Construction Dictionary - Concrete Terminology

Construction Dictionary Home Page: https://inspectapedia.com/Design/Construction-Dictionary.php


SECTION 03100

BEAM POCKET: Opening in a vertical æmber
in which a beam is to rest.
(PCI)

BLEED HOLE: A hole in a plate or angle
which is provided solely to release entrap—
ped air or water during concrete placing
operati on .
(PCI)
To form a hole, or reduce the
BLOCKOUT :
height or width of a panel by affixing ma—
terial to the form (space within a form in
which concrete is not to be placed) .
(PCI)
DECENTER: To lower or remove center ing or
shoring .
(ACI)
DECK: The form on which concrete for a slab
is placed, also the floor or roof slab it—
self .
(ACI)
DECKING:
Sheathing material for a deck or
slab form. (ACT)
END RAIL: That portion of a form which dic—
tates the top and bottom of a panel. (PCI)
FORM HANGER: Device used to support form—
work from a structural frameWrk; the dead
load Of forms, weight of concrete, and
construction and impact loads must be sup—
ported.
(ACI )
FORM INSULATION:
Insulating material applied
to outside of forms between studs and over
the top in sufficient thickness and air
tightness to conserve heat of hydration to
maintain concrete at required tempera tures
in cold weather.
(ACI )
JACK SHORE: Telescoping, or otherwise adjus—
table, single—post metal shore.
(ACI )
PRETENSIONING BED (or BENCH): The casting
bed on which pretensioned members are rnanu—
factured and which resists the pretension—
ing force prior to release.
RESHORING :
See "Reposting"
(ACI )
REPOSTING: The construction opera tion in
which the original shoring or posting is
removed and replaced in such a manner as
to avoid damage to the partially cured
concrete; also known as "Reshoring". (ACI )
SLIP FORM: System of formwork for concrete
which permits continuous casting. Vertical
slip forms are used in buildings, tanks,
etc., horizontal slip forms in paving. (CRSI)
WRECKING STRIP :
Small piece or panel fitted
into a formwork assembly in such a way that
it can be easily removed ahead Of main
panels or forms, making it easier to strip
those major form components.
(ACI)
03100
CONCRETE

****** Result for Image/Page 2 ******
SECTION 03150
BATTERY MOLD: A series of reusable casting
slots used to manufacture panels in a
vertical position, thus reduc ing reinforc—
ing requirernents and imparting a snooth
form finish to both faces.
(PCI)
BOND BREAKER: A substance placed on a ma—
terial to prevent it from bonding to the
concrete, or between a face lthterial such
as natural stone and the concrete backup.
(PCI )
Triangular or curved insert
CHAMFER STRIP :
placed in an inside form corner to pro—
duce a rounded or flat chamfer; also called
fillet, cant strip, skew back. (ACI)
CLEANOUT : An opening in the forms for re—
moval of refuse, to be closed before the
concrete is placed; a port in tanks, bins
or other receptacles for inspection and
cl eaning. (ACI )
COLUMN CLAMP: Any of various types of ty ing
or fastehing units used to hold column
form sides together.
(ACI)
COLUMN SIDE: One Of the vertical panel com—
ponents of a column form. (ACI)
CONE BOLT: A form of tie rod for wall forms
with cones at each end inside the forms so
that a bolt can act as a spreader as well
as a tie.
(ACI)
DOME : Square prefabricated pan form used
in two—way (waffle) concrete joist floor
construction.
(ACI)
ENVELOPE MOLD: A box mold where all sides
remain in place during the entire casting
and stripping cycle.
(PCI)
FORBI: A temporary receptacle which receives
concrete and dictates a unit 's shape.
It
can be made of wood or steel, but requires
no pattern or positive. (PCi)
FORBI LINER: Molded sheet which when aff ixed
to a form gives the panel a special finish
treatment; liners are made of rubber, plas—
tic, etc.
(PCI)
FORM LINING:
Selected mater ials used to line
the concreting face of formwork in order
to impart a srnooth or patterned finish to
the concrete surface, to absorb moisture
from the concrete, or to apply a set—
retarding chemical to the formed surface.
(ACI)
Fou RELEASE AGENT: A substance applied to
the forms for the purpose of preventing
bond between the form and the concrete cast
in it.
(PCI)
FORM TIE: A tensile unit adapted to prevent
concrete forms from spreading due to the
fluid pressure of freshly placed, unhard—
ened concrete.
(ACI)
03150
FORMS
prefabricated panels joined to
FORMS :
make a much larger unit (up to 30 x 56 ft. )
(9 x 15 m.) for convenience in erecting ,
stripping and reusing; usually braced with
walers, strongbacks or special lifting
dwa re.
(ACI)
GRADE STRIP; Usually a thin strip of wood
tacked to inside of forms at the line to
which the top of the concrete lift is to
come, either at a con struction joint or the
top of the structure.
(ACI)
LINING: Any sheet, plate or layer of material
attached directly to the inside face of
to improve or alter the surface
texture and quality of the finished con—
(See also "Form lining") .
crete.
(ACI )
RASTER MOLD: A mold which allows a maximum
number of casts per project; units cast in
such molds need not be identical, provided
the changes in the units can be accomplished
simply as pre—engineered mold modifications.
(PCI)
MOLD: The cavity or surface against which
fresh concrete is cast to give it a desired
shape; sometimes used interchangeably with
fom but made of fiberglass or concrete;
a pattern or positive is built first and
the is overlayed.
(PCI )
MOVING FORMS: Large prefabricated units of
formwork incorporating supports, and de—
signed to be moved horizontally on rollers
or similar devices, with a minimum amount
of dismantling between successive uses.
(ACI)
Metal forms for one—way concrete joists
(one—way pans) and for two—way (waffle slab)
concrete joists (dome pans) .
(CRSI)
PATTERN OR POSITIVE: A replica of all or
part of the precast element sometimes used
for forming the molds in concrete or plastic.
(PCI)
PERMANENT FORM: Any form that remains in place
after the concrete has developed its design
strength; it may or may not become an inte—
gral part of the structure .
(ACI)
RELEASE AGENT: Material used to prevent
bonding of concrete to a surface.
(ACI)
(See "fomrn release agent" ) (PCI)
SCABBING: A finish defect in which parts of
the form face including release agent ad—
here to the concrete, some probable causes
are an excessively rough form face, inade—
quate application of release agent, or de—
layed stripping.
(PCI )
SCALING; A finish defect resulting in a thin
layer of hardened mortar breaking free from
the concrete surface and exposing mortar or
stone; some probable causes are low strength
concrete, rough or absorbent form face, in—
adequate application of release agent and
cur ing procedure.
(PCI )

****** Result for Image/Page 3 ******
SECTION 03150
SELFSTRESSING FORMS: Equipment which in addition
to serving as forms for concrete also accormo—
dates the pretensioned (or wires) and
sustains the total prestressing force by suit—
able end bulkheads and sufficient cross—section—
al strength. (PC I)
SIDE RAIL: The side of a form. (PCI)
SHE BOLT: A type Of form tie and spreader bolt
in which the end fastenings are threaded into
the end of the bolt, thus eliminating cones
and reducing the size of holes left in the con—
crete surface.
(ACI)
SNAP TIE. A proprietary concrete wall—form ti e,
the end of which can be twisted or snapped off
after the forms have been ranoved. (ACI)
03150
FORMS

****** Result for Image/Page 4 ******
SECTION 03200
REINFORCEMENT, BESH: An arrangement of bars
or wire normally in tw directions at right
angles, tied or welded at the intersections
or interwoven. (See also " Reinforcement,
expanded metal fabric n . ) (ACI)
WELDED DEFORMED WIRE FABRIC: Welded wire
fabric produced with deforæd wires Wires
have deformations which develop bond through
both the deformations and the welded inter—
sections (ASTM A—497) .
(WRI)
WELDED SMOOTH WIRE FABRIC: Welded wire fab-
ric produced with srnooth wires. Bond is
developed at the welded inter sections.
(ASTM A-185) .
(WRI)
WELDED WIRE FABRIC: Wire mesh fabricated
by means of welding the crossing joints,
usually in rolls (sometimes flat sheets)
and often used for tenperature reinforce—
ment in joist slabs, slabs on ground and
in highway pavements.
A prefabricated concrete reinforcement
consisting of a ser ies of high—strength,
cold—drawn wires welded together in
square or rectangular grids. Produced in
flat sheets and rolls. Also called mesh,
welded mesh and welded wire mesh. (WRI)
A reinforcing material composed of cold—
drawn steel wires fabricated into a
sheet consisting of longitudinal and
transverse wires arranged at right angles
and welded together at all points of inter—
sections .
(PCI)
WOVEN WIRE FABRIC: A prefabricated steel
reinforcement composed of cold—drawn steel
wires mechanically twisted togetrer to
form hexagonally shaped openings. (ACI)
03200
WELDED WIRE FABRIC

****** Result for Image/Page 5 ******
SECTION 03210
ANCHORAGE: The securing of bars in cast—in—
place concrete either by hooks, bends or
embedment length. (CRSI)
AREA or STEEL: cross-sectional area of
bars required for a given concrete sec—
tion.
(CRSI)
AUXILIARY REINFORCEMENT :
In a prestressed
member, any reinforcement in addition to
that participating in the prestressing
func t ion .
AXLE STEEL REINFORCING BARS: Deformed re-
in forcing bars rolled from carbon—steel
axles for railroad cars. (CRSI)
BAGTIE: Thin gauge wire ties (generally
NO. 16, 15 or 14 gauge) used to fasten
reinforcing bars together at intersec—
tions .
(PCI )
BAND: Small bars or wire encircling the
main reinforcement in a member to form
a per ipheral tie.
(ACI)
Group of bars distr ibuted in a slab or
wall or footing .
See "Strips n
(CRSI)
BAR: A metal member used to re inforce
concrete. (ACI )
Steel rnember used to rein force concrete .
See also "Reinforcement" .
(CRSI)
BAR CHAIR: A noncorrosive, rigid device
used to support and/or hold reinforcing
bars at a given distance from the form
face before and dur ing concreting. (PCI)
BAR FABRICATOR: A bar company is cap-
able of storing, preparing placing draw—
ings and bar lists, shearing, bending ,
bundling, tagging, loading and delivering
reinforcing bars.
(CRSI)
BAR LIST; Bill of materials, where all
quantities, sizes, lengths and bending
dimensions are shown. (CRSI)
BAR MAT: An assembly of steel reinforcement
composed of two or more layers of bars
placed at angles to each other and se—
cured together by welding or ties.
(ACI )
BAR NUMBER A number (approxirrtately the
bar diameter in eighths of inches) used
to designate the bar size. For example:
A #5 bar is approximately 5/8 inch in
diameter; a #9 bar is approxinEte1y
1-1/8 inch (9/8").
Bar numbers are rolled
onto the bar for easy identification.
(CRSI)
A number (approxima tely the reinforcing
bar diameter in eighths of inches) used to
designate reinforcing bar size; bar num—
bers are rolled onto the bar for easy
identif i ca ion. (PCI )
03210
REINFORCING STEEL
BAR SPACING: Distance between parallel .rein-
forcing bars measured from center—to—center
of the bars perpendicular to their longi—
tudinal axes.
(CRSI)
BAR STOOL: (See bar chair) . (PCI)
BAR SUPPORT (also "Bar chair"): A rigid de-
vice used to support and/or hold reinforcing
bars in proper position to prevent displace—
ment before or dur ing concreting .
(ACI)
Devices of formed wire, plastic or concrete
to support, hold and space reinforcing bars.
(CRSI )
BASKET: Wire a ssembly to support and space
dowel bars and expansion joints in concrete
slabs on ground.
(CRSI)
BEAM BOLSTER: Continuous wire bar support u sed
to support the bars in the bottom of beams.
(CRSI)
BEAM BOLSTER UPPER: Welded wire support for
the upper layer of bottom bars in beams and
top bars in bridge deck slabs.
(CRSI)
BEAM SCHEDULE: Table giving the quantity,
size and rtErk number of beams; the quantity ,
size and mark numbers of bars and stirrups
(including stirrup spacing) , and, where
specified, the stirrup support bars and
beam bolsters.
(CRSI)
BENDING SCHEDULE: A list of reinforcement
prepared by the designer or detailer of a
reinforced concrete structure, showing the
shapes and dimensions of every bar and the
number of bars required .
(ACI)
BENT BAR: Longitudinal reinforcement bent to
pass from one face to the other of a member ,
to use steel efficiently for resistance of
moment and diagonal tension, or for anchor—
age of the bar.
(ACI )
A reinforcing bar bent to a prescribed shape
such as a truss bar, straight bar with hook,
stirrup or column tie.
(CRSI)
BILLET STEEL REINFORCING BARS; Reinforcing
bars rolled from steel billets in contrast
to rail or axle steel.
(CRSI)
BOND: Holding or gripping force between re—
inforcing steel and concrete.
(CRSI)
Adhesion of concrete to reinforcement or to
other surfaces against which it is placed.
(PCI)
BREAK (A SPIRAL); Opening a spiral to the
round shape and forcing it completely in
the opposite direction so that it will re—
1iEin circular for placing.
(CRSI )

****** Result for Image/Page 6 ******
SECTION 03210
BUNDbE OF BARS: A bundle consists of one size,
length or mark (bent) Of bar with the follow—
ing exceptions; (I) very small quantities may
be bundled together for convenience, and (2)
groups of varying bar lengths or marks (bent)
that will be placed adjacent be bundled
together.
In standard practice, weights of
bundles are not less than 3, 000 pounds.
See also "Lift 't .
(CRSI)
BUNDLED BARS: A group of not—to—exceed four
parallel reinforcing bars in contact with each
other and enclosed in stirrups or ties and
used as a reinforcing element.
(ACI )
A group of not more than four parallel rein—
forcing bars in contact with each other ,
usually tied together.
(CRSI)
BUNDLING: Placing several parallel elements of
reinforcement in contact with each other .
(PCI )
BUTT-WELDED SPLICE: A reinforcing bar splice
made by welding the butted ends.
(CRSI)
CAGE: rigid assembly of reinforcement ready
for placing In position .
(ACI )
Reinforcing bar assembly comprised of rebar
and/or welded wire fabric.
(PCI )
COLD DRAWN WIRE: steel wire, hot rolled
billet rods and cold—drawn through a die.
(CRSI)
COLUMN HORSE: Wood or metal supports, used in
groups of two or more, to hold main reinforc—
ing in a convenient position for placing ties
while prefabr icating column, beam or pile
(CRSI)
ca ges.
COLUMN SCHEDULE: Table giving the number
and size for the column, number of pieces and
size of verticals, ties or spirals and any
bar mark numbers regu ired.
(CRSI )
COLUMN TIES: Bars bent into square, rectangu—
lar, U—shaped, circular or other shapes for
the purpose of holding column vertical bars
laterally in place.
(CRSI )
COMPRESSION BARS:
Steel used to resist com—
pression forces.
(CRSI )
CONCRETE BLOCK BAR SUPPORTS; Precast concrete
blocks, with or without tie wires, used to
support bars above the subgrade or to space
bars off vertical forms and above horizontal
forms.
(CRSI)
CONCRETE COVER: The distance from the face of
the concrete to the reinforcing steel, also
referred to as "Fireproof ,
"Clearance "
or "Concrete Protection " .
(CRSI)
The clear distance from the face of the con—
crete to the reinforcing steel.
(PCI)
CONTACT SPLICE: A means of connecting reinforc-
ing bars in which the bars are lapped and in
direct con tact.
(ACI )
03210
REINFORCING STEEL
A means of connecting reinforcing barq
by lapping in direct contact.
See also
"Lap Splice" .
(CRSI)
CONTINUOUS HIGH CHAIRS: Welded wire bar
supports consisting of a top longitudin—
al supporting wire with evenly spaced
legs welded thereto and used to support
bars near the top of slabs .
See also
n Support Bars" and "Individual High
Chairs" .
(CRSI)
COUPLER: (I) A device for connecting re—
inforcing bars or prestressing tendons
end to end .
(2)
together •-he cor
lar meta- scaffc
"clamp" ) .
(ACI )
device for locking
:ent parts of a tubu—
(Also known as a
CURTAIN : A single layer of vertical and
horizontal bars in a wall.
If a wall
had a layer of reinforcement at each
face, it wuld be a "double curtain "
(CRSI)
DEFOR>ED BAR: A reinforcing bar manufac—
tured with deformations (bumps, lugs or
ridges) to provide a locking anchorage
with the surrounding concrete.
(CRSI )
Reinforcing bar manufactured with deforma—
tions (bumps, lugs or ridges) to provide
a locking anchorage (bond) with the sur—
rounding concrete.
(PCI )
DEFORMED TIE BAR: Deformed bar used to hold
two slab elements in close contact.
(ACI)
DOBIES :
See "Concrete Block Bar Supports n
(CRSI)
DOWEL: A bar connecting two separately
cast sections of concrete. A bar extend—
ing from one concrete section into another
is said to be doweled into the adj oining
section. Examples : Footing dowels into
a column or horizontal wall bars doweled
into an adjacent wall section.
(CRSI)
metal pin used to fasten panel bases to
cast—in—place concrete or other precast ,
by fitting into corresponding holes in the
respective units; dowel type connections
are a carry—over from stone construction
and should not be used indiscriminately.
(PCI)
DOWEL SLEEVE: cap of light metal or card-
board on one end of a dowel bar to allow
free movement of an expansion joint. (CRSI)
DOVEL TEMPLATE (TEMPLET) : Frame which out-
lines the dimensions for setting dowel
bars, on footings and columns. (CRSI)
ENDO: The dimension from the end Of a bar
to a point of reference axong its longitu—
dinal axis; i.e., any bar is positioned in
the forms transversely by "cover" or
"spacing" and longitudinally by "cover"
or "endo 'l
(CRSI)

****** Result for Image/Page 7 ******
SECTION 03210
GRADE MARKS: A marking
to identify the grade
Marking rolled onto a
identiky the grade of
(PCI)
facturing .
rolled onto the bar
of steel.
(CRSI)
reinforcing bar to
steel used in manu—
GRADE OF STEEL: The means by which a design
engineer specifies the strength properties
of the steel he requires in each part of a
structure, generally using ASTM designa—
tions to distinguish them. (CRSI)
The means by which a design engineer speci—
fies the strength properties of the steel
he requires in each part of a structure,
generally using ASTM (Arner ican Society for
Testing and Materials) designations to
distinguish than. (PCI )
HAIRPIN BARS: Bars, usually Enall sizes,
bent to a hair pin shape and used for such
purposes as short hooked spacer bars in
columns and walls and for special dowels.
(CRSI)
HAIRPIN: A rebar, usually small in size,
bent into the shape of an elongated "U"
(PCI)
HEAVY BENDING: Bar sizes *4 through #18,
which are bent at not more than six
points in one plane (unless classified as
"Light Bending" or "Special Bending") and
single radius bending .
(CRSI )
HIGH CHAIR: see "Individual High Chairs"
and "Continuous High Chairs" .
(CRSI)
HOOK: A semi—circular (180 degree) or a
90 degree turn at the free end of a bar
to provide anchorage in concrete. For
stirrups and column ties only, turns of
either 90 degree or 135 degree are used.
(CRSI)
HORIZONTALS: Bars running horizontally.
(CRSI)
INDENTED WIRE: Wire having machine—made
surface indentations intended to improve
bond; depending on type of wire, may be
used for either concrete reinforcement
or pretensioning tendons (ACI )
INDIVIDUAL HIGH CHAIRS; A welded wire bar
support used under a support bar, to
provide support for top bars in slabs,
joists or beams; also used to support
upper mats of bars in slabs without
support bars. (CRSI)
IRON WORKERS : Workmen who handle and place
steel and ornamental iron, including all
types of reinforcing steel and bar sup—
ports. Also, in the Metropolitan Area of
New York City, depending upon local
union jurisdiction, these wrkmen are
called "Lathers" .
Colloquial terms fre—
quently used include "rod—setter" , "bar—
setter
"bar placer", etc.
(CRSI)
03210
REINFORCING STEEL
JACK ROD: Plain rod, usually 7/8 or I in.
in diameter, with square—cut or threaded
ends to support sliding forms in connec—
tion with a jack. In some cases, these
jack rods are also used as a portion of the
vertical reinforcement required .
(CRSI)
JACK ROD SLEEVE: Piece of pipe which joins
two jack rods for end—to—end butt splicing .
(CRSI)
JOIST cym1RS:
Bent or welded wire supports
which hold and space the two bars in the
bottom of a joist. (CRSI)
JOIST SCHEDULE: Table on the placing drawing
giving the quantity and mark of the joists;
the quantity, size, length, bending details
of bars and usually the quantity of joi st
chairs in each joist.
(CRSI)
LAP: The length by which one bar or sheet of
fabric reinforcemeng overlaps another.
(ACI )
Joining of two reinforcing bars by lapping
them side by side; similarly the side and
end overlap of sheets or rolls of welded
wire fabric. Also, the length of overlap
of two bars. Also referred to as lap
sp 1 ice.
(CRSI)
LAP SPLICE: A connection of reinforcing steel
nude by lapping the ends Of the bars
(ACI)
LAPPING (reinforcing steel) :
The overlapping
of reinforcing steel bars, welded wire fab—
ric, or expanded metal so that there may be
continuity of tensile stress in the reinforc—
ing when the concrete member is subjected to
flexural or tensile loading.
(ACI)
LIGHT BENDING: All #3 bars, all stirrups and
ties, and all bars #4 through #18, which are
bent at more than six points in one plane,
or bars Which are bent in more than one plane
(unless "Special Bending") all one plane
radius bending with more than one radius in
any bar (three maximum) , or a combination of
radius and other type bending in one plane
(radius bending being defined as all bends
having a radius of 12 inches or more to in—
side of bar) .
(CRSI)
LONGITUDINAL BAR: Any bar placed in the long
dir ection of the member.
(CRSI)
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT: Reinforce-nent es-
sentia11y parallel to the long axis of a
concrete member or pavement.
(ACI)
MARK OUT: Indicating with keel marks on the
forms, the exact location of each bar;
usually done by foreman from information de—
rived from the detail sheets, prior to start—
ing actual placing operations in an area.
(CRSI)
MARKS: A series Of letters, numbers or a com—
bination of both used to designate (a) the
parts of a structure or (b) the identity of
a bent bar.
(CRSI)

****** Result for Image/Page 8 ******
SECTION 03210
MAT;. A large footing or foundation slab used to
support an entire structure. Also a grid of
reinforcing bars. (CRSI)
A grid of straight reinforcing bars tied to—
gether at each intersection.
(PCI)
MUCKING: Adjusting the steel during the concret—
ing operation .
(CRSI )
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT :
Steel reinforcement for
negative moment.
(ACI)
NOMINAL DIAMETER: The diameter of a plain round
bar of the same weight per lineal foot as a
deformed bar.
(CRSI)
PACHO>ETER: An electronic device used to locate
and size reinforcement in hardened concrete.
(PCI)
PITCH:
Center—to—center spacing between turns
of a spiral.
(CRSI)
PLACING DRAWINGS:
Detailed drawings *lich give
the size of the bars, location, spacing and
all other information required by the iron—
worker.
(CRSI)
PLAIN BAR: A reinforcing bar without surface
deformations, or one having deforma tions that
do not conform to the applicable requirements.
(ACI)
RACKS : Metal or W oden supports for that por—
tion Of a bar that extends beyond a construc—
tion joint and is not already supported by
existing form or normal tying to adjacent
bars.
(CRSI )
RADIUS BENT: Reinforcing bars bent to a radius
larger than that specified for standard hooks;
a bar curved to fit into circular as
the horizontal bars in a silo.
(CRSI)
RAIL STEEL REINFORCING BARS: Deformed reinforc-
ing bars rolled from selected used railroad
rails.
(CRSI)
RE—BAR: Abbreviated term for reinforcing bars.
(CRSI)
REINFORC2.fENT: Metal bars, wdres, or other slen-
der members which are embedded in concrete in
such a manner that the metal and the concrete
act together in resisting forces. (ACI)
Steel bars or wires ernbedded in concrete and
located in such a manner the metal and the
concrete act together in resisting loads.
(CRSI)
REINFORCEMENT, COLD-DRAma WIRE: Steel wire
made from rods that have been hot—roiled from
billets, cold—drawn through a die; for con—
crete reinforcement of small diameter such as
in gauges not less than O. 080 in. (2 run) nor
greater than O. 625 in . (16 Im) (ACI)
03210
REINFORCING STEEL
REINFORCEMENT, COLD-WORKED STEEL: steel
bars or wires which have been rolled,
twisted or drawn at normal ambient tem—
(ACT)
peratures.
REINFORCEMENT, DISTRIBUTION-BAR: small
diameter bars, usually at right angles
to the main reinforcement, intended to
spread a concentrated load on a slab
and to prevent cracking . (ÄCI)
REINFORCEE4ENT, DOWEL-BAR: Short bars, ex-
tending approximately equally into two
abutting pieces of concrete, to increase
the strength of the joint.
(ACI)
REINFORCEMENT, EXPANDED METAL FABRIC: A
form of reinforcement made by slitting
a rolled steel sheet and then stretching
it to form a diamond—shaped mesh.
(see
also "Expanded metal 't)
(ACI )
REINFORCEMENT, HELICAL:
Steel reinforcement
forming a helix.
(ACI)
REINF ORCEMENT, HOOP :
Binders in the form of
rings (other than helical) round the
main reinforcement in columns and piles.
(ACI )
REINFORCEMENT, LATERAL: Usually applied to
the transverse hoops, links or helical
reinforcement in columns. (ACI)
REINFORCEMENT, SECONDARY: Reinforcement
other than main reinforcement .
(ACI)
REINFORCEMENT, TRANSVERSE;
(a) Links or
helical reinforcement for columns. (b)
Reinforcement at right angles to the main
reinforcement. (ACI )
REINFORCEMENT, TWIN-TWISTED BAR: Two bars
Of the same nominal diameter twisted
together.
(ACI)
SAND PLATE: A flat steel plate or strip
welded to the legs of bar supports for
use on compacted soil
(CRSI)
SCHEDULE: Table on placing drawings (or
elsewhere) to give size, shape and ar—
rangement of similar items.
see "Beam
Schedule"
"Column Schedule" , "Joist
Schedule" , "Slab Schedule" .
(CRSI)
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT : Reinforcement designed
to resist shear or diagonal tension
stresses.
(ACI)
Reinforcement designed to resist shear—
ing forces; usually consisting of " stir—
rups" bent and located as required.
(CRSI)
SHRINKAGE REINFORCEMENT: Reinforcement de-
signed to resist shrinkage stresses in
(ACI )
concrete.

****** Result for Image/Page 9 ******
SECTION 03210
SLAB BOLSTER: Bar support with corrugated
longitudinal wire and supporting legs,
used to support slab bars.
(CRSI)
SLAB SCHEDULE: Table on the placing draw-
ings giving the quantity and mark of the
slabs; the number of pieces; size ,
length and bending details of the rein—
forcement in each slab. (CRSI)
SLAB SPACER:
Bar support with straight
longitudinal top wire and with support—
ing legs spaced to match the spacing of
slab bars which they support.
(CRSI)
SLEEVE: A tube which encloses a bar,
dowel, anchor bolt, etc.
(CRSI)
SPECIAL BENDING: All bending to special
tolerances, all radius bending in more
than one plane, all multiple plane bend—
ing containing one or more radius bends,
and all bending for precast units.
(CRSI)
SPIRAL :
wire.
A continuously coiled bar or
(CRSI)
SPINL COLUMN: A column in which the ver-
tical bars are enclosed within a spiral .
(See Spiral )
(CRSI )
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT: Reinforcing rod or
wire suppl ied in coils and used in place
of ties for columns. (PCI)
Usually made of channels
SPIRAL SPACERS :
or angles, punched to form hooks, which
are bent over the coiled spiral to main—
tain it to a definite pitch.
(CRSI )
SPLICE: Connection of one reinforcing
bar to another by lapping, welding ,
mechanical couplings or other means; the
lap between sheets or rolls of welded
wire fabric.
(CRSI) (PCI)
STAGGERED SPLICES:
Spl ices in bars which
are not made at the sarne point. (CRSI)
STANDEE: A term used in some localities
to designate a special bar bent to a U—
shape with 900 bent legs extending in
opposite directions at right angles to
the U—bend.
It is used as a high chair
resting upon a Ioær mat of bars and
supporting an upper mat. (CRSI)
STEM BARS: Bars used in the wall section of
a cantilevered retaining wall or in the
webs Of a box girder. When a cantilever
retaining wall and its footing are con—
sidered as an integral unit, the wall is
often referred to as the stem Of the unit.
(CRSI)
STIRRUPS: Reinforcing bars used in beams
for shear reinforcement; typically bent
into a U—shape or box—shape and placed
perpendicular to the longitudinal steel.
(CRSI)
A rebar bent into the form of a closed
03210
REINFORCING STEEL
tie or U—shape and surrounding the ma*n re—
inforcement in panels and beams for control
of cracking caused by diagonal tension; the
term "stirrups" is usually applied to lateral
reinforcement in horizontal members, and the
term ties to those in vertical members. (PCI)
STORY POLE: Piece of wood or bar marked with
the story height and vertical distances for
spacing horizontal bars. (CRSI)
STRIPS :
Bands of reinforcing bars in flat
slab or flat plate construction.
The column
strip is a quarter—panel wide each side of
the column centerline and runs either way of
the building, from column to column.
The
middle strip is half a panel in width, fill—
ing in between column strips and runs para—
Ilel to the column strips to fill in the cen—
ter part of a panel.
(CRSI)
SUPPORT BARS: Rest upon individual high
chairs or bar chairs to support top bars
in slabs or joists, respectively. They are
usually bars and may replace a like num—
ber of temperature bars in slabs when prop—
erly lap spl iced; also used longitudinally
in beams to provide support for the tops of
stirrups. Also called "Raiser Bars". (CRSI)
TEMPERATURE BARS: Bars distributed throughout
the concrete to minimize cracks due to tem—
perature changes and concrete shrinkage. (CRSI
TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT: Reinforcement dis-
tributed throughout the concrete to minimize
cracks due to temperature changes and concrete
shr inkage .
(PCI)
TEMPIATE: A device to locate and hold dowels,
to lay out bolt holes, inserts, etc.
See
"Dowel Teraplate" .
(CRSI)
THERMIT WELD: A proprietary system employing
a crucible containing metallic powder which,
when ignited, melts and flows between two
bar ends and fuses them to form a butt—
welded spl ice.
(CRSI)
TIE: A closed loop of small size reinforcing
bars that encircle longitudinal bars in col—
umns and beams.
(See "stirrup") .
(PCI)
Reinforcing bars bent to a box—shape and
used to hold longitudinal bars together in
columns and beams (called "stirrup—ties 1') .
(CRSI)
TIE BARS: Bars at right angles and tied to
main reinforcement to keep it in place;
bars extending across a construction joint.
(CRSI)
TIE WIRE: Wire (generally No. 16, 15 or 14
gauge) used to secure intersections of rein—
forcing bars for the purpose of holding them
in place until concreting is completed. (CRSI)
TRUSSED BARS: Bars bent up to act as both top
and bottom reinforcement.
(CRSI)

****** Result for Image/Page 10 ******
SECTION 03210
VERTFÄL BAR: Any bar used in an upright or
(CRSI)
vertical position
WALL SPREADER : An accessory, usually fabricated
from reinforcing bar to a n Z " or shape,
used to separate and hold apart two faces or
(CRSI)
curta ins of reinforcement in a wall.
Reinforcing bars or mesh surround—
WRAPPING:
ing a structural steel colurnn or beam to re—
inforce concrete or plaster fireproofing. (CRSI)
03210
REINFORCING STEEL

****** Result for Image/Page 11 ******
SECTION 03230
. CHUCK: A device which locks strands into
their elongated position during the pre—
stressing operation .
(PCI)
CONCENTRIC TENDONS: Tendons following a
line coincident with the gravity axis of
the prestressed concrete member.
(ACI)
CONCORDANT TENDONS: Tendons in statically
indeterminate structures which are coin—
cident with the pressure line produced by
the tendons; such tendons do not produce
secondary moments.
(ACI )
CURVATURE FRICTION: Friction resulting from
bends or curves in the specified prestress—
ing cable profile.
(ACI )
DEAD END:
In the stressing of a tendon from
one end only, the end opposite that to
Which stress is applied. (ACI)
DEAD-END ANCHORAGE: The anchorage at that
end of a tendon which is opposite the
jacking end. (ACI)
DEFLECTED TENDONS: Tendons which have a tra-
jectory that is curved or bent with respect
to the gravity axis of the concrete member.
(ACI)
ELONGATION: In prestressed work, the differ—
ence between a strand 's initial length and
its length after stressing.
(PCI )
END BLOCK: An enlarged end section of a
ber designed to reduce anchorage stresses
to allowable values.
(ACI)
FINAL STRESS:
In prestressed concrete, the
stress which exists after substantially all
losses have occurred .
(ACI)
See "Deflected tendons "
HARPED TENDONS :
(ACI )
HOYER EFFECT: In prestressed concrete, fr ic—
tional forces which result frorn the tendency
of the tendons to regain the diameter which
they had before they were stressed. (ACI)
INITIAL PRESTRESS: The prestressing stress
(or force) applied to the concrete at the
tirne of stressing.
(ACI)
INITIAL STRESSES: The stresses occurring in
prestressed concrete members before any
losses occur. (ACI )
JACKING DEVICE: The device used to stress
the tendons for prestressed concrete; also,
a device for raising a vertical slipform.
(ACI)
JACKING FORCE: Temporary force exerted by
the device which introduces tension into
prestressing tendons . (ACI )
In prestress, the temporary force exerted
by the device which introduces the tension
into the tendons .
(PCI )
03230
JACKING STRESS:
STRESSING TENDONS
The maximum stress occurring
in a prestressed tendon during stressing .
(ACI)
LINEAR PRESTRESSING: Prestressing as applied
to linear members, such as beams, columns,
(ACI)
etc .
MULTIELEMENT PRESTRESSING: Prestressing ac-
complished by stressing an assembly of sev—
eral individual structural elements as a
æans of producing one integrated structural
member.
(ACI)
MULTISTAGE STRESSING: Prestressing performed
in stages as the construction progresses.
(ACI )
NONCONCORDANT TENDONS :
In statically indeter—
minate structures, tendons that are not coin—
cident with the pressure line caused by the
tendons .
(See also "Cap cables") .
(ACI)
NONSIMULTANEOUS PRESTRESSING: The post-
tensi oning of tendons individually rather
than simultaneously. (ACI)
OVERSTRETCHING: Stressing of tendons to a
value higher than designed for the initial
stress to (I) overcome frictional losses,
(2) temporar ily overstress the steel to re—
duce steel creep that occurs after anchor—
age, and (3) counteract loss of prestressing
force that is caused by subsequent prestress—
ing of other tendons. (ACI)
PARALLEL—WIRE UNIT : A post—tensioning tendon
composed of a number of wires or strands
which are approximately parallel.
(ACI )
PARTIAL PRESTRESSING: Prestressing to a
stress level such that, under design loads,
tensile stresses exist in the precompressed
tensile zone of the prestressed member.
(ACI)
PARTIAL RELEASE: Release into a prestressed
concrete member of a portion Of the total
prestress initially held wholly in the
prestressed reinforcement.
(ACI )
PRECOMPRESSED ZONE: The area of a flexural
member which is compressed by the prestress—
ing tendons.
(ACI)
PRE-POST-TENSIONING: A method of fabricating
prestressed concrete in which some of the
tendons are pretensioned and a portion of
the tendons are post—tensioned .
(ACI )
PRESTRESSING BED: The platform and abutments
needed to support the forms and maintain the
tendons in a stressed condition during plac—
ing and curing of the concrete.
(PCI)
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE: Concrete in which there
have been introduced internal stresses of
such magnitude and distribution that the
stresses resulting from loads are counter—
acted to a desired degree.
(PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 12 ******
SPCTION 03230
PRETENSIONING: A method of prestressing concrete
whereby the tendons are elongated, anchored
while the concrete in the member is cast, and
released when the concrete is strong enough to
receive the stresses from the tendon through
(PCI)
bond.
Stress applied to ltEteriaIs suffi—
PROOF STRESS:
cient to produce a specified permanent strain;
a specific stress to which types of ten—
dons are subjected in the manufacturing pro—
cess as a means of reducing the deformation of
anchorage, reducing the creep of steel, or in—
suring that the tendon is sufficiently strong .
(ACI)
RELAXATION (OF STEEL): Decrease in stress in
steel as a result of creep within the steel
under prolonged strain; decrease in stress in
steel as a result of decreased strain of the
steel, such as results frcn shrinkage and
creep of the concrete in a prestressed con—
crete unit. (ACI)
(1) The time at which the prestressed
RELEASE :
strands are severed prior to removing the pre—
stressed units from the forms; (2) submittal
of drawings; (3) stripping of precast panel .
(PCI)
SEQUENCE-STRESSING LOSS:
In post—tensioning ,
the elastic loss in a stressed tendon result—
ing from the shortening of the member when
additional tendons are stressed. (ACI)
SHEATH : An enclosure in which post—tensioning
tendons are encased to prevent bonding dur—
ing concrete placement.
(ACI)
SLIP: Movement occurring between steel rein—
forcement and concrete in stressed reinforced
concrete indicating anchorage breakdown. (ACI)
STRAND: A prestressing tendon composed Of a
number Of wires twisted about a center wire
(ACI)
or core.
Tendon usually composed of three— or seven—
wire assemblies used as reinforcenent in
prestressed concrete.
(PCI)
STRAND CHUCK OR VICE: A device for holding a
strand under tension.
(PCI)
STRAND GRIP : A device used to anchor strands
(ACI)
STRESSING END: In prestressed concrete, the
end of the tendon from which the load is ap—
plied when tendons are stressed fran one
end only. (ACI)
SWIFT: A reel or turntable on which prestress—
ing tendons are placed to facilitate hand I—
ing and plac
(ACI)
TENDON: Tensioned element, generally high—
strength steel wires, strands, or bars, used
to impart prestress to the concrete; in
post—tensioned concrete, the complete assem—
bly of prestressing steel, anchorages and
sheathing, when required, is also called a
tendon . (PCI)
03230
STRESSING TENDONS
Steel element such as a wire, cable,
bar, rod, or strand used to impart pre—
stress to concrete when the element is
ten s ioned.
(ACI )
TENDON (BONDED): Tendon which is bonded
to the concrete through grouting or
other approved means, and therefore is
not free to move relative to the con—
crete. (PCI )
TENDON (UNBONDED) :
Tendon in which the
prestressing steel is permanently free
to move relative to the concrete to
which it is applying the prestressing
forces.
(PCI)
TENDON PROFILE: The path or trajectory
of the prestressing tendon.
(ACI )
THREADED ANCHORAGE: An anchorage device
which is provided with threads to faci—
litate attaching the jacking device and
to effect the anchorage.
(ACI)
TRAJECTORY OF PRESTRESSING FORCE: The
path along which the prestress is effec—
tive in a structure or member; it is
coincident with the center of gravity
of the tendons for simple flexural mem—
bers and statically indeterminate mem—
bers which are prestressed with concor—
dant tendons, but is not coincident with
the center of gravity of the tendons of
a statically indeterminate structure
which is prestressed with noncorcordant
tendons .
(ACI )
TRANSFER: The act of transferring the stress
in prestressing tendons from the jacks
or pretensioning bed to thc concrete mem—
ber.
(ACI)
TRANSFER BOND: In pretensioning, the bond
stress resulting from the transfer of
stress from the tendon to the concrete .
(ACI )
TRANSFER STRENGTH: The concrete strength
required before stress is transferred
from the stressing mechanism to the con—
(ACI)
crete.
TRANSMISSION LENGTH; Th.e distance at the
end of a pretensioned tendon necessary
for the bond stress to develop the maxi—
mum tendon stress; sometimes called
"Transfer length" .
(ACI)
UNBONDED MEMBER: Post-tensioned, pre-
stressed concrete element in which ten—
sioning force is applied against end
anchorages only, tendons being free to
move within the element.
(ACI)
UNBONDED POST-TENSIONING:
Post—tensioning
in which the tendons are not grouted
after stressing.
(ACI)
UNBONDED TENDON: A tendon which is not
bonded to the concrete section.
(ACI)

****** Result for Image/Page 13 ******
SECTION 03230
WIRE WINDING: Application of high tensi Ie
wire, tound under tension by machines,
around circular concrete or shotcrete
walls, domes or other tension—resisting
structural components.
(Act)
WOBBLE COEFFICIENT: A coefficient used in de-
termining the friction loss occurring in
post—tensioning, which is assumed to ac—
count for the secondary curvature of the
tendons .
(ACI)
Friction caused by the unintended varia—
tion of the prestressing steel sheath or
duct from its specified profile.
(ACI)
03230
STRESSING TENDONS

****** Result for Image/Page 14 ******
SECTION 03250
BEARING PAD: A pad, usually neoprene, which
is placed between a member and its support.
(PCI)
BEARING PLATE: A steel- or teflon-coated
plate placed between a member and its sup—
(PCI)
port.
CAST—IN: Cast integrally with a concrete
unit; not stabbed in after casting.
(PCI)
CAP PLATE: A steel plate anchored into the
top of a precast unit used to distribute
bearing stresses.
(PCI )
COIL THREAD: A helical—shaped thread which
fits the contour and diameter of the wire
from which a coil insert is formed.
This
thread is fast, nonclogging, self—cleaning
and damage—resistant.
(PCI )
CONTROL JOINT: Formed, sawed or tooled
groove in a concrete structure to regul—
late the location and of cracking
and separation resulting from the dimen—
sional change of different parts of a
structure so as to avoid the development
of high stresses.
(ACI)
DEFORBIED STUD: A steel rod having an irreg-
u lar surface texture and used for anchor—
ing an angle or plate in concrete; stud
is fastened to angle or plate with a
special gun (stud welder) by passing a
current through the stud.
(PCI)
EXPANSION JOINT; A separation between ad,
joining parts of a concrete structure
which is provided to allow snaII relative
movements such as those caused by thermal
changes to occur independently.
(ACI)
EXPANSION BOLT OR ANCHOR: An expandable de-
vice made of metal inserted into a drilled
hole in hardened concrete that grips con—
crete by wedging action when the nut or
head is rotated.
(PCI)
FERRULE: The nut—like portion of an insert
which receives a machine bolt; it is ma—
chined from bar stock.
(PCI)
GROOVE JOINT: A construction joint created
by forming a groove in the surface of a
pavement, floor slab, or wall to control
random cracking . (ACI )
HARDWARE: A collective term applied to i terns
used in connecting precast units or attach—
ing or acconunodating adjacent materials or
equipment. Hardware is normally divided
into three categories:
Contractor's hardware: Items to be placed
on or in the structure in order to receive
the precast concrete units; e. g. , anchor
bolts, angles, or plates with suitable an—
chor s.
03250
CONCRETE ACCESSORIES
Plant hardware: Items to be embedded the
concrete units thernselves, either for con—
nections and precast erector's work, or for
other trades, such as mechanical, plumbing,
glazing, miscellaneous iron, masonry or
roofing trades.
Erection hardware: All loose hardware neces—
sary for the installation Of the precast
concrete units.
(PCI)
HEADED STUD: Resembl ing a threadless bolt;
its use and installation are the same as a
deformed stud .
(PCI)
INSERT : A connecting or handling device cast
into precast units.
Inserts are machine—
or coil—threaded to receive a bolt or slotted
to receive a bolt head.
(PCI)
LONGITUDINAL JOINT: A joint parallel to the
long dimension of a structure or pavement.
(ACI)
REGLET : A long, narrow formed slot in concrete
to receive flashing or to serve as anchorage .
(CRSI)
SCREED: A template to guide f inishers in
leveling off the top of fresh concrete.
Screeding is the operation Of rough leveling.
(CRSI)
SCREED CHAIRS:
Supports to fix the depth of
slab and to hold guides for leveling off
(CRSI)
concrete .
SHEARHEAD: Assembled unit in the top of
columns of flat slab or flat plate construc—
t ion to transmit loads from slab to column
(CRSI)
WELD PLATE: A plate with attached anchors
cast into concrete for the purpose of making
a welded connection.
(PCI)
WATERSTOP: A thin sheet Of metal, rubber ,
plastic or other material inserted across a
joint to obstruct the seeping of water
through the joint.
(ACT )

****** Result for Image/Page 15 ******
SECTION 03350
AGGREGATE TRANSFER: A method of obtaining an
exposed aggregate surface; aggregates are
held in an adhesive on form liners, the
liners are installed in the forms, concrete
is placed and cured, and forms and liners
are removed; aggregates become embedded in
and bonded to the concrete to such an extent
that they are transferred from the liners to
the concrete .
(PCI )
BUSH—HAMMER: To break the smooth surface
finish of a panel with a pneumatic tool
having a serrated face.
(PCI )
A hammer having a serrated face, as rows of
pyramidal points used to roughen or dress a
surface; to finish a concrete surface by
application Of a bush—harnmer.
(ACI )
BUSH-HAMMER FINISH: A finish on concrete ob-
tained by means of a bush—harmer. (ACI)
CARBON BLACK: A finely divided amorphous
carbon used to color conc rete; produced by
burning natural gas in supply of air in—
sufficient for complete combustion; char—
acterized by a high oil absorption and a
low specific gravity.
(ACI)
EXPOSED AGGREGATE CONCRETE: concrete with
the aggregates exposed by surface treat—
men t. Different degrees of exposure are
defined as follows:
Light exposure; Where only the surface skin
Of cement and sand is removed, just suffi—
cient to expose the edges of the closest
coarse aggregate.
Medium exposure: Where a further removal
of cement and sand has caused the coarse
aggregate to vis uaIIy appear approximately
equal in area to the matrix.
Deep exposure: Where cement and fine aggre—
gates have been removed from sur face
so that the coarse aggregates become the
major surface feature.
(PCI)
EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH: A decorative
finish for concrete v.ork achieved by re—
moving, generally before the concrete has
fully hardened, the outer skin of rtortar
and exposing the coarse aggregate.
(ACI)
FACE MIX: The concrete at the exposed face
of a concrete unit; used for specific ap—
(PCI)
pearance rea sons.
GAP-GRADED CONCRETE:.Z A mix with one or a
range of normal aggregate sizes eliminated
and/or with a heavier concentration of cer—
tain aggregate sizes over and above stan—
aard gradation limits; it is used to obtain
a specific exposed aggregate finish. (PCI)
HARDSPOT; An area of an exposed aggregate
finish which contains no coarse aggregate .
(PCI )
03350
SPECIAL CONCRETE FINISHES
>ATTE FINISH: A finish free from gloss or
highlights.
(PCI )
MOSAIC: Srnall colored tile, glass, stone
or similar material arranged to produce a
decorative sur face.
(PCI)
PIGMENT: A coloring rtEtter, usually in the
form of an insoluble fine powder.
(ACI)
RETARDER, SURFACE: A material used to re-
tard or prevent the hardening of the cement
paste on a concrete surface within a time
period and to a depth to facilitate removal
Of this paste after the concrete elernent
is otherwise cured (a method of producing
exposed aggregate finish) .
(PCI )
RUBBED FINISH: A finish obtained by using
an abrasive to remove surface irregularities
from concrete.
(See also Sack rub") (ACI)
RUSTICATION ; A groove in a panel face for
archit ectural appearance; also reveal .
(PCI )
RUSTICATION STRIP : A strip of wood or other
material attached to a form surface to pro—
duce a groove or rustication in the con—
(PCI)
crete.
REVEAL: (I) Groove in a panel face generally
used to create a desired architectural ef—
fect; (2) The projection of the coarse ag—
gregate from the matrix after exposure. (PCI)
SACKING: A cormon remedy for pits and air
bubble holes in slurry (the con—
sistency of thick cream) consisting of a mix—
ture of sand and cement is thoroughly rubbed
over the moistened area with clean burlap
pads or sponge rubber floats.
(PCI)
SACK RUB: A finish for forrned concrete sur—
faces, designed to produce even texture and
fill all pits and air holes; after dampening
the sur face, mortar is rubbed over surface;
then, before it dries, a mixture of dry ce—
ment and sand is rubbed over it with a wad
of burlap or a sponge—rubbed float to re—
move surplus mortar and fill voids. (ACI)
SAND BLAST: A system of cutting or abrading
a surface such as concrete by a stream of
sand ejected from a nozzle at high speed
by compressed air; often used for cleanup
of horizontal construction joints or for
exposure of aggregate in architectural con—
crete. (ACI)
system of abrading a surface such as
concrete by a stream of sand, or other
abrasive, ejected from a nozzle at high
speed, by water and/or compressed air. (PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 16 ******
SECTION 03360
AIR BLOW PIPE: Air jet used in shotcrete
gunning to rebound or other loose
material from the work area (ACI)
CONCRETE, PREPLACED-AGGREGATE: concrete pro-
duced by placing coarse aggregate in a form
and later injecting a portland cement—sand
grout, usually with admixtures, to fill
the voids. (ACI)
CUTTING SCREED:
Sharp—edged tool used to
trim shotcrete to finished outline.
(See
also "Rod"). (ACI)
DRY-MIX SHOTCRETE: Pneumatically conveyed
shotcrete in which most of the mixing water
is added at the nozzle.
(See also "Pneu—
mat ic feed) .
(ACT)
FINISH COAT: Final thin coat of shotcrete
preparatory to hand finishing; also ex—
posed coat of plaster and stucco. (ACI)
FLASH COAT: A light coat of shotcrete used
to cover minor blemishes on a concrete sur—
(ACI)
face.
GO—DEVIL: A ball Of rolled—up burlap, paper
or specially fabricated device put into
the pump end of a pipeline and forced
through the pipe by water pressure to
clean the pipeline.
(ACI )
GROUTED-AGGREGATE CONCRETE: Concrete which
is formed by injecting grout into previous—
Iy placed coarse aggregate.
(See also
"Concrete; Preplaced—aggregate " ) .
(ACI)
GROUT SLOPE :
The natural slope of fluid
grout injected into preplaced—aggregate
(ACI )
conc rete .
GROUND WIRE: Small—gauge, high—strength
steel wire used to establish line and
grade as in shotcrete wrk; also called
alignment wire or screed wire. (ACI)
(1) Shotcrete material delivery equip—
GUN :
ment, usually consisting of double cham—
bers under pressure; equipment with a sin—
gle pressure charnber is used to some ex—
(2) Pressure cylinder used to pro—
tent.
pel freshly mixed concrete pneumatical I y.
(ACI )
GUN FINISH: Undisturbed final layer of shot—
crete as applied from nozzle, without hand
finishing. (ACI )
TIP: Flared shotcrete nozzle having a
larger diameter at midpoint than either
inlet or outlet; also designated premixing
tip .
(ACI)
IZQENDING SLOUGH : The consistency obtained
with shotcrete containing the maximum
amount of water that can be used without
flow or sag after placernent. (ACI)
PASS:
Layer of shotcrete placed in one move—
ment over the field of operation.
(ACT)
03360
SPECIALLY PACED CONCRETE
PNEUMATICALLY APPLIED MORTAR: see "Shoqcrete"
PNEUMATIC FEED:
Shotcret:e del ivery equip—
ment in which material is conveyed by a
pressurized air stream. (ACI)
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT: wet-mix shotcrete de-
livery equipment in which the material is
pushed through the material hose in a solid
mass by a piston or auger.
(ACI )
PUMPED CONCRETE : Concrete which is transported
through hose or pipe by means of a pump.
(ACI )
REBOUND: sand and cement or wet shotcrete
which bounces away from a surface against
which shotcrete is being projected.
(ACI)
SAGGING: Subsidence of shotcrete material
from a sloping, vertical, or overhead place—
ment; also, the condition of a horizontal
structural member bending downward under
load .
(See also "Sloughing) .
(ACI )
SHOOTING :
Placing of shotcrete.
(See also
"Gunning" ) .
(ACI)
SHOTCRETE : Mortar or concrete conveyed
through a hose and projected at high
velocity onto a surface; also known as air—
blown mortar; also pneumat icaIIy appl led
mortar or concrete, sprayed mortar and
gunned concrete.
(ACI )
SLICK LINE : End section of a pipe line
used in placing concrete by pump which is
irnmersed in the placed concrete and moved
as the work progresses.
(ACI)
SLUGGING :
Pulsating and intermittent flow
of shotcrete material due to improper use
of delivery equipment and materials.
(ACI)
TREMIE: A pipe or tube, having an internal
diameter of at least 10 in. (250 run) ,
through which concrete is deposited, having
at its upper end a hopper for filling and
a bail by means of which the assembly can
be moved by a crane. (ACI)
WATER RING: Perforated manifold in nozzle
of dry—mix shotcrete equipment through
which water is added to the materials. (ACI)

****** Result for Image/Page 17 ******
SECTION 03370
. ADIABATIC CURING: The maintenance of adia—
batic conditions in concrete or mortar
during the curing period.
(ACI)
ATMOSPHERIC STEAM CURING:
Steam curing of
concrete products or cement at atmospheric
pressure, usually at maximum ambient tan—
perature between 100—200? (40—95C) .
(ACI )
AUTOCLAVE: A pressure vessel in which an
environment of steam at high pressure may
be produced; used in the curing of concrete
products and in the testing of hydraulic
(ACI)
cement.
AUTOCLAVE CURING: steam curing of concrete
products, sandlime brick, asbestos—cement
products, hydrous calcium silicate insula—
t ion products, or cement in an autoclave at
maximum arnbient tenperatures generally be—
tween 340 and 420 F (170 and 215 C). (ACI)
AUTOCLAVE CYCLE: The time interval between
the start of the temperature—rise period
and the end of the blowdown period; also,
a schedule of the time and tenperature—
pressure conditions of per iods which rake
up the cycle.
(ACI)
BLOWDOWN PERIOD : Time taken to reduce pres—
sure in an autoclave from maximum to at—
mospheric.
(ACT)
COTTON BATS: Cotton-filled quilts fabricated
for use as a water—retaining covering in
curing concrete surfaces. (ACI )
CURING : Maintenance of hurnidity and tempera—
ture of freshly placed concrete during some
definite period following placing, casting
or finishing to assure satisfactory hydra—
tion of the cementitious rnaterials and prop—
er hardening of the concrete.
(ACI)
CURING DELAY: In steam curing of concrete
products, the per iod between the completion
Of placement of concrete in molds and forms
or forming of masonry units by machine and
the application of steam. (ACI)
MAXIMUM-TEMPERATURE PERIOD: A time interval
throughout which the Itaxirnum tenper ature
is held constant in an autoclave or steam—
curing room. (ACI )
CURING: A process that involves
either liquid sealing compound (e.g. ,
bituminous and paraffinic emulsions ,
coal tar cut—backs, pigmented and non—
pigmented resin suspensions, or suspen—
sions of wax and drying oil) or nonliquid
protective coating (e. g. ,
sheet plastics
or waterproof paper) , both of Which types
function as films to restrict evaporation
of mixing water from the fresh concrete
surface. (ACI)
POLYETHYLENE : A thermoplastic high—molecular
weight organic compound used in fomulating
protective coatings or, in skeet form, as
03370
CONCRETE CURING
a protective cover for concrete surfacps
during the curing period, or to provide a
temporary enclosure for construction opera—
tions .
(ACI)
PRESTEAMING PERIOD: In the manufacture of
concrete products, the time between molding
Of a concrete product and start of the
temperature—rise period.
(ACI)
SINGLE-STAGE CURING: Autoclave curing process
in which precast concrete products are put
on metal pallets for autoclaving and re—
main there until stacked for delivery or
yard storage.
(ACI)
SOAKING PERIOD: In high—pressure and low—
pressure steam curing, the time dur ing
which the live steam supply to the kiln or
autoclave is shut off and the concrete
products are exposed to the residual heat
and moisture.
(ACI)
STEAM CURING: Curing of concrete or mortar
in water vapor at atmospheric or higher
pressures and at temperatures between about
100 and 420 F (30 and 215 C) .
(See also
"Atmospheric—pressure steam curing; Auto—
clave curing; Single—stage curing; and
Two—stage curing) t' .
(ACI)
STEAM-CURING CYCLE: The time interval between
the start of the temperature—rise period and
the end Of the soaking period or the cooling—
off period; also a schedule Of the time and
temperature of periods which make up the
cyc I e.
(ACI)
TEMPERATURE RISE PERIOD: The time interval
dur ing which the temperature of a concrete
product rises at a controlled rate to the
desired maximum in autoclave or atmospheric—
pressure steam curing .

****** Result for Image/Page 18 ******
SECTION 03400
ABRASIVE NOSING: A nonskid retal unit which
is cast into the nose of a precast stair
(PCI )
pan el .
ABSORPTION: The process by which Eter is
absorbed; the of water absor bed
under specific conditions, usually ex—
pressed as a percentage of dry weight
of the material.
(PCI )
ABSORPTION TEST FOR CONCRETE: A test for
ea rly indication of predictable æather
staining (rather than durability) .
ADMIXTURE: A 11EteriaI other than water ,
aggregates and cement used as an ingre—
dient of concrete or grout to impart
special characteristics.
(PCI )
ADMIXTURE, AIR ENTRAINING: A material
added to the concrete for the purpose of
entraining minute bubbles of air in the
concrete during mixing and thus improv—
ing the durability of concrete exposed
to cyclical freezing and thawing in the
presence of rroisture.
A FRAME: An A—shaped frame used to support
panels on flat bed trucks during shipping .
(PCI)
AGGREGATE: Naturally occurring, processed
or manufactured, inorganic particles
which are mixed with portland cement and
water to produce concrete; norrnaIIy com—
prises 60 to 80 percent of the total vol—
(PCI)
ume of concrete.
AGGREGATE, COARSE: Aggregates with particle
sizes greater than about 1/4 inch.
(PCI )
AGGREGATE, FINE: Natural or ltEnufactured
sand with particle sizes snaller than
about 1/4 inch.
(PCI)
AGGREGATE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT: Aggregate
having a dry, loose weight of 70 PCF (pounds
(PCI )
per cubic foot) or less.
AGGREGATE TRANSFER: A metYDd of obtaining an
exposed aggregate surface; aggregates are
held in an adhesive on form liners, the
liners are installed in the forms, concrete
is placed and cured and forms and liners
are removed; aggregates become embedded in
and bonded to the concrete to such an ex—
tent that they are transferred from
liners to the concrete.
(PCI)
AIRCRAFT CABLE: Multistrand steel cable,
in loop form, cast in precast panels for
handling purposes; cable is nore flexible
than pr estressing s trand . (PCI )
AIR ENTAINMENT: An increase in the unount of
air in a concrete mix through the use of
an air—entraining admixture (see adnixture
air entraining) ; air entrained concrete
displays increased workability and cohe—
siveness.
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
AIR POCKET: Pits (entrapped air or water
bubbles) in the form faces of a panel
caused by improper consolidation or inade—
(PCI)
quate draft.
ALIGN}ENT FACE: Pace of a wall panel which
is to be set in alignment with the face
(PCI)
of adjacent panels.
ALTERNATE: A method or material to be used
in place of that originally shown.
(PCI )
AMBIENT TEMPEmTURE: vunperature of the sur-
rounding air and of the forms into which
concrete i.s to be cast.
(PCI)
(I) Headed studs, deformed studs,
ANCHOR:
straps, rebar, etc., welded to steel angles
or plates and embedded in concrete for use
(2) Any item cast
as part of a connection.
into or pre—affixed •to the structure for
the purpose of receiving a connection. (PCI )
In prestressed concrete, to lock the stressed
tendon in posi tion so that it will retain its
stressed condition; in precast concrete con—
struction, to attach the precast units to
the building frame; in slabs on grade or
walls, to fasten to rock or adjacent struc—
tures to prevent movement of the slab or wall
with respect to the foundation, adjacent
structure, or rock. (ACI)
In post—tensioning, a device used
ANCHORAGE:
to anchor the tendon to the concrete member;
in pretensioning, a device used to anchor
the tendon during hardening of the concrete;
in precast concrete construction, the de—
vices for attaching precast units to the
building frame; in slab or wall construction,
the device used to anchor the slab or wall
to the foundation, rock or adjacent struc—
(ACI )
ture .
ANCHORAGE DEFORMATION OR SLIP: The loss of
elongation or stress in the tendons of pre—
stressed concrete due to the deformation
Of the anchorage or slippage of the tendons
in the anchorage device when the prestress—
ing force is transferred from the jack to
the anchorage device.
(ACI)
In post—tensioning, the region
ANCHORAGE ZONE :
adjacent the anchorage subjected to secondary
stresses resulting from the distribution of
the prestressing force; in pretensioning,
the region in which the transfer bond stress—
es are developed. (AC I)
ANGIE IRON: A steel section consisting of
two legs at an angle (which is almost in—
variably a right angle) .
(PCI )
APPROVAL: Acceptance of the Precaster s draw—
ings by the Architect, Engineer of Record
and General Contractor indicating that all
bui Iding conditions and dimensions shown
are correct and final.
(PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 19 ******
SECTION 03400
ARCH*TECTURAL PRECAST CONCRETE: Any precast con-
crete unit of special or occasionally standard
shape that through application or finish, shape,
color or texture contributes to the architec—
tural form and finished effect Of the struc—
ture; units may be structural or decorative,
and may be conventionally reinforced or pre—
(PCI)
stressed.
ARC WELDING: A process by which pieces of
steel to be joined are by an arc formed
between an electrode and the steel; as the
electrode melts, it supplies weld ia1
which fuses the pieces Of steel together. (PCI)
AREA OF STEEL: Cross—sectional area of reinf orc—
ing bars required for a given concrete section.
(PCI)
Shape edge or ridge formed by two sur—
ARRIS :
(PCI)
faces meeting at an angle.
ASSEMBLY: A set of parts arranged into one unit.
(PCI)
AXIAL LOAD: A load applied on the axial center
of an element. (PCI)
BACK SPAN: The distance between the supports
(PCI)
of a cantilevered member.
BACKUP MATERIAL: Material used to limit the
depth of sealant in panel joints. (PCI )
BACKUP MIX; The concrete cast into the mold
as a filler behind a thin layer of the nor e
expensive face mix . (PCI)
BAGTIE: Thin gauge wire ties (generally NO.
16, 15 or 14 gauge) used to fasten rein—
forcing bars together at intersections. (PCI)
BALANCE POINT: (See center of gravity) .
BAR CHAIR: A noncorrosive, rigid device used
to support and/or hold reinforcing bars at
a given distance from the form face before
and during concreting. (PCI)
BAR JOIST: A lightæight steel truss for sup—
porting floors and roofs. (PCI)
BAR NUMBER: A number (approxinEte1y rein—
forcing bar diameter in eighths of inches )
used to designate reinforcing bar size; bar
numbers are rolled onto the bar for easy iden—
tif ication .
(PCI)
BAR STOOL: (See bar chair) .
BASE LINE: The bottom re ference point of a build—
ing which serves as a basis for neasurement and/
or dimensions (.PCI)
BASE PLATE: A steel plate anchored to the bottom
of a precast unit for the purpose of fastening
(PCI )
it to the foundation
BATTER: (See draft) . (PCI)
BATTERY MOLD: A ser Ies of reusable casting slots
used to manufacture panels in a vertical
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
position, thus reducing reinforcing re—
quirements and imparting a smooth form
finish to both faces. (PCI)
BAY: Square or rectangular areas, usual—
Iy in a uniform grouping which are con—
tained between adjacent columns, beams
and/or walls.
(PCI )
BEAM: A horizontal structural member carry—
ing loads frorn a floor or roof system
(which induce bending) and usually span—
ning between columns, girders, piers or
walls.
BEAM POCKET: Opening in a vertical mem—
(PCI)
ber in which a beam is to rest.
BEAR: To transfer vertical load to another
member.
(PCI)
BEARING AREA. The surface in square inch-
es, which comes in contact with a verti—
(PCI)
cal load transferring member.
BEARING PAD: The surface in square inches,
which is placed between a member and
its support.
(PCI)
BEARING PLATE: A steel-or teflon-coated
plate placed between a member and its
support. (PCI )
BELT COURSE: A flat, horizontal panel
which bands the perimeter of a building
marking a division in the wall plane.
(PCI )
BENCH mRK: A datum point, the elevation
of which is known, from which differences
in elevation are determined.
(PCI)
BENT: For analysis purposes , the struc—
tural cross—section through a bay of a
building .
(PCI)
BILL OF FATERIALS: Material list for in-
dividual project.
(PCI)
BITUMINOUS PAINT: Paint ItEde from bitu-
minous coal by—products used to prevent
corrosion of steel; applied after all
welding is completed.
(PCI )
BLEED HOLE; A hole in a plate or angle
Which is provided solely to release
entrapped air or water dur ing concrete
placing operations. (PCI )
BLEEDING; A form of segregation in which
some of the water in a mix rises to the
surface of freshly placed concrete; al—
so knovm as water gain.
(PCI)
BLOCKING: The shims required to level
and/or plumb a unit in its proper posi—
tion.
(PCI)
BLOCKING POINTS; Tw predetermined loca-
tions at which a panel is to be sup—
ported during storage and/or Shipping
to minimize bending moments.
(PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 20 ******
SECTION 03400
BLOCKOU'T: To form a hole or reduce the
height or width of a panel by affixing
material to the form (space within a form
in which concrete is not to be placed) .
(PCI)
BLOCK BEAM: A flexural member composed
of individual blocks which are joined to—
(ACI
gether by prestressing .
BLOWHOLE: Approximately 1/2 inch diameter
cavities in the fon-n face of a panel caus—
ed by an adhering air or water bubble not
displaced dur ing consolidation (see air
(PCI)
pocket) .
BOND: Adhesion of concrete to reinforce—
ment or to other surfaces against which
it is placed.
(PCI)
BOND BEAM: A horizontal reinforced c on—
(PCI)
crete masonry .
BONDED MEMBER : A prestressed concrete
member in which the tendons are bonded
to the concrete either directly or
(ACI )
through grouting.
BONDED POST-TENSIONING: Post-tensioned
con struction in which the annular spaces
around the tendons are grouted after
stressing, thereby bonding the tendon
to the concrete section .
(ACI)
BONDED TENDON ; A prestressing tendon wh ich
is bonded to the concrete either directly
or through grouting. (ACI )
BOND BREAKER: A substance placed on a ma—
terial to prevent it from bonding to
the concrete or between a face Irater lal
such as natural stone and the conc rete
back up.
BONDING AGENT: A substance used to increase
the bond between an existing piece of con—
crete and a subsequent applica tion of con—
crete such as a patch. (PCI)
BOWING: The deflection Of a vertical panel
in a single plane.
(PCI)
BREAK LINE: Lines used to increase or de—
crease a large item or section.
(PCI )
BRIDGING: Braces between and pe rpendicular
to steel fl oor and roof members which
provide stress distribution .
(PCI )
(PCI )
See blowhole.
BUGHOLE :
BUILDING CODE: Laws or regulations set up by
building departments of cities, states and
Federal Government for uniformity in con—
struction, design and building practices.
(PCI)
BULKHEAD: A vertical partition in the form
blocking fresh concrete from a section of
the form; divides a continuous casting bed
into given unit lengths.
(PCI)
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
BUNDLING: Placing several parallel elements
of reinforcement in contact with each •other.
(PCI)
BURR: (I) To disfigure the threads of a bolt
by stroking with a screwdr iver or other tool .
(2) Unwanted uneven proj ections on the edge
(PCI )
of a precast panel.
BUSH—HAMMER: To break the smooth surface fin—
i sh of a panel with a pneumatic tool hav—
ing a serrated face.
(PCI)
Service or æterial supplied and/
BY OTHERS:
or installed by someone other than the pre—
(PCI)
cast manufacturer.
CADMIUM PLATED: Electroplated with noncorro—
sive cadmium. (PCI)
CAGE: Reinforcing bar assembly comprised of
(PCI)
rebar and/or welded wire fabric.
CALCULATIONS: Neat, concise numerical jus-
tification for reinforcement, panel sizing ,
connections, etc. , prepared by a structural
engineer .
(PCI)
CALL OUT: A note on a drawing with a leader
to the feature
(PCI )
(I) The upward deflection which oc—
CAMBER:
curs in prestressed concrete elements due
to the net bending resulting from stressing
forces and ight.
It specif icaIIy
does not include dimensional inaccuracies
due to errors in manufacture, improper
bearings, or other deficiencies in cons—
truction; (2) a built—in upward curvature
in some forms for precast concrete, other
than prestressed, to avoid deflection un —
der load to below a defined line of finish—
ed product.
(PCI )
CANT : A triangular—shaped ma terial used to
eliminate a sharp right angle in roof mem—
branes at a vertical parapet .
(PCI )
CANTILEVER: The pr ojection of a member be—
pnd its support.
(PCI)
CAP PLATE: A steel plate anchored into the
top of a precast unit used to distribute
bearing stresses.
(PCI)
CAST: To place concrete (in plastic state)
into a form.
(PCI )
CAST—IN: Cast integrally with a concrete
unit; not stabbed in after casting.
(PCI)
CAST—IN—PLACE : Concrete which is placed in
the field.
(PCI)
CAST STONE:
Precast concrete whose finish
resembles that OE cut or polished stone .
(PCI)
Concrete or mortar cast into blocks or
small slabs in special molds so as to resem-
ble natural building stone.

****** Result for Image/Page 21 ******
SECTION 03400
CAULKING: An elastorreric sealant used to
fill panel joints thus sealing a building
from the elements .
(PCI)
CEBENT, PORTLAND : A dry binding substance
which when combined with water and aggre—
gate forms concrete . (PCI)
CENTER LINES: Broken lines indicating the
distance to the center of an obj ect from
(PCI)
the edge.
CENTER OF GRAVITY; The point from which, if
suspended, a panel will hang perfectly
plurnb. (PCI)
CHAMFER: A beveled corner or edge which is
formed in concrete work by placing a
three—cornered piece of wood (cant str ip
or skew back) in the form corner .
(pcl)
CHAMFER STRIP: Triangular or curved insert
placed in inside corner of form to produce
rounded or beveled corner; also called
fillet, cant strip, skew back.
(PCI)
CnNNEL: A precast unit ha ving the shape
of an open rectangle.
(PCI)
(I) A vertical space within a build—
CEASE;
ing for ducts, pipes or wires; (2) A long
groove or recess formed or cut in panel .
(PCI)
CHERT: Unsound aggregates which are subject
to considerable change in volume and
result in surface pop—outs
(PCI )
CHOCKER: A chain or cable sling hitch
for handling or lashing down precast
the greater the load the tighter the
(PCI )
. ANCHOR: A type of expansion bolt.
(PCI)
can
used
units;
grip.
CLEARANCE :
The distance between two sur—
faces .
(PCI)
CLEAR SPAN: The distance between the in side
edges of the bearing surfaces of sup—
porting member s . (PCI )
CLEVIS : A U—shaped piece of metal with holes
in each end through *lich a pin is placed.
(PCI )
CLIP ANGLE: A noncontinuous steel angle used
for fastening precast units.
(PCI )
COIL THREAD: A helical—shaped thread which
fits the contour and diameter of the wire
from which a coil insert is formed.
Thi s
thread is fast, nonclogging, sel f—cleaning
and damage—resistant.
(PCI)
COLD JOINT: A joint necessitated by several
casting stages but designed and executed
to allow the separate components to appear
and perform as one homogeneous unit; term
only applies when the first casting is al—
lowed to harden prior to placing the second.
(PCI)
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
COLUMN: An element used primarily to support
axial compressive loads and with a height
at least three times its smallest lateral
dimension .
(PCI )
COLUMN COVER: A precast panel which covers
one or more sides of a column which
otherwise be exposed .
(PCI )
COLUMN LINE: A plan reference line which is
usually the centerline or exterior face Of
a column as determined by the Architect.
(PCI )
COME *LONG: A chain—or cable—type erection
device used to bring a panel into the build—
ing once the base is set and the crane has
been released.
(PCI)
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION: A type of construc-
t ion wherein the floor slab is fastened to
the beams in such a manner that they act
together as a more efficient member in carry—
ing live loads.
(PCI)
COMPRESSION : A force which wrks to compress,
compact and shorten (PCI)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; The measured resistance
of a concrete specimen to axial loading ex—
pressed as pounds per square inch (PSI) of
cross—sectional area. The Inaximum compres—
sive stress which concrete, or grout is
capable of sustaining.
(PCI)
CONCRETE : A mixture of port land cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. (PCI)
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT: Concrete
that has a 28—day compressive strength in
excess of 2, 500 PSI and an air—dry unit
weight of less than 115 PCF: a lightweight
concrete without natural sand is termed
al I—lightweight concrete and lightweight
concrete in which all fine aggregate con—
sists of normal weight sand is termed
sand—lightweight concrete.
(PCI )
CONCRETE COVER: The clear distance from the
face of the concrete to the reinforc ing
steel .
(PCI )
CONNECTIONS: Devices for the attachment of
precast units to each other or to the build—
ing structure.
(PCI )
CONSISTENCY: The degree of plasticity of
fresh concrete; the normal measure of con—
sistency is slump. (PCI)
CONSOLIDATION: The use of hand tools, vibra—
tors or finishing machines during the cast—
ing process to eliminate voids, other than
entrained air, and to provide a dense con—
crete, good bond with reinforcement, and
a snooth surface.
(PCI)
CONTINUOUS GRADED MIX: A concrete mix that
contains all the sizes of aggregates (be—
low a given maximum) in amounts which en—
sure an optimum density of the mix.
(PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 22 ******
SECTION 03400
CONTRACT DOCUBENTS: Architectural drawings, struc-
ttÆa1 drawings, specifications, addenda, etc. ,
from which proj ects are bid and precast drawings
are prepared. (PCI )
COPE: TO cut away a portion of one member to pro—
(PCI)
vide clearance for another mernber.
COPING: A panel which forms top of a and
seals it from the elements .
(PCI)
CORBEL: Steel or reinforced concrete bracket
which protrudes from a column or panel to
provide support for another liernber or to take
support from an adjacent part of structure. (PCI)
CORE DRILL: To cut holes in concrete with a cy—
lindrical bit.
(PCI)
CORNICE: Panel which fits under a ceiling or
projecting roof. (PCI)
COURSING: Module which coincides with the even
vertical spacing of brick or block. (PCI)
(PCI)
COVERMETER: see pachometer.
CR.AZING: A network of fine cracks in random di—
rections breaking the exposed face of a panel
into areas of from 1/4 inch to 3 inches across.
Some probable causes are rich cement mix, too
early stripping, and inadequate curing . (PCI )
CREEP The long—term nonelastic shortening of
concrete in compression under sustained load.
(PCI)
CROSS HATCH: Lines drawn closely together, gen—
erally at an angle of 450, to denote a sec—
tional cut. (PCI )
CRUST: A thin layer of dried cement which
forms on top surface of a panel as
of additional water being added during
ing. (PCI)
CULL: A precast unit which is discarded
(PCI)
sons of imperfection .
CURING: The maintenance Of humidity and
ture of freshly placed concrete during
a result
Plac—
for ræ—
tempera—
some
definite period following placing, casting, or
finishing to assure satisfactory hydration of
the cementitious materials and proper harden—
ing of the concrete; wrpre the curing ternpera—
ture remains in the nornzl environment range
(generally between 55F and 90F) use the term
normal curing; where the curing tenperature is
increased to a higher range (generally between
90F and 150F) use the terrn accelerated curing.
(PCI)
CURTAIN VALL: precast panels which when in
place may form window frames and inter ior/
exterior wall construction, but support no
loads from building .
(PCI)
CUT SEEET: small drawings, usually 8-1/2 in-
ches x II inches, showing deta i Is of indi—
vid uaI assemblies or panel conditions. (PCI)
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
DEFLECTION: The distance a structural
member moves from its normal position
when subjected to a load.
DEFORMATION: A change of dimension or
shape in a body resulting from external
loading. (PCI)
DEFORMED BAR: Reinforcing bar manufac-
tured with deformations (bumps, lugs or
ridges) to provide a locking anchorage
(bond) with the surrounding concrete.
(PCI )
DEFORMED STUD: A steel rod having an
irregular surface texture and used for
anchoring an angle or plate in con—
concrete i stud is fastened €0 angle or
plate with a special gun (stud welder)
by passing a current through the stud.
(PCI)
DETAIL: An enlarged drawing of an area
which be difficult to understand
at its previous scale.
(PCI)
DIMENSION LINE: Fine lines placed out-
side the •view or- Object to indicate
measured distance.
(PCI)
DOVETAIL ANCHOR: A tenon consisting of a
flat piece of light—gauge metal.
(PCI)
DOVETAIL SLOT: A mortise consisting of
a preformed slot.
(PCI)
DOWEL: A metal pin used to fasten panel
bases to cast—in—place concrete or
other precast, by fitting into corres—
ponding holes in the respective units;
dowel type connections are a carry—
over from stone construction and
should not be used indiscriminately
(PCI)
DRAFT: The slope of concrete surface in
relation to the direction in which the
precast element is withdrawn from the
mold; it is provided to facilitate
stripping with a minimum of mold break—
down . (PCI)
DRAW: See draft.
(PCI)
DRIP : A projecting fin or groove at the
outer edge of a sill, projecting hori—
zontal wall element or soffit, designed
to interrupt the flow of rainwater
downward over the wall or inward across
the soffit; drips are normally used
only on units having a smooth or lightly
exposed finish.
(PCI)
DRY—PACK: Hand grouting with a very dry
mix; the grout is tamped into the joint.
(PCI)
DUCTILITY: The property of a material
to stretch or "give a little" when over—
loaded rather than rupture.
(PCI )

****** Result for Image/Page 23 ******
SECTION 03400
DUNNAGE: Materials used for keeping con—
crete elements frqn touching each other or
other materials during storage and trans—
por tation. (PCI )
DURABILITY: The ability of concrete to re-
sist weathering action, chemical attack
and abrasion .
(PCI)
DUROMETER: The ind ication of hardness of a
neoprene pads) ; higher
material (i.e.,
numbers indicate increased hardness. (PCI )
ECCENTRICITY: The distance between cen—
ter of a load and the center of its sup—
port.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH: The length used for de-
sign of compression members. (PCI)
EFFLORESCENCE: A crystalline deposit of
soluble salts, usually white in color,
appearing on the surface of concrete;
salts are carried in solution to the sur—
face of the concrete where carbonation and
evaporation take place; incidence cf eff—
lorescence is largely regulated by permea—
bility and texture of the concrete sur—
face; some probable causes Of efflores—
cence are high water cement ratio, poor
release agent applica tion and nonuniform
curing; dense concrete with low absorption
is less susceptible to this condition.
(PCI)
(1) The distance (above (+) posi—
ELEVATION :
tive, below (—) negative) from any point
to the established datum; (2) Drawing of
front, sides or rear face of a building in a
vertical plane, usually 11Bde as though the
observer were looking straight at it. (PCI )
ELONGATION: In prestressed wrk, the d if fer—
ence between a strand 's initial length and
its length after stressing.
(PCI )
END CLOSURE: A precast unit which fits be—
tween- the • stems of a prestressed slab form—
ing a diaphragm or wall closure.
(PCI )
END RAIL: That portion of a form which dic—
tates the top and bottom of a panel. (PCI)
ENGINEER OF RECORD: Engineer who creates ori-
ginal building design and is responsible
for the design.
(PCI)
ENVELOPE MOLD: A box mold where all sides
remain in place during the entire cast—
ing and str ipping cycle.
ERECTION : The placing of precast units into
their respective positions in the struc—
tur e . (PCI )
ERECTION MARX; An identification mark or
number pla ced on the end of each member
to aid in the erection of the structure .
(PCI)
EXPANDED METAL: A light gauge flat retal
with large holes occurring in regular
(PCI )
pattern .
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
EXPANSION BOLT OR ANCHOR: An expandable de-
vice made of metal inserted into a drilled
hole in hardened concrete that grips con—
crete by wedging action when the nut or
head is rotated. (PCI)
EXPOSED AGGREGATE CONCRETE: concrete with
the aggregates exposed by surface treatment.
Dif ferent degrees of exposure are defined
as follows:
Light exposure——where only the surface skin
of cement and sand is removed, just suffi—
cient to expose the edges of the closest
coarse aggregate.
Medium exposure—where a further removal of
cernent and sand has caused the
coarse aggre—
gate to visually appear approximately equal
in area to the matrix.
Deep cement and fine aggre—
gates have been removed from the surface so
that the coarse aggregates become the major
surface feature.
(PCI)
EXTENSION LINE: A line used to indicate the
extremities of a feature requiring a dimen—
s ion.
(PCI)
FABRICATION : Actual work on reinforcing bars
or hardware such as cutting , bending and
assembly. (PCI)
FACADE: Face or front elevation of a building.
(PCI)
(PCI )
FACE: The surface Of a panel.
FACE MIX: The concrete at the exposed face
of a concrete unit; used for speci fic appear—
(PCI)
ance reasons .
Scoring on the face of a precast
FALSE JOINT:
unit; used for aesthetic or weathering pur—
poses änd normally made to simulate an actual
join g . (PCI )
FASCIA: The outside horizontal panel on the
edge of a roof or overhang.
(PCI)
FATIGUE: Weakening due to repeated cycles of
(PCI)
stre ss.
FENESTRATION: The design and placing of win-
dows in a building.
(PCI)
The nut—like portion of an insert
FERRULE :
which receives a machine bolt; it is ma—
chi ned from bar stock.
(PCI)
FIELD: Job site. (PCI)
FILLER BLOCK: (see end closure) .
(PCI )
FILLET: A triangular—shaped weld along the
interior corner of two steel members that
are at right angles.
(PCI)
FIN: A projecting vertical nib.
(PCI )

****** Result for Image/Page 24 ******
SECTION 03400
FINENESS MODULUS: An index of f ineness or coarse—
ness of an aggregate sarnple; an empirical factor
determined by adding total percentages of an ag—
gregate sample retained on each of a specified
ser ies of sieves, and dividing the sum by 100.
(PCI)
Small aggregates such as sand.
(PCI)
FINES:
FINGER TIGHT: Tightened until all rnaterials æke
firm contact; then loosened slightly.
(PCI)
FINISH: Treatment or texture given to concrete
surfaces.
FINISH MARK: A symbol used to indicate the sur—
face to be finished as specified by the mix
code or area exposed to view. (PCI)
FIREPROOFING: Concrete used to surround exposed
structural steel members for insulation pur—
poses, thus improving the building's fire resis—
(PCI)
tance .
FIRE RATING: The comparative resistance of a ma—
ter i al to failure, as stated in hours, *aen sub—
jected to standard fire test.
(PCI)
FIRE—STOP: A tight closure of a concealed space
with incombustible mater i al to prevent the
spreading of a fire.
(PCI)
FLAG: TO make note of a change or condition on
a drawing.
(PCI)
(1) The horizontal portion of a preca st
T slab.
(2) The proj ecting edges Of a steel
(PCI)
beam.
FLASHING: Ma terial used to ma ke an exposed inter—
section weathertight; materials commonly used
are aluminum, sheet metal and copper. (PCI )
FLASHING REGLET OR SLOT: continuous slot cast
into a precast panel to receive flashing. (PCI)
Bend ing .
(PCI )
FLEXURE :
Sur faces in the same plane.
FLUSH:
(PCI)
FOOTING: The spread founda tion base of a wall
or column; generally somewhat wider than the
foundation wall.
(PCI)
FORM: A ta•nporary recept:acle which receives con—
crete and dictates a unit s shape.
It can be
made of wood or steel, but requires no pat tern
or positive.
(PCI)
FORM LINER: Molded sheet which when affixed to
a form gives the panel a special fin i sh treat—
men t; liners are Irede of rubber, plastic,
wood, etc.
FORM RELEASE AGENT: A substance applied to the
forms for the purpose of preventing bond be—
tween the form and the concrete cast in it.
(PCI)
FOUNDATION : Build ing substructure supported by
ear th.
(PCI)
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
FROST LINE: The distance below grade
which ground will not freeze; locality
dictates the exact dimension, so check
local codes.
(PCI)
FURRING: A grid of wooden slats cast into
or attached to the back of a panel for
the purpose of receiving nai led inter ior
wall construction.
(PCI)
GAUGE: A standard scale of measurement
for wire diameter and metal thickness.
Larger numbers indicate increased thick—
(PCI)
ness.
GALVANIZE: To coat with rust—resistant
zinc by spraying, dipping or electro—
lytic disposition.
(PCI)
GAP-GRADED CONCRETE: A mix with one or
a range of normal aggregate sizes elim—
ina ted and/or with a heavier concentra—
tion of certain aggregate sizes over
and above standard gradation limits;
it is used to obtain a specific exposed
aggregate finish.
(PCI )
GAP SPACE :
The distance between the
structure and the back of the panels.
(PCI )
GIRDER: A large, horizon tal structural
member used to support the ends of joists
and beams or to carry walls over open—
ing s .
(PCI)
GIRT: A horizontal member used to provide
wind stability to the structure.
(PCI)
GRADATION: The sizing of granular ma teri—
al s .
For concrete materials, usually
expressed in terms of cumulative per—
centages larger or smal ler than each of
a séries of sieve openings or the percent—
ages between certain ranges of sieve
openings .
(PCI)
GRADE: Reference elevation at top of
soil.
(PCI)
GRADE BEAM: Low foundation wall or beam
usually at ground level, which provides
support for the walls of a building .
(PCI )
GRADE MARKS: Marking rolled onto a rein—
forcing bar to identify the grade of
steel used in manufactur ing .
(PCI)
GRADE OF STEEL: The means by which a de-
sign engineer specifies the strength
properties of the steel he requires in
each part of a structure, generally using
ASTM (American society for Testing and
Materials) designations to distinguish
them. (PCI)
GRID LINES: Reference lines used on draw—
ings; these lines representing the arch—
itectural design grid and often coincide
with centerline and/or face of column.
(PCI )

****** Result for Image/Page 25 ******
SECTION 03400
GROUT : A mortar type mixture which is hand—
packed or applied under pressure in such a
consi stency as to ensure cmplete filling
of all voids. The usual proportions of a
grout mix are one (I) part of cement to
three (3) parts of vell—graded sand by
we ight with water con tent adj usted so that
a 11B ss of grout squeezed in the hand re—
(PCI )
tains its shape.
GUSSET : A triangular piece used to stiffen
the angular meeting of two or more a-embers
(PCI )
in a framework.
HAIRLINE CRACK: A crack which although visi—
ble to the eye is not measurable by ordin—
(PCI)
ary means.
HAIRPIN: A rebar, usually s•na11 in size,
bent into the shape of an elongated U.
(PCI)
Normal weight concrete
HARDROCK CONCRETE :
with an approximate ight of 150 PCP.
(PCI)
HARDSPOT: An area of an exposed aggregate
finish which contains no coarse aggre—
(PCI )
gate.
HARDWARE: A collective term applied to
items used in connecting precast units
or attaching or accommodating adjacent
Hardware is
materials or equipment.
normally divided into three categor ies:
Contractor's hardware——items to be
placed on or in the structure in order
to receive the precast concrete units;
e.g., anchor bolts, angles or plates
with suitable anchors.
Plant to be anbedded in
the concrete units thanselves, either for
connections and precast erector's wrk, or
for Other trades, such as mechanical ,
plumbing, glazing, miscellaneous iron ,
masonry or roofing trades.
Erection loose hardware neces—
sary for the installation of the precast
(PCI)
concrete units.
See corbel .
HAUNCH :
HEAD: The portion of a panel which fomns
the top of a window or door opening. (PCI)
HEADED STUD: Resembl ing a threadless bo It;
its use and installation are the same as
(PCI)
a deformed stud .
}EADER: A cross member in a series of
precast units provided to support one
end of the members it interrupts. (PCI)
HIDDEN LINES: Lines behind or beyond the
drawn object not seen from the exter ior
(PCI)
surface.
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
HIGH EARLY : A type of concrete which qgickly
attain s a high compressive strength. This
concrete is Nde with Type 111 cement. (PCI)
HOLLOW CORE: Extruded pre stressed slabs vary—
ing in thickness from 4 to 12 inches having
rollow interior cores to reduce we ight. (PCI)
HONEYCOMB: A coarse stony concrete sur face
with voids lacking in fines; some probable
causes are congested reinforcement, narrow
section, insufficient fines, loss of mortar ,
(PCI)
and inadequate consolidation.
HOOK ON AND/OR HOOK OFF: The act of placing
or rernoving chokers or sl ings on or off a
member and connecting or disconnecting the
(PCI )
crane hook.
HOSE BIB: A hose or faucet connection usually
on the exterior of a building at sill height
requiring a hole in the precast element. (PCI)
HYDRATION: The chemical process which takes
place between cement and water resulting in
(PCI )
hardened concrete.
I BEAM: Rolled steel having a cross—section the
s.LEpe of an I with a somewhat exaggerated
(PCI)
top and bottom hor izontal stroke.
IMPACT: A sudden increase in gravity load
exerted at stripping or handling which must
be cons idered in handling design.
(PCI )
IMPACT TESTING; A testing device which mea—
sures concrete strength by applying a mea—
surable impact force on the concrete. (PCI)
INSERT : A connecting or handling device cast
Inserts are rnachine— or
into precast units.
coil—threaded to receive a bolt or slotted
(PCI )
to receive a bolt head.
(PCI )
INSITÜ: cast-in-place.
INSTRUIÆNT: Transit or level.
INTERFACE : The plane between two adjacent
surfaces.
(PCI)
In prestress, the ternporary
JACKING FORCE:
force exerted by the device which intro—
duces the tension into the tendons. (PCI)
JAMB: The vertical sides of a window or
door opening .
(PCI)
JIG: A tanplate to align parts of an assembly,
usually for pre—assembl ing reinforcing steel
cages with a minimum of measurement and con—
sistent accuracy from one cage to the next.
(PCI )
JOG: Refers to a shift in the alignment of
the edge of a panel.
(PCI)
JOINT: The space between two adjacent erected
(PCI)
panels.

****** Result for Image/Page 26 ******
SECTION 03400
JOI*: A horizontal member in the framing of a
floor or roof. These lightweight units are
closely spaced and bear on beams or wails. (PCI)
KERF: To rtzke a cut or notch In a member trans—
versely along the underside in order to curve
it; also a cut or notch in a member such as a
rustication strip, to avoid darnage from swel—
ling of the wood and permit easier ranoval .
(PCI)
A continuous or sgnicontinuous slot in
concrete to receive grout, leveling blocks or
dowels.
KEY PLAN; A separate drawing showing a P/C proj—
ect in plan and used as a cornmon reference for
(PCI)
all drawings .
(PCI )
KIP: I, 000 pounds.
LAITANCE: Residue of weak and nondurable rtEteri—
al consisting of cement, aggregate, fi_nes or
inpurities brought to the sur face of overwet
concrete by the bleeding water .
(PCI)
LALLY COLUl.m: The trade name for a cylindrical
steel colurnn filled with concrete and used as
a vertical support.
(PCI)
IAP : The distance tw converging menbers over—
run one another. (PCI)
LEADER LINE: Fine lines wi th an arrowhead touch—
ing the edge of the surface referring to a note
or dimension . (EC I)
LEVEL: An instrument used for mea suring heights
of land or other objects above a plane of ref—
eren ce. (PCI )
LIFT: The quantity of concrete placed in one
operation; or a layer of concrete.
(PCI)
LIFTING DEVICE: An assembly used in handling
or erection of precast panels.
LIFTING FRAME (OR BEAM) : A rigging device de-
signed to provide or more lifting points
of a precast concrete elanent with predictable
load distribution and pre—arranged direction
of pulling force during lifting, (PCI)
LIFT POINT: Predetermined points from whiéh a
panel is to be lifted. (PCI)
LINTEL : A horizontal structural member spanning
a wall opening at its head to support the m II
above the opening.
(PCI )
LOAD BEARING: Supporting the dead and I load
of other members .
(PCI )
Precast units which
LOAD-BEARING PRECAST :
form an integral part of the
ture and which axe essential
(PCI)
LONGITUDINAL: Situated in the
rection. (PCI )
building struc—
to its stability.
lengthwise di—
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
LOW BOY TRAILER: A trailer with an under-
sl ung bed capable of transporting panéls
of cons iderable height and still conform
to legal height restrictions
(PCI)
LUG: A continuous projection at the sill
Of a window panel to receive sash. (PCI)
BELCHINE THREAD: A cormon national coarse
thread.
(PCI)
MALLEABILITY: The ability of a material
to undergo considerable plastic deforma—
tion under compressive strength.
(PCI)
MANSARD ROOF: A roof having slopes on all
four sides with the lower slope almost
vertical and an upper roof almost hori—
zontal . (PCI )
MANUFACTURER'S ENGINEER: see precast en-
gineer . (PCI)
MARBLE: A metamorphic rock often irregu—
larly colored by impurities; it is
sometimes used as a facing for architec—
tural precast panels.
(PCI )
MARK NUMBER: The individual identifying
mark assigned to each precast unit pre—
determin ing its position in the building.
(PCI)
MASONRY; That branch of construction deal—
ing with the laying up of brick and block
with mortar . (PCI)
MASONRY OPENING: Overall opening to be
provided in the precast panel .
(PCI )
MASTER MOLD: A mold which allows a rraxi—
mum number of casts per proj ect; units
cast in such molds need not be identical,
provided the changes in the units can be
accomplished simply as pre—engineered
mold modifications.
(PCI)
PAT : A grid of straight reinforcing bars
tied together at each intersection. (PCI)
MATCH LINE : An imaginary line which sep—
arates adjacent areas broken apart for
drawing purposes.
(PCI)
PATERIAL LIST: Cumulated bills of materials.
(PCI)
PATRIX: The portion of the concrete mix
containing only the cement and fine ag—
gregates (sand) .
(PCI)
MATTE FINISH: A finish free from gloss or
highl igh t s.
(PCI )
MAXIMUM SIZE AGGREGATE: Aggregate whose
largest particle size is present in
sufficient quantity to affect the physi—
cal properties of concrete; generally
designated by the sieve size on which
the maximum amount: permitted to be re—
tained is 5 or 10 percent by weight.
(PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 27 ******
SECTION 03400
MESH: See welded wire fabric. (PCI )
MEZZANINE: A partial story occurring be—
tween tw main stories of a building .
(PCI)
MITRE: The edge of a panel that has been
beveled to an angle other than 900 C. (RI)
MOCKUP: A section of a or other assem—
bly built full size, or to scale, for pur—
poses of testing performance, studying
construction details, or judging appear—
(PCI)
ance.
MODULE: A repeating or reoccurring dimen—
(PCI)
sion or detail.
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY: A measure of the re-
sistance of material to deformation;
ratio of normal stress to corresponding
strain for tensile or compressive stresses
below the proportional limit of the
al; elastic modulus is denoted by the sym—
bol E.
(PCI)
MODULUS OF RUPTURE. Flexural strength of
concrete in pounds per square inch (PSI) ,
calcula ted as apparent tensile stress
in the extrane fiber of a tran sverse
men under the load which produces rupture.
(PCI)
MOLD: The cavity or sur face against which
fresh concrete is cast to give it a de—
sired shape; sometimes used interchange—
ably with form but ltBde of fiberglass or
concrete; a pattern or positive is built
first and the mold is overlayed. (PCI)
MOMENT: The re sult of a load on a member,
creating a tendency of the ltEmber to ro—
tate about a given point or axis that is
within its cross section. Moments are
measured in foot —kips, foot—pounds, or
(PCI)
in ch—pound s.
MORTAR: A mixture of cement, sand and wa—
ter; when used in masonry construction,
the mixture may contain sonry cement,
or portland cement with lime or otyer ad—
mixtures which may produce greater de—
grees of plasticity and/or durability.
(PCI)
MO—SAI : Exposed aggregate architectural
precast concrete produced under factory—
controlled procedures by licensed manu—
facturers to rigid quality standards es—
tablished by the Mo—sai Institute's quali—
ty control program. (PCI)
Small colored tile, glass, stone,
MOSAIC :
or similar ITEter ia1 arranged to produce
a decorative surface.
(PCI)
MUD: Plastic concrete (slang) .
(PCI)
MULLION : A vertical precast unit appear—
ing between windows and/or doors. (PCI)
03400
- 10
PRECAST CONCRETE
MUNTIN : Hor izontal precast appearing between
(PCI )
windows and/or doors.
MYIAR: Fine quality plastic type drafting
paper. Requires special pencil leads. (PCI)
NAIIER: A beveled W oden strip cast into a
precast panel for the purpose of nailing
flashing or roofing to it. The use of such
material in concrete is not recommended.
rEOPRENE; A synthetic rubber bearing pad. (PCI )
NEUTRAL AXIS: Line of zero bending stress of
a member when bending occurs in a plane per—
pendicular to that axis.
(PCI )
NOMINAL: (I) Approximate, not specific; (2) The
size of a building material after joints or
manufacturing processes are considered. (PCI)
NORMAL WE ICHT CONCRETE: Concrete for which
density is not a controlling attribute and
usually having unit weights in the range of
135 to 160 lbs. per cubic foot.
(PCI)
NOSING: A projection, such as that of the
tread of a stair over the riser .
(PCI )
OBJECT LINES : Heavy lines used to indicate
the profile of the object drawn. Object
lines should be approximately 2—1/2 tirnes
as thick as dimension I ines. (PCI)
OFFSET ; A displacement or abrupt change in
line, or the distance between two parallel
(PCI)
1 ines .
OPENING: A m Ie through a panel.
(PCI)
OPPOSITE HAND: Reverse, mirror image, exact
opposite of that shown. (PCI)
OPTIMUM QUALITY: The level of quality, in
terms of appearance, strength and durability ,
which is appropriate for the specific prod—
uct, its particular application, and its
expected performance requirements. Realis—
tic cost estimates for producing it within
stated toler ances are factors which must be
considered in determining this level .
(PCI )
OVERHÆqG: The proj ecting area of a roof or
upper story beyond the wall Of the lower
(PCI)
part.
PACHOMETER: An electronic device used to
locate and size reinforcement in hardened
(PCI)
concrete.
PANEL : An individual precast unit.
(PCI )
PARAPET: That part of a wall that extends
above the roof line (PCI)
That portion of a concrete mix which
PASTE:
comprises by volume; the usual com—
position of which is 5* air, water
(PCI )
and canent.

****** Result for Image/Page 28 ******
SECTION 03400
PATCF: To repair a superficially damaged panel
by filling the damaged area with concrete of
matching
color and texture .
(PCI)
PATTERN or POSITIVE: A replica of all or part
of the precast elenent sometimes used for forrn—
ing the molds in concrete or plastic.
PEA GAVEL: That portion of concrete aggregate
passing the 3/8 inch sieve and retained on a
No. 4 sieve.
(PCI)
- .11
PIER: A
ber in
PILASTER:
bedded
larged
PILE: A
to the
short column used as a foundation mem—
build ing construction.
(PCI)
Column partially or completely an—
in a wall, or a portion of a en—
to serve as a column. (PCI)
concrete, steel or wood member driven
ground to support a load .
(PCI )
PIPE COLUMN: A steel cylinder which is used as
a vertical support. (PCI)
PAIN CONCRETE: Concrete that is either unrein—
forced or contains less reinforcanent than
the minimum amount specified for reinforced
concrete in ACI 318.
(PCI)
PLANIMETER (COMPENSATING POLAR) : An instrunent
which accurately determines areas of irregu—
lar shapes by. •tracing the per imeter.
(PCI )
PLASTIC CONCRETE: A condition of freshly mixed
concrete indicating tlzt it is wrkable,
readily remoldable, cohesive and has an ample
content of fines and cement, but is not over—
wet. (PCI)
PLASTIC CRACKING: Short cracks often varying
in width along their length that occur in the
surface of fresh concrete soon after it is
placed and while it is still plastic; some
probable cause of plastic cracking is high
water—cement ratio, low sand content, and
poor compaction.
PLATE: A sheet of metal having a thickness of
1/8 inch or greater .
(PCI)
PLATE m SEER: A special wa sher prefabricated
from st eel plate. (PCI)
PLUG WELD: A weld wherein one member partially
penetrates another member am the rema ining
distance is filled with weld.
(PCI )
PLUB: Vertical; or the act of making verti—
(PCI)
cal .
POLE TüILER: A trailer used to ship long struc—
tural mernbers such as giant tees. This trailer
has no bed as such but employs a 10ng pole
which fastens the cab to the rear VIP else (PCI)
POST-TENSIONING: A method of prestressing con-
crete whereby tip tendon is kept from bonding
to the concrete, then elongated and anchored
directly against the hardened concrete, impart—
ing stresses through end bearing. (PCI)
03400
PRECAST CONCRETE
A method of prestressing reinforced
concrete in which tendons are tensioned
after the concrete has hardened. (ACI)
See cast—in—place. (PCI)
POURED- :
PRECAST CONCRETE: Concrete cast else-
where than its final position in the
structure. Usually precast concrete con—
sists of individual members such as col—
umns, wall panels, beams or joists
erected and joined to form the building
frame. (CRSI )
Concrete cast elsewhere than its final
position in the structure. (ACI)
A plain reinforced or pre stressed con—
crete element cast in other than its
final position in the structure; precast
concrete can be architectural or struc—
tural .
(PCI)
PRECAST ENGINEER: The structural engineer
authorized by the manufacturer to ensure
the adequacy of the structural aspects
of the drawings, manufacture, and in—
stallation for which the manufacturer
is responsible.
PRECAST PILE : A reinforced concrete pi Ie
IIEnufactured in a casting plant or at the
job site and driven into place by a pile
Izramer.
(CRSI)
A reinforced concrete pile manufactured
in a casting plant or at the site but
not in its final position.
(ACI )
PRELIMINARY: Not completely finalized and
reviewed .
(PCI)
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE: Concrete in which in-
ternal stresses of such magnitude and
distribution are introduced that the
tensile stresses resulting from the ser—
vice loads are counteracted to a desired
degree; in reinforced concrete the pre—
stress is cormonly introduced by tension—
ing the tendons.
(ACT)
Concrete in which there have been intro—
duced internal stresses of such rragni—
tude and distribution that the stresses
resulting from loads are counteracted
to a desired degree.
(PCI)
PRESTRESSING BED: The platform and abut-
ments needed to support the forms and
maintain the tendons in a stressed
cmd i.tion during placing and curing of
the concrete.
(PCI )
PRETENSIONING: A method of prestressing
concrete whereby the tendons are elonga—
ted, anchored while the concrete in the
member is cast, and released when the
concrete is strong enough to receive
the stresses from the tendon through
bond. (RI)

****** Result for Image/Page 29 ******
A of prestressing reinforced con—
crete in which the tendons are ta•xsioned
(ACI )
before the concrete has hardened
(1) The basic dimen—
PRIMARY DIMENSIONS:
sions of a piece; (2) The first in order
(PCI )
of importance.
PRIME CONSULTANT: The architect, engineer
or other professional responsible for the
design of the building or structure of
which the precast concrete forms a part.
(PCI)
PROJECT DRAWINGS: drawings accom-
pany project specif ications and complete
the descriptive information for construc—
tion wrk required or referred to in the
(PCI)
proj ect specifications
P/ T CONDUIT: Bright, metallic, flexible
interlocking conduit used in grouted
connect ions.
(PCI)
PURLIN : A horizontal fl oor or roof struc—
tural nember usually resting on joists.
(PCI)
QUIRK MTIRE: A corner formed by tw cham—
(PCI )
fered panels .
RABBET : A two—sided recess frequently used
at connections between adjacent units.
(PCI)
REBAR: Abbreviated term for reinforcing
bar. (PCI )
REGLET: A long, narrow formed slot in
concrete to receive flashing or to serve
(PCI)
as anchorage.
EINFORCED CONCRETE: concrete containing
reinforcement, including prestressing
steel, and designed on the assumption
that the two rtEteria1s act together in
resisting forces. (PCI)
REINFORCEMENT: Rebar, mesh, strand or
post—tensioning cables embedded in con—
crete and located in such a rlEnner that
the metal and the concrete act together
(PCI )
in resisting loads.
RELEASE: (1) The time at which
stressed strands are severed prior to re—
moving the prestressed units from the
forms; (2) submittal of drawings; (3)
str ipping of precast panel.
(PCI)
RELEASE AGENT: See form release agent.
(PCI)
RETARDER: An adrnixture which delays the
setting of cement paste and therefore
(PCI)
of concrete.
RETARDER, SURFACE: A raterial used to re-
tard or prevent the hardening of the ce—
ment paste on a concrete • surface within
a Eime period and to a depth to facilitate
03400
SECTION 03400
- 12
PRECAST CONCRETE
removal of this paste after the concrete ele—
ment is otherwise cured (a method of produc—
ing exposed aggregate finish) .
RETEMPERING: The addition of water and re-
concrete which has started to
mix ing of
stiffen in order to make it more workable.
(PCI)
ETURN : A projection of like cross—section
which is 900 to or splayed from main face
or plane of view. (PCI)
REVEAL: (I) Groove in a panel face generally
used to create a desired architectural ef—
fect; (2) The projection of the coarse ag—
gregate from the matrix after exposure. (PCI)
REVIBRATION: Delayed vibration of concrete that
has already been placed and consolidated;
most effective when done at the latest time
a running vibrator will sink of its own
weight into the concrete and again make it
plastic .
(PCI)
RIB; (I) Continuous vertical proj ection on
a Ell panel projecting a minimum of 6 in—
ches from the panel face; (2) Local thicken—
ing providing stiffness in concrete panels.
RIGGER: Mechanic whose function is to brace,
guy and arrange for hoisting materials. (PCI)
ROD: Term used to describe any of a number Of
(PCI )
types of round steel bars.
ROLLED SECTION: structural steel member, such
as an I bearn or wide—flange section, that is
formed into its shape by hot rolling at the
mill.
(PCI )
ROLLING BLOCK: Pulley used during panel handl-
ing to evenly distribute loads to inserts or
to facilitate rotating the panel into its
final position.
(PCI)
RUSTICATION: A groove in a panel face for ar-
chitectural appearance; also reveal. (PCI)
RUSTICATION STRIP: A strip of wood or other
Nterial attached to a form surface to pro—
duce a groove or rustication in the con—
(PCI)
crete.
SACKING: A comrnon remedy for pits and air
bubble roles in concrete——a slurry (the con—
sistency of thick cream) consi sting of a mix—
ture Of sand and cernent is thoroughly rubbed
over the moistened area with clean burlap
(PCI)
pads or sponge rubber floats.
SAFETY FACTOR: Number that results from divi-
ding the ultimate strength by the allowable
wrking stress allowing for any imperfec—
tions or additional loads; codes regulate
the minimum safety factor required in many
(PCI)
areas.
SAFE WORKING LOAD: That magnitude of load whic.;
a connection can safely resist while maintain—
ing factors of safety. (PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 30 ******
SECTION 03400
SAND; That portion of an aggregate pa ssing
the No. 4 (4.76 mrn) sieve and predominant—
Iy retained on the No. 200 (74 micron) sieve.
(PCI)
SANDBIAST: A system of abrading a surface such
as concrete by a stream of sand, or other ab—
rasive, ejected from a nozzle at high speed,
by water and/or compressed air .
(PCI)
SANDWICH PANEL: panel consisting of two layers
(wythes) Of concrete fully or partly separated
by a layer of insulation; in employing this
detail, metal shear connectors are usually
requ ired to tie the two layers of concrete
together.
(PCI)
A prefabricated panel which is a layered com—
posite, formed by attaching two thin facings
to a thicker core; such as a precast concrete
panel consisting of tw layers of concrete
separated by a nonstructural insulating core.
(ACI )
SCABBING; A finish defect in which parts of the
form face including release agent adhere to
the concrete, probable causes are an ex—
cessively rough focrn face, inadequate •applica—
tion of release agent, or delayed stripping.
(PCI)
SCALING: A finish defect resulting in a thin lay—
er of hardened mortar breaking free from the
concrete surface and exposing mortar or stone;
some probable causes are low strength concrete,
rough or absorbent form face, inadequate appli—
cation of release agent and curing procedure.
(PCI)
SCHOKBETON :
Shocked concrete; a method of pre—
casting architectural concrete in which the
mold is fastened to a steel shocking table and
repetitively raised a fraction of an inch and
dropped at the rate of about 250 impacts a
minute to consolidate the concrete (PCI)
SCORE: TO use a saw to notch hardened concrete.
(PCI)
SCOURING: Irregular eroded areas or channels with
exposed stone or sand particles; some probable
causes of this finish defect are excessively
wet concrete mix, insufficient fines, water in
form when placing, poor vibration practices,
and low temperature when placing. (PCI )
SCREED: A snoden or metal tool used to level off
the back surface of a panel flush with form
side ra i Is. (PCI)
SCUPPER: An opening in a wall panel through
which the roof is drained.
(PCI )
SEALANTS: A group of rtBteriaIs used to seal joints
between precast concrete units and between such
units and adjacent æterials.
(PCI )
SEALERS or PROTECTIVE COATINGS: Materials used to
coat precast concrete units for the purpose of
irnproving resistance to water penetra tion or
improving weathering qualities.
(PCI)
02400
- 13
SECONDARY DIMENSIONS :
PRECAST CONCRETE
Related directly
to the prinery dimensions and of secon—
dary rank or value.
They must always
total the primary dimensions .
(PCI )
SECTION: Cut away view through a general
plan or elevation view to explain details.
(PCI)
SECTION INDICATOR: A symbol indicating the
direction in which a cross—section is
cut or viewed.
(PCI)
SECTION bß.R_K: A letter or nurnber of a
drawing ind icating the location of a
section on the drawing .
(PCI)
SEGMENTAL MEMBER: structural member made
up of individual elements prestressed
together to act as a monolithic unit
under service loads. (PCI)
SEGREGATION : The tendency for the coarse
particles to separate from the finer
particles in handling; in concrete, the
coarse aggregate and drier materials re—
mains behind and the mortar and wetter
material flows ahead; this also occurs
in a vertical direction when wet concrete
is overvibrated or dropped vertically in—
to the forms, the mortar and wetter ma—
terial rising to the top; in aggregate,
the coarse particles roll to the outside
edges of the stockpile.
(PCI)
SELFSTRESSING FORMS: Equipment which, in
addition to serving as forms for concrete
also acconmodates the pretensioned strands
(or wires) and sustains the total pre—
stressing force by suitable end bulkheads
and sufficient cross—sectional strength.
(PCI )
SEPIA : A brown on white, transparent, re—
producible print.
(PCI )
SET; Erect, place, install. (PCI)
SET PATE: A steel plate which is pre-
installed and grouted to the desired ele—
vation and line for the purpose of re—
ceiving a precast column or panel .
(PCI)
SET—UP : The process of preparing molds or
forms for casting, including locating
ma terials (reinforcement and hardware)
prior to the actual placing of concrete
(POI)
SHACKLE :
see swivel plate.
(PCI)
SHEAR: The result of two parallel forces
acting on a body in opposite directions
tending to cause two parts of' the body to
slide against each other.
(PCI )
SHEAR KEY: A continuous slot formed ex—
pressly to receive plastic mortar or
concrete to resist lateral separation.
(PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 31 ******
SECTION 03400
. SHEAR V•mLL: Wall designed to resist forces
resulting from wind, blast or earthquake.
(PCI)
SHIM: Material placed between a panel or
its connecting angle and the supporting
structure for the purpose of controlling
the panel 's vertical alignment, usually
steel (PCI)
SHIM SPACE: The space between f loor (or
beam) levels and bearing area of pre—
cast connections.
(PCI )
SHRINKAGE: The volume change in precast
units normälly occurring during the hard—
(PCI)
ening process of concrete.
SIDE NIL: The side of a form. (PCI)
SILL: That portion of a precast panel
forms the bottom or base of a window
door opening .
SLAB: Precast or prestressed floor or
(PCI )
member s.
which
or
roof
SLEEVE; Any cylinder cast into a panel for
the purpose of creating a hole.
(PCI)
SLING: Short lengths of wire rope, with a
spliced eye at each end or a spliced eye
at one end and a hook at the Other, used
in erection of small precast units; use
of a sling eliminates the necessity of
casting erection inserts into a panel. (PCI)
SLOT: A hole ha ving a length of approximately
2—1/2 times its diameter. (PCI)
SLUG: A short length of rebar used as a
filler in completing welds.
(PCI )
SLUMP: Measure of the consistency of plastic
concreter equal to the number of inches of
subsidence of a truncated cone of concrete
released immediately after molding in a
(PCI)
standard slump cone .
SLUMP CONE: Metal mold in the form of a
truncated cone with a top diameter of 4
inches, a base diameter of 8 inches, and
a height of 12 niches, used to fabricate
the specimen for the slump test.
(PCI)
SLURRY: Thin mixture of water and finely
divided materials, such as port land ce—
ment, in suspension. (PCI)
SOFFITT: A precast panel used to form the
underside of an overhang or ceiling; also ,
the finished under side of a lintel beam
or cantilevered fl oor.
(PCI)
SPALLING: A finish defect, more severe than
scal ing, in which pieces of concrete break
free from the hardened surface; some prob—
able causes are low concrete strength, ab—
sorbent aggregates which are susceptible to
damage by frost or water, inadequate drafts
in form wrk, inadequate rel ease agent,
early stripping and corrosion of reinforce—
ment • (PCI )
03400 - 14
PRECAST CONCRETE
SPAN: The horizontal distance between pp—
ports of a member such as a beam, girder ,
slab or joist.
(PCI )
SPANDREL: That part of a wall between the
head of a window and the sill of the window
(An upturned spandrel continues
above it.
above the roof or floor line ) . (PCI)
SPANDREL BEAM: Beam in a building frame which
extends between exter ior columns at a floor
level .
(PCI )
SPECIFICATIONS: The type or printed directions
issued by architects to establish general
conditions, standards and detailed instruc—
tions which are used with the contract draw—
(PCI)
ings; contracted term, specs.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT: Reinforcing rod or wire
supplied in coils and used in place of ties
for columns. (PCI)
SPLAY: A beveled or slanted surface.
draft) .
(PCI)
Connection Of one reinforcing bar
SP LICE:
to another by lapping, welding , mechanical
coupl ings or other means; the lap between
or rolls of welded wire fabric. (PCI)
SPOT VELD: A quickly applied weld which is
not required to perform structurally.
A frame of steel channels
SPREADER BENv1. :
or beams attached to the back of a panel,
prior to stripping, for the purpose of
evenly distributing loads to inserts and
for lifting the panel about its center of
gravity.
(PCI)
STAINLESS STEEL: steel alloyed with sufficient
chromium to resist corrosion, oxidation or
rusting .
(PCI)
STEM: The vertical leg of a prestressed tee .
(PCI)
STIFFENER: A steel plate welded to a steel
beam or column to increase the section 's
stiffness at a desired point.
(PCI)
STIRRUP: A rebar bent into the form of a
closed tie or V—shape and surrounding the
rtEin reinforcernent in panels and beams for
control of cracking caused by diagonal ten—
sion; the term stirrups is usually applied
to lateral reinforcement in horizontal mem—
bers, and the term ties to those in verti—
cal members.
(PCI)
STONE ANCHOR: An anchor cornrnonly used to fas—
ten cut stone units; such anchors are seldom
suitable for use in precast concrete attach—
(PCI)
men t.
STRAIN; The measure of a member's deformation.
(PCI)
STRAND: Tendon usually composed of three— or
seven—wire assemblies used as reinforcement
in prestressed concrete
(PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 32 ******
SECTION 03400
STRAND CHUCK OR VICE: A device
for holding a
strand i.mder tension.
(PCI)
Intensity of force per
unit area. (PCI)
STRESS:
(1) The supporting member of a stair
STRINGER :
upon which the treads are laid; (2) Horizontal
structural member usually (in slab forming )
supporting joists and resting on vertical
(PCI)
supports.
STRIPPING: The process of removing a precast
concrete element from the form in which it
was ca St. (PCI)
STRONG—BACK: A steel or woden plate which is
attached to a panel for the purpose of add—
ing stiffness during handling, shipping
and/or erection.
(PCI)
STRUCTURAL: A unit which carries live load or
another unit's weight.
(PCI)
SUBCONTRACTOR (SUB) : A contractor who provides
materials or services to the general contrac—
tore (PCI)
SUBMITTED: Presented to the architect/engineer
for review. (PCI)
SUPERSTRUCTURE: That portion of any building
which extends above the foundation.
(PCI)
SWIVEL PLATE: A clevis which can be bolted
to a panel, thus providing a hook for use
in handling. (PCI)
SYMMETRY; Exact correspondence of shape on
opposite sides of a dividing line or • plane.
(PCI)
SYSTEMS BUILDING: Essentially the orderly
combination of "parts" into an "entity" such
as subsystems or the entire building; systems
building makes full use of industrialized pro—
duction, tr an sportation and assembly. (PCI)
TACK WELD: (see spot weld) .
(PCI )
TAG LINE: A rope attached to a precast unit
during erection for use in helping the
crane operator guide the panel into place.
It is manipulated by hand from ground level
(PCI)
TAMP: To pack concrete down tightly by a
succession of blows or taps. (_PCI)
TEE : A structural floor or roof member
con—
sisting of one or nore stems and a thin
flange. Tees are sometimes used as archi—
tectural wa II panel. (PCI )
TEFLON PAD: A bearing pad rrzde of a waxy
opaque materiaa .
These pads are used when
restraint of movanents is not desired. (PCI)
TEMPERATURE REINFORCEMENT: Reinforcement dis-
tributed throughout the concrete to minimize
cracks due to ternperature changes and concrete
shrinkage. (PCI )
03400
- 15
PRECAST CONCRETE
TEMPERATURE RISE: The increase of con-
crete temperature caused by heat of
hydration and heat from other sources.
(PCI )
TEMPLATE : A pattern made of thin metal
plate or plastic and used as a guide
in accurately positioning reinforcement
ancmr bolts or inserts; double tem—
plates are often used to help ensure
plumb. (PCI )
TENDON: Tensioned element, generally
high—strength steel wires, strands, or
bars, used to impart prestress to the
concrete; in post—tensioned concrete,
the complete assembly of prestressing
steel, anchorages and sheathing, when
required, is also called a tendon. (PCI)
TENDON (BONDED) :
Tendon which is bonded
to the concrete through grouting or
other approved means, and therefore is
not free to move relative to the con—
(PCI)
crete .
TENDON (UNBONDED); Tendon in which the
prestressing steel is permanently free
to move relative to the concrete to
which it is applying the prestressing
forces.
(PCI)
TENSION: Stress or force in a material
caused by a pulling action, which tends
to create a lengthening of the material .
(PCI)
TERRAZZO: Flooring surface of marble
chips in concrete which is ground and
polished after setting.
(PCI)
TEXTURE : Any finish other than a smooth
fin ish. (PCI )
THERMAL MOVEMENTS: volume changes in
precast units caused by tenperature
var ia tions .
(PCI)
THREADED: Having national coarse machine
(PCI)
thread .
TIE: A closed loop of small size reinforc—
ing bars that encircle longitudinal bars
in coltmns and beams. (See stirrup) .
(PCI)
TIE WIRE: see bagtie.
(PCI)
TILT—UP : Method of concrete construction
where members are cast horizontally near
their eventual position, and then tilted
into place after removal of forms.
(PCI)
TOLERANCE : Specified permissible variation
from stated requirements such as dimensions,
strength and air—entrainment.
(PCI)
TOOL: To slightly round a corner, in
freshly cast concrete with a cement mason s
edger.
(PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 33 ******
SECTION 03400
TOOLING: Most of the nenufacturing and
service processes preceding the actual
set—up and casting operations .
(PCI)
TOPPING: concrete cast on erected pre—
stressed units to achieve a level floor
or to aid the Wlits in uniformly carry—
ing loads.
(PCI)
TORSION: The stress caused when one por—
tion of a member is twisted in one di—
rection and the other end is held motion—
less or twisted in the opposite direc—
tion.
(PCI)
TRACING: A reproducible original drawing,
white background with black printing.
(PCI )
TRANSIT: A surveying instrument used to
measure horizontal and vertical angles.
(PCI)
TRANSVERSE: At right angles to the long
direction of the member (crosswise) ;
(PCI
also referred to as lateral.
Structural members arranged and
TRUSS:
fastened in triangular units to form a
rigid framewrk for support of loads
over a long span. (PCI)
T—SHORE : An inverted tee—shaped concrete
unit used to support precast panels dur—
ing storage.
(PCI)
TURNING TABLE: Mechanical table used in
precast plants to rotate units from the
horizontal casting position into the
vertical handling position without the
necessity of handling inserts; when em—
ployed the amount
of rebar in a panel is
(PCI)
greatly reduced.
UL APPROVED: Rated
and approved for per—
formance during a
fire by the Underwriters
Laborator ies, Inc. ——a nonprofit organiza—
in units of hours
tion; ratings are
(PCI)
based on tests.
Maxirnum resistance to
ULTIMATE STRENGTH :
loads that a structure or member is
capable of devel oping before failure oc—
curs, or, with reference to cross—sections
of members, the largest axial force, shear
or moment a structural concrete cross—
section will support. (PCI )
VACUUM PAD: Hydraulic suction cups used for
handl ing flat panels; a snooth finish is
required if such a device is to be used.
(PCI)
VELLUM: A heavy off—white translucent
fine quality tracing paper .
(PCI)
VENEER: A layer of facing material, such
as natural stone, used to cover a panel.
(PCI)
03400 - 16
PRECAST CONCRETE
VIBmTION: Energetic agitation of concrete
to assist in its consolidation, produéed
by mechanical oscillating devices at mod—
erately high frequencies; external vibra—
tion employs a device attached to the forms
and is particularly applicable to the manu—
facture of precast items; internal vibra—
tion employs an element which can be in—
serted into the concrete, and is more gen—
erally used for cast—in—place construction.
(PCI )
WALL (BEARING) A wall supporting a vertical
load in addi tion to its own weight.
(PCI)
WALL PANEL: A component Of a prefabricated
wall which der ives its strength and dimen—
sional stability from a precast concrete
element; the component includes any non—
concrete items incorporated in the element
(PCI )
at the time of manufacture.
WARPING: The bowing of a precast unit in
(PCI)
two planes .
VQSH; The sloped surface Of a sill panel which
(PCI)
permits rainwa ter to run off.
WATERPROOFING: An application which, when
sprayed onto a panel sur face, tends to repel
rainwa ter. (PCI )
The process of protecting
all joints and openings from the penetration
of moisture and wind. (PCI)
WEATHER SEALING: The process of treating
wall areas for improved weathering proper—
ties.
(PCI)
WEB: That portion of a beam or precast unit
to which the flanges are attached.
(PCI)
WEDGE INSERT: An insert having a wedge-
shaped holding face which permits vertical
adjustment without slippage through the use
of a special askew head bolt.
(PCI)
WEEP HOLE: A hole provided for drainage
through precast panel joints.
(PCI)
WELD : To join metals by applying heat with
a filler metal which has a high melting
point. (PCI )
WELDED WIRE FABRIC : A reinforcing material
composed of cold drawn steel wires fabricated
into a sheet consisting of longitudinal
and transverse wires arranged at right
angles and welded together at all points of
inter sec tion.
(PCI)
VELD PLATE: A plate with attached anchors
cast into concrete for the purpose of making
a welded connection.
(PCI )
VET-MIX CONCRETE: Concrete mixtures designed
for typical water—cement ratios, slumps
and handling and consolidation methods. (PCI)

****** Result for Image/Page 34 ******
PRECAST CONCRETE
SECTION 03400
WHI#PRINT: A nonreproducible print, made from
a tracing, and having white background with
(PCI )
blue or black printing.
WIDE FLANGE; An H—shaped ro Iled steel section .
(PCI)
WINCH: Mechanical lifting device attached to
derricks on which cable is wund up by means
of a crank and locked in position by a ratchet.
(PCI)
WIRE LOOP: A lifting loop cast into the back of
a precast member for handling purposes; this
loop is usually formed with discarded pre—
(PCI)
stress strand or aircraft cable.
WORKABILITY: The ease with which a given set of
materials can be mixed into concrete and sub—
sequently handled, tran spor ted, placed and
finished with a minimum loss of homogeneity.
(PCI)
WORKING POINT : real point from which a dimen—
It must be accessi—
s ion (panel ) is measured.
(PCI)
ble to workmen.
WORKING STRESS: The maximum unit stress consid—
ered desirable in a structural member subjected
(PCI)
to loads.
WORK POINT : A real, imaginary, or inaccessible
point from which a dimension on a drawing is
(PCI)
meas ured
WRINKLED TIN: Slang for corrugated metal. (PCI)
WYTHE: A continuous vertical section of a wall
tied to its adj acent vertical element (part
(PCI)
of a composite wall) .
ZIPPER GASKET : A neoprene rubber window gasket
used to fasten window glass to a precast
panel .
(PCI)
03400
- 17

****** Result for Image/Page 35 ******
SECTION 03600
. COLLOIDAL GROUT: A grout which
ficially induced cohesiveness
to retain the dispersed solid
in suspension. (ACI)
CURTAIN GROUTING: Injection of
GROUT
has arti—
or ability
particles
grout into
a subsurface formation in such a as
to create a zone of grouted 11EteriaI trans—
verse to the direction of anticipated water
flow. (ACI)
DRY—PACK: Hand grouting with a very dry
mix; the grout is tamped into the joint.
(PCI )
FLOW CONE : A device for measurement of
grout consistency in which a predetermined
volume Of grout is permitted to escape
through a precisely sized orifice, the
time of efflux (flow factor) being used
as the indication Of consistency; also,
the mold used to prepare a specimen for
the flow test. (ACI)
GROUT: A mortar type mixture which is hand
packed or applied under pressure in such
a consistency as to ensure complete fill—
ing of all voids.
The usual proportions
of a grout mix are one (i) part of cernent
to three (3) parts of well—graded sand by
weight with water content adj usted so that
a mass of grout squeezed in the hand re—
tains its shape.
(ACI)
NEAT CEMENT GROUT: A fluid mixture of hy-
draulic cement and water, with or without
admixture; also the hardened equivalent
of such mixture.
(ACI)
OPEN-CIRCUIT GROUTING: A grouting system
with no provision for recirculation of
grout to the pump. (ACI)
PACKER: A device inserted into a in
Which grout is to be injected which acts
to prevent return of the grout around the
injection pipe; usually an expandable de—
vice actuated mechanically, hydraulically,
or pneumatically. (ACI )
PERI>ETER GROUTING:
Injection of grout,
usually at relatively low pressure,
around the periphery of an area which is
subsequently to be grouted at greater
pressure; intended to confine subsequent
grout injection within the perimeter.
(ACI)
SNJD GROUT; Any grout in which only fine
aggregate is incorpora ted into the mix—
ture . (ACC)
SLUSH GROUTING: Distribution of a grout
with or Without fine aggregate as required
over a rock or concrete surface which is
subsequently to be covered with concrete,
usually by brooming it into place to fill
surface voids and fissures.
(ACI)
03600