Construction Dictionary 13 - Special Construction Terms Construction Dictionary Home Page: https://inspectapedia.com/Design/Construction-Dictionary.php ****** Result for Image/Page 1 ****** RADIATION PROTECTION SECTION 12-090 BARN: A unit of area used in expressing a ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT: A measure of the 1 Barn + 1024cm2. nuclear cross section. rate of decrease in intensity of a beam Cross sections per atom are customarily of photons or particles in its passage (CS-9/60) æasured in barns. (CS-9/€0) through a particular substance. BEAM : A unidirectional or approximately uni— ABSORPTION CURVE: A graph in which the in- directional flow of electromagnetic radia— tensity of the transmitted radiation is (CS-9/60) tion or of particles. plotted as a function of thickness of the (CS-9/60) rater ial traversed. BETA RAYS.'•. Particular ionizing radiation consisting of electrons or positrons travel— ABSORBED DOSE: Amount of energy imparted (CS-9/60) ing at high speed. to ratter by ionizing par ticles per unit of mass irradiated material at the place BODY BURDEN: The amount of radioactive ma— of interest. Expressed in 'trads". terial in the body at the time of interest. (CS-9/60) (CS-9/60) ACCELERATOR: A device for imparting large BY-PRODUCT MATERIAL: Any radioactive materi- kinetic energy to charged particles, such al (except special nuclear material) yielded as electrons, protons, deuterons and he— in or rtade radioactive by exposure to the Iium ions common types of accelerators radiation incident to the process of pro— are the cyclotron, tetatron, linear acce— (CS-9/60) ducing special nuclear material. lerator and Van de Graaff Electrostatie Accelerator . (CS—9/60) COLLI»mTOR: A device for confining the ele— ments of a beam within an assigned solid ACTIVE DEPOSIT : Any radioactive (CS-9/60) angle. deposited on a surface. (CS—9/60) CONCRETE EQUIVALENT: The thickness of con- ALPHA PARTICLE: A positively charged par- czete based on a density of 2.35 /cm3 (147 ticle emitted from a nucleus and cora— lb./ ft. 3 ) . Affording the same attenuation, posed of two protons and two neutrons. under specif led conditions, as the material It is identical in all measured proper— (CS-9/60) in question. ties with the nucleus of a helium atom. (CS-9/60) CONTAMINATION : Radioactivity induced by the deposit of proximity of radioactive ma— ALPHA my: A ray consisting Of positively (CS-9/60) terial or other materials. charged particles permitted during cer— tain radioactive transformations. (CS—9/60) COUNTER: A device for counting ionizing events. The terrn may refer to a complete instrument ALUMINUM EQUIVALENT: Thickness of aluminum (CS-9/60) or loosely to the detector. that will afford the same protection under specif led conditions as the Nterial in COSMIC High energy particles originating question. (CS—9/60 ) (CS-9/60) in space. ANGSTROM: Unit of measurement of light CRITICAL ORGAN: That part of the body that It is .0000001 of a centiZEter. waves . is most susceptible to radiation damage (CS-9/60) • under the specific condi tions considered. (CS-9/60) ASSAY: The determination of kind and guan— city of radioactive materials present by CURIE: A measurement Of radioactive decay. physical or chemical æasurements. The quantity of Inater iaI undergoing 3.7 x (_cs-9/60) 10 to the 10th power disintegrations per second. This is equivalent to the rate of ATOM: Smallest particle of an elerent which disintegration of I gram of pure radium. is capable of entering into a chemical (CS-9/60) (CS-9/60) reaction. CYCLOTRON: One of the particle accelerators ATOMIC ENERGY: All forms of energy released used in research. A device for accelerating in the course of nuclear fission or nu— charged particles to high energies. (CS—9/60) cl ear transformation (nuclear energy) . ccs-9/60) DECONTAMINATION: The reraoval of undesired dispersed radioactive æterial from per son— ATOMIC MASS The standard unit of nel, intruments, rooms, equipment, etc. In weight for nuclear is I/ 16th the case of physical objects, this may in— of the weight of the predominate oxygen volve thorough often with chemi— It is equal to 1.6603 x isotope 016. cal Dlutions; and in the case of fluids 10 to the minus 24 power of a gram. such as air, it may involve filtering and (.cs-9/60) ccs-9/60) washi ng. ATTEiNUATION: The decrease in the dose rate DIECT RADIATION: All radiation coming with- of radiation in passing through a fiEteri— in X—ray tubes, tube housing or other radi— (cs-9/60) ation apparatus or sources, except the use— ful beam. (CS—S/60 ) -1 13090 ****** Result for Image/Page 2 ****** SECTION 13090 INHERENT FILTER: Filtration introduced by the of x—ray tube and any perænent (CS-9/60) tube enclosure INTENSITY OF RADIATION: Energy flowing through unit area perpendicular to the beam per unit time, expressed in ergs per square centimeter per second or in watts (CS-9/60) per square centimeter. INSTALLATION: The area of radiation hazard under the administrative control of the person or organization possessing the (CS-9/60) source of radiation ION: A charged atom or molecularly bound group of atoms, also a free electron or (An other charged subatomic particle. ion pair consists of a position ion and a negative ion (usually an electron ) having charges of the same magnitude and formed from a neutral atom or molecule (cs-9/60) by the action of radiation. IONIZATION: The process whereby a neutral atom or molecule is split into positive (CS-9/60) and negative ions . IONIONIZATION BY COLLISION; Ionization produced when ions already formed are accelerated as by an electric field to velocities high enough to produce more ions by collisions with neutral atoms (CS-9/60) or molecules. IONIONIZATION CHAMBER: A container with electrodes on which suitable voltages are impressed for collecting only ions formed in the gas in the chamber by the ionizing event. (CS—9/60) IONIZING RADIATION: Electromagnetic radia- tion (consisting of photons) or particu— lar radiation (consisting of electrons , neutrons, protons, etc.) usually of high energy, but in any case capable of ioni— zing air, directly or indirectly. (CS—9/60) SPHERE: An area of equal tempera- cure, better expressed by the term homo— (CS-9/60) thermal. ISOTOPE: The product of a nucleus to which has been added or r emved neutron. Having the same nurnber of protons, the product will retain the chemical characteristics Of the original element but will have a different atomic mass number or (CS-9/60) ISOTOPE, RADIOACTIVE: By cortunon usage, any radioactive nuclide produced in a reactor or in a particle accelerator. Correctly, it should include all the natural radio— (cs-9/60) active nuclides also. KILOCURIE: one thousand curies. (CS—9/60) KILO ELECTRON VOLT: one thousand electron (CS-9/60) volts. 13090 mDIATION PROTECTION A unit of electrical potenti41 KILOVOLT : The term is also used equal to 1000 volts. to character ize the radiation emi tted by x—ray tubes operating at this potential . (CS-9/60) LN.KAGE (direct) RADIATION: All radiation coming from within the tube housing, except the useful beam. (CS—9/60) LEAD EQUIVALENT: The thickness of lead afford- ing the same attenuation, under specif led conditions, as the material in question. (CS-9/60) LINEAR ACCELERATOR: A device for accelerating particles employing alternate electrodes and gaps arranged in a straight line, so proportioned that when their potentials are varied in the proper amplitudes and frequency , particles passing through them receive suc— (CS-9/60) cessive increments of energy. MASS: Term used to describe weight or volume. (Mass thickness is the weight per unit sus— face area of a barrier expressed in pounds (CS-9/60) per sq. ft.) bAXIMtJM PERMISSIBLE DOSE: A dose of radia- tion that, in the light of present knowledge is not expected to cause appreciable bodily injury to a person at any time during his lif etime . (CS —9/60 ) MEGACURIE: One million unit of (CS-9/60) radiation measurement. MESON : A nuclear particle having several forms of approximately I/ 6th the mass cf (CS-9/60) the proton . KEV: Term meaning a potential of one million (CS-9/60) electron volts . MILLIROENTGEN: A submultiple of the roentgen equal to one—thousandth (1/1000) Of a roentgen. (CS—9/60) periodic or continuous determina— MONITORING : tion of the dose rate in an occupied area (Area monitoring) or of the dose received (CS-9/60) by a person (Personnel monitoring) . That quantity of neutron radiation n UNIT: mea sured in a VICTOREEN condenser "r" meter that will produce the same amount of ioniza— tion as I roentgen of x—radiation. (CS—9/60) NEtfl'RON; One of the nuclear particles having The parti— an atomic mass unit of I. 00893. (CS-9/60) cle is electrically neutral EUTRINO: A nearly weightless particle Of the nucleus and without an electric charge . (CS-9/60) NUCLEON : A constituent particle of the atomic nucleus; therefore, according to present theory, a proton or a neutron. (CS—9/60) ****** Result for Image/Page 3 ****** SECTION 13090 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL: Any æteriai--solid, liquid or gas, that emits radiation spon— taneously. (CS—9/60) RADIOISOTOPE: An isotope that is radioac- (CS-9/60) tive. RECOEINATION : The return of an ionized atom or rnlecule to the neutral state. (CS—9/60) RELATIVE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS: bio- logical effectiveness Of one type and en— ergy of radiation, relative to of lightly filtered x—rays generated at po— tentials of 200 to 300 kilovolts, for the particular biolog icaI and biologi— cal effect, and for the conditions under which the radiation is received. (CS—9/60) REM: Is the quantity Of any radiation such that the energy imparted to a biolog ica1 system (cell, tissue, organ or organism) per gram of living ratter by the ionizing particles present in the region of interest, has the sarne biological effectiveness as an absorbed dose of I rad from 1i ghtly filtered x—rays gener ated at potentials of 200 to 300 kilovolts. A dose in rems is equal to the dose in rads multiplied by the appropr RBE. (CS—9/60) REP: (ROENTGEN—EQUIVALENT--PHYSICAL) : Has been used extensively for the specifi— cation of permissible doses of ionizing radiations other than x—rays or gamta rays The most widely accepted definition is that it is a unit of "absorbed dose" with a nzg— nitude of 93 ergs/g, and the "rad ——100 ergs/g is negligible the estiætion or (CS-9/60) permissible doses. RESTRICTED MEANING OF DOSE: "Air Dose" "Tissue Dose" or "Absorbed Dose n according to radiological usage, refers to exposure to radiation of a certain dosage rate for a certain length of time. dose does not involve the size of the beam, o: in other iords, area of the surface or tissue volume exposed eo radiation. Accordingly, for the same dosage rate and time expo— sure, the dose is same whether one finger only, or the entire body is exposed (CS-9/60) to radiation . ROENTGEN : A highly technical unit of measure— ment of the energy absorbed by tibsue as related to the ionization produced in air by X or Gamma Rays. The dose unit is the roentgen and its technical definition is "Quantity of X or Gamma radiation such that the associated puscular emission per 0.001293 gram of air produces, in air , ions carrying 1 electrostatic unit of quantity of electricity Of either sign" A dosage of 400 roentgens is considered as being the "median" level dosage thich will cause fatalities from the radia— tion effects of an atomic bmb. (CS—9/60) ROENTGEN FETER: Any ionization ülstrament cal ibrated to read in roentgens. (CS—9/60) 13090 PADIATION PROTECTION ROENTGEN RAYS: Ate x-rays usually prodped by bombarding a (metallic) target with high speed electrons in a suitable device . (CS-9/60) SATURATION: Condition is an ionization cham— ber when the applied voltage is suff iciently high to collect all the ions formed from the absorption of radiation, but insuffi— cient to produce ionization by collision. (CS-9/60) SCATTERED RADIATION: Radiation which, during pas sage through a substance hag been deviat— ed in direction. It may also have been modi— It is fled by an increase in wave length. one form of secondary radiation. (CS—9/60) SEM,F.D SOURCE: A quantity Of radioactive æterial so enclosed as to prevent the es— cape of any radioactive nuterial, but at the same time permitting radiation to come out for use. (CS-9/60) SECONDARY PROTECTIVE BARRIER: Barriers that reduce the stray radiation to the permissi— (CS-9/60) ble dosage rate. SECONDARY RADIATION: Radiation emitted by any 11B t ter irradiated with x—rays. (CS—9/60) SHIELDING: Interposing a substance which will nullify the effects of radiation. ccs-9/60) SOURCE MATERIAL: A. Uranium, thorium or any other rtEteriaI which is determined by the AEC to be source material . B. Ores containing one or more of the foregoing materials, in such concentra— tion as the AEC may by regulation deter— mine from time to time. (CS—9/60) STRAY RADIATION: Radiation not serving any It includes direct and useful purpo se . secondary radiation from irradiated objects. (CS-9/60) SURVEY ; A critical examination of the radia— tion near a source by or under the super— (CS-9/60) vi sion of a qualif led expert. SURVEY METER: A device for detecting radia- tion fie Ids or for measuring exposure or (CS-9/60) exposure rate THERAPEUTIC-TYPE PROTECTIVE TUBE HOUSING: Tube housing in which the direct radiation is re— duced to at one "r" per hour at a dis— tance of one meter from the tube target when the tube is operating continuously at its rtEximum rated current for the maximum vol— (CS-9/60) tage . TOTAL FILTER; Sum of the " inherent" and the (CS-9/60) added" filters. ****** Result for Image/Page 4 ****** SECTION 13120 ASPECTS: As used in this specification, the four basic steps for conversion of a designed attribute into specifica— tion text.: requirement, criteria, test, and evaluation. (CERL) ASSEMBLIES : Subsystems are composed of In the mechanical core sub— assemblies . system mentioned above, each of the wall panels, stacked one on top of the oth— err forms an assembly. (PA) ASSEMBLY : Any one of the collection of parts from which a subsystem is construc— ted,e.g. , a wall panel assembly. See SUBSYSTEM. (CERL) ASSEPBLY, COMPONENT OR UNIT: Levels of organization lower than a subsystem. (CRC) ASSEMBLY : A combination of several pro— ducts to produce a functional unit such as a wall, a door with hardware and (CRMHRA) frame, a floor. ATTRIBUTE: As used in this specification, one of a list of qualities or proper— ties that a subsystem or component must have to function according to the own— (CERL) er' s/ user's needs. ATTRIBUTE: The qualities to be specified : I) Requirement, 2) Criterion, 3) Test Method, 4) Evaluation. (Steps in actual specifying. ) (CRC) BOX: Takes various forms—component, assem— bly, or complete subsystems—but always the structural element is a prefabri— cated three—dimens Iona I space—enclos ing unit of small, intermediate, or large (ENR) size. 1. The planning, designing and BUILDING : constructing of structures to house spec— ified activities; 2. A structure so planned, designed, and constructed. Determining building requirements, de— signing the building and preparing plans , specifications and procurement documents are not generally thought of as being a part of the process called building. In— stead, they are thought of as activities which precede building. From the view— point of an owner or client, however, the building process begins with these It is from the owner' s/ activities . user' s viewpoint that building is consid— ered in this study, hence the expansion, for many, of the term "building" to in— clude these activities (indicated by the words "planning" and "designing" in the glossary de ) . (CERL) BUILDING COMPONENTS: A group of parts which form a portion of a building sub— system,e.g., a door, its frame and hard— ware as part OE the Interior Space Div— ision Subsystem. (WSBSP) 13120 PRE-ENGINEERING STRUCTURES BUILDING PERFORMANCE; A measure of the aggre- gate benefits derived from the operation and utilization of a building. The concept of building performance includes three related but distinct areas of concern; functional performance, product performance and cost performance . In this study the functional performance of buildings is defined as the user's satis— faction with the physical environment, the spatial environment, and the flexibility of the building. Product performance, in turn, shall refer to the satisfaction of standard performance measures of the physical components in a its structural shell, services and building : contents (e.g., lumens of light, acoustic repressions, etc. ) . Finally, cost performance shall pertain to the satisfaction of criteria for cost con— trol in building operation, maintenance, and repair . (Where operation costs are defined as the cost of energy consumed by energy— conversion systems . For example, expendi— tures of fuel oil, coal, or electrical power are operation costs.) . It follows from these definitions that the evaluation Of overall "Building Performance " entails three separate measurements of the deviation of functional, product, and cost performance from normative functional, pro— (CERL) duct and cost standards . BUILDING PROCESS; The process which embraces every stage from the conception to the total satisfaction of the user requirements in a (WSBSP) completed building . BUILDING PROJECT: Any collection of the build- ing types planned for construction during fiscal years 1973 through 1977. (CERL) BUILDING SUBSYSTEM PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS : A set of statements of the essential charac— terisitics that a building subsystem must provide in order to satisfy the user re— (WSBSP) quirements . BUILDING SYSTEM: A group of integrated sub- systems which satisfy the functional re— quirements of a building. (BRAE) BUILDING SYSTEM: A scheme for building which is distinguished by certain characteristics of the process and Of the product remaining essentially unchanged for each new build— ing constructed. (CERL) BUILDING SYSTEM: A set of coordinated sub- systems, suitable for many building types , that perform the major functions of a build— ing. (CERL) ****** Result for Image/Page 5 ****** SECTION 13120 COMPONENT: Any one of the collection of parts from which an assembly is construc— see AS- ted,e.g. , a window component. (CERL) SEMBLY . COMPONENTS OR PRODUCTS: The basic unit of construction (material or an intem of equipment) ; the usual level of prescrip— (CERL) tive specification. COMPONENT A part of a building, may be a product, assembly or system. (CRMHRA) COMPONENT : A component is an individual element which may be partially fabric— ated by the builder or purchased from a number of specialized manufacturers and shipped to the site for assembly . Generally, components are thought of as trusses, rafters, wall and partition panels, preglazed windows, floor panels and gable ends in unfinished condition. (NABM) COMPONENT: An element of a subsystem, e.g. a door can be a component of an inter— ior partition subsystem. (NAUFAC) COMPONENTS : Assemblies are made up of components such as the plumbing rough— (PA) ing in the mechanical core panel . COMPONENTIZED BUILDING: This term refers to a form of construction in which fac— tory—assembled components are shipped to a site for further asembly into a (NABM) building or house . CONTRACT DOCUMENTS: The total set of doc- (CRC) uments. CRITERIA: A quantification of desired (CERL) performance. CONVENTIONAL BUILDING: 1. Building ac- complished primarily in the manner of a craft process; 2. A structure built (CERL) in this way. DETERMINANT : Broad, nontechnical state— (CRC) ments of needs. DIMENSIONAL (OR MODULAR) COORDINATION : Reduction of the sizes of all building components and buildings to multiples (ENR) of one basic unit. DIMENSIONAL COORDINATION: The organi- zation of dimensions to enable sub— systems, components and parts to be used together without modification . (NAUFAC) DIMENSIONAL STANDARDIZATION: The estab- lishment Of rules dealing with the size and shape of components and sub— systems, to ensure the dimensional compatibility of related items . (BRAB) 13120 PRE-ENGINEERING STRUCTURES DISPOSABLES (ABANDONABLE) : Temporary buildings , stapled paperboard with fiberglass overlay , having low acquisition and erection costs . Not designed for relocation and reuse,e.g. , Craf/Tech Corp. (Not a "Relocatable" by DOD definition.) (NAUFAC) DOUBLEWIDE MOBILE; A doublewide mobile is, in effect, two mobile homes joined together to form a housing unit, usually 28 feet wide. The doublewide is similar in appearance to sectional/modular housing, but may have furni— ture and decorative appointments usually associated with mobile products Half sections are shipped separately to the site for joining and positioning on a semi—permanent founda— tion. The wheeled chassis on which the units are trailed to the site may be left intact or may be removed. Doublewides are usually fi— nanced as chattel property, taxed as vehicles or personal property, and are not necessarily in compliance with local building codes. (NABM) EARLY BID (PRE-BID): The first bid received; usually for subsystems or site work which is based upon pre—bid schematic subsystem draw— (WSBSP) ings and performance specifications . ENGINEERED SYSTEM: A building subsystem composed of components provided by more than one manu— facturer, and coordinated by an independent designer rather than by the manufacturers. Such as a Heating—Venti1ation Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. (WSBSP) FAST—TRACK : An accelerated scheduling tech— nique for design and construction character— ized by the overlapping Of activities trad— itiona11y performed in linear sequence . (WSBSP) FUNCTIONAL STANDARDIZATION: The establishment of rules dealing with the performances of and purposes to be served by components and sub— systems, to ensure the functional compatibil— i ty of related items and the performance Of a given item. (BRAB) GENERIC TYPE: A classification of building sub- systems which are similar with regard to co— ordination with other subsystems. (NAUFAC) The parts, components, assemblies , and subsystems of which a building is con— structed. (CERL) INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING: Industrialized build- ing is a concept that integrates building components, subsystems and assembly procedures , and is characterized by a high degree of stan— dardi z ation. It is based on a highly controlled design and construction process that mechanizes muscle and brain power through machinery and compu— It is implemented by manufacturing pro— ters . cesses away from or within the project site. (BDC) ****** Result for Image/Page 6 ****** PRE-ENGINEERING STRUCTURES SECTION 13120 MODULAR HOUSE OR BUILDING; A modular hou>e or •LIFE SPAN: 1. The period between the man— building is a perrnanent structure consist— ufacture of a system or component and the ing of one or more modules assembled in a time at which its annual owning cost ex— factory in accordance with a building code , ceeds the annual owning cost of a re— and qualified to be financed and taxed as 2 . The period between the placement. real property when placed on a perrnanent manufacture of a system or component and foundation. May be called sectional. (NABM) the time at which it can no longer meet 3. The short— the needs of its user. MODULAR (SECTIONAL) BOX: This is a modular (WSBSP) est of the above two periods . house minus a factory—installed roof sys— tern. Roof types may include trussed rafters , >ECHANICAL CORE: A mechanical core is a precut rafters and joists shipped from the factory—assembled, three—dimensional sec— factory as part of the total package, or tion of a building which includes install— purchased separately. The elimination of the ed mechanical elements containing all factory—installed roof reduces the over—all mechanical, electrical, plumbing, heat— shipping height thus allowing increased ing and cooling elements and related Steeper pitched roof systems ceiling height. systems . Mechanical cores may contain applied on site to the increased ceiling the kitchen, with its range, cabinets , height of the modular box produce houses counters and sinks, and the bath and as— which look like conventional construction . sociated fixtures . Ranging in size from (NABM) 8 by 10 feet to 12 by 20 feet, cores are shipped to the site and erected on a pre— MODULAR (SECTIONAL) STACK-ON: The stack-on viously prepared foundation, or stacked sectional concept refers to modules, one of for multi—story structures. The remain— which is mounted on the foundation and the der of the structure surrounding them second of which rests atop the first and is may be of component, panel or conven— equipped with a roof assembly. Stacking is Use of mechanical cores tional type . usually limited to two stories except when substantially reduces the need for the steel framed or concrete modules are involved, scarce, expensive skilled trades on the but the variety of configurations makes this (Also called Utility erection site. type of housing most aesthetically accept— core or Wet Core. ) (NABM) able and most suitable for multi—family dwellings. (NABM) MOBILE HOME : A factory—assembled non— permanent structure usually 8 to 14 MODULE : A module is a factory—assembled three— feet wide and 32 or more feet long, dimensional section of a building to be built on a wheeled chassis for hauling shipped to site and joined with one or more to a location is termed a mobile home . AS a vehicle, it need not comply with sections to from a building or house to meet the same construction, health and life safety the prevailing building code and nor— requirements as for conventional on—site mall y it is financed as chattel proper— (Not to be confused with the more building. ty and taxed as a vehicle or as per— general architectural definition of a module— (NABM) sonal property . a uniform dimensional increment used in de— Having commensurable dim— sign) . (NABM) 1. MODULAR ; Capable of arrangement ensions . 2. MODULE: In architecture, module usually refers with exact fit, in more than one se— to a three—dimensional unit with specific quence or direction. 3. Character— ized by the use of structurally inde— In system building, module is dimensions . pendent, interchangeable assemblies. used more specifically to designate three- dimensional repetitive design and production (WSBSP) units such as classrooms or paired dwellings 1. A building system with common stairs . (PA) MODULAR BUILDING: or partial building system character— ized by the fact that its buildings are NON-PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION: Buildings produced composed of prefabricated, box—like units for short term use and placed upon temporary which are connected together to form the foundations where they Will not need to meet Building to dimensional local building codes, are termed non—perma— building; 2. (CERL) nent construction. (NABM) standards . MODULAR HOUSING : Factory—produced boxes NON-RECOVERABLE: A shelter not designed to or cubes fabricated and assembled in provide relocatability features or one where the plant for shipment to the erection the cost of recovery of facility approximates site constitute modular housing. On or more of initial procurement cost. (Not site, the module may be connected to (NAUFAC) a relocatable. ) other modules or to other systems for a structurally complete building. Cer— NON—SYSTEM: Those section stage bid portions tain forms of modular housing are com— of a complete building which interface with plete on delivery as to exterior and in— but are not included in the prebid subsystems terior finish, plumbing and wiring and (WSBSP) contracts . (NABM) mechanical systems . 13120 - 5 ****** Result for Image/Page 7 ****** SECTION 13120 oæASSEMBLED BUILDING: A completed build- ing, except for the foundation, deliver— ed to the site ready for attachment to (CERL) the foundation and utilities . PRE-BID SCHEMATIC SUBSYSTEM DRAWINGS: The drawings prepared by the architect for pre—bidding which indicate the scope , size, quantities and location of each particular subsystem. (WSBSP ) PRECOORDINATION: The process of insuring, prior to fabrication, that various com— ponents and subsystems are functional Iy (BRAB) and dimensionally compatible. PRE—CUT HOUSE: In a pre—cut house, sup— porting parts—studs and rafters—are cut to fit other items and are assem— bled on the site. 1. A building PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDING: designed to satisfy a standard set of engineering requirements instead of the requirements of a particular custom— 2 . A gable roof, clear span, (CERL) metal building. PRE-ENGINEERED SHELTERS: This is the true generic term, i.e., any shelter which is factory—produced for a speci fic pur— pose and is factory assembled either as component parts or as a complete shelter (NAUFAC) to minimize field erection. PREFABRICATION: Factory assembly of structural, mechanical, or electrical components or complete and fully equip— ped structures, such as mobile homes. (ENR) PREFABRICATION ; Prefabrication in build— ing is the offsite fabrication of It is not new, components or assemblies . and can be part of craft building as well as industrialized system build— (PA) inge PREFABRICATION: The on-site or off-site advance fabrication of building systems and components traditionally fabricated (WSBSP) in place during installation. PREFABRICATED BUILDING: 1. A collection of fabricated parts from which a build— ing can be assembled. 2. The build— (CERL) ing assembled from such parts. PREFABRICATED HOUSE: One whose parts were designed for quick assembly at the home site . The parts are made and put together as a package at the factory . Outside walls with windows and doors already in place, roof and floor systems are examples. (WP) Single item, such as brick, plas— PRODUCT : ter, plywood, steel beam. May have ele— ments which combine on the job—site such (CRMHRA) as concrete. 13120 - 7 PRE-ENGINEERED STRUCTURES PRODUCT; A material, component or system manufactured off the construction site . (WSBSP) PROGRAM: A single building or grouping of several building projects into a single bid package as part of an overall organized systems project. (WSBSP) PROJECT; The total project (to include in— (CRC) system and out—of—system elements) . PROPRIETARY BUILDING SYSTEM: A building sys- tem or partial building system procurable (CERL) only from a single source. PSEUDO-RELOCATABLE (RIGID FRAME): Not specif- ically designed to be dismantled and relo— cated, but could be with considerable effort and loss of parts. (Not a "Relocatable" by DOD definition.) (NAUPAC) RATIONALIZED BUILDING: The designation for conventional building with adaptation of some of the principles and techniques of In Europe, rational ized system building. building inspired by system building is re— placing conventional building almost com— pletely in housing construction, narrowing down the margin of cost savings through system building. (PA) RATIONALIZED TRADITIONAL SYSTEM: one that de- pends primarily on conventional skilled trades , but which incorporates mechanization and (ENR) prefabricated components . RECOVERABLE (RETRIEVABLE): Any shelter which is either specifically designed for dis— mantling and relocation with no expect:ed damage , or capable Of being dismantled but with an average of to damage to its parts. (NAUFAC) RELOCATABLE : Designed for the specific pur— pose of being readily erected, disassembled, stored and re—used. A) B) NOT SELF-CONTAINED- Includes all essent- ial components except interior furnish— ings. Does include walls and ceilings. Floors sometimes finished. (e.g. , PAN— ELFAB) . SELF—CONTAINED—Inc1udes all essential components, including floor, ceiling , walls; lighting and electrical systems , environmental control connections , etc . Also includes all integral interior furnishings. (Structure is functionally complete when packaged. ) 1. Non—MobiIe— container type. 2 . Mobile— Equipped with wheels , skids , or other devices so it can be towed. (e.g., trailers and vans.) (NAUFAC) ****** Result for Image/Page 8 ****** SECTION 13120 SYSTEM MANUAL: A complete description of a building system including the rules which define how the parts of a system go together. The manual is a continual— Iy evolving definitive documentation of the building system. (NAUFAC) SOFTWARE: The rules and procedures for utilizing the hardware to form a com— (CERL) pleted building. SUBSYSTEM: A group of components that perform a specified function,e.g., a heating/ventilating/air—conditioning subsystem made up of components such as an air—moving device, ductwork, dif— (BRAB) fusers, and controls. SUBSYSTEM: A coordinated, pre—engineered assemblage of components, forming a package that can be readily manufac— tured, shipped to, and installed in a (CERL) total system (the building) . SUBSYSTEM: The building process may be thought of as constructing larger parts from smaller parts, then still larger parts from these parts and continuing this procedure until the building is complete; a building subsystem is any one of the larger parts, e.g., the structural subsystem. (CERL) SUBSYSTEM: The major components of the sys tem. (CRC) SUBSYSTEMS : A combination of parts or components which are designed, produced , installed and intended to achieve a co— ordinated, integrated and efficient functional assembly. These subsystems are not necessarily based on trade div— (DOD) is ions . SUBSYSTEM: A group of factory or site— assembled components erected or in— stalled in combination with each other (ENR) to perform a specified task. SUBSYSTEM : A dependent system perform— ing one independent function, e.g. , HVAC subsystem. (NAUFAC) SUBSYSTEM; Part of a building system, defined for a specific function, and comprising components and materials needed to fulfill that function; e.g. , structural, HVAC, ceiling—lighting (WSBSP) subsys tems . SUBSYSTEM CONTmCTOR: Any of the contract- ors who design, produce and install com— ponents called for in the subsystem per— formance specifications. (WSBSP) 13120 PRE-ENGINEERING STRUCTURES TEST: The evaluative techniques for insuring component or subsystem conformance with the criteria; testing may be performed in the pro— totype stage, during manufacture, at the site during or after installation, and after pro— ject completion, or at any combination Of times; testing may also be performed by the design professional, owner, testing consult— ant, public agencies, or the manufacturer. (CERL) UNITARY OR UNITIZED CONSTRUCTION: A type of system building in which three—dimensional units (usually boxes) form assemblies, or in its most sophisticated form, complete subsystems . This type Of construction was used in the early stages of system building in the Soviet It has been in— Union after World War II. creasingly replaced by large panel systems, but was revived with Habitat 67 and shows promise by using lighter materials than regular con— (PA) crete. USER REQUIREMENTS: Those conditions the user of a building considers necessary or desirable as environment and support for his activities , without particular reference to how such con— ditions are to be physically produced. (WSBSP) ****** Result for Image/Page 9 ****** SECTION 13151 BLUM: A flocculating agent. Potassium and ammonium altxa are the most comrnon types used in the treatment of pool water. Alu— minum sulphate is often used with gravity (NSPI) sand filters. Filter media of anthracite coal ANTHRAFILT : (NSPI) (trade name) . BACKV'ASH CYCIE : The period starting with the cleaning operation of the filter which ends when the filter has been cleaned or ser— (NSPI) v iced. BACKTO.SH PIPING: The pipe extending from the backwash outlet of the fi Iter to a terminus at the point of disposal. (Often (NSPI) referred as waste piping) . BACKWASH RATE: The rate of application of water through a filter during the cleaning cycle expressed in gallons per minute of total flow. (NSPI) BACKWASH RATE (SPECIFIC): The rate of appli- ca tion of water through a filter during the cleaning cycle expressed in gallons per minute per square foot of effective (NSPI) area . BODY COAT: Filter aid deposited af ter pre— (NSPI) coat on a diatomite filter. BODY FEED; The continuous addition of con— trolled amounts of filter aid during the operation of a diatomite filter to main— tain a permeable filter cake. If added as a slurry, this is often referred to as SLURRY FEED. (NSPI) BROMIDE : A chemical compound containing bro— mine. Either potassium or sodium bromide when used with a sui table activating agent such as a hypochlorite will release ele— mental bromine in a pool water to serve as (NSPI) a germicide or algaecide. BROMINE : A chemical element (Br2) normally existing as a liguid. Elemental bromine mav be applied directly to pool water to serve as a germicide or algaecide. As one of the halogen group, branine is gen— erica Ily related to iodine and chlorine . (NSPI) CHEMICAL FF.EDER: A device to feed a treat- ing material at a controllable rate: (ger— micide, algaecide, alum, acid and alkali , Included in this category are pro— etc.). portioning pumps, injector type feeders and pot—type feeders operating from a pre ssure differential, as well as dry— (NSPI) type feeder s. CHLORINATOR: A device to feed, control and regulate üe flow, and to measure the ænount of chlorine gas introduced into (NSPI) the water being treated. 13151 SWIw1NG POOLS CHLORINE: A chemical element normally e %ist— ing as a gas. Chlorine hydrolyzes in the pool water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCI) , an unusually active germicide and algaecide. As one of the halogen group, chlorine is generically related to bromine and iodine. (See also Hypochlorite, calciun; Hypo— (NSPI) chlorite, Sodium) . CHLORINE CARRIER: chemical compound contain— ing chlorine, capable of yielding hypochlor— ous acid (HOCI) , when added to the pool water. (See Hypochlorite, Calcium; Hypochlorite , (NSPI) sodium) . CHLORINE, LIQUID: Dry chlorine gas, liguified under pressure, and shipped in steel cylin— (NSPi) (See also Chlorine) . ders , CHLORINE F.ESIDUAL: This term refers to avail- able chlorine residual, and may exist as both ccnbined available chlor ine and free available chlor ine. Combined chlorine re— sidual is that portion of the available chlorine which has reacted with ammonia and other nitrogenous materials present in a pool water to form chloramines. Free chlo— rine residual is that remaining after the chlorine demand of the nitrogen—containing com- Free available pounds has been satisfied. chlorine is the mre effective germicide (NSPI) and alg aecide. CORROSION: The loss of Nterial due to cheni- (NSPI) cal change CORROSION RESISTANT r•wrERIAL: A material with exceptional resistance to the corrosion fac— (NSFI) tors to which it is subjected. CROSS CONNECTION : An unprotected connection between a domestic water system and any pool or other nonpotable water whereby backflow to the domestic water system could occur. (NSPI) DIATOMITE: A filter aid consisting of fossil— ized plankton sometimes called DIATOMACEOUS (NSPI) EARTH . DIVING AFEA: That area of a pool designed for diving. (Note: Diving Areas are defined in detail in various standards and regulations such as NSPI, Public and Residential Pool Standards, AAU, FINA, etc.) . (NSPI) DIVING BOARD: A board especially designed to prod uce diver spring—action when properly installed on an anchor (base) and fulcrum. (NSPI) (Often referred to as spr ingboard) . DIVING PLATFORM: usually used for the stan- dard 5—meter end 10—meter official diving plat form. (NSPI) DIVING TOWER: This term is usually used for the 3—meter (10 ft. ) diving board support. (NSPI) ****** Result for Image/Page 10 ****** SWI>NING POOLS SECTION 13151 .SW1u41NG AREA: That area of a pool in ex- cess of 3 feet in depth which is devoted (NSPI) to swirming . TURNOVER RATE; The period of time, usually hours, required to circulate a volume of water equal to the pool capacity. (NSPI) UNDERDRAIN: 'TIE distribution system at the bottom of the filter which collects the water uniformly during the filter cycle, and which distributes the backwash water uniformly during the cleaning operation (Norma II y applies to sand filters) . (NSPI) UNDERWATER 1.1GHTS; A light designed to illuminate a pool from beneath the water surface. wet Niche: A watertight and Eter—cooled unit subaerged and placed in a niche in the pool wall. Dry Niche: A normal weatherproof fixture placed in an opening behirE the pool Ell which illuminates the pool through a watertight window in the pool wall. (NSPI) VACUUM FITTING: fitting, usually in the Ell of the pool just below the water level, to which is attached the hose for the und erwa ter vacuum c leaner. (NSP I) VELOCITY: The mea surement of the rate of movernent of liquids, expressed in feet (NSPI ) per second VENTURI TUBE: A tube, which has a con- stricted throat, which causes a differ— ential pressure and can be used to oper— ate feeding devices, instruments and to measure f low. (NSPI) WADING AREA: The area less than 3 feet in depth devoted to activity of nonswirru•ners . (NSPI ) WALL SLOPE: The incl inati on from vertical in a pool Ell, expressed in degrees or in feet (or inches) of horizontal distance in a given depth in feet (or inches) . (NSPI) 13151 ****** Result for Image/Page 11 ****** ABSORBENT: The less vola tile of the two working fluids in an absorption cooling device. (EUD/DOE) ABSORBER: The surface in a collector tha t absorbs solar radiation and converts it to heat energy; generally a matte black (HUD/DOE) metallic surface is best. ABSORPTION CHILLER; Air conditioning de- vice which uses heat at 190 degrees Fah— renheit or higher to generate cooling ; it may be poæred by solar—heated Eter. (HUD/DOE) ABSORPTIVITY: The ratio of the energy ab- sorbed by a surface to energy absorb— ed by a black body at the same tepera— (HUD/DOE) ture. ACTIVE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS: In contrast to passive solar energy approaches, an active solar energy system utilizes out- side energy to operate the system and to transfer the collected solar energy from the collector to storage and distribute it throughout the living unit Active systems can provide space Yeating and cooling and domestic hot water. CHUD/DOE) AIRLOCK ENTRY: A vestibule enclosed with two airtight doors; it reduces heat loss by limiting the movement of heated air . (HVD/DOE) AIR-TYPE COLLECTOR: A collector that uses (HUD/DOE) air for heat transfer. ALTITUDE: The angular distance from the (HUD/DOE) horizon to the sun. NCIENT TEMPERATURE : The natural tempera— ture surrounding an obj ect; it usually re— (HtJD/DOE) fess to outdoor temperature, ATRIUM: A closed interior court to which other rooms open; it is often used for passive solar collection. (HUD/DOE) AUXILIARY ENERGY: Auxiliary heat plus the energy required to operate pumps, blowers, or other devices. (HUD/DOE) AUXILIARY The heat provided by a con- vention41 heating system for periods of cloudiness or intense cold, when a solar heating systæ cannot provide enough heat. (HUD/DOE) AZIMUTH: The angular distance from true sou th to the point on the horizon directly below the sun. (HUD/DOE) BACKUP ENERGY SYSTEM: A backup energy systan using conventional fuels should for heating and domestic hot water. This system should be capable of providing all of energy dernand during any period when the solar energy systan is not operatiog . components and subsystems may be used as parts of both systems where the component or subsystern is a recognized, acceptable p•oduct in the conventional building indus— (HUD/DOE) try • BERM: see "Earth Berm". (HUD/DOE) BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU): A unit of heat; the quantity needed to raise the tempera— ture of one pound of water one degree Fahren— (HUD/DOE) hei t. BUILDING ENVELOPE: The elements (walls, roof, floors) of a building which enclose condi— (HUD/DOE) tioned spaces. CLERESTORY: A window located high in a wall near eaves, used for light, heat gain (HUD/DOE) and ventila tion . COEFFICIENT OF EAT TRANSMISSION; The rate of heat transmission measured per degree of tem— perature difference per hour, through a square foot of wall or other building surface. (HUD/DOE) It is usually called the U—value. COLLECTION : The process of trapping solar ra— (HUD/DOE ) dia tion and converting it to heat. COLLECTOR: A device which collects solar ra— (HUD/DOE) dia tion and converts it to heat. COLLECTOR APERTURE: The glazed opening in a (HUD/ collector which admits solar radiation. DOE) COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY: The ratio of the heat energy extracted from a collector to the so— (HUD/DOE) lar energy striking it. COLLECTOR TILT: The angle between the horizon- tal plane and the solar collector plane, de— signed to raximize the collection of solar (HUD/DOE) radiation . COB-TORT ZONE: The range of temperature and humidity in which most people feel comfor— (HUD/DOE) table. CONCENERATING COLLECTOR: A collector with a lens or a reflector that concentrates the sun's rays on a relatively small absorber (HUD/DOE) surface. CONDUCTION : The flow Of heat between a hotter material and a colder material that are in (HUD/DOE) direct physical contact. CONDUCTIVITY: The property of a material in— dicating the quantity of heat that will flow through one foot of a material for each degree (HUD/DOE ) of tanperature difference. CONVECTIQ(, FORCED: commonly, the transfer of heat by the forced flow of air or water. (HUD/DOE) ****** Result for Image/Page 12 ****** SECTION 13980 *EAT EXCHANGER: A device which transfers (HUD/DOE ) heat from one fluid to another. HEAT AS applied to heating or cooling load, that amount of heat gained by a space from all sources (including people , lights, machines, sunshine, and ail Other (BUD/DOE) radiant energy. HEAT PUMP: An electrically operated machine for heating and cooling; when heating, it transfers heat from one medium at a lower temperature (cal led heat source) to a medium at a higher temperature (called the heat sink) , thereby cooling the source (outside air) and warming the sink (the house) ; when cooling, the heat pump func— t ions much like an air unwanted heat heat source (a building) and dumping it to the heat sink (HUD/DOE) (the outside). HEAT SINK: A ædium (water, earth, or air) (HUD/DOE ) capable of accepting heat. I-EAT SOURCE: A medium (water, earth or air) from wh ich heat is extracted. (BUD/ DOE) HEAT TRANSFER: Conduction, convection or radiation, or a combination of these. (HUD/DOE) HEATING LOAD: The rate of heat flow requir— ed to maintain indoor comfort; mea sured in BTU per hour. (BUD/DOE) HEATING SEASON: The period from early fall to late spring during which heat is needed (HÜD/DOE) to keep a house comfortable. HELIOSTAT: An instrument consisting of a mirror mounted on an axis moved by clock— work; the heliostat refleces sunbeams in one direction, usually to a central ab— sorber located in a tower. (HtJD/DOE) HYBRID SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM: A hybrid systzn is one incorporating a N jor passive as— pect, where at least one of the signifi— cant thermal energy flows is by natural means and at least one is by forced means. (HUD/DOE) HYDRONIC SYSTEM; A conventional heating sys- tem x*iich circulates water, usually 160 degrees Fahrenheit to 180 degrees Fah— renheit, through baseboard finned pipes or (HUD/DOE) radiators . INDIRECT GAIN SOLAR: A type of passive solar heating systern in which the storage is inter— posed between the collecting and the distri— buting surfaces (e.g. , Trombe water wall, or roof pond ) (HUD/DOE) INFILTRATION: The uncontrolled movanent of outdoor air into a building through leaks , cracks, windows and doors. (HUD/DOE) INFRARED RADIATION; invisible rays just beyond the red of visible spectrum; 13980 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS their wavelengths are longer than those of the spectrum colors (0.7 to 400 microns) , and they have a penetrating heating effect. INSOLATION : The amount of solar radiation (direct, diffuse, or reflected) striking a surface exposed to the sky; measured in BTU per square foot per hour (or in watts per (HUD/DOE ) square meter) . INSULATION: A Nterial increases re— sistance to -heat flow. (EüD/DOE) IsolATED SOLAR GAIN: A type of passive solar heating in which heat is collected in one area to be used in another (e.g., green— (HUD/DOE) house or attic collector) . KILOWATT: A measure of power or heat flow rate; it equals 3 , 413 BTU per hour. (HUD/DOE) The arnount of energy KILOVÆT HOUR (kWh) equivalent to one kilowatt of power being used for one hour; 3,413 BTU. (HUD/DOE) A measure of solar radiation; it equals one calorie per square centimeter , (HUD/DOE) or 3.69 BTU per square foot. LATENT The change in heat content that occurs with a change in phase and without change in tanperature; the heat stored in the material during melting or vaporization . Latent heat is recovered by freezing a Ii— (HUD/DOE) quid or by condensing a gas. LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS: The accounting of capital, interest, and operating costs over the useful life of the solar system compared to those costs without the solar system. (HUD/DOE) LIQUID-TYPE COLLECTOR: A collector that uses a liquid as the heat transfer fluid. (HUD/ DOE) MICROCLIMATE: The variation in regional cli- rete at a specific site; caused by topo— graphy, vegetation, soil, water conditions (HUD/DOE) and construction. MOVEABLE INSULATION: A device which reduces heat loss at night or during cloud periods and permits heat gain in sunny periods (e.g. , insulated draperies, auto— ItEtic shutters); it may also be used to re— (HUD/DOE) duce heat gains in . NOCTURNAL COOLING: A method of cooling through radiation of heat Erom warm surfaces (HUD/DOE) to a clear night sky. NONPOTABLE: water that is not suitable for (HUD/DOE) drinking or cooling purposes. NONRENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE: A mineral ener- gy source which is in limited supply, such as fossil (gas, oil and coal) and nuclear (HüD/DOE) fuel s. ****** Result for Image/Page 13 ****** SECTION 13980 SOLAR RADIATION: Energy radiated from the sun in the electromagnetic spectrum; visi— ble light and infrared light are used by solar energy systems. (BUD/ DOE) fluid. (HUD/DOE) SOLAR T}ERNAI., ELECTRIC POVER: The indirect TILT ANGLE; see "collector tilt". conversion of solar energy into electri— city by solar collectors, a heat engine, (HUD/DOE) and electrical generators. SOLARIUM: A living space enclosed by glaz— (HUD/DOE) ing; a greenhouse. SPECIFIC CAPACITY: The quantity of heat needed to change the temperature Of one pound of a Nterial by one degree Fahrenheit (or one kilogram of a Nteri— (HUD/DOE) al by one degree centrigrade) . STACK EFFECT: The rising of reated air over a dark surface by natural convection to create a draft; used to provide surmer (HUD/ ventilation in some passive houses. DOE) STAGNATION : A high tempera ture condition obtained in a solar collector when the sun is shining and no fluid is flowing through the collector; tempera tures range from 250 degrees Fahrenheit to 400 de— grees Fahrenheit, depending on collector design. Any condit*on under which a col— lector is losing as much heat as it gains. (HUD/DOE) STORAGE: The device or medium that absorbs collected solar heat and stores it for (HUD/DOE) later use. STORAGE CAPACITY: The quantity of heat that can be contained in a storage device. (HUD/DOE) SUNSPACE: A living space enclosed by glaz— (HUD/DOE) ing; a solarium or greenhouse . SUN-TEMPERING: sun-temper ing is a method that involves a significant daytirne solar gain and an effective distribution systaa but generally lacks a storage systzn. (HUD/DOE) A quantity of heat equal to 100, 000 BTU; approximately 100 cubic feet of na— (HUD/DOE) tural gas. In an ind irect gain systen, T}ERMAL LAG: the tine delay for heat to move from outer collecting surface to the inner ra— (HUD/DOE) diating surface. THER>-AL MASS: heat capacity of a H.iild— ing nuterial (brick, concrete, adobe, or (HUD/DOE) water containers) • THERMAL RADIATION: see "Infrared radiation" (HUD/DOE) TER.MAL RESISTANCE (R-VALUE) : The tendency of a Nterial to retard the flow of heat; the reciprocal of the coefficient of heat transmission) . (HUD/DOE) 13980 -5 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS THEN40SIPHONING: Heat transfer through fluid (such as air or liquid) by currents resulting from the natural fall of heavier , cool fluid and rise of lighter, warm (HUD/DOE) TmCKING: For a collector, a device which causes the panel to follow the sun. (HUD/ DOE) TUNSFER EDIUM: The substance that carries heat from the solar collector to storage (HUD/ or from storage to the living areas. DOE) TRICKLE-TYPE COLLECTOR: A collector in which the heat transfer fluid flows in open channels on the absorber (HUD/DOE) TRO}BE TALL; Masonry, typically 8 to 16 inches thick, blackened and exposed to the sun be— hind gla zing; a passive solar heating systern in which a masonry wall collects, stores and (HUD/DOE) dis tributes heat. U—VALUE: see •coefficient of heat transmission" (HUD/DOE) VAPOR BARRIER: A waterproof liner used to prevent passage of moisture through the building structure; Vapor barriers in walls ceilings should be located on the heated (KUD/DOE) side of the building. WET-BULB tmåPERATURE: The lowest temperature atta inable by evaporating water in the air; (HUD/DOE) a measure of humidity. ZONED HEATING : The control of the temperature in a room or a group of rooms independently (HUD/DOE) of other rooms ****** Result for Image/Page 14 ****** 13980 - 4 -2 13980 ****** Result for Image/Page 15 ****** ****** Result for Image/Page 16 ****** SECTION 13151 DRAIN; An outlet at the deep point of or trough through which passes waste is to be wasted. (NSPI) EFFLUENT: The outflow of water from a (NSPI) other device. a vessel water which filter or Decornposition of metal due to EIECTROLYSYS : (NSPI) flow of electrical current. FACE PIP ING: The piping with all valves and fittings which is used to connect the filter system together as a unit. This includes all valves and piping necessary for the filter plant to per form the functions OE filter ing or backwashing, either by the plant as a whole or any unit operating singly. (NSPI) FEET OF I-EÄD: A basic measurement Of pressure or resistance in a hydraulic system which is equivalent to the height of a colum of water which would cause the same resistance. (100 ft. of head is the equivalent of 43 psi) . The "Total Dynamic Head" is the sum of all the resistance in a complete system when in opera— tion. The principal factors of " head" are ver— tical distances and resistance due to friction of the flow against the walls of th.e pipe oz "Friction Head" is the head loss due to friction only. (NSPI) POOL FLOOR: That portion of the pool inter ior which Is horizontal, or which is inclined 450 or less from the horizontal. (NSPI) POOL HEATER: Water heater designed to heat swim— Pool heaters are divided intc the ming pools. following types: (a) Direct—type in which pool water is contained in tubes and heated directly by flame or products of combustion. (b) In— direct—type in which pool water is contained in tubes which are inunersed in a heat medium such as hot water or steam. (NSPI) >OTABLE WATER: Any wa ter, such as an approved domestic water supply, which is bacteriologi— cally safe and otherwise suitable for drinking . (NSPI) ppm: An abbreviation of the term " parts per million" (parts per million gallons of water by væight) . (NSPI) PRECOAT: The initial coating of filter aid on the septum of a diatomaceous earth filter. (NSPI) PRECOAT FEEDER: A device used to feed a calculated amount of filter aid at the start of a diatomite filter cycle — following the cleaning operation. (NSPI) PRESSURE DÜ?ERENTIÄL: The difference in pressure between two parts of a hydraulic system. (Influ— ent and effluent of a filter, suction and dis— charge of a pump, the up and down—stream sides (NSPI) of a Venturi or orifice plate) . PUMP STm1NER: A device usually placed on the suction side Of a pump which contains a remov— able strainer basket designed to trap debr is in the water—flow with a minimum of flow res— (Sometimes referred to as a "Hair tricti.on. and Lint Trap".) (NSPI) 13151 - 2 SWIMMING POOLS Soluble QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS : cationic compounds which lower the sur— face tension of water and also possess algaicidal and germicidal properties. (NSPI) RATE OF FLOW (GPM): The measurement of the volume of flow per unit Of time ex— pressed in gal Ions per minute. (NSPI) MTE OF FLOW INDICATOR: A device to in- dicate the flow in a pipe line . ( some— times referred to as a rate—of—flow "meter' . (NSPI) RECIRCULATING SYSTEM: The entire system including the suction piping, pump, strainer, fliter, face piping and re— turn piping. (NSPI) PIPING: That part of the pool piping from the filter effluent to the pool. (NSPI) SERVICE FACTOR, (MOTORS) : A factor in- di cating the degree to which an exec— tric motor can be operated over a spe— cific horsepower without danger of (NSPI) overload failure. SKIMMER WEIR: The hor izontal surface over which the water flows to the cir— culating system. (Usually self—adjusting (NSPI) for water level changes) . SLUICE CLEANING: A method of cleaning filter septuns or elements, usually consisting of a series of hydraulic jets about which the elements rotate during the cleaning cycle, or a set of hydraulic jets which rotate about a (NSPI) fixed set of elements. (Na2C03) A dry chemical used SOA ASH: frequently to increase pH and alkalin— (NSPI) ity in pool water. SPIN CLEANING: A method of cleaning fil- ter septums by virtue of rapidly ro— tating the elements within the filter Cleaning in tank containing wtaer . this manner is accomplished by erosion (NSPI) and agitation. SUCTION PIPING: That part of the pool piping between the pool and the suction side of the pump, usually consisting of the Main Suction, Vacuur•t Cleaner Suction, and/or Skimmer suction. (NSPI) SURFACE SKIMMER: A device designed to continuously remove surface film and water and return it through the filter as part of the recirculation system, usually incorporating a self—adj usting ( Sometimes weir, a lock of the pump. referred to as a Recirculating Overflow, or a mechanical or automatic skimmer. ) (NSPI) ****** Result for Image/Page 17 ****** ****** Result for Image/Page 18 ****** SECTION 13120 RELOCATABLE BUILDING: A relocatable build- ing is a factory—assembled permanent structure designed to be moved from one permanent foundation to another as need (NABM) di ctates . RELOCATABILITY: The ability to economical- Iy dismantle, transport to a new location , and re—erect a facility. (DOD) REQUIREMENT: The qualitative statement of desired performance for the environ— (CERL) ment. SECTION: The text heading for each major (CRC) element. SECTIONAL (MODULAR) HOUSING: This type of modular housing refers to units fab— ricated in half—house sections. Widths may vary from 10 to 14 feet, and length from 38 to 56 feet, and even greater length where permitted by highway regu— lations. Roof pitch is usually 3 inches in 12 to stay within shipping height limits, since most units are shipped on special flatbed trailers or transport— ers . The most cortrnon shape is rectangular with or proportions, and units are usually shipped completely (NABM) finished. SERVICE SANDWICH: The space in the hori- zontal plane between the top of the roof deck and the bottom of the Ceiling—Light— ing Subsystem in which the Structural, HVÄC, Ceiling—Lighting and Fire Sprink— ler Subsystems are compatibly contained. (WSBSP) STANDARDIZED SUBSYSTEM: Subsystems design- ed and fabricated in accordance with pre— determined functional and dimensional standards established by the participa— ting Federal and non—Federa1 builders. (BRAB) SYSTEM: A combination of several assem— blies to produce a self—contained func— tioning whole such as a structural sys— tem, a heating system. (CRMHRA) SYSTEM: An entity comprising fully coor— dinated and interrelated subsystems. (CRC) SYSTEM: A working totality formed Of often diverse but integrated parts, subject to a corunon plan or serving a cornmon (WSBSP) purpose . SYSTEMS (OR INDUSTRIALIZED) BUILDING: The integration of planning, design, pro— gramming, manufacturing, site operations , schedul ing, financing and management into a disciplined method of mechanized pro— (ENR) duction . PRE-ENGINEERING STRUCTURES SYSTEMS APPROACH: Viewing a problem as a set • of interrelated interdependent parts work— ing together for the overall objective of the whole Systems Approach, as it applied to con— struction (Systems Building) identifies the parts and establishes in a disciplined man— ner the interrelationship between the parts which are not necessarily limit— ed to—planning, design, construction, opera— tion, maintenance, and replacement Of the fac— ility (BRAB) SYSTEMS APPROACH: A strategy for applying sys- tems building which considers building to be divisible into a set of interrelated elements that can be individually shaped and then con— nected together to provide the best building system, within existing constraints, for a given purpose. (CERL) SYSTEMS APPROACH: The viewing of a problem as a system, stressing the interrelation of problem elements and the relation Of the prob— lem to its larger context . (WSBSP) SYSTEMS BUILDING: The designing or selecting Of a building system and the using of it to (CERL) construct a building project. SYSTEMS BUILDING: The approach to construc- tion that is essentially a concept of view— ing a problem as a set of interrelated inter— dependent parts, working together for the (SEN) overall objective of the whole. Identifies the parts which SYSTEMS BUILDING: include, but are not limited to, planning , design, construction, operation, maintenance , and replacement of a facility. (SBN) SYSTEMS BUILDING: Comprises the development of the tangible elements that make up the system 's hardware; the manufacture of these elements and their delivery to the project in an order— Iy fashion; and the integration of these ele— ments into a finished building. Systems building also includes the organization and management required to assemble the land, fin— ancing, manpower, and design support that is the project's software. (SBN) SYSTEMS BUILDING: Identifies the parts which include, but are not limited to planning, de— sign, construction, operation, maintenance , and replacement of a facility. (SEN) SYSTEMS BUILDING: The application of the systems approach to construction, normally re— suiting in the organization of programming , planning, design, manufacturing, construction , and evaluation of buildings under single, or highly coordinated, management into an effi— (WSBSP) cient total process . 13120 ****** Result for Image/Page 19 ****** SECTION 13120 OPEN at-JILDING SYSTEM; 1. A building system permitting ready interchangeability of var— ious components, assemblies, and subsystems available on the open market; building system not having the areas of planning, designing and constructing under a single management control . (CERL) OPEN-PANEL CONSTRUCTION: open-panel construc- tion refers t:o an industrialized building technique in which roof, roof trusses, wall and floor panels are shipped to the site without final exterior or interior finish— ing. Wiring, plumbing, and related mechan— ical work is usually omitted and is done at the site. Where wiring and plumbing are included, the work is clearly visible for on—site inspection. The items of open— panel construction are usually shipped flat and loaded in the proper order for quick assembly on the foundation. (NABM) OPEN SYSTEM: One in which the components are interchangeable with those of other sys— (ENR) tems. OPEN SYSTEMS: Building systems in which com— ponents, assemblies, or subsystems of dif— ferent make available in the open market can be used to form a complete system. This requires a high degree of modular co— ordination and unification of building codes . (PA) OPTIMIZE : 1. To maximize desirable character— istics and or minimize undesirable character— istics . 2 . To establish functional and economic balance among the performance char— acteristics of two or more subsystems . (WSBSP) OUT-OF-SYSTEMS OR NON-SYSTEMS: All that is not part of a subsystem or the building system. (CERL) PANEL OR SLAB: Panels are of precast or cast— in—place reinforced concrete with other compo- nents cast into the slab in varying degrees of complexity. Design may be load—bearing, cross wall or core—bearing. (ENR) PANELIZED CONSTRUCTION: Panelized construct- ion describes either closed—panel or open— panel techniques in manufactured housing. Generally, it refers to either fully finish— ed or partly finished wall and floor panels , roof panels and trusses shipped flat to the site. (NABM) PARTS: Major topics in the contract docu— (CRC) ments . PARTS : Components consist of parts such as pipe sections or fittings of the plumbing roughing. A part: may be defined as the least complex fabricated item having its own identity. (PA) PARTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM: 1. building system which addresses only a portion of a build- 2. A building system which does not xng ; address all three areas; planning, design— ing and constructing . (CERL) 13120 PRE-ENGINEERING STRUCTURES PARTIAL BUILDING SYSTEM; The combination • of several essential, but not all, sub— systems is referred to as an incomplete or partial building system. SCSD, which comprises five subsystems, is a good ex— ample of a partial building system. (PA) PARTICIPANTS : The owners, architects, con— sultants, general, sub and subsystem con— tractors who were involved in the pro— grams of the building systems project. (WSBSP) PER-FOEULANCE OR COMPONENTIZED: components result from performance specifications that also decree full compatibility of the subsystems. This system allows re— arrangement of interior space. (ENR) PERMANENT CONSTRUCTION: A building pro- duced in accordance with prevailing building codes and placed on a perman— ent foundation is considered permanent construction. -Tt is taxed as real pro— perty and qualifies for financing under a mortgage loan. (NABM) PERFORMANCE CRITERIA: The set of detailed statements of verifiable requirements that must be met to fulfill user needs . (CERL) PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION: A specifica- tion based on performance criteria and compliance tests for a specific subsys— tem or component organized in a manner permitting manufacturers or contractors to bid on existing or innovative compo— (WSBSP) nents . PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENT: Standards, usual- Iy based on user needs, which define the limitations or parameters of a specific (WSBSP ) component. PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS; The transla- tion of user needs into design criteria for specific building components . Per- formance specifications may be submitted to industry who can respond with an ex— i sting product which meets the criteria or with a new product . (NAUFAC) PERFORMANCE STANDARD: A performance re- quirement adopted by a group of manufac— turers or contractors, or established by a public agency, for a product. (WSBSP) PLANNING GRID: A pattern generated by two or more intersecting sets of parallel lines, serving as a dimensional frame— work for the organization of a building plan. (WSBSP) POST AND BEAM (FRAME) : Usually consists of prefabricated columns and beams with panels of either structural or nonstructural func— tion. Components can be light enough for installation by men . (ENR) ****** Result for Image/Page 20 ****** SECTION 13120 PRE-ENGINEERING STRUCTURES INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEMS: can be Industrialized building encompasses both either of two types: OPEN or CLOSED. system building and prefabricated build— ing. The two differ in their response to OPEN SYSTEM: One in which the components the needs of consumers and manufacturers . are dimensionally coordinated and per— In system building, an architect designs formance oriented, therfore, can be individual buildings or projects within interchanged with those of other sys— the framework of the system discipline . tems. This has evolved. from combining tradition— al site building with prefabrication Of as— CLOSED SYSTEM: one in which the compo- semblies using industrial organization and nents are peculiar to that system, mechanization, and responds to varied con— and cannot be combined with those of sumer performance requirements . another system. (BDC) With prefabricated building, sectionalized INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING: 1. Building ac- "packages" are predesigned like any other complished primarily in the manner of an industrially made product. These buildings industrialized process; 2. A structure evolved from the industrial concept Of built in this way. mass fabricating a product intended to re— spond to consumer needs as interpreted by Admittedly, the meaning of this term varies the manufacturer. (PA) with each person's interpretation of "pri— marily" and of "in the manner of an indus— INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM: The ser- trialized process. Since virtually all vices and products required in a building building in the United States is to some system utilizing industrialized building. extent industrialized, the possible vari— (CERL) ation in interpretation is quite large. NO doubt this accounts for the fact that INDUSTRIALIZED HOUSING: This term embraces "industrialized building" is redefined all forms and concepts of residential, com— in nearly every study or article in mercial and institutional housing manufac— which it appears . Nevertheless , the above tured by duplicative precision techniques definition should provide a level of mean— applied to a wide range of materials in as— ing, though imprecise, sufficient to under— sembly line operations. stand the content in those portions of the text in which it appears. Further in— Industrialization encompasses all categor— sight into the nature of industrialized ies of concepts, systems, sub—systems and building is provided in Chapter 2. (CERL) processes, including portable manufacturing facilities which may be established tempor— INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING: Factory fabrica- arily on the job for a single project only . tion and assembly of systems or subsystems (NABM) which are transported to the job site and erected. (DOD) IN—SYSTEM: All of the parts that: make up a subsystem or the building system. (CERL) INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING: Factory or on the job fabrication and assembly of sys— INTERCHANGEABILITY: The ability of a com- tems or subsystems or modules, which are ponent to be removed and relocated else— transported to the job site or built where in the same or different building on the site and erected. (NAUFAC) without modification. (WSBSP) INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING: Programned and INTERFACE: The cormon boundary or area of systemized building using a highly mechan— connection between two or more building ized flow line production throughout the elements, including relationship of phys— entire operation. This contrasts with icaI fit and performance characteristics . the traditional craft process of build— (CRC) ing with current U.S. practices, which may be described as a partially mechan— INTERFACE : A common boundary between two i zed craft operation. modules, components, parts and/or subsys— tems. The end of one subsyt:em or sub—acti— Prefabrication is not a prerequisite to vity and the beginning of another. industrialized building, even though it (NAUFAC) usually plays an important role in it. For example, reinforced concrete floor INTERFACE : 1. A common boundary between slabs can be cast in place using an as— two systems or components. 2 . A bound— sembly of reinforcing steel fabric com— ary detail designed to maintain a specified bined with radiant heating piping and a relation between. adjacent systems or corn— pre—wired electric harness that are fab— (WSBSP) ponents . ricated on the ground and hoisted into place. Prefabrication per se does not LIFE CYCLE COST: Total owning cost during necessarily mean industrialization: for life span, not including depreciation cal— instance, the precast concrete panels culated for buildings on a 25 year func— currently produced in the U.S. fall un— tional life. (WSBSP) der the heading of partially mechanized craft process. 13120 - 4 ****** Result for Image/Page 21 ****** SECTION 13120 BUILDING SYSTEM: A combination of sever- al systems to produce a completely func— tioning building. (CRMHRA) BUILDING SYSTEMS: An entire facility made up of subsystems that have a positive interfacing relationship with each oth— er, and ig designed for an effective combination of production, installation , (DOD) and performance. BUILDING SYSTEM: The method by which a variety of structural and mechanical units are assembled, erected and in— stalled to produce structures that will function for a specified use or combi— nation of uses . (ENR) BUILDING SYSTEM; In system building, the term building system is used for an entity comprised Of subsystems that are fully coordinated and interrelated. Coordination, in system building, means a positive interface relationship , whereas, in conventional construction , "noninterference" is usually considered as satisfactory coordiantion. In con— trast to conventional building, these subsystems are not necessarily based on work sections or trade divisions, but are designed or arranged for the most efficient combination of performance and production (including installation) . A typical example is the Mechanical Core Subsys tern, used extensively in European system—built hous ing. It con— sists of a factory—produced wall panel (I) usually forming the separation be— tween kitchen and bathroom. The sub— system fulfills the following functions : structure (loadbearing) separation (visual privacy and sound resistance) plumbing distribution (waste, supply, vent) electric distribution (light and com— munication) gas distribution (cooking) finish (integral, or base for tile or paint) The panel is factory made, since it is the most efficient way of producing it, and site work is reduced to merely connecting piping and hanging fixtures. In respect to performance, this sub— system responds to all criteria set forth by client and code . (PA) BUILDING SYSTEM: The hardware portion of a systems building—can consist Of total— Iy integrated elements, such as a modu— lar house or a pre—engineered metal building, or an aggregation Of separ— ate functional elements (structural , mechanical, electrical, and interior and exterior architectural) . Integra— ted—element systems, are the closest to a single—responsibility project, in which one company contracts to supply all tan— gible parts of the structure (possibly excepting the foundation) and may even act as the developer. (SBN) BUILDING ceived embled waste. BUILDING PRE-ENGINEERING STRUCTURES SYSTEM; A set of building parts con— as a whole and manufactured to be ass— with ease and without adjustment or (WSBSP) SYSTEM (CLOSED) : A group of integra— ted subsystems designed and manufactured to meet specific criteria, subsystems cannot be interchanged without modification. (NAUPAC) BUILDING SYSTEM (OPEN) : A group of inter- changeable, compatible building subsystems that are coordinated dimensionally, which accomodate all the functional requirements of a building. (NÄUFAC) BUILDING TYPE: A category of buildings con— structed to house a specific activity or set of activities . (CERL) CLOSED BUILDING SYSTEM: A building system hav- ing a fixed combination of components, assem— blies and subsystems . 2 A building sys— tem having the areas of planning, designing and constructing under a single management (CERL) control . CLOSED-PANEL CONSTRUCTION: This term des- cribes factory—assembled roofs, wall or floor panels closed in on two sides, and which may enclose factory—installed wiring , plumbing, insulation. The panels are not open for visual inspection of equipment or structure at the site . Panel size may range from room width to full house length . (NABM) CLOSED SYSTEM: One in which the components are peculiar to that system and cannot be cornbined with those of another system. (ENR) CLOSED SYSTEMS: Building systems in which assemblies or subsystems of a specific type , not available in the open market, are used to form a complete system. Many construction systems fall in between the open and closed classifications. Cer— tain mechanical equipment, such as eleva— tors, can usually be used in more than one closed system. It is reported from Denmark that one stair subsystem is used by all Da— nish closed building systems. (PA) COMPATIBILITY OR INTERFACE: The common bound- ary or area of connection between two or more subsystems, including both the physi— cal fit and the overlap of performance characteristics . (CERL) COMPATIBILITY: The state of functional, di- mensional, economic, and aesthetic coordi— antion between two or more building subsys— tems or components . See INTERFACE. (WSBSP) COMPONENT : group of parts which form a por— tion of a subsystem;e.g., a door and its frame and hardware as part Of a partition— ing subsystem. (BRAB) 13120 -2 ****** Result for Image/Page 22 ****** SECTION 13090 TRACF CHEMISTRY: The use of radioactive iso- topes in chemical compounds or other materi— als so that the æterial can be traced through (CS-9/60) radioactivity. USE FACTOR: The fraction of the wrkload during which the useful beam is pointed in the direc— tion under cons idera tion . ccs-9/60) USEFUL BEAM: That part of the primary radia— t ion that passes through the aperture, cone or other co Ilimator. (CS—9/60) WORK LOAD: The working activity of a machine measured in milliampere minutes per week. (CS-9/60) X—RAY APPARATUS: Any source of x—rays and its (CS-9/60) high voltage supply. x-my INSTALLATION: The area of radiation zard under the administrative control of the person or organization possessing an x—ray (CS-9/60) source . X—RAYS (X—Radiation ) : Electromagnetic ioniz— In radiology, X—rays are often ing radiation. classified according to the voltage at which they are produced. The followü-lg cla ssification according to voltage range is generally under stood; Low Voltage X—Rays: Voltage range up to 140 High Voltage X—Rays: Voltage range 140 to 150 KV Super Voltage X—Rays: Voltage range 150 KV to 3 Mulimillion VOIt X—Rays : voltage higIEr than 3 W. (CS-9/60) 13090 RADIATION PROTECTION ****** Result for Image/Page 23 ****** SECTION 13090 NUC4DE: A species of atm characteri zed by the (CS-9/60) constitution of its nucleus. OCCUPANCY FACTOR: The factor by which the wrk load should be multiplied to correct for the degree or type of occupancy of the area in (CS-9/60) gue sti on. OCCUPIED AREA: An area, that ray be occupied by persons, of radiation sensitive materials. (CS-9/60) OCCUPIED SPACE: Space which may be occupied by per sonnel during time that apparatus is (CS-9/60) in operation . PERMISSIBLE DOSAGE RATE: The maximum total dose to which any part of the body of a per— son shall be permitted to be exposed con— tinuously or intermittently in a given time. (CS-9/60) It shall be O. 300r per week. PERSONNEL ETER: A device to be wrn or car- ried by a person for the purpose of detect— ing oz measuring radiation received by him. (CS-9/60) PERSONNEL MONITORING: The systematic periodic check of the radiation dose each person re— (CS-9/60) ceives during his wrking hours . PHOTONS : A unit postulated in tre quantum theory. It concerns the propagation of elec— (CS-9/60) tromagnetic ener gy. POCKET CEAMBZR: A condenser ionization chamber designed to be worn in the pocket and used for monitoring. An auxiliary charging and (CS-9/60) reading device is necessary. POCKET DOSIMETER: A pocket ionization cham- ber containing its own electrometer . An aux— iliary charging device is usually necessary . (CS-9/60) POSITRON: A particle identical to an electron but having a positive charge instead Of a Beta (posi— negative cormon to the electron. tive) radiation is composed of positrons. (CS-9/60) PRIMARY RADIAQION: Radiation coming directly from the target of the x—ray tube or appara— Except for the use ful beam, the bulk Of tus . this radiation is absorbed in the tube hous— ccs-9/60) ing . PRIMARY PROTECTIVE BARRIERS: Barriers that re— duce the useful beam to the permissible dosage (CS-9/60) rate or to the required degree. PROTECTIVE BARRIER: Barrier of attenuating terial used to reduce radiation hazards . (CS-9/60) PROTECTION SURVEY: Evaluation of the radiation hazards in an installation. It customar ily includes a physical survey of the arrangement and use of equipment, and measurements of the dose rates of radiation under expected condi— (CS-9/60) tions of use . 13090 RADIATION PROTECTION PROTECTION TUBE ROUSING; x-ray tube enclosure that provides radiation pro— tection . (CS-9/60) PROTON: One of the nucleus, a nuclear particle. The nucleus of the hydrogen 1 atom. It carries a positive charge Its atomic mass unit is 1.00758. of I. The number Of protons in the nucleus determines the chemical characteristics of an element and also gives the ele— ænts its atomic number. (CS-9/60) QUALIFIED E>QERT: A person suited by training and experience to per form de— pendable radiation surveys, to oversee radiation monitor ing, to estimate the degree of radiation hazard, and to ad— vise regarding radiation protection . These men are normally physicists cer— tif led by the Xaerican Board of Radic— ology and Field of certification. (CS-9/60) The term quality re— QUALITY OF X-RAYS: way to the penetra ting fers in a general power of an x—ray beam. soft X—Rays are x—rays of low penetrating power . Hard X—Rays are x—rays of high penetrating (CS-9/60) power . QUANTITY OF UDIATION: Is the time inte- gral of intensity . It is the total en— ergy that has passed through unit area perpendicular to the beam and is ex— pressed in ergs per square centimeter or watts-—seconds per square centimeter. (CS-9/60) Is the unit of absorbed dose and is 100 ergs/ 9 . One millirad (I mrad) is (CS-9/60) one thousandth of one rad. RADIATION : Energy propagated through It is gamma rays and x—rays, space. alpha and beta particles, high speed electrons, neutrons, protons and other nuclear particles, but not sound or radio waves, or visible, infraceä or (CS-9/60) ultraviolet light. RADIOACTIVITY: The characteristics of tting radiation. (CS-9/60) RADIATION FIELD: Region in which energy (CS-9/60) is being propagated. RADIATION HAZARD: Hazard that exists in any region to which a person has access x—ray apparatus is in opera and the dosage rate is greater than the (CS-9/60) permissible dosage rate. RADIATION MACHINE: Any device that pro- duces radiation when the associated control devices are operated. (CS—9/60) ****** Result for Image/Page 24 ****** SECTION 13090 DOSE: The radiation delivered to a specified volume or to the whole body. The unit is the (CS-9/60) Roentgen. DOSE METER: An instrument that measures ra— (CS-9/60) diation dose. DOSE RATE: The radiation dose delivered per unit time. (CS—9/60) DIAGNOSTIC-TYPE PROTECTIVE TUBE HOUSING: Tube housings in which the direct radiation is reduced to at most O. Or per hour at a dis— tance of I meter from the tube target the tube is operating continuously at its maximum rated current for the rteximum rated (CS-9/60) voltage . ELECTRON: One of the particles carry— ing an electric charge Of I and orbiting Its negative about the atomic nucleus. charge equals the positive charge of the proton and establishes electrical balance in the atom. (CS—9/60) ELECTRON VOLT: The kinetic energy a particle acquires if it carries 1 electronic charge and falls freely through a potential of 1 ccs-9/60) vol ELECTROMETER: An instrument for mea sur ing the difference in electric potential be— tween two points. (CS-9/60) ELECTRO}ETER TUBE: An electronic tube speci- ally designed and constructed to measure (CS-9/60) very small electric potentials. ELECTROSCOPE : An insttument for detecting the presence of an electric charge on a (CS-9/60) body. EXCESSIVE RADIATION DOSE: A dose of radia- tion in excess of the permissible (CS-9/60) dose. EXPOSURE : The total quantity of radiation at a given point, measurable in air. The measurement of exposure is made at a given point in the radiation field without tie presence of a scattering body. (CS-9/60) EXPOSURE RATE: The amount of radiation (ex— posure) delivered at a given point per unit time. (CS—9/60) FILM BADGE: Appropriately packaged x—ray— sensitive film for detecting radiation re— It is usually dental— ceived by per sons. film size, and or carried on the per— son. Films used in dosimetry are not stan— dard x—ray or dental films . They are spe— cia1 filras designed specifically for the (CS-9/60) purpose . FILTER: Material placed in the useful beam to absorb preferentially the less penetrating radiations. (Added F i Iter: Filter added (CS-9/60) to the inherent filter) . FISSION: The breaking apart or "splitting" of the nucleus into parts through the 13090 RADIATION PROTECTION action of collision with another parti— cle, in particular a neutron. (CS—9/6d) FISSIONABLE MATERIAL: Elements which con- tain nuclei subject to fission under particle banbardment. Plutonium, thor— ium, uranium 238, 235, are typical. ccs-9/60) FUSION: The combining of nuclear parti— cles through thermal effect. (CS—9/60) FULLY PROTECTIVE TUBE HOUSING: Tube hous- ing ih which the direct radiation is reduced to at most 6.25 ms per hour at contact with the tube housing when the tube is continuously operated at its 11Eximum rated current for the maximum rated ge . (CS—9/60) RADIATION: The emission of electro- ægnetic of shorter length than the x—rays used in ædicine and of high— er intensity. Due to the immense quan— t-ity emitted and their power to penetrate Nterials even at a distance, this is the most damaging type of rad (CS-9/60) GEIGER-MULLER COUNTER: (GM counter) -- A radiation detection instrument based on the ionization of gas. (CS-9/60) The tinte required for the radia— HALF-LIFE : tion of a radioactive substance to de— crease by one—half . I-mLF-X.ALUE LAYER (HV6): The thickness of attenuating Nterial necessary to re— duce the dose rate of any X—ray beam to one —half of its original value. (CS—9/60) Any body injury, disease, HARMFUL EFFECT: or impairment, except where such condi— tion is transitory, infrequent or of short duration and does not endanger per sons so affected. (CS-9/60) HEAVY PARTICLE RADIATION: particulate ionizing radiation consisting of atomic nuclei of any mass traveling at high spe ed. (Protons, deutrons, helium nuclei, etc. ) Alpha rays constitute a special kind of heavy particle radia— tion . (CS-9/60) HOT ; A colloquial term meaning highly radioactive. (CS-9/60) HOT LABORATORY : A laboratory designed for handling of radioactive materials where the strengths of radioactive sources are so high (50 millicuries and up) that special precautions in hand I— ing are necessary. (CS—9/60) INFRARED RADIATION: Invisible radiation Of a thermal nature whose wave is just beyond the red segment of the visi ble spectrum. (CS —9/60 ) ****** Result for Image/Page 25 ****** SECTION 13980 PASSI.VE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS AND CONCEPTS: sive solar heating applications generally in— volve energy collection through south—facing gla zed areas; energy storage in the building rrzss or special storage elements; energy distribution by natural means such as convec— tion, conduction, or radiation with only mini— mal use of low—power fans or pumps; and a meth— od controlling both high and low passive cooling applica— and energy flows. tions usually include methods of shading col— lector areas fran exposure to the summer sun and provisions to induce ventila tion to re— duce internal tanperatures and humidity . (HUD/DOE) PAYBACK : The time needed to recover the invest— ment in a solar energy system. (HUD/DOE) PEAK LOAD: TIE maximum instantaneous demand for electrical power which determines the generating capacity required by a public utility. (HUD/DOE) PERCENT POSSIBLE SUNSHINE: The a•nount of ra- diation available compared to the ænount which would be present if there were no cloud cover; usually mea sured on a monthly basis. (HUD/DOE ) (HUD/DOE) PEASE-CHANGE: see "Latent Heat" PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL: A device without any mov- ing parts that converts light directly into electr icity by the excitement of electrons. (HUD/DOE) POTABLE: Water that is suitable for drinking or cooling purposes, meeting the require— ments of appropriate health officia Is. (HüD/DOE) PREHAT: The use of so lar energy to partially heat a substance, such as domestic potable water, prior to heating it to a higher de— sired temperature with auxiliary fuel . (HUD/DOE) PYRANOMETER: An ins trutænt for mea suring direct diffuse solar radiation. (HUD/DOE) PYRHELIOMETER: An instrument measures the intensity of the direct radiation from the sun; the diffuse component is not meas— (HUD/DOE ) ured. RADIATION : The process by which energy f lows from one body to another when the bodies are separated by a space, even when a vacuum exists between them. (HUD/DOE) REFRIGEMNT: Fluid, such as FreonR, that is used in heating or cooling devices, such as heat pumps, air conditioners, or solar (HUD/DOE) collectors . RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE; solar energy and certain forms derived from it, such as wind, biomass and hydro. RERADIATION : radiation. (HUD/DOE) The emission of previously absorbed (HUD/DOE) 13980 SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS To modify an existing building by adding a solar heating system or insu— lation. (HUD/DOE) ROCK BIN OR ROCK BED: A heat storage con- tainer filled with rocks or pebbles, used in air solar heating/ cooling sys— (HUD/DOE) tems . (HUD/DOE) R-VALUE: see "Thermal Resistance" . EFFICIENCY: The ratio of the so- lar energy collected and used to the solar energy striking the collector; measured over an entire heating season. (HUD/DOE) SELECTIVE SURFACE: surface that is a good absorber of sunlight but a poor ernit— ter of thermal radiation; used as a coat— ing for absorbers to increase collector (HUD/DOE) efficiency. SENSIBLE HEAT: Heat which, when gained or lost, results in a change in tempera— (HUD/DOE) ture. SHADING COEFFICIENT: The ratio of the amount Of sunl ight transmitted through a window under specific conditions to the anount of sunlight transmitted through a single layer of common window glass (HUD/DOE) under the same conditions. SOLAR ACCESS OR SOLAR RIGHTS; The ability to receive direct sunlight which has passed over land located to the south; the protection of solar access is a Ie— (HUD/DOE ) gal issue. SOLAR CELL: see 'iPhotov01taic cell" (HUD/DOE) SOLAR COLLECTOR: A device which collects solar radiation and converts it to heat. (HUD/DOE) SOIAR CONSTANT: The average intensity of so lar radiation reaching the earth out— side the atmosphere; 429.2 BTU per square foot per hour (or 1, 354 watts per square (EUD/DOE) meter) . SOLAR FRACTION: The percentage of a build- ing s seasonal hea ting requirement pro— vided by a solar system. (HUD/DOE) SOLAR FURNACE: A solar concentrator used to produce very high temperatures; al— so a trade name for a modular air heat— ing systza, usually ground—mounted, (HüD/DOE) with rock storage. SOLAR The part of a building's heat— ing load, or an additional cooling load , which is provided by solar radiation striking the building or passing into (HUD/DOE) the building through windows. SOI.AR NOON: The time of day when the sun is due south; halfway between sunrise and (HtD/DOE) sunset. ****** Result for Image/Page 26 ****** COWæTION, NATURAL: The motion of a gas or 1i- quid, caused by temperature or density differ— (HUD/DOE) ence, by which heat is transported. COOLING POND: A large body of water that loses heat from its surface, largely by evaporation (HUD/DOE) but also by convection and radiation . COOLING TOWER: A device for cooling water by (HUD/DOE) evapor COVER PLATE: A layer of glass or transparent plastic placed above the absorber plate in a flat—plate collector to reduce heat losses. (HUD/DOE) DAMPER : A control which permits, prevents, or controls the passage of air through a duct. (HUD/DOE) DEGREE—DAY: A unit of measurement for outside temperature; it is the difference between a fixed temperature (usually 65 degrees Fahren— heit (18 degrees Centigrade) and the average tem— (HUD/DOE) perature for the day. DESIGN HEATING LOAD: The total heat loss from a building under üe most severe winter conditions likely to occur. (HUD/DOE) DESIGN OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE: lowest outdoor temperature expected during a heating season . (HUD/DOE) DIFFUSE mDIATION: Indirect scattered sunlight which casts no shadow. (HUD/DOE) DIRECT RADIATION: Sunlight which casts shadows, (HUD/DOE) also called beam radiation. DIRECT SOLAR A type of passive solar heat— ing systan in which solar radiation passes through the south—facing living space before being stored in the thermal for long—term (HUD/DOE) heating . STRIBÜTION: The movement of collected heat to the living areas from collectors or storage. (HUD/DOE) DIURNAL TEMPERATURE UNGE: The variation in out- door temper ature between day and night. (HUD/ DOE) DOUBLE—GLAZED: Covered by layers of glazing material (commonly, glass or plastic. ) CiUD/DOE) DOUBLE-WALLED EXCHANGER: A heat exchanger which separates the collector fluid from the potable water by two surfaces; it is required if the collector fluid is nonpotable. (HIJD/DOE) A type Of I Iquid heating which is designed to drain Into a tank when the pump (HUD/DOE) is off. DRAINDOWN: A type of liquid hea ting systzn which protects collectors from freezing by automati— call y draining when the pump is turned off. (HÜD/DOE) 13980 EARTH A mound of dirt that abuts a building wall to stabilize interior tem— (HUD/ perature or to deflect the wind DOE) EMISSIVITY: The ratio of the energy radiat— ed by a body to the energy radiated by a black body at the same temperature. (HUD/ DOE) ENERGY AUDIT: An accounting of the forms of zlergy used during a designated period, (HUD/DOE ) such as monthly. EUTECTIC SALTS: A mixture of two or more which melts at a constant temperature; a material which stores (HUD/DOE) large amounts of latent heat. EVAPORATIVE SALTS: A mixture of two or more pure materials which melts at a constant temperature; a material which stores large amounts of latent heat. (HUD/DOE) FAN COIL: A unit consisting of a fan and a heat exchanger which transfers heat from liquid to air (or vice versa) ; usu— (HUD/DOE) ally located in a duct. FIAT-PLATE COLLECTOR: A solar collection device in which sunlight is converted to heat on a flat surface; air or liquid flows through the collector to remove (HUD/DOE) the heat. FLYWHEEL EFFECT: The damping of interior temper ature fluctuations by massive con— (HUD/DOE) s truction. (See Diurnal) . FORCED-AIR HEAT: A conventional hea ting distribution system which uses a blower (HUD/DOE) to circuläte heated air . GALVANIC CORROSION: The deterioration of tanks, pipes, or pumps, which occurs when a conducting liquid permits electrical contact between two different metals, causing more active metal eo corrode. (HUD/DOE) GLAUBER'S SALTS: A term for sodium sulfate decahydrate, which melts at 90 degrees Fahrenheit; a component Of eutectic (HUD/DOE) salts. A material which is translucent or transparent to solar radiation. (HUD/DOE) GREENHOUSE: In passive solar design, an attached glazed area from which heat is withdrawn to the living space au: ing the day. (HUD/DOE) The quanti ty HEAT CAPACITY (SPECIFIC HEAT) : of heat required to raise the temperature of a given mass of a substance one de— gree Fahrenheit. (HUD/DOE )