seasoning.
(HPMA)
Either of the two outside members

CHORD;
of a truss connected and braced by the web
members. Also, sometimes refers to peri-
meter members of a plywood diaphragm. (APA)

COMPOUND CURVATURE: wood bent to a compound
curvature has curved surfaces, no element
of which is a straight line.
(AITC)

COMPRESSION FAILURE: Deformation of the wood
f ibers resulting from excessive compression
along the grain either in direct end com-
pression or in bending.
It may develop in
standing trees due to bending by wind or
snow or to internal longitudinal stresses
imposed after the tree is cut. In surfaced
lumber compression failures may appear as
fine wrinkles across the face of the piece.
(AITC)

COMPRESSION MEMBERS: Members that are stressed
principally in axial compression such as
posts, columns, compression chords of truss-
es and arches.
(AITC )

COMPRESSION WOOD; Wood formed on the lower
side of branches and inclined trunks of soft-
wood trees. Compression is identified
by its relatively wide annual rings, usually
eccentric, relatively large amount of sununer-
wood, sometimes more than 50 percent of the
width of the annual rings in which it occurs,
and its lack of demarcation between springwood
and summerwood in the same annual rings.
Com-
pression wood shrinks excessively lengthwise,
(AITC)
as compared with normal sood.
Abnormal wood that often forms on the lower
side of branches and inclined trunks of coni-
(a)
It is characterized by:
ferous trees.
relatively wide annual rings, usuallly eccen-
tric; (b) surmerwood frequently more than 50
percent of the annual rings in which it occurs;
(c) little contrast in color between springwood
and summerwood; (d) excessive longitudinal
(AWPA)
shrinkage in comparison to normal wod.

COOPERAGE: Containers consisting of round
heads and a body composed Of staves held togeth-
er with hoops, such as barrels and kegs.
Cooper age used as containers
Slack cooperage :
for dry, semidry or solid products. The staves
are usually not closely fitted and are held to-
gether with beaded steel, wire or wood hoops.
Tight cooperage: Cooperage used as containers
for liquids, semisolids and heavy solids.
Staves are well fitted and held tightly with
(AITC)
cooperage grade steel hoops .

CURE: To change the properties of an adhesive
by chemical reaction (which may be condensation ,
polymerization or vulcanization) and thereby
Generally accomplish-
develop maximuln strength.
ed by the action of heat or a catalyst, with or
without: pressure. (AITC)
2URING TIME: The period of time which an adhe-
(AITC)
sive takes to attain its full strength.
Members which are designed so

CURVED MEMBERS :
that significant curvature remains after de-
flection due to service loads has taken place,
(AITC)
such as curved beams and arches.
--tJT STOCK; A term for softwood stock comparable
(AITC)
to dimension stock in hardwoods,
In hardwoods, a portion of a board or
2UQTINGS
plank having the quality required by a specific
Obtained from
grade or for a particular use.
(AITC)
a board by crosscutting or ripping.

DELIGNIFICATION: Removal of part or all of the
(AITC)
lignin from wood by chemical treatment.

DENSITY: As usually applied to wood of normal
cellular form, density is the mass of wod sub-
stance enclosed within the boundary surfaces of
a wood-plus-voids complex having unit volume.
It is variously expressed as pounds per cubic
foot, kilograms per cubic meter, or grams per
cubic centirneter at a specified moisture con-
(AITC)
t ent.

DENSITY RULES : A procedure for segregating wood
according to density, based on percentage of
latewood and number of growth rings per inch
of radius.
(AITC)

06170
PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL WOOD

DEPTH: The dimension of the cross-
section which is measured parallel to
the direction of the pr incipal load on
the member in bending. (AITC)
DEW POINT: The temperature at which a
vapor begins to deposit as a liquid .
Applies especially to water in the at-
no sphere. (AITC)

DIFFUSEePOROUS WOOD: Certain hardwoods in
which the pores tend to be uniform in
size and distribution throughout each
annual ring or to decrease in size
slightly and gradually toward the
outer border of the ring. (AITC)

DIMENSIONAL STABILIZATION: special treat-
ment of wood to reduce the swelling
and shrinking that is caused by changes
(AITC)
in relative humidity.

DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE: The temperature of
air as indicated by a standard thermo-
(AITC)
meter.

DURABILITY: A general term for perma-
nence or resistance to deterioration.
Frequently used to refer to the degree
Of resistance of a species of wood to
attack by wod-destroying fungi under
conditions that favor such attack.
In
this connection the term "decay resis-
(AITC)
tance" is more specific.

EARLYWOOD : The portion of the annual
growth ring that is formed during the
early part of the growing season. It
is usually less dense and weaker mechani-
(AITC)
call y than latewood .

EXTRACTIVE: Substances in wood, not an
integral part of the cellular structure,
that can be removed by solution in hot
or cold water, ether, benzene, or other
solvents that do not react chemically
(AITC)
with mod components.

FLITCH: A portion of a log sawn on two
or more on opposite
faces, leaving two waney edges. When
intended for resawing into lumber, it
is resawn parallel to its original
wide faces. Or, it may be sliced or
sawn into veneer, in which case the
resulting sheets of veneer laid toge-
ther in the sequence of cutting are
called a flitch. The term is loosely
used, (AITC)

GLUE-LINE: The area occupied by the glue
between pieces of wood which are joined
by adhesives which is called a "line" ,
since only the edge is visible in a
(AITC)
finished member.

GLULAM: Short for glued-laminated struc-
tural timber, term is used to describe
large beams fabricated by bonding layers
of specially selected lumber together with
strong, durable adhesives. End and edge
jointing permits production of longer and
wider structural wood members than are
normally available. Glulam timbers are
used with plywood for many types of heavy
timber construction.
(APA)

GUSSET PLATE: A piece of plywood used to
connect lumber members of a truss or other
frame structure.
Gussets may be applied
to one or both sides of the joint.
Plywood
is used because of its great strength and
resistance to splitting.
(APA)

IMPREG: Wood in which the cell walls have
been impregnated with synthetic resin so
as to reduce materially its swelling and
shr inking.
Impreg is not compressed.
(AITC)

IN-LINE TESTS: Testing Conducted during
manufacture rather than on the finished
product.
(AITC)

INSERTS ; Nonstructural repa irs to correct
appearance defects.
(AITC)

JOINT EFFICIENCY OR FACTOR: The strength
of a joint expressed as a percentage of
the strength of clear straight-grained
material.
(AITC)

LAMINATE: A product made by bonding to-
gether two or more layers (Ia.lüina t ions)
of material or materials.
(AITC)
To produce a product by bonding together
a series of layers, as plywood or laminat-
ed structural members.
Plywood is lamin-
ated with grain of layers at right angles
to that of adjacent layers for two-way
strength. Structural members, such as
beams, are laminated with the grain run-
ning the same direction in all layers.
(APA)

LAMINATED: Layer construction of I umber.
May be either horizontal or vertical lay-
ers securely glued together.
(WIC )

LAMINATED WOOD: An assembly made by bonding
layers of veneer or lumber with an adhe-
sive so that the grain of all laminations
is essentially parallel,
(AITC)
Layers of fastened together (usually
glued) with their grain direction parallel
to the longitudinal direction of the as sern-
Sometimes called "Glulam.
bly .
layer of in a laminated assembly is
cal led an individual laminate or a lamina ,
pl ural laminae.
(AWPA)

LAMINATING: The process of bonding lamina-
tions together with adhesive including the
preparation of the laminations, prepara-
tion and spreading of adhesives, assembly
of laminations in packages and pressure
and cur ing.
(AITC)
06170

PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL wood
LAMINATION: A full width and full length la-
yer contained in a member bonded together
with adhesives.
It may be composed of one
or several wood pieces in width or length
but only one in depth. Wood pieces may be
end or edge glued.
(AITC)

LIGNIN: The second most abundant constitu-
ent of located principally in the
secondary wall and the middle lamella,
which is the thin cementing layer between
wood cells. Chemically it is an irregular
polymer of substituted propylphenol groups ,
and thus no simple chemical formula can be
written for it.
(AITC)

MODIFIED WOOD: Wood processed by chemical
treatment, compression, or other means
(with or without heat) to impart proper-
ties different from those of the original
mod.
(AITC)

NAVAL STORES: A term applied to the oils,
resins, tars and pitches derived from 01-
eoresin contained in, exuded by, or extract-
ed from trees, chiefly species of pines
(genus Pinus) .
Historically, these were
important items in the stores of wood sail-
ing vessels.
(AITC)

NONSTRUCTURAL: The portion of a member which
was not used by the designer in calculating
the allowable loads Of the member.
(AITC)

OLEORESIN: A solution of resin in an essen-
tial oil that occurs in or exudes from many
plants, especially softwoods. The oleoresin
from pine is a solution of pine resin (rosin)
in turpentine.
(AITC)

ORTHOTROPIC : Having unique and independent
properties in three mutually orthogonal
(perpendicular) planes of symmetry. A
special case of anistropy.
(AITC)

OVENDRY WOOD: Wood dried to a relatively
constant weight in a ventilated oven at
1010 to 1050C.
(AITC)

PHLOEM: The tissues of the inner bark,
characterized by the presence of sieve
tubes and serving for the transport of
elaborate foodstuffs.
(AITC)

POT LIFE: The period of time during which
an adhesive, after mixing with catalyst,
solvent, or other compounding ingredients
remains suitable for use.
(AITC)

PRINCIPAL MEMBERS: The major load-carrying
members of a structure, such as beams ,
girders, columns, arches, chord members of
trusses and frarned arches, and rigid frames.
(AITC)

RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Ratio of actual pressure
Of existing water vapor to maximum possible
pressure of water vapor in the atmosphere
at the same temperature, expressed as a
(AITC)
percentage.


PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL WOOD
SECTION 06170

RESIN : Inflamrnable, water-soluble, vegetable
substances secreted by certain plants or trees
and characterizing the wood of many coniferous
species. The term is also applied to synthe-
tic organic products related to the natural
(AITC)
resins .
Strips or boards used to separate the
STICKERS :
layers of lumber in a pile and thus ünprove
(Al'rc)
air circulation.

SHEAR: A condition Of Stress or strain where
parallel planes slide relative to one another .
(AITC)

STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIFBER; An engineered,
stress-rated product Of a timber laminating
plant comprising assemblies of specially select-
ed and prepared wood laminations securely bond-
ed together with adhesives. The grain of all
laminations is approximately parallel longi-
tudinally. They may be comprised of pieces end
joined to form any length, of pieces placed or
glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones, or of
pieces bent to curved form during gluing. (AITC)

TENSION MEMBERS: Members that are stressed prin-
cipa11y in axial tension such as the tension
chords in trusses and tension tie members. (AITC)

TENSION WOOD : A form of found in leaning
trees of some hardwood species and characterized
by the presence of gelatinous fibers and exces-
sive longitudinal shrinkage. Tension wood fi-
bers hold together tenaciously, so that sawed
surfaces usually have projecting fibers, and
planed surfaces often are torn or have raised
grain. Tension wood may cause warping. (AITC)

TRUSS: An assembly of members, such as beams,
bars, rods and the like, so combined as to form
a r igid framework. All members are intercon-
nected to form triangles, (AITC)
A combination of members usually arranged in
triangular units to form a rigid framework for
supporting loads over a span. Parallel chord
trusses are also used for floor and roof sup-
(APA)
ports .
The dimension of the cross section which

WIDTH :
is measured perpendicular to the direction of
the principal load on the mernber in bending.
(AITC)

WOOD FAILURE: The rupturing of wood fibers ex-
pressed as the percentage of the total area
(AITC)
involved which shows such failure.
06170


SECTION 06200

HIGH PRESSURE LAMINATED PLASTIC: Laminated
thermosetting decorative sheets intended
for decorative purposes. The sheets con-
sist essentially of layers of a fibrous
sheet material, such as paper, impregna-
ted with a thermosetting condensa tion
resin and consolidated under heat and
pressure. The top layers have a decora-
tive color or a printed design.
The resultant product has an attractive exposed
surface which is durable and resistant to
damage from abrasion and mild alkalies ,
acids and solvents, meeting the require-
ments of the National Electrical Manufac-
turers Association (NEMA LD 1-1964, or
latest revision thereof.
(WIC)

MILLWORK: Planed and patterned lumber for
finish work in buildings, including items
such as sash, doors, cornices, panelwork,
and other items of interior or exterior
trim. Does not include flooring, ceiling
or siding.
(AITC)
Architectural woodwork and related items
(WIC)

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS:
Products worked to
pattern, such as flooring, ceiling and
siding.
(AITC)

PLASTIC BACKING SHEET: A thin sheet, usually
phenolic, applied under pressure to the
back of a laminated plastic panel to
achieve balance by equalizing the rate of
moisture absorption or emission.
(WIC)
In woodworking, the sawing of

RIPPING :
wood with the grain.
(APA)

SASH: A frame structure, normally glazed
(e.g.,
a window), that is hung or fixed
in a frame set in an opening.
(AITC)

06200
FINISH CARPENTRY

GROSS: Total amounts of preservative
indicated in the wood at the termination of the
pressure period, includes initial absorption
and under-pressure injection. AWPA)

ABSORPTION, INITIAL: The amount Of preservative
absorbed by the wood during any preliminary
heating or boiling under vacuum period, and
also that •absorbed by the wood while the éy-
linder is being filled prior to the pressure
per iod.
(AWPA)

ACA PRESERVATIVE: Ammoniacal copper arsenite.
(AWEA)

ACC PRESERVATIVE: Acid copper chromate.
(AWPA)

AIR, INITIAL: Compressed air forced into the wod
before, and held during, the injection of pre-
servative.
(AWPA)

ALIQUOT : A proportional representative subsample
of a homogeneous sample of a preservative, or
of treated wood. Any results derived from guan-
titative or qualitative analysis of the sub-
sample are directly applicable to original
sample.
(AWPA)

ASSAY : Determination, by appropriate physical
and chemical means, of the arnount of preserva-
tive or fire-retardant in a sample of treated
wood, usually expressed in pounds per cubic
foot (pcf) or kilograms per cubic meter
(kg/m3) . (AWPA)

BENZOL-INSOLUBLE TEST; A test used to determine
the amount of insoluble material in a mixture
of an oil-preservative and benzene (benzol) .
(AWPA)

BLEEDING; The exudation of I iguid preservative
from treated wood. The exudation may evaporate,
remain liquid or harden into a semi-solid or
solid state,
(AWPA)

BLOOM: Crystals forrned on the surface of treated
wood by exudation and evaporation of the solvent
in preservative solutions .
(AITC)

BLOOMING: The formation of crystals on the sur-
face of treated wood as a result of exudation
and evaporation of the solvent or water compo-
nent of the preservative or fire-retardant
solution. (AWPA)

BORERS, MARINE: Marine organisms attack
wood in the submerged portions of structures
placed in salt or brackish waters. Two general
groups Of bores are recognized, the crustacean
(Limnoria, Chelura, Sphaeroma) and the moluscan
(Teredo, Bankia, Martesia) .
(AWPA)

BOUCHERIE PROCESS: A process in which water-
borne preservative is applied to end surfaces
of green wood through a suitable chamber and
either forced through the mod by hydrostatic
or other pressure or drawn into the mod by
the evaporation of rnoisture from the tree s
leaves.
(AWPA)
06300

BOULTON DRYING PROCESS: A process for
drying wood by removing moisture from
it by boiling in preservative under
sufficient intensity of vacuum to
evaporate water from the material at
the temperature of the preservative
used.
(AWPA)

BRANDING: Permanent marking on a treated
wood product to identify the supplier
and date of treatment; other informa-
tion may be included in a brand when
so specif ied.
(AWPA)

BROWN ROT: In wood, any decay in which
the attack concentrates on the cell u-
lose and associated carbohydrates rather
than on the lignin, producing a light
to dark brown friable residue--hence
loosely termed "dry rot" .
An advanced
stage where the wood splits along rec-
tagular planes, in shrinking, is
termed "cubical rot " .
(AITC)

BURNETT PROCESS: Pressure treatment of
wood with a solution of zinc chloride.
(Patented by Willi art. Burnett in 1838) .
(AWPA)

CCA, PRESERVATIVE: Chromated copper
(AWPA)
arsenate.

CHARGE: All the vnod treated together in
one cylinder or treating tank at one
time.
(AWPA)

COASTAL WATERS; salt waters bordering
the continents and waters adj acent
thereto that are subject to tidal
flow. (AWPA)

COLLAPSE: The flattening of single cells
or rows of cells in heartwood during
the drying or pressure treatment of
wood. Often characterized by a caved-
in or corrugated appearance of the
wood surface.
(AITC)

COMPREG: Wood in which the cell walls
have been impregnated with synthetic
resin and compressed to give it re-
duced swelling and shrinking charac-
teristics and increased density and
strength properties.
(AITC)

CONDITIONING: The heating or removal
of moisture from unseasoned or par-
tiaIIy seasoned wood as a preliminary
to preservative treatment and as a
means of improving the penetrabili ty
and absorptive properties Of the wood .
(AWPÄ)

CORE: The cylinder of wood, removed by
means of an increment borer, from which
may be determined, by linear measurement,
sapwood thickness and preservative pene-
tration, and, by assay, preservative
retention and distribution.
(AWPÄ)


CRIB TEST: A method of testing fire resis-
tance Of treated wood in which specimens
are built up to form a cribwork. After
the crib is exposed to a controlled flame
for a specified period, persistence and
spread of flame, duration of glow, and
(AWPA)
loss of weight are noted.

CREOSOTE: A generic term applied to certain
distillates of tars. As used in the wod-
preserving industry, the unmodified term
n creosote 'V denotes coal-tar creosote.
(AWPA)

CREOSOTE, COAL TAR: A distillate of coal
tar. AS used in the wood-preserving indus-
try, coal-tar creosote, or "creosote" de-
notes a distillate of coal tar produced by
high-temperature carbonization of bitumin-
ous coal; it consists principally of Ii-
quid and solid aromatic hydrocarbons and
contains appreciable guantities of tar
acids and tar bases; it is heavier than
water and has a continuous boiling range
of at least 125 ec. beginning at about
2000C.
(AWPA)

CREOSOTE-COAL TAR SOLUTION: Solution of
coal tar and creosote in selected propor-
Usually contains 20 to 50 percent
tions .
(AWPA)
coal tar

CREOSOTE, MARINE GRADE: A coal-tar creosote
meeting special requirements as specified
for the treatment of materials for marine
use. (AWPA)

CREOSOTE-PETROLEUM SOLUTION: solution of
creosote and petroleum in selected propor-
(AWPÄ)
t ion s.

CYLINDER, TREATING: A steel tank, corunonly
horizontal, one or both ends of which may
be opened and closed, in which wod is
placed for treatment usually by a pressure
process with a preservative, fire-retardant
(Also called Retort)
or other material.
(AWPA)

DECAY: The decomposition of wod substance
(AITC) (HPMA)
by fungi.
Decomposition of wood substance by
destroying fungi.
(AWPA)

DECAY, ADVANCED; The older stage of decay in
which the destruction is readily recognizéd
because the wood has become punky, soft
and spongy, stringy, ringshaked, pitted or
crumbly. Decided discoloration or bleach-
ing of the rotted wood is often appar ent.
(AITC)
A stage of decay in which the wod has be-
come definitely changed in appearance,
character, composition, hardness and speci-
fic gravity.
(AWPA)

DECAY, INCIPIENT: The early stage of decay
that has not proceeded far enough to sof-
ten or otherwise perceptibly impair the
WOOD TREATMENT
It is usually Accom-
hardness of the wood.
panied by a slight discoloration or bleach-
(AITC)
ing of the wood.
An early stage of decay in which the wood
may show discoloration but is not otherwise
visibly altered, although some of its prop-
erties may have deteriorated appreciably.
(AWPA)

DENSITY RULE: A requirement limiting the num-
ber of annual rings per inch and the amount
of on at least one end of a
piece of wood. Density rules apply at pres-
ent only to southern pine and Douglas fir
(AWPA)
1 umber.

DISTILLATION TEST; A test to determine the
proportions of an oil or a tar which distill
off between or up to specified temperatures.
(AWPA)
"Dote
"dozen and "rot" are synonyms

DOTE :
with "decay" and are any form of decay that
may be evident as either a discoloration or
a softening of the wood.
(AITC)

DOWEL, SPIRAL METAL: A piece of helically
twisted, square iron which is driven into
bored holes to retard splitting. Also known
as a twist dowel.
(AWPA)
(Synonymous with dote) A form of inci-

DOZE:
plant decay characterized by a dull and life-
less appearance of the wood, accompanied by
a lack Of strength and softening of the wood
(HPMA)
substance.

DRY ROT: A term loosely applied to any dry,
crumbly rot but especially to that which,
when in an advanced stage, permits the wood
to be crushed easily to a dry powder.
The
term is actually a misnomer for any decay ,
since all fungi require considerable mois-
ture for growth.
(AITC)

EMPTY-CELL PROCESS: Any process for impregnat-
ing wood with preservatives or chemicals in
which air, imprisoned in the wood under pres-
sure, expands when pressure is released to
drive out part of the injected preservative or
chemical . The distinguishing characteristic
Of the empty-cell process is that no vacuum
is drawn before applying the preservative .
The aim is to obtain good preservative dis-
tribution in the wood and leave the cell ca-
vities only partially filled.
(AITC)
see Lowry process and Rueping Process.
(AWPA)

EXTRACTION ; A process for separating or other-
wise obtaining from a piece of wood by appro-
priate methods, the preservative in the sam-
pie, as far as possible. This applies both
to wood that is freshly treated and to treated
wood in storage or in service. The general
application is to wood treated with creosote
or creosote-coal tar solutions.
The agents
of extraction are solvents such as toluene,
benzene, chloroform, etc. The results are
usually expressed in pounds per cubic foot
(pcf) or kilograms/cubic meter (kg/m3) . (AWPA)

FIRE. ENDURANCE: A measure of the time during
which a material or assembly continues to ex-
hibit fire resistance under specified condi-
tions of test and performance.
(AITC)

FIRE-PROOFING: A technically inexact term used
in the wood-preserving industry to mean impreg-
nation of wood with fire-retarding chemicals.
(AWPA)

FIRE RESISTANCE: The property of a material or
assembly to withstand fire or to give protec-
tion from it.
(AITC)

PIRE RETARDANT; A chemical or preparation of
chemicals used to reduce flanunability or to
retard spread of a fire over the surface.
(AITC)
A chemical, a chemical mixture, or coating
whose proper application to wood substantially
increases its resistance to flaming or burning.
(AWPA)

FIRE RETARDANT TREATED (FRT) : Chemical treatment
of wood and plywood to retard combustion, Fire
retardant chemicals mixed in water are deposited
in the wood under pressure in accordance with
American Wood Preservers Association Standard
AWPA C27. (APA)
Treatment of wood under pressure with chemicals
to reduce its flame spread, fuel contribution
and smoke development.
Treatment, Fire-
Syn. :
Protected. Type "A" is chromated zinc chloride.
Type "Bt' is chromated zinc chloride (FR) .
TYPe
is Minalith. Type "D n is Pyresote.
(AWPA)

FIRE-TUBE TEST: A method of testing f ire resis-
tance of treated wood in which a single speci-
men is placed over a controlled flame in a
specially designed vertical tube. LOSS in
weight and temperature are recorded during the
progress of testing. (AWPA)

FLAME SPREAD: Term that relates to spread of
flame along the surface of a Flame
spread ratings are expressed in numbers or
letters and are used in describing interior
finish requirements in building codes.
(APA)
Rate Of travel of flame in fire resistance
(AWPA)
tests.

FULL-CELL PROCESS: Any process fbr impregnating
wood with preservatives or chemicals in which a
vacuum is drawn to remove air from the wood be-
fore admitting the preservative. This favors
heavy adsorption and retention of preservative
in the treated portions.
(AITC)
An initial vacuum is; applied; without breaking
the vacuum the retort is filled with treat-
ing liquid; and pressure is applied. After the
pressure period, the retort is drained and a
final vacuum rnay or may not be applied so that
material can be removed free of drip.
(AWPA)

06300 WOOD TREATMENT

HEART ROT; Any rot characteristically
It generafly
confined to the heartwood.
originates in the living tree.
(AITC)

INCISING: The operation Of puncturing
the lateral surfaces of wood as an aid
in securing more uniform penetration of
preservative.
(AWPA)

INCREMENT BORER: An auger like instrument
with a hollow bit and an extractor, used
to extract thin radial cylinders of wood
from trees to determine age and growth
rate. Also used in wood preservation to
determine the depth of penetration of a
pre servative.
(AITC)
An auger-like instrument with a hollow
bit and equipped with an extractor used
to sample wood internally without des-
troying the piece. The core obtained
serves to measure sapwood thickness and
depth of penetration. Likewise the borer
is used to obtain sample cores of treat-
ed wood at specified depths (zones) for
the determination of preservative reten-
t ion by assay or by toluene extraction.
(AWPA)

INTUMESCE: To expand with heat to provide
a low-density film; used in reference to
certain fire-retardant coatings.
(AITC )

LOWRY PROCESS : An empty-cell process for
treating wood, usually with oil, in
which there is injected, without a pre-
liminary vacuum, an amount of liquid in
excess of the required final retention,
this excess then being removed by a
quick high vacuum. (Patented by C. B.
Lowry in 1906) .
(AWPA)

NAIL, DATING: A nail with a date or sym-
bol on its head which is driven into
timbers to indicate the year Of treat-
ment, or the date of installation.
(AWPA)

PAINTABLE AFTER TREATMENT: capable of
holding properly applied paint without
subsequent blistering, peeling or dis-
coloration Of the painted surface.
(AWPA)

PECK: Pockets or areas of disintegrated
wood caused by advanced stages of local-
ized decay in the living tree. It is
usually associated with cypress and
incense-cedar. There is no further de-
velopment of peck once the lurnber is
seasoned.
(AITC)

PENETRATION: The depth to which preserva-
tive enters the wood.
(AWPA)

PENTA (PENTACHLOROPHENOL) : A type of preser-
vative that gives long-lasting protection
against termites, rot, mold and mildew.
Penta-treated plywood is noncorrosive ,
fairly clean to handle and does not pro-
duce skin burn, and may be used for ex-
terior exposure. (APA)

PENTA PRESERVATIVE: A wood preserving solu-
tion of pentachlorophenol, C6C150H, dis-
solved in hydrocarbon solvent. Oftentimes ,
an auxiliary solvent is added to increase
the solubility of the "penta . (AITC)

PETROLEUM OIL As used in the wood-preserving
industry "petroleum oil " denotes a dis-
till ate, residual, or synthetically rear-
ranged hydrocarbon product, or mixture
thereof, dervied from crude petroleum and
used as a solvent or diluent in making up
wood-preserving solutions. (AWPA)
POCKET ROT: Advanced decay that appears in
the form of a hole or pocket, usually sur-
rounded by apparently sound wood.
(AITC)

PRESERVATIVE Any substance that, for a
reasonable length of time, is effective in
preventing the development and action of
wood-rotting fungi, borers of various kinds ,
and harmful insects that deteriorate wood.
(AITC)
A treating solution which prevents decay
(Noun) Having the abi Iity to
in wood.
preserve wood by inhibiting the growth of
decay fungi (Adj ective) (WIC)
Any of a number of treatments to prevent
plywood or wood from deteriorating due to
exposure to weather , adverse moisture con-
ditions, or insect attack. Treatments
range from chemical impregnation under
pressure, as for wood foundation or reser-
to any of the many paints,
voir cover use ,
stains or sealers. (APA)

PRESERVATIVE, OIL-BORNE: A wod preservative
that is introduced into in the form
of a solution in oil.
(AWPA)

PRESERVATIVE, OIL-TYPE: Preservatives such
as creosote, creosote-coal tar solutions ,
creosote-petroleum solutions and oil-
borne preservatives, or other preserva-
tives strictly of an oily nature which are
generally insoluble in water.
(AWPA)

PRESERVATIVE, WATER-BORNE: A wod preserva-
t i ve that is introduced into wood in the
form of a solution in water ,
(AWPA)

PRESERVATIVE, WATER-REPELLANT: A solution
of one or mre toxic chemicals water-
repellant materials that preserves the
wood and retards changes in moisture con-
tent and the accompanying changes in di-
mensions .
(AWPA)


WOOD TREATMENT
PRESERVATIVE, WOOD: The term preservative is
now intended to include such chemicals or
combinations thereof that will protect wood
against deterioration from any one or com-
bination of the following: decay, insects ,
marine borers, fire, weathering, absorption
of water and chemical action. The original
use Of the term was restricted to those
terials that exerted a toxic effect on liv-
ing, wod-destroying organisms. (AWPA)
PRESSURE PERIOD: That portion of a treating
operation during which the wood and the
treating liquid in the retort are subj ected
to pressure, in excess of atmospheric or
initial air pressure, for the purpose of
(AWPA)
forcing liquids into the wood.

PRESSURE PROCESS: Any process of treating
wood in a closed container whereby the pre-
servative or fire retardant is forced into
the wood under pressures greater than 1 at-
mosphere. Pressure is generally preceded
or followed by vacuum, as in the vacuum-
pressure and empty cell processes respect-
ively, or they may alternate, as in the
full cell and alternating-pressure processes.
(AITC)

PRESSURE TREATED: Treatment of wood with
preservatives or fire retardants. Treating
solution is forced into the wood cells
under pressure. (APA)

REFUSAL POINT: The point beyond which the rate
of absorption at maximum permitted pressure
and temperature is too slow to be significant
or does not exceed a specified percentage of
the amount already inj ected when the wood is
subjected to a refusal treatment.
(AWPA)

REFUSAL TREATMENT: Treatment of wood under
specified conditions until the quantity Of
preservatives absorbed in a given time is
not more than a prescribed percentage of the
amount already injected. However, the op-
eration limitations specified must take into
account the minimum retention specified .
(AWPA)

RETENTION BY ASSAY: The determination of pre-
servative retention is a specific zone of
treated wood by extraction or analysis of
specified samples.
(AITC)
The determination of preservative retention
in a specified zone of treated wood by ex-
traction or analysis of specified samples
such as (a) increment borer cores or (b)
chips obtained with a wood bit. The pr in-
ciple appl ies to freshly treated and to old
treated material, and to larger samples if
necessary. (AWPA)

RETNTION BY GAUGE OR WEIGHT: The amount of pre-
servative, in pounds per cubic foot Of the total
charge remaining in the wood irmediately after
completion of the treating operation. Same as
Net Absorption. (AWPA)

RUEPING PROCESS : An empty-cell process for treat-
ing, usually with Oil, in which the following
sequence is employed: Compressed air; cylinder
filled without reducing pressure; pressure in-
creased and held until required absorption is
obtained; final vacuum. (Patented by Max Ruep-
(AWPA)
ing in 1902) .

SOFT ROT: A special type of decay developing une
der very wet condi tions (as in cooling towers
and boat timbers) in the outer wood layers,
caused by cellulose-destroying microfungi that
attack the secondary cell walls and not the
intercellular layer. (AITC )
Deterioration of mod components--often with-
out visual distortion or apparent damage to
the wood--by certain molds and other fungi
that are outside the conunon wood-destroying
group. The affected wood is likely to be ex-
tremely brash and breaks without splinters.
(AWPA)
Subjecting wood in a closed

STEAM CONDITIONING:
space to the action Of steam at or above atmos-
(AWPA)
pheric pressure.

STEAMING, PINAL: Steaming at low pressure (wi th-
in specified limits of temperature and time) at
the completion of an oil treatment for the pur-
pose of cleaning the surface of the timber and
reducing its tendency to bleed. (AWPA)

TAR; A generic term applied to nonagueous liquids
obtained as residuum in the destructive distil la-
t ion of organic materials such as coal, lignite,
petroleum, wood, etc. (AWPA)

TAR ACIDS: Weakly acidic compounds, soluble in
sodium hydroxide solution and found in .
They consist chiefly of phenols and their homo-
logues.
(AWPA)

TAR BASES: Weakly basic compounds found in coal
tar. They consist chiefly of heterocyclic ni-
(AWPA)
trogen-containing compounds .

TAR, COAL: The nonaqueous portion of the liquid
distillate obtained during the carbonization of
bi tuminous coal. (AWPA)

THRESHOLD: The minimum amount of preservative
that is effective in preventing significant de-
cay, under the conditions of the test, by a par-
ticular fungus. This amount of preservative in
pounds per cubic foot (pcf) , or kilograms per
cubic meter (kg/m3) of wood, is referred to as
the "threshold retention"
The amount of pre-
servative retention after treatment (Ro) is the
generally accepted reference basis, but other
bases may be used by investigators, (i.e., re-
sidual after weathering (Rr) , determined by ap-
propriate assay), in which case, notation should
be made for the record.
(AWPA)

TOXIC :
WOOD TREATMENT
Capable of inhibiting growth or.
caus ing death when ingested by or con-
tacted by wood-destroying organi sms.
(AWPA)

TOXICITY: A measure of the ability of
a preservative to poison a particular
test organism. (AWPA)
Pressure used in

TREATING PRESSURE .
injecting the preservative into wood,
usually expressed in pounds per square
inch.
(AWPA)

TREATMENT, BRUSH: Application of one or
more coats of a liquid preservative to
the surface of timber with a brush.
(AWPA)

TREATFENT, DIP: Application of a liquid
preservative to a wood by immersing
the wood in the liquid for a short
period of time. (AWPA)

TREATMENT, EMPTY-CELL: A treatment in
which air imprisoned in the wood is
employed to force out part of the pre-
servatåve when treating pressure is
released and a final vacuum is applied.
(See Lowry Process and Rueping Process) .
(AWPA)

TREATMENT, FULL-CELL: A treatment in-
volving a preliminary vacuum followed
by pressure impregnation such that the
cell cavities in the treated portion
of the wood remain partially or com-
pletely filled with preservative.
(See
Bethel 1 Process ) . (AWPA )

TREATMENT, PRESSURE: The impregnation of
wood with a liquid by application of
pressure above atmospheric or above any
initial air pressure which may have been
applied (AWPA)

WATER REPELLENT Wood preservatives,
with water-resistant properties.
(APA)
A wood-treating solution which in the
treating process deposits waterproof
or water-resistant solids on the walls
of wood fibers and ray cells, thereby
retarding their absorption of liquid
(Noun )
water.
Having the quality of retarding the ab-
sorption of liquid water by wood fibers
and ray cells. (Adj ective )

WATER-REPELLANT PRESERVATIVE: A solution
of wood preservative and water-repellant
agents used to protect wood parts from
exposure to weather elements.
(WIC/NWMA)
A solution of resins and toxic chemicals
(usually pentachlorophenol) in a miner-
al solvent which reduces the swelling
and shrinkage of wood and renders it
resistant to fungi.
(WIC/NWMA)

SECTION 06300

WET USE: Normal use conditions where the
moisture content of the wod in service
exceeds 16%, as it may in exterior cons-
truction. Used in conjunction with "Wet:
(Old term no longer
Use Adhesives" .
(AWPA)
used-- "Waterproof n )

WHITE-ROT: In wod, any decay or rot at-
tacking both the cellulose and the lig-
nin, producing a generally whitish resi-
due that may be spongy or stringy rot,
or occur as pocket rot. (AITC)

WOOD PRESERVATION: The art of protecting
timber against the action of destructive
Usually refers to the treatment
agents ,
Of wood with chemical substances (pre-
servatives) which reduce its suscepti-
bility to deterioration by fungi, insects
or marine borers . (AWPA)

06300
WOOD TREATMENT


A-A EXTERIOR: A sanded panel grade described by
grades of face (A) and back (A) veneers, with
minimum C quality inner plies, bonded with ex-
terior glue meeting all the per forrtEnce require-
ments of Exterior type plywood. Can be used
for fences, built-ins, signs, boats where both
sides wi II show. (APA)

A-A INTERIOR: A sanded panel grade described by
grades Of face (A) and back (A) veneers, with
minimum D quality inner plies, bonded with in-
terior or exterior glue. Cornrnonly used in
cabinet doors, built-ins, furniture where both
sides will show, it can be painted or stained.
(APA)

A-B EXTERIOR: A sanded panel grade described by
grades of face (A) and back (B) veneers, with
minimum C quality inner plies, bonded with ex-
terior glue. Can be used as an alternate for
Exterior where the appearance of one side
is less important. (APA)
INTERIOR: A sanded panel grade described by
grades Of face (A) and back (B) veneers, with
minimum D quality inner plies, bonded with in-
terior or exterior glue. Conunonly used as an
alternate for Interior where the appear-
ance Of one side is less important.
(APA)

ADHESIVE: A substance capable of holding ma-
terials together by surface attachment.
It is
a general term and includes cements, mucilage,
and paste, as well as glue.
(AITC)
A substance capable of holding REteriaIs to-
gether by surface attachment. (APA)
A substance capable of bonding materials to-
gether by surface attachment.
It is a general
term and includes all cements and glues .
(WIC)

ADHESIVE, TYPE 1 FULLY WATERPROOF: Forms a bond
that will withstand full weather exposure and
will be unaffected by micro-organisms; bond
shall be of such quality that specimens will
withstand shear and cyclic boil tests speci-
fied in Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers Asso-
ciation standards.
(WIC)

ADHESIVE, TYPE 11 WATER-RESISTANT:
Forms a bond
that will retain practically all of its strength
when occasionally subj ected to a thorough wet-
ting and drying; bond shall be of such quality
that specimens will withstand Ehe shear and
cold soak test specified in HPMÄ standards.
(WIC)
INTERIOR: Sanded interior panel grade des-
cribed by grades of face (A) and back (D) ven-
eers, with minimum D quality inner plies,
bonded with interior or exterior glue. A
finish-grade face for paneling, built-ins; and
backing. Can be painted or stained.
(APA)

BACK: The side of a plywood panel having the
lower grade veneer.
(APA)
The side reverse to the face Of a panel, or the
poorer side of a panel in any grade of plyvnod
calling for a face and back.
(HPMA)

BACKING OUT: Wide, shallow groove ma- •
chined in back surface of members .
(WIC)

BALANCED PANEL: For purposes of this
Standard, a balanced panel is one
which is free from warp that affects
serviceability for its intended use .
(AITC)

BALANCING SPECIES: A species of simi-
lar density, to achieve balance by
equalizing the rate of moisture
absorption or emission.
(WIC)

BANDING : Portion of wood extending
around one or more sides of plywood
panels .
(HPMA)

BARK POCKET: Comparatively small area
of bark around which normal wood has
grown. (HPMA)

B-B INTERIOR: A sanded panel grade
described by face (B) and back (B)
veneers; with minimum D quality in-
ner plies bonded with interior or
exterior glue.
It permits circular
plugs and is paintable.
(APA)

B-D INTERIOR: An interior panel grade
described by grades of face (B) and
back (D) veneers with minimum D quali-
ty inner plies and bonded with inter-
ior or exterior glue.
This is a utili-
ty grade wi th one paintable side. Used
for backing, cabinet sides, etc.
(APA)

BINDER: An extraneous bonding agent,
either organic or inorganic, used to
bind wood particles together to pro-
duce a particleboard.
(NPA)

BIRD PECK: A small hole or patch of
dist:orted grain resulting from birds
pecking through the growing cells in
the tree. In shape, a bird peck
usually resembles a carpet tack with
the point towards the bark; bird
peck is usually accompanied by dis-
coloration extending for considerable
distance along the grain and to a much
lesser extent across the grain.
(AITC)

BIRDSEYE: Small localized areas in wood
with the fibers indented and otherwise
contorted to form few to many small
circular or elliptical figures remotely
resembling birds' eyes on the tangential
surface. Sometimes found in sugar maple
and used for decorative purposes; rare
in other hardwood species.
(AITC)
A anal I central spot with wood fibers
arranged around it so as to give the
appearance of an eye.
(WIC)

BOLE: The main stem of a tree of substan-
tial diameter--roughly, capable of yield-
ing sawtimber, veneer logs, or large
poles.
Seedlings, saplings and small
diameter trees have stems, not boles.
(AITC)
(I) A short section of a tree trunk;

BOLT :
(2) in veneer production, a short log Of a
length suitable for peeling in a lathe.
(AITC)

BOW: The distortion of lumber in which there
is a deviation, in a direction perpendi-
cular to the flat face, from a straight
line from end-to-end of the piece.
(AITC)
Distortion in a plywood panel so that it is
not flat lengthwise.
(APA)
A deviation flatwise from a straight line
It is
drawn from end to end of a piece.
measured at the point of greatest distance
from the straight line.
(WIC)

BRASHNESS: A condition that causes some
pieces of wood to be relatively low in
shock resistance for the species and ,
when broken in bending, to fail abruptly
without splintering at comparatively small
def lections.
(AITC)
Condition of wood characterized by low
resistance to shock and by abrupt failure
across the grain without splin tering .
(HPI.E\)

BREAKING RADIUS: The I radius of cur-
vature to which wod or plywood can be
(AITC)
bent without breaking.

BRUSHED PLYWOOD: A manufacturing surface
treatment for plywood siding in *lich soft-
er wood is abraded away so that the harder
grain pattern stands in relief, creating a
striking panel surface.
(APA)

BURL; (1) A hard, woody outgrowth on a tree,
more or less rounded in form, usually re-
suiting from the entwined growth of a clus-
ter of adventitious buds.
Such burls are
the source of the highly figured burl ven-
eers used for purely ornamental purposes.
(2) In lumber or veneer, a localized severe
distortion of the grain generally rounded in
outline, usually resul ting from overgrowth
of dead branch stubs, varying from 1/2 inch
to several inches in diameter; frequently in-
cludes one or It-ore clusters of several small
conti guous conical protuberances, each
usually having a core or pith but no appre-
ciable amount of end grain (in tangential
view) surrounding it. (AITC)
A swirl or twist in the grain of the wod
which usually occurs near a knot or crotch
(HPMA)
but does not contain a knot.
In softwoods, a distortion of the grain due
to inj ury of the tree.
In hardwoods, a
swirl or twist of the grain near a knot but
does not contain a knot.
It must have a
sound center. The measurement of the burl
is the average of the maximum and minimum
dimensions of the burl.
(I) Very small not exceed I/ 2 "
in diameter.
(2) Small burl--does not exceed 3/4" in dia-
meter.
(3) Medium burl-does not exceed I" in dia-
(WIC)
ter.

BUTT; A joint formed by square edge surfaces
(ends, edges, faces) coming together; end
butt joint, edge butt joint.
(WIC)

BUTT JOINT : An end j oint formed by abutting
(AITC)
the squared ends of two pieces.
The joint formed when two parts are fastened
together without overlapping.
(APA)

CASEWORK: All the parts that constitute a
finished case or cabinet, inclusive of doors,
drawers and shelves .
(WIC)

CENTER: Inner ply of a plywood panel with five
or more plies, whose grain direction runs the
same way as the face and back plies.
(APA)

CHAMFER: The flat surface created by slicing
Off the square edge or corner Of a piece of
wood or plywood. (APA)

CHANNEL GROOVE : A plywood siding shiplapped
for continuous patterns. Grooving is typi-
cally 1/16 in. deep and 3/8 in. wide, 4 in.
o. c. (other spacings are available) in
faces of 3/8 in. thick plywood.
(APA)

CHIPBOARD: A paperboard used for many pur-
poses that may or may not have specifica-
tions for strength, color, or other char-
acteristics.
It is normally made from
paper stock with a relatively low density
in the thickness of O. 006 inch and up. (AITC)

COMB GRAIN: Rift cut oak veneer with straight
grain figure (see "Quartered") .
(HPMA)

COPED: To cut one member to match the profile
of another moulded member.
(WIC)

CORE: Plymod inner plies whose grain runs
perpendicular to that of outer plies. (APA)
Also referred to as n centern
The innermost
portion of plywood, usually veneer; however,
it may be of sawed lumber either one piece
or several pieces joined and glued, or it
may be particleboard, hardboard or of some
other material.
(HPMA)

CORE GAP (OR CENTER GAP) : An open veneer
joint extending through or partially through
a plywood panel, which results when core (or
center) veneer sections are not tightly butt-
ed together during manufacture.
Product
Standard PS I specifies that the average of
all gaps shall not exceed 1/2 inch, and that
every effort be made to produce closely
butted core joints .

CORE STOCK: A solid or discontinuous center
ply used in panel-type glued structures (such
as furniture panels and solid or hollowcore
doors). (AITC)

CROOK: A deviation edgewise from a straight line
drawn from end to end of a piece.
It is mea-
sured at the point of greatest distance fran the
straight line.
(WIC)

CROSSBAND: To place the grain of layers of wood
at right angles in order to minimize shrinking
and swelling; also, in plywood of three or
more plies, a layer of veneer whose grain di-
rection is at right angles to that of the face
pl ies.
(AITC)
In plywood, the veneer layers whose grain di-
rection is at right angles to that Of the
face plies . (APA)

CROSSBANDING: veneer used in the construction of
plywood with five or more plies.
In five-ply
construction, it is placed at right angles to
the grain of the core and faces. (HPMA)
In the construction of flush doors, the veneer
which is placed between the core and face
veneers with the direction of the grain at
right angles to that Of the face veneer .
(WIC)

CROSSBAR: Type of f igure or irregularity of
grain resembling a dip in the grain running at
right angles, or nearly so, to the length of
the veneer. (HPMA)

CROSS BREAK: A separation of the wood cells
across the grain.
Such breaks may be due to
internal stress resulting from unequal longi-
tudinal shrinkage or to external forces.
(AITC)
(HPMA)

CROSS LAMINATION: Consecutive layers are placed
at right angles to each other (cross-laminated)
in plywood manufacture. Cross-laminated con-
struction minimizes shrinkage and produces a
see LAYER, (APA)
strong panel,

CUP: A distortion of a board in which there is
a deviation flatwise from a straight line
across the width of the board.
(AITC)
Distortion of a plywood panel from flatness
(APA)
across the panel .
A deviation in the face Of a piece frm a
straight line drawn from edge to edge of a
piece. It is measured at the point of greatest
distance from the straight line. (WIC)

DADO: A rectangular groove across the grain of
a wood member into which the end of the join-
ing member is inserted; also a housed joint;
variations include "dado and tenon and "stop-
ped or blind dado" joints.
(WIC)

DADO, BLIND OR STOPPED: A dado that is not visi-
ble when the joint is "completed.
(WIC)

DADO JOINT : A joint forrned by intersection of
two boards, in which one is notched with a
rectangular groove (APA)

DEFECTS, OPEN: Checks, splits, open
joints, knotholes, cracks, loose knots,
wormholes, gaps, voids, or other open-
ings interrupting the smooth continui-
(HPMA)
ty of the wod surface.

DELAMINATION: The separation of layers
in an assembly because of failure of
the adhesive, either in the adhesive
itself or at the interface between the
(AITC)
adhesive and the lamina tion.
The separation of layers in a laminate
through failure within the adhesive or
at the bond between the adhesive and
the laminae.
(AITC)
Separation of plies or layers of wood
or other material through failure Of
the adhesive bond.
(HPMA)

DIMENSION STOCK: A term largely super-
seded by the term "hardwood dimension
lumber" .
It is hardwood stock process-
ed to a point where the maximum waste
is left at the mill, and the maximum
utility is delivered to the user. It
is stock of specified thickness, width,
and length, or multiples thereof. Ac-
cording to specification it may be
solid or glued up, rough or surfaced,
semi fabricated or completely fabricated.
(AITC)
Stains in wood substan-

DISCOLORATIONS :
ces. conunon veneer stains are sap
stains, blue stains, stain produced by
chemical action caused by the iron in
the cutting knife coming in contact
with the tannic acid of the wood, and
those resulting from the chemical action
of the glue.
(HPMA)

DOVETAIL: A joint formed by inserting a
projecting wedge-shaped member (dove-
tail tenon) into a correspondingly
shaped cut-out member (dovetail mortise) ;
variations include the "dovetail dado"
and the "blind dovetail dado. (WIC)

DOVETAIL, BLIND: A dovetail joint that is
not visible when the joint is completed.
(WIC)

DOWELED: A joint using "dowels" (doweled
construction) also n doweled edge
joint" .
(WIC)

EASED EDGE A term used to describe
slight rounding Of edge surfaces Of a
piece of lumber or plywood to remove
sharp corners.
(APA)
Slightly rounded edge not to exceed 1/16 "
radius, to remove sharp corners.
(WIC)


EDGE BAND: Not more than 1/16" of the edge
band shall show on the face of the plywod
(WIC)
or particleboard.

EDGE JOINT : The place where two pieces of
wood are joined together edge to edge,
The joints may be
commonly by gluing .
made by gluing two squared edges as in a
plain edge joint or by using machined
joints of various kinds, such as tongued-
(AITC)
and-grooved joints .

EDGE TREATMENT: Refers to edge finishing
method used, such as banding with wod or
plastic, or filling with putty or spackl-
ing. (APA)

END JOINT: The place where two pieces of
wood are joined together end to end,
com•aonly by scarf or finger jointing.
(AITC)

FACE: The better side of any plywood panel
whose outer plies are of different veneer
grades; also either side of a panel where
grading rules draw no distinction between
faces. Example is •an A-C Exterior panel ,
the A veneer side is the face Of • the panel.
(APA)
The better Side Of any plywood panel in
which the outer plies are of different
veneer grades. Also either side of a
panel in which there is no difference in
the veneer grade of the outer plies. (HPMA)
FACE JOINT: The joint occurring between the
(AITC)
wide faces of laminations.

FIBERBOARD: A broad generic term inclusive
of sheet materials of widely varying den-
sities manufactured of refined or partial-
Iy refined wood (or other vegetable) fi-
Bonding agents and other materials
bers.
may be added to increase strength, resis-
tance to moisture, fire or decay, or to
improve some other property. (AITC)

FIGURE: The pattern produced in a wood sur-
face by annual growth rings, rays, knots,
deviations from regular (natural) grain
such as interlocked and wavy grain, and
irregular colora (AITC) (HPMA)
Particleboards hav-

FILLED PARTICLEBOARDS:
ing a factory applied coating of filler on
one or both faces to prepare the surface
for further finishing by printing, lacquer-
(NPA)
ing, painting, etc.

FILLER: In woodworking, any substance used
to fill the holes and irregularities in
planed or sanded surfaces to decrease the
porosity of the surface before applying
f inish coatings
(AITC)

FINGER: A series of fingers machined on
endg of tw pieces of wood to be joined,
which mesh together and are securely glued
in position.
(WIC)

FINGER JOINT: An end joint made up Of qeveral
meshing wedges or fingers of wood bonded to-
gether with an adhesive. Fingers are sloped
and may be cut parallel to either the wide
(AITC )
or edge faces of the piece.
A ser ies Of fingers machined on the ends
of two pieces of wood to be joined, which
mesh together and are held firmly in posi-
(HPMA)
tion with an adhesive.
A means of joining individual pieces of
wood together to form longer lengths. To
do so, the ends of the pieces are machined
The
to form a set of interlocking fingers.
fingers are coated with adhesive and meshed
(WIC/NWMA)
together under pressure.

FLARE: A small flat wood particle Of prede-
termined dimensions, uniform thi ckness, with
fiber direction essentially in the plane of
the flake; in overall character resembling a
Produced by special
small piece of veneer .
equipment for use in the manufacture of
(AITC)
f I akeboard.
Specially generated thin flat particles
with the grain of the wood essentially para-
IleI to the flat surface and with dimensions
usually wide and long with respect to the
(NPA)
ckne ss .
PLAT GRAIN: Veneer cut so that the growth
rings on more than half of the width of the
piece make an angle of less than 450 with
the surface. Also called "plain cut" ,
(HPMA)
"flat sawed", or •t slash grain".

FLAT-PLATEN PRESSED PARTICLEBOARD: A particle-
board manuf actured by pressing a mass of
particles coated with an extraneous binding
agent between parallel platens in a hot press
with the applied pressure perpendicular to
(NPA)
the faces.

GAP: Open slits in the inner plies or improp-
(HPMA)
erly joined veneers.

GLUE BLOCK: A wood block, usually triangular
in cross-section, securely glued to an an-
gular joint between two members, for greater
(WIC)
glue bond area.

GRAIN: The direction, size, arrangement, ap-
pearance or quality of the fibers in wood
or 1 umber. To have a specific meaning,
(AITC)
the term must be qualified.
The natural pattern of growth in wood. The
grain runs lengthwise of the tree; therefore,
the strength is greatest in that direction.
(APA)
The direction, size, arrangement and appear-
(HPMA)
ance of the fibers in wood or veneer.
The fibers in wood and their direction, size
arrangement, appearance or quality. When
severed, the annual growth rings become
quite pronounced and the effect is referred
to. as n grain •t .
Flat Grain (F. G.) or Slash Grain (S. G.) luxnber
or veneer is a piece sawn or sliced approxima-
tely parallel to the annual growth rings so that
some or all of the rings form an angle of less
than 450 with the surface of the piece.
Mixed Grain (M. G.) is any combination of Verti-
cal or Flat Grain in the sarne member.
Vertical Grain (V. G.) lumber or veneer is a
piece sawn or sliced at approximately right
angles to the annual growth rings so that the
rings form an angle of 450 or more with the
surface of the piece.
(WIC)

GRAIN CHARACTER : A varying pattern produced by
cutting through growth rings, exposing various
is most pronounced in veneer cut
ayers.
tangentially or rotary.
(WIC)

GRAIN DIRECTION: In the face and back veneers of
a plywood panel, grain usually runs the long
dimension making the panel strongest in that
direction.
(APA)

GRAIN FIGURE; The pattern produced in a wod
surface by annual growth rings, rays, knots ,
or deviations from natural grain, such as inter-
locked and wavy grain, and irregular coloration.
(WIC)

GRAIN RAISE; The condition resulting on the sur-
face of a plywood panel when the harder or
more dense fibers of wod swell and raise above
the surrounding softer wood. (APA)

GRAIN RUPTURE; Veneer with slight breaks from
improper cutting or irregular grain. (AITC)

GROOVE: One of the surface treatments frequently
given to textured plywood, in which a series of
narrow parallel channels are cut into the sur-
face of the panel. Grooving is available in a
variety of widths and spacings on several sur-
(APA)
face textures.
Rectangular slot of three surfaces cut parallel
with the grain of the wood.
(WIC)

HALF LAP: A joint formed by extending (lapping)
the joining part of one member over the joining
part of the other member.
(WIC)

HALF-ROUND : Veneer produced in the same manner
as rotary cutting, except that the piece being
cut is secured to a "stay log" , a device that
permits the cutting of the log on a wider sweep
than when mounted with its center secured in the
(HPMA)
lathe,

HARDBOARD: A generic term for a panel manufac-
tured primarily from interfelted lignocel Iulosic
fibers (usually wood) , consolidated under heat
and pressure in a hot press to a density of 31
pounds per cubic foot or greater, and to which
other materials may have been added during manu-
facture to improve certain properties.
(ÄITC)
06400

ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK
A generic term for a flat homogeneous .
panel manufactured primarily from inter-
felted ligno-cellulosic fibers consoli-
dated under heat and pressure to a den-
Sity Of 31 1b/ cu. ft. or more.
(HPMA)
A generic term for a panel manufactured
primar ily from interfelted lignocellu-
losic fibers consolidated under heat
and pressure in a hot press and conform-
ing to the requirements of CS251.
(WIC)
A board consisting of wood fiber bonded
under pressure to form a homogeneous
sheet, having a density greater than
31 pounds per cubic foot; synthetic
resin may be added to the fiber to pro-
vide additional bonding .
(WIC/NWMA)
Generally one of the botanical groups of
trees that have broad leaves in contrast
to the conifers or softwoods. The term
has no reference to the actual hardness
(AITC)
of the wod.
Wood of the broadleaved ma-
ple, ash, contrasted to the
softwood of the needleleaved trees such
as pine, firm, spruce, hemlock. Term has
no reference to actual hardness of the
wod. construction and industrial ply-
wood may use either type.
(APA)
General term used to designate lumber or
veneer produced from broadleafed or de-
ciduous trees in contrast to softwood,
which is produced from evergreen or
coniferous trees.
(HPMA)
General term used to designate lumber or
veneer produced from broadleaved or deci-
duous trees in contrast to softwood ,
which is produced from evergreen or
coniferous trees.
(WIC)

HARDWOOD, NONDENSE: Any hardwood having
an average specific gravity of 0.42 or
less when determined by ovendry weight
and green volume.
(AITC)

HEARTWOOD: The wood extending from the
pith to the sapwood, the cells of which
no longer participate in the life pro-
cesses of the tree. Heartwood may con-
tain phenolic compounds, gums, resins
and other materials that usually make it
darker and more decay resistant than
(AITC)
sapwod.
The nonactive core of a tree, distin-
guishable from the growing sapwood by
its usually darker color.
(APA)
The inner core of a woody stem, extend-
ing from pith to sapwood, composed en-
tirely of nonliving cells and usually
differentiated from the outer envelop-
ing layer of sapwood by its darker
color.
(AWPA)


SECTION 06400
The nonactive center of a tree generally
distinguiéhable from the outer portion
(HPMA)
(sapwood) by its darker color.
The wood extending from the pith or the
center of the tree to the sapwood, usually
(WIC)
darker in color than sapwod.

HEARTWOOD, LIVE: Heartwood of a normal color
brightness and resilience. Heartwood con-
taining brown-colored medium stain is not
(WIC)
considered to be live heartwood .

KNOCKED DOWN: Unassembled, as contrasted to
(WIC)
assembled or built-up.

INNER PLIES: All layers of a plywood panel
except face and back. (APA)
The junction of two pieces of wod
JOINT :
(AITC)
or veneer.
The line between the edges or ends of
adj acent sheets of veneer or strips of
(HPMA)
lumber in the same plane.

KNOT: That portion of a branch or limb whibh
has been surrounded by subsequent growth
of the stem. The shape of the knot as it
appears on a cut surface depends on the
angle of the cut relative to the long axis
of the knot. (AITC)
Natural growth characteristic of wod that
occurs where a branch base is embedded in
the trunk of a tree. (APA)
Cross section of tree branch or limb with
grain usually running at right angles to
that of the piece of wood in which it
(HPMA)
occur s.

KNOT, OPEN: Opening produced when a portion
of the wood substance of a knot has dropped
out, or where cross checks have occurred
(HPMA)
to produce an opening.

KNOTHOLES : Openings produced when knots
drop from the wood in which they were ori-
ginally embedded.
(HPMA)
Sound knots less than 1/4 in.

KNOTS, PIN:
(HPMA)
in diameter.

KNOTS, SOUND, TIGHT: Knots that are solid
across their face and fixed by growth to
(HPMA)
retrain their place.
A portion of a branch or a limb whose grow-
th rings are partially or completely inter-
grown on the face with the growth rings of
the surrounding snod. It shall not contain
any decay and shall be so fixed by growth
shape that it will retain its place in the
piece. The average of the maximum and mini-
mum dimensions of the knot on the exposed
surface shall be used in measuring the
size.

KNOTS, SOUND TIGHT: For plywood :
(1) A pin knot does not exceed 1/4" in
diameter.
For solid stock:
(1) A small pin knot does not exceed 1/4"
in diameter.
(2) A pin knot does not exceed I/ 2 " in
diameter.
(3) A small knot is larger than 1/2" but
does not exceed 3/4" .
LAP : To position so that one surface extends
over the other. Term may be used to desig-
nate a plywood exter ior lap siding techni-
que, in which each plywood panel overlaps
the edge of the next lower panel. A ply-
wood shiplap joint unites two panels when
half the thickness of each panel is cut
away so that the two pieces fit together
(APA)
with outer faces flush.
A condition where one piece of veneer in
the same ply overlaps an adj acent piece.
(HPMA)

LAP JOINT : A joint made by placing one mem-
ber partly over another and bonding the
overlapped portions.
(AITC)

LATEWOOD: The portion of the annual growth
ring that is formed after the earlywood
formation has ceased. It is usually den-
ser and stronger mechanically than early-
(AITC)
wood.

LAYER: A single ply, or veneer, or two or
more plies laminated with grain directions
(APA)
parallel.

LOCK: Interlocking machine joint between two
(.WIC)
member s.

LOOSE AND LONG: Run to pattern only. Not
assembled, nor machined for assembly, not
cut to length. The terms "material only"
and "mill run" mean the same as "loose and
IWIC)
long" .
In knife-cut veneer, that side of

LOOSE SIDE:
the sheet that was in contact with the knife
as the sheet was being cut, and containing
cutting checks (lathe checks) because of the
bending of the wood at the knife edge. (HPMA)

MACHINE RUN: Not sanded after machining. (WIC)
AND KNOCKED DOWN: All pieces fully
(WIC)
machined, ready for assembly.

MACHINED, SMOOTHLY: Free of defective machin-
ing, with a minimum of 16 knife marks to the
inch. Torn grain is not permitted. Hand I-
ing 11Erks and/or grain raising due to mois-
ture shall not be considered a defect. (WIC)


DWI'EBIAL ONLY: Run to pattern only. Not assem-
bled, nor machined for asserably, nor cut to
length. The terms " loose and long" and "mill
run" mean the same as "material only" .
(WIC)

MAT-FORMED PARTICLEBOARD: A particleboard in
which the coated particles are forrned into a
mat (having substantially the same length and
width as the finished board) before being flat-
(NPA)
pressed.

MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD: A dry formed panel
product manufactured from lignocellulosic fi-
bers combined with a synthetic resin or other
suitable binder. The panels are compressed
to a density of 31 pounds per cubic foot to 50
pounds per cubic foot in a hot press by a pro-
cess in which substantially the entire inter-
fiber bond is created by the added binder. Other
materials may have been added during ænufac-
ture to improve certain properties. The prod-
uct shall meet the standards of National par-
(WIC )
ticleboard Association NPA 4-73.

MEMBER: An indiv idual piece of solid stock or
(WIC)
plywood which forms an item of millwork.

MILL RUN: Run to pattern only. Not assembled,
nor machined for assembly, nor cut to length.
The terms "material only" and n loose and long"
(WIC )
mean the sane as "mill run!' .

MINERAL STREAK: An olive to greenish-black or
brown discoloration of undetermined cause in
(WIC)
hardwoods.

MISMATCHED PLYWOOD: A panel having the face made
up of specially selected dissimilar (in color
and grain) veneer strips of the same species
and generally V-grooved at the joints between
strips to simulate lumber planking (HPMA)

MITER: The joining of two members at an angle
that bisects the angle of junction.
(WIC)

MITER, LOCK: A miter joint employing a tongue
and groove working to further strengthen the
(WIC)
j oint.

MITER, SHOULDER: Any type of a miter joint that
presents a shoulder, such as a lock miter or a
(WIC)
splined miter.

MITER JOINTS; A joint formed by fitting together
two pieces of lumber or plywood that YEve been
cut off on an ang Ie. (APA)

MOLDING: A wood strip having a curved or project-
ing surface, used for decorative purposes.
(AITC)

MORTISE: A slot cut into a board, plank or tim-
ber, usually edgewise, to receive the tenon of
another board, plank or timber to form a joint.

MORTISE AND
and ten on
the tenon
the joint

MORTISE AND
ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK

TENON, SLOTTED: A mortise
right angle joint in which
is visible on two edges once
is completed. (WIC)
TENON, STUB: A short tenon
(AITC)

MORTISE AND TENON, BLIND:
joint in which the tenon
the mortise and does not
joint is completed; also
A mortise and tenon
does not extend through
remain visible once the
"blind tenoned . (WIC)
06400
(WIC)
inserted in a plow or groove.

MORTISE AND TENON, THROUGH: A mortise
and tenon joint in which the inserted
tenon extends completely through the
mortise and the end of the tenon re-
mains visible once the joint is com-
pleted.
(WIC)

MOULDED EDGE: Edge of piece machined to
any profile other than square or eased
edge.
(WIC)
Particleboards

OVERLAID PARTICLEBOARDS :
having factory-applied overlays which
may be resin-treated papers, high or
low pressure decorative plastic lamin-
ates, plastic films, hardboard, hard-
(NPA)
wood veneers, etc.

OVERLAY: A thin layer of paper, plastic ,
film, metal foil, or other material
bonded to one or both faces of panel
products or to lumber to provide a pro-
tective or decorative face or a base
for painting.
(AITC)

PANEL FACES : Outer veneers of a plywood
panel . (APA)

PANEL PATCH: A repair installed in the
face or back veneer of a panel after lay-
(APA)
up and pressing of the panel.

PANELING: Wood panels joined in a contin-
uous surface, especially, decorative
panels for interior wall f inish. Tex-
tured plywood in many varieties is often
used as interior paneling either in full
wall sections or for accent walls. (APA)

PARTICLEBOARD (S) : A generic term for a
panel manufactured from lignocellulosic
in the form of particles (as distinct
from f i bers ) . These ltEteria1s are
bonded together with synthetic resin or
other suitable binder, under heat and
pressure, by a process wherein the inter-
particle bonds are created wholly by
the added binder.
(AITC)
A panel composed of small chips or
pieces of wod that are bonded together
in the presence of heat and pressure by
a synthetic resin adhesive.
(HPMA)
A panel materia1 composed of dis-
crete pieces of wood bonded together in
the presence of heat and pressure by an
extraneous binder. Particleboards are
further defined by the method of press-
ing. When the pressure is applied in the
direction perpendicular to the faces as
in a conventional multi-platen hot press,
they are defined as "flat-platen pressed" ,
and when the applied pressure is parallel
to the faces, they are defined as "extru-
(NPA)
ded" .

A mat-formed flat panel consisting of par-
ticles of wood bonded together with a syn-
thetic resin or other suitable binder. The
particles are classified by size and dried
to a uni form moisture content, after which
they are mixed with a binder, mat-formed
into a panel, compressed to proper density
and then cured under heat and pressure .
(WIC)
A formed panel consisting of wood parti-
c Ies which are bonded under pressure with
a synthetic resin; the board may be either
(WIC/NWMA)
homogeneous or layered .

PARTICLEBOARD CORESTOCK; Common name given
to a particleboard manufactured for use as
(NPA)
a core for overlaying.

PARTICLEBOARD FLOOR UNDERLAYMENT: A grade
of particleboard made or sanded to close
thickness tolerances for use as a leveling
course and to provide a smooth surface un-
(NPA)
der floor covering materials.

PARTICLES: The aggregate component of a par-
ticleboard manufactured by mechanical means
from wood, including all anal I subdivisions
Particle size may be ItEasured by
of wood .
the screen mesh that permits passage Of the
particles and another screen upon which
they are retained, or by the measured di-
(NPA)
mensions, as for flakes,

PATCH (ES) : An insertion of sound wood in
veneers or panels for replacing defective
Patches may be in a variety of
areas.
shapes. Most commonly used are "boat"
patches, oval shaped with sides tapering
"router"
to points or small rounded ends;
patches with parallel sides and rounded
ends; and " sled" patches, rectangular in
shape with feathered ends.
(APA)
Insertions Of filler material or sound
wood plugs or shims placed and glued into
veneers or panels from which defective por-
tions have been removed.
(HPMA)
A repair azde by inserting and securely
gluing a sound piece of wood of the same
species in place of a defect that has been
removed. The edges shall be cut clean and
sharp and fit tight with no voids.
Boat
patches are oval-shaped with sides tapering
in each direction to a point or to a small
rounded end; "router" patches have parallel
sides and rounded ends;
sled" patches are
rectangular with feathered ends.
(WIC )

PITCH: An accumulation of resin which occurs
in separations in the wood or in the wod
cells themselves.
(WIC)

PITCH POCKET: An opening extending parallel
to the annual growth rings and containing,
or that has contained, pitch, either solid
or liquid.
(AITC)

A well-defined opening between the annual
growth rings, which contains pitch.
1. A very snail pocket is a maximum of 1/16"
in width x 3" in length, or 1/8" in width x
2" in length.
2. A small pocket is a maximum Of 1/16" in
width x 6" in length, or 1/8" in width x 4"
in length.
3. A medium pocket is a maximum of 1/16" in
width x 12 It in length, or 1/8" in width x
8" in length.
(WIC)

PITCH STREAK (S) : A well-defined accumulation
of pitch in a more or less regular streak
(AITC)
in the wood of certain conifers.
A well-defined accumulation of pitch in the
wood cells in a more or less regular streak.
1. A very pitch streak is a maximum
of 1/16" in width x 12" in length, or 1/8" in
width x 6" in length.
2. A small streak is a maximum of 1/8" in
width x 12" in length, or 1/4" in width x
6" in length.
3. A medium streak is a maximum of 1/4"
in width x 16" in length, or 3/8 n in width
x 12" in length.
(WIC)

PITH: The small, soft core occurring near
the center of a tree trunk, branch, twig or
(AITC)
log.
A small, soft core occurring in the center
of the log .
(WIC)

PITH FLECK: A narrow streak, resembling pith
on the surface of a piece; usually brownish,
up to several inches in length; resulting
from burrowing of larvae in the growing
tissues of the tree
(AITC)

PLAIN SLICED: Veneer sliced parallel to the
pith of the log and approximately tangent
to the growth rings. Also termed "Flat
cut .
(HPMA)

PLOW: A rectangular groove or slot Of three
surfaces cut parallel with the grain of a
wood member, in contrast to a dado, which
is cut across the grain
(WIC)

PLY: A single veneer in a glued plywood
(APA)
panel .
A single sheet of veneer, or several pieces
laid with adjoining edges, which form one
layer in a piece of plywood. Also, when
two or more full sized sheets of veneer
are combined in thickness so that the grain
of each sheet is in the same direction. (HPMA)
PLYWOOD: A composite panel or board made up
of crossbanded layers of veneer only or
veneer in combination with a core of lumber
or of particleboard bonded with an adhesive.
Generally, the grain of one or more plies
is roughly at right angles to the other plies,
and almost always an odd number of plies are
(AITC)
use.
A panel composed of a crossbanded assembly of
layers or plies of veneer, or veneers in com-
bination with a lumber core or particleboard
core, that are joined with an adhesive. Except
for special constructions, the grain of alter-
nate plies is always approxir1Ete1y at right
angles, and the thickness and species on either
side of the core are identical for balanced
effect. An odd nurnber of plies is always used.
(WIC)

PLYWOOD, HARDWOOD: A panel composed of an assem-
bly of layers or plies of veneer (or veneers in
combination with lumber core, particleboard
core, hardboard core, or of special core materi-
al) joined wi th an adhesive. Except for spe-
ciaI constructions, the grain of alternate plies
is always approximately at right angles, and the
face veneer is usually a hardwood species.
(HPMA)

QUARTERED; Veneer produced by slicing or sawing
a log to bring out certain figures called
medullary or pith rays, which are especially
conspicuous in oak. The log is flitched in
several different ways to allow the cutting of
the veneer in a radial direction
(HPMA)

RABBET: A joint formed by the rabbet (s) on one
or both members; also rabbeted edge joint ;
rabbeted right angle joint.
(WIC)
Rectangular cut consisting of two surfaces cut
on the edge of a member. A "rabbet" has
surfaces and a "plow" has three.
(WIC)
A rectangular cut consisting of 2 surfaces cut
on edge of a member parallel with the grain.
(WIC/NWMA)

RABBET JOINT: A joint formed by cutting a groove
in the surface or along the edge of a board,
plank, or panel to receive another piece.
(APA)

RAISED GRAIN : A roughened condition of the sur-
face of dressed lumber in which the hard summer-
wood is raised above the softer springwood but
not torn loose from it.
(AITC)
Roughened condition of sur face of dressed lum-
ber on which hard summerwood is raised above
the softer springwood, but is not torn loose
from it.
(WIC)

RELATIVE HUMIDITY: Ratio of the amount 06 water
vapor present in the air to that which the air
would hold at saturation at the same tempera-
It is usually considered on the basis
ture.
of the weight of the vapor but, for accuracy,
should be considered on the basis of vapor
(AITC)
pressures.

RESAWN : Rough sawn. A decorative treatment nor-
mall y provided by scoring the surface of a
panel with a saw after manufacture, which in-
parts a rough, rustic appearance.
(APA)

06400
ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK

RIFT CUT: Method Of cutting veneer per-
pendicular to the medullary rays. (HPMA)

RING, ANNUAL GROWTH: The growth layer
put on in a growth year .
(WIC)

RING FAILURE: A separation of the wood
during seasoning, occurring along the
grain and parallel to the growth rings.
(See also, Shake) .
(AITC)

ROTARY CUT: Veneer produced by centering
the entire log in a lathe and turning
it against a broad cutting knife which
is set into thé log at a slight angle.
(HPMA)
Irregular shaped areas of

ROUGH CUT:
generally uneven corrugation on the
surface of veneer, differing from
the surrounding smooth veneer and oc-
curring as the veneer is cut by the
lathe or slicer.
(HPMA)

ROUGH SAWN: A decorative treatment nor-
mally provided by scoring the surface
Of a panel with a saw after manuf acture
which imparts a rough, rustic appear-
Same as resawn. (APA)
ance.
Sanded across, rather

SANDED, CROSS:
than parallel to, the grain of a wood
surface.
(WIC)
Sanded by drum or equi -

SANDED, MACHINE:
valent sander to remove knife or machine
marks. Hnadling marks and/or grain
raising due to moisture shall not be
considered a defect.
(WIC)

SANDED, SMOOTHLY: sanded sufficiently
smooth so that sander marks will be con-
cealed by painter's applied finish work.
Handling marks and/or grain raising due
to shall not be considered a
(WIC)
defect.

SAPWOOD: The (living) wood of pale col-
or near the outside of the log. Under
most conditions the sapwood is more
susceptible to decay than heartwood.
(APA)
The outer light-colored wood of the
tree stem which is physiologically ac-
tive while the tree is growing.
(AWPA)
The living wood of lighter color oc-
curring in the outer portion of a tree.
sometimes referred to as "sap" .
(HPMA)
Wood occurring between the bark and the
heart of the tree.
(WIC)

SASH: A single assembly of stiles and
rails into a frame for holding glass,
with or without dividing bars, to fill
a given opening
It may be either open
or glazed.
(AITC)


ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK
SECTION 06400

SOLID STUCK: A mould that is worked on. the

SCARP: End joint formed by havin the two
article itself, as opposed to an applied
ends of the members beveled to orm slop-
(WIC)
mould.
(WIC)
ing plane surfaces.

SOUND : Absence of decay. (WIC)

SCARF JOINT: An end joint formed by join-
ing with glue the ends Of two pieces that

SPECIES: A distinct kind of wood. (HPMA)
have been tapered or beveled to form
(WIC)
sloping plane surfaces, usually to a
feather edge, and with the same slope of

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: As applied to wood, the
the plane with respect to the length in
ratio of the ovendry weight of a sample
In some cases, a step or
both pieces.
to the weight of a volume of water equal
hook may be machined into the scarf to
to the volurne of the sample at a specified
facilitate alignment of the two ends, in
moisture content (green, airdry or ovendry) .
which case the plane is discontinuous and
the joint is known as a stepped or hooked
(AITC)
scarf joint . (AITC)
AS applied to wood, the ratio Of the oven-
dry weight of a sample to the weight of a
An angled or beveled joint in plywood
volume of water equal to the volume of the
The
where pieces are spliced together .
sample at some specified moisture conditions
length of the scarf is 5 to 12 times the
such as green, •airdry or ovendry.
thickness . (APA)
AS applied to preservatives, the ratio of the

SELF-EDGE: Application to the edge of ply-
weight of a given volume of a preservative
wood or particleboard of a plastic lamin-
at an observed temperature (usually 100 OF)
ate of the same pattern as the face sur-
to the weight of an equal volume of water at
(WIC)
f ace.
some standard temperature (usually 60 OF) .
(AWPA)

SHAVING: A thin sl ice or strip of wood
pared off with a knife, planer, or other
The ratio of the weight of a certain volume
cutting instrument in which the cut may be
of a substance to the weight of an equal
either across, parallel to, or at an angle
volume of water, the temperature of which
(NPA)
to the axis of the fibers.
is 39.20F. (40C.) (HPMA)

SHIPLAP : A method of jointing ih *lich the

SPLINE : A joint formed by the use of a
ends or edges are milled rectangular Iy so
"spline", A spline is a thin, narrow strip
that they overlap. see JOINT TREANENT.
usually of plywood, inserted into matching
(APA)
grooves which have been machined in abutting
edges of panels or lumber to insure a flush

SLICED: Veneer produced by thrusting a log
alignment and secure joint; customarily runs
or sawed flitch into a slicing machine
(WIC)
the entire length of the joint.
which shears off the veneer in sheets.
(HPMA)
Separations of wod fiber running parallel
(HPMÄ)
to the grain.

SLIVERS: particles of nearly square or rec-
tangular cross-section with a length par a-
A separation of the wood due to the tearing
Ilel to the grain of wood at least
apart of the wood cells.
(NPA)
four times the thickness
1. A very short split is approximately as

SOFTWOOD (S) : Generally, one of the botanical
long as one-half the width Of the piece.
groups of trees that in most cases have
needlelike or scalelike leaves; the coni-
2. A short split is approximately as long
fers, also the wood produced by such trees.
(WIC )
as the width of the piece.
The term has no reference to the actual
(AITC)
hardness of the wood.

STAIN: A discoloration in wood that may be
caused by such diverse agencies as micro-
The general term for trees that have needle-
organisms, metal or chemicals. The term
like or scale-like leaves and bear cones.
also applies to materials used to impart
Also the wood produced by such trees. The
(AITC)
color to wood.
term has no reference to the actual hardness
of the wood. (APA)
A variation (normally blue or brown) from
the natural color of the wood. It should
General term used to describe lumber or ven-
not be confused with natural red heart .
eer produced from needJe and/or cone-bearing
trees. (HPMA)
1. Slight stain is a light color, barely
per ceptible.

SOLID CORE: panels in which the in-
(HPMA)
ner plies are free from voids.
2. Medium stain is a pronounced discolora-
Elon.

SOLID STOCK: solid, sound lurnber (as opposed
to plywood) , which may be more than one
3. Heavy stain is the darkest color that de-
piece of the same species, securely glued
velops in lumber. (WIC)
(WIC)
for width or thickness.
- 10

06400

SECTION 06400

STAIN, BLUE: A deep-seated fungus discoloration ,
predominantly bluish, but sometimes grayish,
blackish, or •brownish in appearance; confined
almost exclusively to sapwood. (AWPA)
STAIN, SAP: Any stain that predominantly affects
(AWPA)
sapwood .

STAIN, STICKER: A brown or blue stain caused by
fungi that occurs in air-seasoning of lumber
where the stickers rest on the faces of the
stock; also a brown chemical stain occurring on
and beneath the surface of portions of a piece
(AWPA)
that are in contact with stickers.

STARVED JOINT: A glue joint that is poorly bonded
because an insufficient quantity of glue remained
(AITC)
in the joint.

STRIATED: A texture in plywood siding character
zed by closely spaced shallow grooves or stria-
tions which form a vertical pattern. (APA)

SURFACE CHECK: The separat ion of a wood, normally
occurring across the rings of annual growth,
usually as a result Of seasoning, and occurring
only on one surface of the piece.
1. A fine surface check is not longer than 4 n
2. A small surface check is over 4" and not
longer than 6" .
3. A medium surface check is over 6" and not
(WIC)
longer than 8" .

TENON; A projecting mernber left by cutting away
the wood around it for insertion into a mortise
to make a joint, CAITC)
projecting tongue-like part of a member tp
be inserted into a slot of another
member to form a mortise and tenon j oint. (WIC)

TEXTURED PLYWOOD: Panels with many different ma-
chined surface textures. Available in Exterior
type with fully waterproof glueline for siding
and other outdoor uses and for interior wall
(APA)
panelling.

TIGHT SIDE: In knife-cut veneer, that side of the
sheet that was farthest from the knife as the
sheet was being cut a'hd containing no cutting
checks (lathe checks ) (HPMA)

TONGUE: Projection on the edge or end of a
member that is inserted into the groove or plow
of a similar size to form a joint.
(WIC)
TONGUE AND GROOVE: A joint formed by the inser-
tion of the " tongue " of one mod member into
(WIC)
the "groove" Of the other .

TONGUE-AND-GROOVE JOINT: A system Of jointing in
which the rib or tongue of one member fits ex-
act Iy into the groove of another . A specially
designed American Plywod Association tongue-
and-groove plywood edge joint is particularly
efficient, in transferring the load across the
joint. T&G panels measure 48" overall, or about
(APA)
47-1/2" +1- 1/8
on the face.
06400
- 11

ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK
TOP FLAT SURFACE: The flat surface that
can be sanded with a drum sander. (WIC)
TORN GmIN: A roughened area caused by
(WIC)
machine work in processing.

TRIM: The finish materials in a build-
ing, such as moldings, applied around
open ings (window trim, door trim) or at
the floor and ceiling of rooms (base-
board, cornice and other moldings) .
(AITC)

TWIST: A distortion caused by the turn-
ing or winding of the edges of a board
so that the four corners of any face
are no longer in the same plane. (AITC)
A distortion caused by the turning or
winding of the edges of the surface
so that the four corners of any face are
(WIC)
no longer in the same plane.

VENEER: A thin layer or sheet of wood.
(AITC)
Thin sheets Of wood, laminated in manu-
facture of plywood, glued to form a
panel that is split and puncture-
(APA)
re si stant.
A thin sheet of wood, rotary cut,
sliced, or sawed from a log, bolt, or
flitch. Veneer may be referred to as
a ply when assembled into a panel .
(HPMA)
A thin sheet or layer of wood, usually
rotary cut, sliced or sawn from a log
or f I itch. Thickness may vary from
1/100" to 1/4".
(WIC )

VENEER QUARTERED: Refers to the method of
producing veneer in which a long is slic-
ed or sawed to bring out certain figures
produced by the medullary or pith rays,
which are especially conspicuous in
oak. The log is flitched in several
different ways to allow the cutting of
the veneer in a radial direction. (WIC)

VENEER, ROTARY CUT: Refers to a method
of producing veneer in which the entire
log is centered in a lathe and is turned
against a broad cutting knife which is
set into the log at a slight angle. (WIC)

VENEER, SLICED: Refers to the method of
producing veneer in which a log or sawn
flitch is held securely in a slicing
machine and is thrust downward into a
large knife which shears off the veneer
in sheets.
(WIC)

V-GROOVED; Narrow and shallow V- or U-
shaped channels machined on the plywood
face to achieve a decorative effect. V-
grooving is most comrnonly encountered in
mismatched wall panels as the grooves
fall on the edge joints of the pieces
of veneer making the face appear as
planking.

ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK
SECTION 06400

WAINSCOT: The wooden lining of the lower
part of an interior wall. (APA)
A lower interior wall surface that con-
trasts with the wall surface above it.
Unless otherwise specified, it shall
be 4 in height above the floor. (WIC)
Bark or lack of wood from any cause
WANE :
(AITC)
on edge or corner of a piece.
Bark or lack of wood from any cause, ex-
cept eased edges, on the edge or corner
(WIC)
of a piece of lumber.
WARP: Any variation from a true or plane
surface. Warp includes bow, crook, cup ,
and twist, or any combination thereof.
(AITC)
Any deviation from a true or plane sur-
face, including crook, bow, cup, twist,
(WIC)
or any combination thereof .

WARPING: To bend, twist or turn from a
straight line.
(APA)

WINDOW : A window consists of two or more
single sash to fill a given opening. It
(WIC)
may be either open or glazed.
The area of

WOOD FAILURE (PERCENTAGE) :
wood fiber adhering at the glue line
following completion of the specified
shear test. Determina tion is by visual
examination and the value is expressed
as an estimated percentage of the wood
area remaining adhered to the fractured
(HPMA)
surface in the test area.
The area of wood fiber remaining at the
glue line following completion of a shear
test and expressed as a percentage Of the
(WIC)
test area.

WOOD FILLER: An aggregate of resin and
strands, shears, or flour of wood which
is used to fill openings in wood and pro-
(HPMA)
vide a smooth, durable surface.
(WIC)

WORKED: Machined or formed in any manner ex-
(WIC)
cept surfaced four sides.

WORKMANSHIP, FIRST CLASS: The finest or high-
est class or grade of workmanship. All
joints shall be tight and true. Cabinet
parts shall be square, plumb and in align-
ment and securely glued. The exposed sur-
face shall be free of splits, torn or
chipped surfaces, tool marks, cross sand-
ing, gouges, dents, sand through and other
(WIC)
similar type defects,
- 12
06400