Construction Dictionary - 2 Site Work Terminology

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SECTION 02500
ADDITIVE: A substance or agent added in
small amounts to a basic ingredient of
a mixture prior to mixing .
(AASHO)
ADMIXTURE: A substance or agent added in
small arnounts to the basic ingredients
of a mixture during the mixing process.
(AASHO )
AGGREGATE: Any hard, inert, mineral materi—
al used for mixing in graduated fragments.
It includes sand, gravel, crushed stone
and slag.
AGGREGATE, COARSE: try-at retained on the
No. 8 sieve.
(A1)
AGGREGATE, FINE: That passing the NO. 8
sieve.
(A1)
AGGREGATE COARSE-GRADED: one having a con-
tinuous grading in sizes of particles
fran coa rse through fine with a predom—
inance of coarse sizes.
(A1)
Dense—graded aggregate : A wel I—graded
aggregate to proportional as to contain
a relatively small percentage of voids.
(AASHO)
AGGREGATE, FINE-GRADED: one having a con-
tin uous grading in sizes of particles
from coarse through fine with a predom—
inance of fine sizes.
(A1)
Open—graded aggregate: A well—graded
aggregate containing little or no fines,
with a relatively large percentage of
(ÄÄSHO)
void s .
Skip—graded aggregate: Aggregate pos—
sessing proportionate distribution of
successive particle sizes.
(AASHO)
ASPHALT; A dark brown to black cementi—
tious material in which the predominating
constituents are bitumens which occur in
nature or are obtained in petroleum pro—
cessing. Asphalt is a constituent in
varying proportions of most crude petro—
leum. (A1 )
ASPHALT CEMENT: Asphalt that is refined to
meet specifications for paving, individual
ard special purposes.
Its penetration is
usually between 40 and 300. The terrn is
often abbreviated A.C. (A1 )
ASPHALT CONCRETE: High quality, thoroughly
controlled hot mixture of asphalt cement
and well—graded, high—quality aggregate,
thoroughly compacted into a uniforrn dense
mass typified by ASTM Specification D 1663,
Mix Designations 3A through 6A. (A1)
(ASPHALT) EMULSION SLURRY SEAL: A mixture
of slow—setting ernulsified asphalt, fine
aggregate arE mineral filler, with water
added to produce sl urry consistency. (A1)
02500
PAVING AND StJRFÄCTNG
ASPHALT LIQUID: An asphaltic material having
a soft of fluid consistency that is beyond
the range of measurement by the normal pene—
tration test, the limit of which is 300
Inaximum. Liquid asphalts include (I) cut—
back asphalts and (2) emulsified asphalts .
Cutback a sphalt: Asphalt cement which has
been liquified by blending wi th petroleum
solvents (also called diluents) , as for the
atmospheric conditions the diluents evapor—
ate, leaving the asphalt cement to perform
its function.
I.
2.
3.
4.
Rapid—curing (RC) asphalt—liquid asphalt
cornposed of asphalt cement and a naptha
or gasoline—type diluent of high volati—
Medium—curing (MC) asphalt—liquid asphalt
composed of asphalt cement and a kerosene—
type diluent of medium volatility.
Slow—curing (SC) asphal t—liquid asphalt
composed of asphalt cement and oils of
low volatility.
Road—oil : A heavy petroleurn oil, usually
one of the slow—cur ing (SC) grades of Ii—
quid asphalt.
Emulsified asphalt: An emulsion of asphalt
cement and water which contains a small amount
of an znulsifying agent, a heterogeneous sys—
tem containing two normally irruniscible phases
(asphalt and water) in which the water forms
the continuous phase of the emulsion, and
minute globules of asphalt form the discontin—
uous phase. Emulsified asphalts may be of
either the anionic, electro—negatively charged
asphalt globules, or cationic, electro—
positively charged asphalt globule types, de—
pending upon the emulsifying agent. An emul—
sified asphalt in which the continuous phase
is asphalt, usually an RC or MC liquid as—
phalt, and the discontinuous phase is minute
globules of water in relatively small quanti—
ties is called an inverted enulsified asphalt .
This type ernulsion also be either anionic
or cationic.
ASPHALT, NATURAL (NATIVE): Asphalt occurring
in nature which has been derived from petro—
leum by natural processes of evaporation of
volatile fractions leaving the asphalt frac—
tions. The native asphalts of most impor—
tance are found in the Trinidad and Bermudez
Lake deposits. Asphalt from these sources
often is called Lake Asphalt.
ASPHALT PAVEMENTS: Pavements consisting of a
surface course of mineral aggregate coated
cemented together with asphalt cement on
supporting courses such as asphalt basest
crushed stone, slag or gravel; or on portland
cement concrete, brick or block pavement. (A1)
AXLE LOAD: The total load transmitted by all
wheels t.he centers of which may be included

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between two parallel transverse vertical plans
40 inches apart, extending across the full width
(AASHO)
of the vehicle.
Tandem axle load: The total load transmitted
by two or more consecutive axles the centers of
which may be included between parallel trans—
verse vertical planes spaced more than 40 inches
and not more than 96 inches apart, extending
across the full width of the vehicle.
BASE COURSE: The layer of material irarnediately
beneath the surface of intermediate cour se.
It may be composed of crushed stone, crushed
slag, crushed or uncrushed gravel and sand, or
It also may
combinations of these mater ials.
(A1)
be bound wtih asphalt.
BINDER COURSE: A plant mix of graded aggregates
(generally open graded) and biturninous ltEter ial
which constitutes the lower layer of the sur—
face course. (AASHO)
BITUMEN: A mixture of hydrocarbons of natural or
pyrogenous origin, or a combination of both;
frequently accompanied by nonmetallic deriva—
tives which may be gaseous, liquid, semisolid
or solid; and which are completely soluble
(A1)
in carbon disulfide.
BITUMINOUS COATING:
Prime coat: An application of a low viscosity
liquid bituminous ltEteriaI to coat and bind
mineral particles preparatory to placing a
base or surface course.
Seal coat : A thin treatment consisting of
bi tuminous material, usually with cover aggre—
gate, applied to a surface course. The term
includes but is not limited to sand—seal, chip
seal, slurry seal, contrast seal and fog seal.
contrast seal : A seal coat designed primarily
to provide color or texture contrast with an
adjacent surface.
Fog seal : thin application of bi turninous
mater iaI without cover aggregate.
Slurry seal : A seal coat consisting of a semi—
fluid mixture of asphaltic emulsion and fine
aggrega te.
Tack coat: An application of bituminous —
ter ia1 to an existing surface to provide bond
with a superimposed course (AASHO)
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE: A designed canbination of
dense graded mineral aggregate filler and bi—
tuminous cement mixed in a central plant, laid
(AASHO)
and compacted while hot.
COLD-LAID PLANT MIXTURE: Plant mixes that my be
spread and compacted at atmospheric temperature.
(A1)
A fissure or open seam not necessarily
CRACK:
extending through tkE body of a material.
(AASHO)
02500
Reflection crack: A crack appearing in
a resurface or overlay caused by movement
at joints or cracks in underlying base
or surface.
CURB LOADING ZONE: Roadway space adj acent
to a curb and reserved for exclusive use
Of vehicles during loading or unloading
(AASHO)
of pa ssengers or property .
DEEP-LIFT ASPHALT CONSTRUCTION: A construc-
tion practice in which the asphalt course
is placed in one or more lifts of 4 or
more inches (10 or more cm) compa cted
(The form "DEEP-LIFT" is reg-
thickness.
istered by the Asphalt Institute with
the U. S. Patent Office). (AIA)
DEEP-STRENGTH ASPHALT PAVEMENT: The term
deep—strength (registered by the Asphalt
Institute with the U.S. Patent Office)
certified that the pavement is construc—
ted of asphalt with an asphalt surface on
an asphalt base and in accordance with
design concepts established by the In—
(See latest edition of Thick—
stitute .
(A1)
ness Design manual (MS—I) .
EMULSION SLURRY SEAL (ASPHALT) : A mixture
of slow—setting emulsified asphalt,
fine aggregate and mineral filler, with
water added to produce slurry consis—
tency. (A1 )
EXPRESSWAY: A divided arterial highway
for through traffic with full or partial
control of cecess and generally with
grade separations at major intersections.
(AASHO)
FAULTING: Differential vertical displace—
ment of rigid slabs at a joint or crack.
(AASHO)
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT: A pavement structure
which maintains intimate contact with
and distributes loads to the subgrade
and depends upon aggregate interlock,
particle friction and cohesion for
stabil i ty. (AASHO)
FREESQY: An expressway with full con—
(AASHO)
trol of access
FULL-DEPTHR ASPHALT PAVEMENT: The term
"Full—Depth't (registered by The Asphalt
Institute with the U.S. Patent Office)
certifies that the pavement is one in
which asphalt mixtures are employed for
all courses above the subgrade or im—
subgrade. A "full—depth" as—
phalt pavement is laid directly on the
(The mathematical
prepared subgrade.
symbol TA denotes Full—Depth or Total
(A1)
Asphalt) .
GORE: The area irrunediately beyond the
divergence of roadways, bounded
by the edges of those roadways. (AASHO)

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SECTION 02500
.GRADE SEPARATION: A crossing of two high-
ways, or a highway and a railroad, at
dif ferent levels. (AASHO)
Overpass: A grade separation where the
subj ect highway passes over an intersect—
ing highway or railroad; also called
overcros sing.
Underpass: A grade separation where the
subject highway passes under an inter—
secting highway or rai 1 road; also cal led
Und ercrossing .
HIGHWAY, STREET OR ROAD: A general term de-
noting a public way for purposes of vehi—
cu lar travel, including the entire area
within the right—of—way.
in urban areas — high—
(Reconunended usage :
way or street; in rural areas — highway
or road) (AASHO)
Arterial highway; A general terrn denoting
a highway primarily for through traffic ,
usually on a continuous route.
Belt highway: An arterial highway for
car rying traffic around an urban area or
portion thereof .
Bypass: An arterial highway that permits
traffic to avoid part or all of an
area .
Divided highway: A highway with separ ated
roadways for traffic in opposite directions.
Major highway: An arterial highway with
intersections at grade and direct access to
abutting property, and on which geometric
design and traffic control measures are
used to expedite the safe movanent of
through traffic.
Radial highway: An arterial leading
to oc fran an urban center.
Through highway ; Every highway or portion
thereof on which vehicular traffic is given
preferential right—of—way, and at the en—
trances to which vehicular traffic from in—
tersecting highways is required by law to
yield to vehicles on such
through highway in obedience to either a
stop sign or a yield sign, when such signs
are erected.
INTERCHANGE: A system of interconnecting
roadways in conj unction with one or rrore
grade separations, providing for the move—
ment of traffic between two or more road—
(AASHO)
ways on different levels.
INTERCHANGE ELEENTS :
Direct connection : A one—way turning road—
way which does not deviate greatly from the
in tended direction of travel .
02500
PAVING AND SURFACING
Interchange ramp: A turning roadway at.
an interchange for travel between inter—
section legs.
Loop: A one—way turning roadway that
curves about 270 degrees to the right
to accorrmodate a left—turning movement.
It may include provision for a left turn
at a terminal to accomrnodate another turn—
ing movement.
Outer connection : A one—way turning
roadway primarily for a right—turning
movement. It may include provision for
a left turn at a terminal to accommodate
another turning movement.
Two—way ramp : A ramp for travel in
two directions. At a cloverleaf it
serves as both an outer connection and
(AASHO)
a loop.
INTERCHANGE TYPES:
Cloverleaf: A 4—1eg interchange with
loops for left turns and outer connec—
tions for right turns or two—way ramps
for these turns A full cloverleaf has
ramps for two turning movements in each
quadrant .
Diamond inter change: A 4—1eg interchange
with a single one—way ramp in each quad—
rant. All left turns are made directly
on the minor highway.
Directional interchange : An interchange
generally having more than one hiéhway
grade separation, with direct connec—
t ions for the major left—turning move—
(AASHO)
ments.
INTERSECTION : The general area where two
or more highways join or cross, within
which are included the roadway and road—
side facilities for traffic movements
in that area .
(AASHO)
INTERSECTION ELEMENTS :
Angle of turn: Angle through which a
vehicle travels in making a turn.
Intersection angle; Angle between
two inter section legs .
Intersection entrance: That part Of
an intersection leg for traffic enter—
ing the intersection.
Intersection exit: That part of an in—
tersection leg for traffic leaving the
inter section.
Intersection leg: Any one of the high—
E ys radiating from and forming part
of an intersection. The cormon inter—
section of highways crossing each
other has four legs.

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SECTION 02500
: A defined area between traffic lanes
for control of vehicle movanents or for pedes—
Within an intersection a median
trian refuge.
or an outer separation is considered an island.
Median opening: A gap in a median provided for
crossing and turning traffic .
Merging end: An end of an island, or area be—
tween converging roadways, beyond which traffic
merges .
Minimum turning pa th; The path of a designated
point on a vehicle making its sharpest turn.
Minimum turning radius: Thec radius of the mini—
mum turning path of the outside of the outer
front tire. (Vehicle manufacturers' data books
give minimum turning radius to the centerline
of the outer front tire) .
Turning movernent: The traffic 11Bking a desig—
nated turn at an intersection .
Turning path : The path of a designated point
on a vehicle making a specif led turn
Turning roadway : A connecting roadway for
traffic turning between two intersection legs.
Turning roadway terminal : The general area
where a turning roadway connects with a through
"Exit" used as a modifier re—
traffic roadway .
fers to leaving the through traffic lanes and
"entrance" refers to entering the through traf—
fic lanes.
Turning track width: The radial distance be—
tween the turning paths of the outside of the
outer front tire and the outside of the rear
tire which is nearest the center of the turn.
(AASHO)
INTERSECTION TYPES :
At—grade intersection : An intersection where
all roadways join or cross at the same level .
Channelized intersection: An at—grade inter—
section in which traffic is directed into
definite paths by islands.
Flared intersection; An unchannelized inter—
section, or a divided highway intersection
wåthout islands other than medians, where
the traveled way of any intersection leg is
widened or an auxiliary lane added.
Four—leg intersection: An intersection with
four legs as where two highways cross.
Multi leg intersection :
Intersection with
five or more legs.
Rotary intersection : A confluence of three
or more intersection legs at which traffic
merges into and emerges from a one—way road—
way in a counterclockwise direction around
a central area.
T intersection: A three—leg intersection in
the general form of a " T"
02500
PAVING AND SURFACING
Three—leg inter section: An inter sectiop
with three legs, where two highways
join.
Unchannelized intersection: An at—grade
intersection without islands for direct—
ing traffic into definite paths.
Y intersection : A three—leg intersection
(AASHO)
in the general form of a "Y"
JOINT : A designed vertical plane of sep—
(AASHO)
aration or weakness.
Construction joint: A joint made neces—
sary by a prolonged interruption in the
placing of concrete .
Contraction joint: A joint at the. ends
of a rigid slab to control the location
of transverse cracks.
Expansion joint: A joint located to pro—
vide for expansion of a rigid slab, with—
out damage to itself, adjacent slabs,
or structures.
Long itudinal joint: A joint normally
placed between traffic lanes to control
longitudinal cracking .
Warping or hinged joint: A joint in which
flexure is permitted but separation and
vertical displacement of abutting rigid
slabs are prevented by metal ties and
mechanical or aggregate interlock.
LANE :
Auxiliary lane: The portion of the road—
way adjoining the traveled way for park—
ing, speed change, turning, storage for
turning, iæaving, truck climbing or for
other purposes supplementary to through
traffic
Median lane: A speed—change lane within
the median to accormodate left—turning
vehicle s .
Parking lane: An auxiliary lane primarily
for the parking of vehicles.
Speed—change lane: An auxiliary lane ,
inc luding tapered areas, primarily for
the acceleration or deceleration of ve—
hi.c Ies entering or leaving the through
traffic lanes.
Traffic lane: The portion of the traveled
way for the movement of a single line
(AASHO)
of vehic Ies.
LEVELING COURSE: The layer of material
placed on an existing surface to elimin—
ate irregularities prior to placing an
(AASHQ)
overlaying cour se.
LOAD TRANSFER DEVICE: A mechanical means de-
signed to carry loads across a joint.
(AASHO)

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SECTION 02500
Dowel: A load transfer element usually con—
Sisting of a plain round steel bar.
lüCADAM: A layer of coarse, graded, angular
mineral aggregate With a filler of fine ag—
gregate, interlocked by compaction. (AASHO)
MEDIAN: The portion of a divided highway
separating the traveled ways for traffic
in opposite directions .
(AASHO)
OUTER SEPARATION: The portion of an arterial
highway between the traveled ways of a road—
for through traffic and a frontage street
or road .
(AASHO)
: An arterial highway for noncommer—
cial traffic, with full or partial control
of access, and usually located within a
PAVING AND SURFACING
as one course a portland cement concr#e slab
of relatively high bending resistance . (AASHO)
RIGID SLAB: A section of portland cement con—
crete pavement bounded by joints and edges,
designed for continuity of tensile stress. (AASH
ROAD: A general tern denoting a public way
for purposes of vehicular travel, including
the entire area within the right—of —way.
(Recomended usage: in urban areas: high—
way or street; in rural areas: highway or
road ) . (AASHO)
Frontage road : A local street or road
auxiliary to and located on the side of an
arterial highway for service to abutting
property and adjacent areas and for control
of access.
park or a ribbon of parklike developments. (AASHO)
PAVEMENT STRUCTURE: The combination of sub-
base, base course, and surface course
placed on a subgrade to support the traffic
load and distribute it to the roadbed.
(AASHQ)
Base course: layer or layers of speci—
fied or selected mater iaI of designed
thickness placed on a subbase or a sub—
grade to support a surface course.
Subbase: The layer or layers of specif ied
or selected material of designed thickness
placed on a subgrade to support a base
course.
Subgrade: The top surface of a roadbed upon
which the pavement structure and shoulders
including curbs are constructed.
Subgrade treatment: Modif ication of road—
bed Nterial by stabilization.
Surface course: One or more layers of a
pavement structure designed to acconuno—
date the traffic load the top layer of
which rests skidding, traffic abrasion
and the dis integrating effects of climate.
The top layer sometimes called "Wearing
Course" .
(AASHO)
PUMPING: The ejection of foundation material,
either wet or dry, through joints or cracks
or along the edges of rigid slabs, due to
vertical movements of the slab under traf—
fic .
(AASHO )
REPROCESSING: The renewal of an existing sur—
face by sacrifyingr remixing with or with—
out additional rnaterial and relaying. (AASHO)
RESURFACING: The placing of one or mre new
courses on an existing surface. (AASHO)
REINFORCEMENT: Steel imbedded in a rigid
slab to resist tensile stresses and detri—
mental opening of cracks. (AASHO )
RIGID PAVEMENT: A pavement structure which
distributes loads to subgrade having
02500
Local road: A street or road primarily used
for access to residence, business, or other
abutting property.
Toll road or Roll tunnel: A highway or tunnel
open to traffic only upon payment of a direct
toll or fee.
ROADBED: The graded portion of a highway with—
in top and side slopes, prepared as a founda—
tion for the pavement structure and shoulder .
(AASHO )
Roadbed Nterial: The material below the
subgrade in cuts and embankments and in em—
foundations extending to such depths
as affects the support of the pavement struc—
ture .
A general term denoting the area
adj oining the outer edge of the roadway.
Extensive areas between the roadways of a
divided highway may also be considered road—
side.
(AASHO)
ROADWAY : (General) The portion of a highway,
including shoulders, for vehicular use. A
div ided highway has two or more roadways.
(In cons truction specifications) The por—
tion of a highway within limits of construc—
tion.
(AASHO)
RUMBLE SURFACE: A rough textured surface con—
structed for the purpose of causing the tires
of a motor vehicle driven over it to vibrate
audibly as a warning to drivers.
(AASHO)
SAND ASPHALT: A mixture of sand and asphalt,
either plant mixed or road mixed. (AASHO)
SHOULDER: The portion of the roadway contigu—
ous with the traveled way for accommodation
of stopped vehicles for emergency use, and
for lateral support of base and surface
(AASHO)
courses.
STABILI ZÄTION : Modification Of soils or aggre—
gates by incorporating materials that will
increase load bearing capacity, firrnness
and resistance to weathering or displace—
(AASHO )
ment.

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PAVING AND SURFACING
SECTION 02500
STRE*: A general term denoting a public for
purposes of vehicular travel, including the en—
tire area within the
(Recommended usage : in areas: hiühway or
street; in rural areas: highway or road. )
Cul—de—sac street: A local street open at one
end only and with special provision for turning
arou nd.
Dead—end street: A local street open at one
end only without special provision for turning
around.
Frontage street: A local street or road auxi—
liary to and located on the side of an arterial
highway for service to abutting property and
adjacent areas and for control of access.
Local street : A street or road primarily for
access to residence, business or other abutting
property.
Major Street: An arterial highway with intersec—
tions at grade and direct access to abutting
property, and on which geometric design and
traffic control measures are used to expedite
the safe movement of through traffic .
Through street: Every highway or portion there—
of on which vehicular traffic is given prefer—
ential and at the entrances to which
vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is
required by law to yield right—of—way to vehi—
cles on such through highway in obedience to
either a stop sign or a yield sign, when such
signs are erected. (AASHO)
SURFACE TREANENT: one or more applications of bi-
Ominous material and cover aggregate or thin
plant mix on an Old pavernent or any element of
a new pavement structure. (AASHO)
SURFACING:
Plant mixed surfacing: A designed combination
of mineral aggregate ard bituminous material
mixed in a central plant.
Road—mixed surfacing : A designed combination
of nzterial components of a flexible pavernent
mixed on the roadbed or in a travelling plant.
Sheet asphalt surfacing : A designed mixture
of well graded sand, mineral filåér and asphal—
tic cement processed in a central plant, laid
and compacted while hot (AASHO)
TIE BAR; A deformed steel bar or connector im—
bedded in the concrete across a joint to pre—
vent separation of abutting slabs. (AASHO)
TRAVELED The portion of the roadway for
the movanent Of vehicles, excl usive of shoulders
(AASHO )
and auxiliary lanes.
02500

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SECTION 02615
ABSORPTION: This term applies to immersion
in a fluid for a definite period of time.
It is usually expressed as a percent of the
(CISPI)
weight of the dry pipe
Bacteria living without air.
ANAEROBIC :
(CISPI)
ANCHOR: An anchor is usually pieces of metal
used to fasten or secure pipes to the build—
(CISPI)
ing or structure.
AREA OF CIRCLE: TO find the area of a cir-
cle, multiply the square of the radius by
pl. Area = fr2.
(CISPI)
BACK FILL: That portion of the trench exca—
vation which is replaced after the sewer
line has been laid is called the backfill.
It is the material above the pipe up to
the or iginal earth line. (CISPI)
BACKFLOW; Backflow is the flow of water or
other liquids, mixtures or substances into
the distr ibuting pipe of a potable supply
of water from any source other than that
in tended.
(CISPI)
BACKFLOW PREVENTER: This is a device or as-
sembly designed to prevent backflow into
the potable water system. (CISPI)
BACK-SIPHONAGE: This is the term applied to
the flow of used water, wastes and/or con—
tamination into the potable water supply
piping, due to vacuums being established
in the distribution system, building ser—
vice, water main or parts thereof.
(CISPI)
BASE: The lowest portion or lowest point of
(CISPI )
a stack of vertical pipe.
BRANCH; A branch is any part of the piping
system other than a main riser, or stack.
(CISPI)
CAULKING: Caulking is t.he opera tion or
method of render ing a joint tight against
water or gas by means of plastic substances
such as lead and oakum. (CISPI)
CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE: To find the peri-
meter or circumference of a circle, multi—
ply the diameter of the circle by pi.
Circumference = T D. (CISPI)
CLARIFIED SEWAGE: This is a term used for
sewage from which suspended matter has been
(CISPI )
partly or completely re•noved.
CODE: The word code, as related to plumbing
work, usually means an ordinance with any
subsequent amendments thereto, or any
emergency rules and regulations which a
city or governing body may adopt to con—
trol the plumbing work within their juris—
diction. (CISPI)
COLIFORM GROUP OF BACTERIA: This is defined
as inc luding all organisms considered in
the coli aerogenes group as set forth in
02615
CAST-IRON PIPE
the Arner ican Water Works Association And the
American public Health Association litera—
(CISPI)
ture.
Stress which resists the ten—
COMP RESSION :
dency of two forces acting toward each
(CISPI )
other .
CONDUCTOR: A conductor is that part of the
vertical piping which carries the water
from the roof to the storm drain, which
starts either 6 inches above grade if out—
side the building, or at the roof sump or
gutter if inside the building.
(CISPI)
CROSS CONNECTION: A cross connection or inter-
connection is any physical connection between
a city water supply and any waste pipe, soil
pipe, sewer, drain, or any pr ivate or un—
certified water supply. Furthermore, it is
any potable water supply outlet which is
submerged or can be submerged in waste
water and/or any other source of contamina—
tion .
(CISPI)
CRUDE OR RAW SEWAGE: This terminology applies
to untreated sewage.
(CISPI)
DEAD END: A dead end is a branch leading from
any soil, waste or vent pipe, building drain,
or building sewer, which is terminated at a
developed distance of two (2) feet or rrore
by means of a cap, plug or other fitting
not used for admitting water or air to the
pipe, except branches serving as cleanout
ex on s.
(CISPI)
DEVELOPED LENGTHS: The term developed length of
a pipe refers to the length measured along
the centerline of the pipe and fittings.
(CISPI)
DIAMETER: Unless specifically stated, the
terrn diameter is the nominal diameter as de—
signed commercially.
(CISPI)
DIGESTER AND DIGESTION: That portion of the
sewage treatment process where biochemical
decomposition of organic matter takes place,
resulting in the formation of simple organic
and mineral substances.
(CISPI)
DOMESTIC SEWAGE:
Sewage originating princi—
pally from dwellings, business buildings,
institutions and usually thought of as not
containing storm water. However, in some
localities it may include industrial . wastes
and rain water from combination sewers.
(CISPI)
DR.AIN : A drain is any pipe which carries
waste water or water—borne wastes in a
building drainage system. (CISPI)
DRAIN, BUILDING OR HOUSE: That part of the
lowest horizontal piping of a building
drainage system which receives and conveys
the discharge from soil, waste and drainage
pipes, other than storm drains, from within
the walls or footings Of any building to the
build ing sewer.
(CISPI)

****** Result for Image/Page 8 ******
SECTION 02615
DRAINS, COMBINED: The combined drain is that por—
tidn of the drainage system within a building
which carries storm water and sanitary sewage.
(CISPI)
DRAINS, STORM: Part of the horizontal piping
and its branches which convert sub—soil and/or
surface drainage areas, courts, roofs or
(CISPI)
yards to the building or storm sewer.
DRAINS, SUBSOIL: Part of the drainage systern
which conveys the subsoil ground or seepage
water from the footings of walls, or from un—
der buildings, to the building drain, storm
water drain or building sewer. (CISPI)
DRY WEATHER FLOW: This term refers to sewage
collected during the sumrner which contains
little or no ground water by infiltration
and no storm water at the time. (CISPI)
DUCTILITY: This is the property of elongation,
above the elastic limit, but under the tensile
(CISPI)
strength.
Sewage, treated or partially treated,
EFFLUENT :
flowing out of sewage treatment equipment.
(CISPI)
ELASTIC LIMIT: The greatest stress which a ma-
terial can withstand without a permanent de—
formation after release of the stress. (CISPI)
EROSION: The gradual destruction Of metal or
other material by the abrasive action of liquids ,
gases, solids or mixtures of these materials.
(CISPI)
EXISTING WORK; This applies to that portion of
a plumbing systan which has been installed
prior to the current or contemplated addi—
t ion, altera tion or correction.
(CISPI)
FIXTURES, BATTERY OF; A battery of fixtures is
any group of two or more similar adjacent fix—
tures which discharge into a cornmon horizon—
tal waste or soil branch. (CISPI)
FIXTURES, COMBINATION; A combination fixture
is an integral unit such as a kitchen sink
(CISPI)
and a laundry unit
FIXTURES, PLUMBING: Installed receptacles,
devices or appliances which are supplied with
water, or which receive liquids and/or dis—
charge liquids, or liquid—borne wastes, either
directly or ind irectly into the drainage sys—
tem. (CISPI)
FIXTURE UNIT: A fixture unit is that amount of
fixture discharge equivalent to seven and one—
half (7—1/2) gallons or one (I) cubic
foot of water per minute.
(CISPI)
FLOOD LEVEL RIM: The top edge of the receptacle
from which water overflows .
FLUSH VALVE: Device located at the bottom of
the tank for the purpose of flushing water
closets and similar fixtures.
(CISPI)
02615
CAST-IRON PIPE
FLUSHOMETER VALVE: A device which dis-
charges a predetermined quantity of wa—
ter to a fixture for flushing purposes
and is actuated by direct water pressure.
(CISPI )
FOOTING: The part Of a foundation wall
resting on the bearing soil, rock or
piling which transmits the superimposed
(CISPI )
load to the bearing material
FRESH SEWAGE: This applies to sewage of
recent origin still containing free dis—
(CISPI)
solved oxygen.
LATERAL SEWER: A sewer which does not re—
ceive sewage from any other conunon sewer
(CISPI)
except house connections .
LEACHING WELL OR CESSPOOL: Any pit or re-
ceptacle having porous walls which permit
the contents to seep into the ground.
(CISPI)
LEADER: The piping from the roof which
(CISPI)
carries roof water.
MAIN SEWER: Also called the Trunk Sewer;
the main stern or principal artery Of the
system or sewage network to which branches
(CISPI)
may be connected.
MASTER PLUMBER: The master plumber's 1i-
cense grants him the authority to install
and to assume responsibility for contrac—
tua1 agreements pertaining to plumbing
and to secure any required permits. The
journeyman plumber properly licensed is
al lowed to install plumbing only under
the supervision of a master plumber.
(CISPI)
OFFSET : A combination of pipe, pipes and/or
fittings which join two approximately
parallel sections of the line of pipes.
(CISPI)
OUTFALL SEWERS: Those receiving sewage from
the collection system and carrying it to
the point of final discharge or treat—
rnent. It is usually the largest sewer
of the entire system. (CISPI)
Sewage in which the or—
OXIDIZED SEWAGE:
ganic matter has been combined with oxy—
gen and has become stable in nature.
(CISPI )
PIPE, HORIZONTAL: Any p or part thereof
which is installed in a horizontal posi—
tion or which makes an angle of less
(CISPI)
than 450 with the horizon tal .
PIPE, INDIRECT WASTE: A pipe that does not
connect directly with the drainage sys—
ten but conveys liquid wastes by dis—
charging into a plumbing fixture or re—
ceptacle which is directly connected
to the drainage system. (CISPI)

****** Result for Image/Page 9 ******
SECTION 02615
PIPE, LOCAL VENTILATING: A pipe on the fix-
ture side of the trap through which pipe
vapors or foul air can be removed from a
(CISPI)
room or fixture.
PIPE, SOIL: Any pipe which conveys to the
building drain or building sewer the dis—
charge of one or more water closets and/or
the discharge of any other fixture re—
ceiving fecal matter, with or without the
(CISPI)
discharge from other fixtures.
PIPE, SPECIAL WASTE: A drain which receives
one or nore wastes which require treatment
before entry into the normal plumbing sys—
tern; the special waste pipe terminates at
the treatment device on the premises.
(CISPI)
PIPE, VERTICAL: Any pipe or part thereof
which is installed in a vertical position
or which makes an angle of not more than
(CISPI)
450 with the vertical .
PIPE, WASTE: A pipe which conveys only I i—
quid or liquid—borne waste, free of fecal
matter. (CISPI)
PIPE, WATER RISER: A water supply pipe
which extends vertically one full story
or rnore to convey water to branches or
(CISPI)
f ixtures .
PIPES, WATER DISTRIBUTION: convey water
from the service pipe to its points of
(CISPI)
usage on the premi ses.
PIPES, WATER SERVICE: That portion of the
water piping which supplies one or more
structures or premises and which extends
frcX'. the public or private 11B in in the
street, alley or easement to the meter or ,
if no meter is to be provided, to the first
stop cock or valve inside the premises.
(CISPI)
PITCH: Used to indicate the amount Of Slope
or grade given to hor i zon tal piping and
expressed in inches of vertically projected
drop per foot on a horizontally projected
(CISPI)
run of pipe.
Includes the practice, materials
PLUMBING:
and fixtures used in the installation, main—
tenance, extension and alteration of all pip—
ing, fixtures, appliances and appurtenances
in connection with any of the following :
Sanitary drainage or storrn drainage facili—
ties; the venting system and the public or
private water—supply systems, within or ad—
jacent to any building, structure or convey—
ance; also the practice and materials used
in the installation, maintenance, extension
or alteration of water—supply systems and/or
the storm water, liquid waste or sewage
system of any premises to their connection
with any point of public disposal or other
acceptable termina (CISPI )
02615
CAST-IRON PIPE
PLUMBING INSPECTOR: Any person who, unqer
the supervision Of the authority having
jurisdiction, is authorized to inspect
plumbing and drainage as defined in the
code for the municipality, and complying
with the laws of licensing and/or regis—
tration of the State, City or county.
(CISPI)
PRECIPITATION: The total measurable supply
of Eter received directly from the clouds
It is
as snow, rain, hail and sleet.
usually expressed in inches per day, month
(CISPI)
or year .
PRIVATE USE : Applies to a toilet room or
bathroom intended specif ically for the use
of an individual or family and such visi—
tors as they may permit to use such
toilet or bathroom. (CISPI )
PUBLIC USE: Applies to toilet rooms and bath—
rooms used by employees, occupants, visitors
or patrons, in or about any premises. This
term also applies to locked toilet rooms
or bathrooms to which several occupants
or employees on the premises possess keys
(CISPI)
and have access.
PUTREFACTION : Biological decomposition of
organic ætter with the production of ill—
smelling products is known as putrefaction.
It usually takes place when there is a de—
(CISPI)
ficiency of oxygen.
REVENT ( Individual vent) : That part of a vent
pipe line which connects directly with any
individual waste or group of wastes, under—
neath or back of the fixture, and extends
either to the main or branch vent pipe.
(CISPI)
ROUGHING IN: A term concerning the installa—
tion of all parts of the plumbing system
which can be completed prior to the instal la—
tion of the plumbing fixtures. This includes
drainage, water supply, vent piping and the
(CISPI)
necessary fixture backing .
SANITARY SEWER: The conduit or pipe carrying
sanitary sewage. It may include storm water,
and also the infiltration of ground water .
(CISPI)
SEPTIC SEWAGE; Sanitary sewage undergoing
putref acti on.
(CISPI)
SEPTIC TANK: A receptacle which receives the
discharge of a drain age system or part there—
of , and is designed and so constructed to sep—
arate the solids from the liquid, digest the
organic matter through a period of deten—
t ion, and allow the liquids to discharge into
the soil outside the tank through a system
Of open—joint or perforated piping, or into
a disposal pit.
(CISPI)

****** Result for Image/Page 10 ******
SECTION 02615
SEWAGE: Any liquid waste conta ining animal, vege—
table or chemical wastes in suspension or solu—
(CISPI)
tion .
It is
SEWER, BUILDING: Also called house sewer.
that part of the horizontal piping of a drainage
system extending from the building drain, storm
drain and/or subsoil drain to its connection in—
to the public sewer, private sewer, sewage
treatment tank or other point of disposal, and
carrying the drainage of but one building or
(CISPI)
part thereof.
SEWER, BUILDING STORM: The extension from the
building storm drain to the public storm sewer ,
combined sewer, or other point of disposal .
(Cispr)
SEWER, PRIVATE: A sewer located on private prop—
erty owned and maintained which conveys the
drainage of one or more buildings to a public
sewer or to a privately owned sewage disposal
system. (CISPI)
SEWER, STORM; A sewer used to convey rainwater ,
surface water, condensate, cool ing water or
similar water wastes, exclusive of sewage
(CISPI)
and industrial wastes.
SLICK: Thin oily film usually present which
gives the characteristic appearance to the
surface of water into which sewage or oily waste
(CISPI)
is discharged.
SLUDGE: The accumulated suspended solids of
sewage deposited in tanks, beds or basins, mixed
with rore or less water to form a semiliqu id
(CISPI)
nzss called sludge.
STACK: The vertical in of a system of soil,
(CISPI)
waste or vent piping.
STACK VENT: The extension of a soil or waste
stack above the highest horizontal drain con—
(CISPI)
nected to the stack.
STALE Contains little or no oxygen and
is, as yet, free from putrefaction.
(CISPI )
STRAIN: Change of shape or size of a body pro—
(CISPI)
duced by the action of stress.
STRESS: When external forces act on a body,
they are resisted by reactions within body
(CISP 1)
which are called stresses.
SUBMAIN SEWER (Also called Branch Sewer):
sewer into which the sewage from two or more
(CISPI)
lateral sewers is discharged .
SUBSOIL DRAIN: Drain which receives only subsur—
face or seepage water and conveys it to a
(CISPI)
place of disposal.
SUMP: A tank or pit which receives the discharge
from drains or other wastes, located below the
normal grade of the gravity system, and which
must be emptied by mechanical means. (CISPI)
TENSION: That stress resists the tendency
of forces acting away fran each other to
02615
CAST-IRON PIPE
pull apart two adjoining planes of a
(CISPI)
body.
TRAP : A fitting or device so designed and
constructed as to provide, when properly
vented, a liquid seal which will prevent
back passage of air without materi—
ally affecting the flow of sewage or
(CISPI)
waste water through it.
TRAP SEAL: The vertical distance between
tkE crown weir and the top of the dip
(CISPI)
of the trap.
TURBULENCE : Any deviation from paral
flow in a pipe due to rough inner wall
surfaces, obstructions or directional
(CISPI)
changes.
Piping in contact with
UNDERGROUND PIPING:
the earth below grade. Pipe in a tunnel
or in a watertight trench is not included
within the scope of this term. (CISPI)
USED: Plumbing materials, fixtures or
equipment which have been removed from
(CISPI)
a previous installation.
VACUUM; Any pressure less than that exert—
ed by the atmosphere and may be termed
(CISPI)
a negative pressure.
Time rate of motion in a given
VELOC ITY:
(CISPI)
direction and sense.
VENT, CIRCUIT: A branch vent that serves
or more traps and extends from in
front of the last fixture connection of
a hor izontal branch to the vent stack.
(CISPI )
VENT, COMMON: Also called dual vent, is a
vent connecting at the junction of two
fixture drains and serving as a vent for
(CISPI)
both fixtures.
VENT, CONTINUOUS: A vent that is a contin-
uation of and in a straight line with
the drain to which it connects . A contin—
uous vent is further designed by the
angle which the drain and vent make with
the horizontal at the point of connec—
tion; for example, vertical continuous
waste—and —vent, 450 continuous waste—
and—vent; and flat (small angle) contin—
(CISPI)
uous waste—and—vent.
VENT, LOOP: A vent from a single fixture
or battery of fixtures which is connected
into the same stack into which the fix—
If the loop vent serves
tures discharge.
more than one fixture, it is one type of
circuit vent.
(CISPI)
VENT STACK: A vertical vent pipe installed
prirnarily for the purpose of providing
circulation of air to and from any part
of the drainage sy stem. A vent stack
or main vent is that part of a venting
system to which circuit vents are connect—
ed. Branch vents, revents or individual

****** Result for Image/Page 11 ******
SECTION 02615
vents may be led to and connected with a
vent stack. The foot of the vent stack
may be connected either into a hor izontal
drainage branch or into a soil or waste
(CISPI)
sta ck.
VENT SYSTEM; A pipe or pipes installed to
provide a flow of air to or from a drain—
age system or to provide a circulation of
air wi thin such systan to protect trap
seals from siphonage and back pressure .
(CISPI)
VENT, WET : A vent which receives the dis—
charge of wastes other than from water
(CISPI)
cl osets.
VENT, YOKE: A pipe connecting upvRrd from
a soil or waste stack to a vent stack for
the purpose of preventing pressure changes
(CISPI)
in the stacks.
VENTING, STACK: A method of venting a fix—
ture through the soil and waste stack.
(CISPI )
VENTS, INDIVIDUAL: Separate vents for each
fixture. (CISPI )
WASTE: The discharge from any f ixture, ap—
pliance or appurtenance in connection with
the plumbing system, which does not contain
fecal rnatter. For example, the liquid
from a lavatory, a tub, a sink or drinking
(CISPI)
fountain is referred to as waste.
02615-5
CAST-IRON PIPE

****** Result for Image/Page 12 ******
SECTION 02622
. ACCEPTANCE TEST: An investigation performed
on an individual lot of a previously qual—
if led product, by, or under the observa—
tion of, the purchaser to establish con—
forrnity with a purchase agreement. (PPI)
ACETAL PLASTICS: Plastics based on resins
having a predominance of acetal linkages
in the main chain. (PPI)
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS) PIPE
Pla stics conta in—
AND FITTING PLASTICS:
ing polymers and/or blends of polymers,
in which the minimum butadiene content
i.s 6 percent, the minimum acrylonitrile
content is 15 percent, t.he minimum sty—
rene and/or substituted styrene content
is 15 percent, and the maximum content
of all other monomers is not more than 5
percent, and lubricants, stabilizers and
(PPI)
co loran ts.
ADHESIVE: A substance capable of Iding
materials together by surface attacmnent.
(PPI)
ADHESIVE, SOLVENT: An adhesive having a
volatile organic liquid as a vehicle.
(PPI)
See "Solvent Cement .
AGING: (1) The effect on materials of ex—
posure to an environment for an interval
of time. (2) The process of exposing
rnaterials to an environment for an interval
of time . (PPI)
ANTIOXIDANT : A compounding ingredient added
to a plastic composition to retard possi—
ble degradation from contact with oxygen
(air) , particularly in processing at or
(PPI)
exposures to high temperatures.
ARTIFICIAL WEATæRING: The exposure of plas-
tics to cyclic laboratory conditions in—
volving changes in temperature, relative
humidity, and ultraviolet radiant energy ,
with or without direct water spray, in an
attempt to produce changes in the materi—
al similar to those observed after long—
term con tinuous outdoor exposure. (PPI)
Note: The laboratory exposure condi tions
are usually intensified beyond those en—
countered in actual outdoor exposure in an
attempt to achieve an accelerated effect.
This definition does not involve exposure
to special condi tions such as ozone, salt
(PPI)
spray, industrial gases, etc.
BELL END: The enlarged portion Of a pipe
that resembles the socket portion of a
fitting and that is intended to be used
to make a joint by inserting a piece of
pipe into it. Joining may be accornplish—
ed by solvent cements, adhesives, or
mechanical techniques.
(PPI)
BEN{ LOADING: The application of a load to
a pipe between two points of support ,
usually expressed in pounds and the dis—
tance between the centers of the supports.
(PPI)
02622
PLASTIC PIPE
BURST STRENGTH: The internal pressure re—
quired to break a pipe or f itting. This
pressure will vary with the rate of build—
up of the pressure and the time during
which the pressure is held.
(PPI)
Plastics based on resins
BUTYLENE PLASTICS:
made by the polymerization of butene or
copolymerization of butene with one or more
unsaturated compounds, the butene being in
greatest amount by weight.
(PPI)
CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE PLASTICS: Plastic
rtEde by compounding a cellulose acetate—
butyrate ester with plasticizers and other
ingredient g. Cellulose acetate butyrate
ester is a derivative of cellulose (obtain—
ed from cotton and/or pulp) It-ade by
converting some of the hydroxyl groups in
cellulose to acetate and butyrate groups
with chemicals.
(PPI)
CEMENT: See adhesive and solvents, cement.
(PPI )
(1) The effect of
CHEMICAL ÜSISTANCE:
specific chemical s on the properties of
plastic piping with respect to concentra—
tion, temperature and time of exposure.
(2) ability of a specific plastic pipe
to render service for a useful period in
the transport of a specific chemical at a
specified concentration and tenperature.
(PPI)
COLD FLOW: see "Creep"
(PPI)
COMPOUND: The intimate admixture of a polymer
or with other ingredients such as
fillers, softeners, plasticizers, catalysts,
pigments, dyes, curing agents, stabilizers,
anti—oxidants, etc.
(PPI)
COPOLYMER: see "Polymer".
(PPI)
CREEP: The time—dependent part of strain re—
sul ting from stress, that is, the dimension—
al change caused by the application of load
over and above the elastic deformation and
(PPI)
with respect to time.
CURE: To change the properties of a polymeric
system into a final, more stable, usable
condition by the use of heat, radiation,
or reaction with chemical additives.
(PPI)
The temperature at
DEFLECTION TEMPERATURE:
which a specimen will deflect a given dis—
tance at a given load under prescribed con—
ditions of test.
see ASTM D648. Formerly
called heat distortion.
(PPI)
DEGRADATION: A deleterious change in the
chemical structure of a plastic.
See also
(PPI)
"deterioration " .
DETERIORATION : A permanent change in the phy—
sical properties of a plastic evidenced by
(PPI)
irapairment of these properties.

****** Result for Image/Page 13 ******
SECTION 02622
DIFFUSION: The movement Of a lizterial, such as
a gas or liquid, in the body of a plastic.
If
the gas or liquid is absorbed on one side of a
piece of plastic and given off on the otIEr
side, the phenomenon is called permeabili
Dif fusion and permeability are not due to holes
or pores in the plastic but are caused and con—
trolled by chemical mechanisms. (PPI)
DIMENSION RATIO: The diameter of a pipe divided
by the wall thickness. Each pipe can have two
dimension ratios depending on whether the out—
In practice,
side and inside diameter is used.
the outside diameter is used if the standard
requirernent and nunufactur ing control are
based on this diameter. The inside diameter is
used when this measurement is the controlling
(PPI)
one.
DRY—BLEND : A free—flowing dry compound prepared
without fluxing or addition of solvent. (PPI)
ELASTICITY: That property of plastics rtnterials
by virtue of which they tend to recover their
original size and shape after deformation.
(PPI)
If the strain is proportional to
Note :
applied stress, the Iteterial is said to exhibit
(PPI)
Hookean or ideal elasticity .
ELASTO>ER: A Inaterial which at roan tenperature
can be stretched repeatedly to at least twice
its original length and, upon immediate re—
lease of the stress, will return with force to
(PPI)
its approximate original length.
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE TESTING: Tests on plastic
(PPI)
pipe above 23C (73F) .
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CRACKING :
Cracks that de—
velop when the material is subj ected to stress
in the presence of specific chemicals. (PPI)
Plastics based on resins
ETHYLENE PLASTICS.
11Ede by the polymerization of ethylene or co—
polymerization of ethylene with one or more
other unsaturated compounds, the ethylene being
(PPI)
in greatest by æight.
EXTRUSION : A method whereby heated or unheated
plastic forced through a shaping orifice be—
comes one continuously formed piece.
(PPI)
FAILURE, ADHESIVE: Rupture of an adhesive bond,
such that the plane of separation appears to
be at the adhesive—adherend interface.
(PPI)
FIBER STRESS; The unit stress, usually in pounds
per square inch (psi) , in a piece of material
that is subjected to an external load. (PPI)
FILLER: A relatively inert rzterial added to a
plastic to modify its strength, permanence ,
working properties, or other qualities, or to
See also "Reinforced Plastic n
Ios.qer costs.
(PPI)
FORMING: A process in Which the shape of plastic
pieces such as sheets, rods or tubes is changed
to a desired configuration. See also "Thermo—
forming .
(PPI )
02622
PLASTIC PIPE
The use of the term "forming"
Note :
plastics technology does not include
such operations as molding, casting or
extrusion, in which shapes or pieces
are ItEde from RD Iding materials or
(PPI)
Ii quids.
FUNGI RESISTANCE: The ability of plastic
pipe to withstand fungi growth and/or
their metabolic products under normal
conditions of service or laboratory
tests simulating such conditions. (PPI)
HEAT DISTORTION: see "Deflection tempera-
ture
(PPI)
HEAT FORMING: see "Thermoforming". (PPI)
HEAT JOINING: Making a pipe joint by
heating the edges of the parts to be
joined so that they fuse and become es—
sentiaIIy one piece with or without the
addition of additional material. (PPI)
HOOP STRESS: The tensile stress, usually
in pounds per square inch (psi) , in the
circumferential orientation in the wall
of the pipe when the pipe contains a
(PPI)
gas or liquid under pressure.
HYDROSTATIC DESIGN STRESS: The estimated
maximum tensile stress in the wall of
the pipe in the circumferential orien—
tation due to internal hydrostatic pres—
sure that can be applied continuously
with a high degree of certainty that
failure of the pipe will not occur. (PPI)
HYDROSTATIC STRENGTH (QUICK): The hoop
stress calculated by means of the ISO
equation at which the pipe breaks due to
an internal pressure build—up, usually
(PPI)
within 60 to 90 seconds.
LONG-TERM BURST: The internal pressure at
which a pipe or fitting will break due
to a constant i.nternal pressure held
(PPI)
for 100, 000 hours (11.43 years)
IMPACT, IZOD: A specific type of impact
test made with a pendulum type machine.
The specimens are molded or extruded
with a machined notch in the center. See
ASTM D256.
(PPI)
IMPACT, TUP: A falling weight (tup) impact
test developed specifically for pipe and
f ittings.
There are several variables
that can be selected. See ASTM D 2444.
(PPI)
ISO EQUATION: An equation showing the
errelations between stress, pre ssure
and dimensions in pipe, namely:
S = P(ID + t) or P (OD - t)
where S = stress
P = pressure
ID = average inside diameter
OD = average out side diameter
t = minimum wall thickness. (PPI)

****** Result for Image/Page 14 ******
SECTION 02622
ISO R161-1960 Pipes of Plas-
Reference :
tics Mater ials for the Transport of
Fl uids (Outside Diameters and Nominal
Pressures) Part I, Metric Ser ies. (PPI)
JOINT: The location at which two pieces of
pipe or a pipe and a fitting are connected
together. The joint may be made by an ad—
hesive, a solvent—cement or a mechanical
device such as threads or a ring seal. (PPI)
LONG-TERM HYDROSTATIC STRENGTH: The esti-
mated tensile stress in the wall of the
pipe in the circumferential orientation
(hoop stress) that when appl led continu—
ously will cause failure of the pipe at
These
100,000 hours (11.43 years).
strengths are usually obtained by extrap—
01 at ion of log—log regression equations
(PPI)
or plots.
MOLDING, COMPRESSION: A method of forming
obj ects from plastics by placing the ma—
terial in a confining mold cavity and ap—
(PPI )
plying pressure and usually heat .
MOLDING, INJECTION: A method of forming
plastic obj ects from granular or powdered
plastics by the fusing of plastic in a
chamber with heat and pressure and then
forcing part of the 11Ess into a cooler
(PPI)
chamber where it solidifies.
Note: This metrod is commonly used to
form objects from thermoplastics. (PPI)
MONOMER: A relatively simple chemical which
can react to forrn a polymer . see also
(PPI)
npolymer" .
Plastics based on resins
NYLON PLASTICS:
composed principally of a long—chain syn—
thetic polymeric amide *lich has recurring
amide groups as an integral part of the
main polymer chain . (PPI)
Plastics based on resins
OLEFIN PLASTICS:
made by the polymerization of olefins or
copolymerization of olefins with other un—
satura ted compounds, the olefins being in
Polyethylene,
greatest amount by ight.
polypropylene and polybutylene are the most
corruaon olefin plastics encountered in
(PPI )
pipe
OUTDOOR EXPOSURE; Plastic pipe placed in ser-
vice or stored so that it is not protected
from the el ements of normal leather condi—
the sun's rays, rain, air and
tions, i.e. ,
wind. Exposure to industrial and ste
gases, chemicals, engine exhausts, etc . ,
are not considered normal "outdoor expo—
sure. t'
(PPI)
PERMANENCE: The property of a plastic wh ich
descr ibes its resistance to appreciable
changes in characteristics with time and
(PPI)
envi ro nmen t.
PERMEABILITY: see "Diffusion" .
PLASTIC PIPE
PIASTIC: A material that contains as an es—
sential ingredient an organic substance of
large weight, iB solid in its
finished state, and, at some stage in its
rtEnufacture or in its processing into
finished articles, can be shaped by flow.
(PPI)
The adj ective plastic indicates that the
noun modified is made of, consists of, or
pertains to plastic .
(PPI)
Note (I) : The above definition may be used
as a separate meaning to the definitions
contained in the dictionary for the adj ec—
tive "plastic"
(PPI)
Note (2) : The plural form may be used to
refer to or more plastic materials, for
example, plastics industry. However, when
the intent is to distinguish "plastic prod—
ucts" from "wod products" or "glass prod—
ucts", the singular form should be used.
As a general rule, if the adjective is to
restrict the noun modified, with respect
to type of material, "plastic" should be
used; if the adhective is to indicate that
more than one type of plastic material is
or may be involved, "plastics" is permissi—
(PPI)
ble.
PLASTICIZER: A material incorporated in a
plastic to increase its workability and its
flexibility or distensibility.
Note: The addition of the plasticizer rrøy
lower the melt viscosity, the temperature of
the second —order transition, or the elastic
(PPI )
modulus of the plastic.
PLASTICS CONDUIT: Plastic pipe or tubing used
as an enclosure for electrical wiring. (PPI)
PLASTICS PIPE: A hollow cylinder of a plas—
tic material in which the wall thicknesses
are usually small when compared to the dia—
meter and in which the inside and outside
walls are essentially concentric.
See
(PPI)
plastics tubing .
PIASTICS TUBING: A particular size of plas-
tics pipe in which the outside diameter is
essentially the same as that Of copper
tubing. See "plastics pipe".
(PPI)
POLYBUTYLENE: A polymer prepared by the
polymerization of butene—l as the sole
See "Polybutylene Plastics" and
monomer.
"Butylene Plastics. "
(PPI )
POLYBUTYLENE PLASTICS: Plastics based on poly-
mers made with butene—l as essentially the
(PPI)
sole monomer.
POLYETHYLENE: A polBner prepared by the poly-
merization of ethylene as the sole monomer.
See "Polyethylene Plastics" and "Ethylene
Plastics. n
(PPI)
POLYETHYLENE PLASTICS: Plastics based on
polymers made with ethylene as essentially
the sole monomer . Note:
In common usage
(PPI)
02622

****** Result for Image/Page 15 ******
SECTION 02622
for this plastic, essentially means no less than
ethylene and no less than total olefins.
(PPI)
POLYMER: A compound formed by the reaction of
simple molecules having functional groups that
permit their ccxnbination to proceed to high
molecular weights under suitable condit*ons.
Polymers may be formed by polymer ization (addi—
tion polymer) or polycondensation (condensa—
tion polymer) .
When tw or more monomers are
involved, the product is called a copolymer.
(PPI)
POLYMERIZATION: A chemical reaction in which
the molecules of a monomer are linked together
to form large molecules whose molecular •eight
is a multiple of that of the original sub—
When tW or more monomers are involv—
stance.
ed, the process is called copolymerization or
het eropolymer iza ti on.
(PPI)
POLYOLEFIN: polymer prepared by the polymeri-
zation of an olefin (s) as the monomer (s) .
See "Polyolefin plastics" and "Olefin plas—
tics."
(PPI)
Plastics based on polymers
POLYOLEFIN PLASTICS:
made with an olefin (s) as essentially the sole
monomer (s) .
(PPI)
POLYPROPYLENE: A polymer prepared by the poly—
merization of propylene as the sole monomer .
See "Polypropyl ene plastics n and "Propylene
plast ics" .
(PPI)
Plastics based on poly—
POLYPROPYLENE PLASTICS :
.mers æde with propylene as essentially the
(PPI)
sole monomer.
POLYSTYRENE: A plastic based on a resin made
by polymer ization of styrene as the sole mono—
See Styrene plastics"
(PPI)
mer .
Note : Polystyrene may contain minor propor—
t ions of lubr icants, stabilizers, fillers,
pigments and dyes .
(PPI)
POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) : A resin prepared by the
polymerization of vinyl chloride with or with—
out the addition of small amounts of other
(PPI)
monomer s.
POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) PLASTICS: Plastics rtEde
by combining poly (vinyl chloride) with
colorants, fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers,
lubricants, other polymers and other compound—
ing ingredients. Not all of these m difiers
(PPI)
are used in pipe compounds.
POWDER BLEND: see "Dry-Blend" .
(PPI )
PRESSURE: When expressed with reference to
pipe the force per unit area exerted by the
(PPI)
medium in the pipe.
PRESSURE RATING: The estimated maximum pres-
sure that the medium in the pipe can exert
con tinuously with a high degree of certainty
that failure of the pipe will not occur. (PPI)
02622
PLASTIC PIPE
PROPYLENE PLASTICS: Plastics based on
resins RBde by the polymer ization of
propylene or copolymerization of propy—
I ene with one or rnore other unsatura
ed compounds, the propylene being in
greatest amount by wight.
(PPI )
QUALIFICATION TEST: An investigation, in-
dependent of a procurement action, per—
formed on a product to determine whether
or not the product conforms to all re—
quirements of the applicable specifica—
tion.
(PPI)
Note: The examination is usually con—
ducted by the agency responsible for the
specif ication, the purchaser, or by a
facility approved by the purchaser, at
the request of the suppl ier seeking in—
clusion of his product on a qualified
products list.
(PPI)
QUICK BURST: The internal pressure required
to burst a pipe or fitting due to an
internal pressure build —up, usually with—
(PPI )
in 60 to 90 seconds.
REINFORCED PLASTIC: A plastic with some
strength properties greatly superior to
those of the base resin, resulting from
the presence of high strength fillers
embedded in the composition.
See also
"Filler" .
(PPI)
RESIN : A solid, semisolid or pseudosolid
organic fiEteriaI which has an indefinite
and often high molecular weight, exhibits
a tendency to flow when subjected to stress,
usually has a softening or melting range ,
and usually fractures conchoidally. (PPI)
REWORKED HATERIAL (THERMOPLASTIC) : A plas-
tic material that has been reprocessed ,
after having been previously processed
by molding, extrusion, etc. ,
in a fab—
ricatorts plant.
(PPI)
RUBBER: A mater ial that is capable of re—
covering from large deformations quickly
aryl forcibly .
See "Elastomer "
(PPI)
SAMPLE: A small part or portion of a
plastic material or product intended
to be representative of the whole. (PPI)
Plastics based on resins
SARAN PLASTICS:
made by the polyrnerization of vinylidene
chloride or copolymerization of vinyli—
dene chloride with other unsaturated
compounds, the vinylidene chloride be—
ing in greatest amount of weight. (PPI)
SCHEDULE: A pipe size system (outside
diameters and wall thi cknesses) or igin—
ated by the iron pipe industry .
(PPI)
SE&F-EXTINGUISHING: The ability of a plas-
tic to resist burning when the source of
heat or flame that ignited is removed.
(PPI)

****** Result for Image/Page 16 ******
SECTION 02622
. SERVICE FACTOR: A factor which is used to
reduce a strength value to obtain an
engineer ing design stress.
The factor
may vary depending on the service condi—
tions, the hazard, the length of service
desired and the properties of the pipe.
(PPI)
SET : TO convert an adhesive into a fixed
or hardened state by chemical or physi—
cal action, such as condensation, poly—
mer ization, oxidation, m.llcanization ,
gelation, hydration, or evaporation
of volatile constituents.
See also "Cure" .
(PPI)
SOFTENING RANGE: The range of temperature
in which a plastic changes from a rigid
to a soft state.
(PPI)
Note: Actual values will depend on the
Sometimes referred to
method of test.
as softening point.
(PPI )
SOLVENT CEMENT: In the plastic piping field,
a solvent adhesive that contains a solvent
that dissolves or softens the surfaces
being bonded so that the bonded assembly
becomes essentially one piece of the same
6.3
7.3
5.3
12.5
13.5
11.5
31.5
32.5
30.5
type of plastic.
SOLVENT CEMENTING :
a solvent cement.
(PPI)
(PPI)
Making a pipe joint with
See "Solvent cement"
SPECIMEN: An individual piece or portion of
a sample used to make a specific test.
Specific tests usually require specimens
of specific shape and dimensions. (PPI)
STABILIZER: A compounding ingredient added
to a plastic composition to retard possi—
ble degradation on exposure to high tem—
peratures, particularly in processing. An
anti—oxidant is a specific kind of stabi—
lizer.
(PPI)
STANDARD DIMENSION RATIO: A selected series
of numbers in which the dimensions ratios
are constants for all sizes of pipe for
each standard dimension ratio and which
are the USASI Preferred Number Series 10
modified by +1 or —1.
If the outside dia—
meter (OD) is used, the is +1.
If the inside diameter (ID) is used, the modi—
fier is —1.
Some of the numbers are as
follows :
USASI preferred
Number Series 10
5.
8.
10.
16.
20.
25.
40.
50.
63.
OD Control
6.
9.
11.
17.
21.
26.
41.
51.
64.
PLASTIC PIPE
Reference: USASI Preferred Numbers, 417.1—
1958, UDS 389.17.
(PPI)
STANDARD THERNOPLASTIC PIPE MATERIALS DESIGNA-
TION CODE : A means for easily identifying a
thermoplastic pipe material by means of
The first element is the
three elements.
abbreviation for the chemical type of the
plastic in accordance with ASTM D1600. The
second is the type and grade (based on prop—
erties in accordance with the ASTM materials
specification); in the case of ASTM specifica—
tions which have no types and grades or
those in the cell structure system, two digit
numbers are assigned by the PPI that are used
in place of the larger numbers. The third
is the recommended hydrostatic design stress
(RHDS) for water at 23C (7 3F) in pounds per
square inch divided by 100 and with decimals
PVC 1120 indicates that the
dropped, e.g. ,
plastic is poly (vinyl chloride), Type I,
Grade I according to ASTM D1784 with a
RHDS of 2 000 psi for water at 7 3F. PE 3306
indicates that the plastic is polyethylene
Type 111 Grade 3 according to ASTM D1248
with a RHDS of 630 psi for water at 73F.
PP 1208 is polypropylene, Class 1—19509 in
accordance with ASTM D2146 with a RHDS of
800 psi for water at 73F; the designation
of PP12 for polypropylene class 1—19509 will
be covered in the ASTM and product Standards
for polypropylene pipe when they are issued.
(PPI )
STIFFNESS FACTOR: A physical property of
plastic pipe that indicates the degree of
flexibility of the pipe when subjected to
external loads.
See ASTM D2412. (PPI)
STRAIN: The ratio of the amount of deformation
to the length being deformed caused by the
application of a load on a piece Of materi—
(PPI )
STRENGTH: The stress required to break, rup—
ture or cause a failure.
(PPI)
STRESS : When expressed with reference to
pipe, the force per unit area in the wall
of the pipe in the circumferential orientation
due to internal hydrostatic pressure. (PPI)
STRESS-CRACK: External or internal cracks in a
plastic caused by tensile stresses less than
that of its short—time mechanical strength.
(PPI)
Note: The development of such cracks is
frequently accelerated by the environment
to which the plastic is exposed. The
stresses which cause cracking may be pres—
ent internally or externally or may be
combinations of these stresses. The ap—
pearance of a network of fine cracks is
cal led crazing. (PPI)
ID Control
4.
9.
15.
19.
24.
39.
49.
62 •
02622

****** Result for Image/Page 17 ******
SECTION 02622
STRESS RELAXATION: The decrease of stress with
respect to time in a piece Of plastic that
is subject to an external load.
(PPI)
STYRENE PLASTICS: Plastics based on resins
made by the polymerization of styrene or co—
polymerization of styrene with other unsat—
urated compounds, the styrene being in great—
est amount by weight.
(PPI)
STYRENE-RUBBER PLASTICS: Cmpositions based on
rubbers and styrene plastics, the styrene plas—
PLASTIC PIPE
tics being in greatest
STYRENE-RUBBER (SR) PIPE
Plastics containing at
rene plastics combined
compounding materials,
percent acrylonitrile.
SUSTAINED PRESSURE TEST:
pressure test for 1000
amount by weight. (PPI)
AND FITTING PLASTICS:
least 50 percent sty—
with rubbers and other
but not than 15
(PPI)
A constant internal
hours . (PPI)
THERMOFORMING; Forming with the aid of heat.
See also UForming "
(PPI)
THERMOPLASTIC: A plastic which is thermoplas—
tic in behavior.
(PPI)
capable of being repeatedly softened by in—
crease of temperature and hardened by decrease
(PPI)
of temperature.
Note: Thermoplastic applies to those materi—
als whose change upon heating is substantially
physical .
(PPI)
THERMOSET; A plastic which, when cured by ap—
plication of heat or chemical reans, changes
into a substantially infusible and insoluble
(PPI)
product.
Pertaining to the state of a resin in which
it is relatively infusible. (PPI)
THERMOSETTING: capable of being changed into a
substantially infusible or insoluble product
when cured under application of heat or chemi—
cal means . (PPI)
Plastics based on resins
VINYL CHLORIDE PLASTICS:
made by the polymerization of vinyl chloride
or copolyrnerization Of vinyl chloride with
other unsaturated compounds, the vinyl chloride
being in greatest araount by æight.
(PPI)
VIRGIN MATERIAL: A plastic rater ial in the form of
pellets, granules, powder, floc or liquid that
has not been subjected to use or processing other
than that required for its original manufacture.
(PPI)
WELD-or KNIT-LINE: A mark on a Irolded plastic
formed by the union of tw or more streams of
plastic flowing together.
(PPI)
02622