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 Online Class: Inspecting Septic Systems, Testing Methods & Procedures
- Classroom presentation on how to inspect, diagnose, and test septic systems, septic tanks, septic piping, and septic drainfields.
- What is a Septic System - What is Onsite Wastewater Disposal? How do septic systems work?
- Types, Causes, and Failure Criteria for Septic Systems: Defining "Failed" Onsite Wastewater Treatment or Disposal
- Septic maintenance requirements; septic inspection safety procedures
- Locate the septic tank, d-box, drainfields; inspection points
- How to Inspect & Evaluate the Condition of Septic Systems - sequence of steps
- Septic Inspector Qualifications/Licensing; Levels of septic inspection
- SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECTION LEVELS - separate article
- Questions & Answers about how to inspect or test septic systems, septic inspection procedures, septic failure criteria, and septic inspection results reporting.
- References
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InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.
How to conduct septic inspections & report septic system conditions: this septic system inspection and testing classroom presentation explains how septic systems are inspected & tested, from the basics of what a septic system is, what the components of a septic system are, how each component is found and inspected, and what constitutes a septic system failure at each component or step. We give detailed procedures for visual inspection of septic systems, septic system testing including
loading and dye tests and other procedures, invasive
inspection methods, septic tank pumping, D-box examination, field inspection, septic capacity evaluation, & reporting the condition of septic systems, drywells, cesspools, leachfields, galleys and other
onsite waste disposal systems and equipment. Future trends in on site waste / wastewater disposal & legislation pertaining to septic systems and
groundwater contamination are also discussed.
Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.
Septic Inspection Procedure - Online Course
 If you already know the basics about septic systems, tanks, drainfields, and septic inspection procedures in general, then you can skip immediately our list of individual, detailed septic inspection procedures found at SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECTION & TEST GUIDE.
Home buyers who want less technical advice should see the Home Buyer's Guide to Septic Systems.
Also see The Septic Systems Home Page.
The text of this septic inspection class and guide follows the indexed contents listing immediately below.
Septic system inspection class with text and illustrations for the inspection, testing, and diagnosis of septic systems (onsite wastewater disposal systems)
provided by Daniel Friedman at
Inspection Training Associates
Inspection Expo '98, Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas NV
October 1-4, 1998 [updated and expanded through05/17/2012] The author is a Massachusetts Licensed Title 5 Septic Inspector, and a licensed home inspector New York State License # 16000005303 (inception to 2008).
Other credentials are at our bio and our contact information available online.
What is a Septic System - What is Onsite Wastewater Disposal?
 A "septic system," also referred to as a private, on-site waste disposal system, receives waste water and solids
from a building's plumbing facilities (bathrooms, kitchens, shower, laundry), treats, and then disposes of the
effluent from this waste, by permitting it to absorb into soils at the property.
As we elaborate at WHAT IS A SEPTIC SYSTEM?, a septic system at a typical home consists of a septic tank or "holding Tank" where natural bacterial action decomposes human waste products into environmentally acceptable
components - the major end-components being water, mixed with some other components that are not readily consumed by the bacterial action, gases,
and undigested solids.
The end products, except the undigested solids, are then discharged to the on-site environment. In a conventional septic tank, sewage waste treatment is just partial, up to about 45% of what is needed. The remaining treatment of wastewater as well as the actual disposal of liquid waste (clarified effluent) is in the soils of the drainfield.
Wastewater or septic effluent treatment is accomplished by bacterial (and other microorganism)
action in the "septic" or "treatment" tank and it is mostly accomplished by bacteria in the soil around and below
the effluent absorption system, or "drain field." This bacterial action is needed to reduce the
level of pathogens in the effluent discharges from the waste system into the soil.
In addition to reducing the level of pathogens and the reduction of organic waste to a combination
of new cell masses, CO2, and water, wastewater treatment removes organic matter, nitrites and nitrates,
and phosphorous.
In an absorption field
the soil performs an additional role of filtering the septic effluent.
Having a property served by a private or onsite septic system means that wastewater, that is blackwater from toilets and graywater from sinks, showers, washers, etc., is disposed-of on the property rather than being piped to a municipal sewage treatment plant. Actually
this is speaking carelessly. More precisely, solid waste is retained in a holding (septic) tank from which it is
periodically removed for disposal at an approved dumping facility. Clarified effluent is discharged from the
tank (onsite wastewater) and is allowed to seep into the soil on the property through a drainfield or other system.
Explaining septic systems to a home owner or home buyer
"Yuck! You mean sewage stays in my yard?" I don't want that stuff on my property!
Yep. But not to worry, properly installed and
maintained, the system can be sanitary and unobtrusive. It's true however that
some maintenance is needed, particularly periodically pumping the tank. We'll talk about that in a minute. First let's look
at a very basic understanding of what's installed and how it works.
The principal components of a private on-site waste
disposal system usually include the following:
- Wastewater Piping connecting the building to the treatment tank conducts wastewater from toilets, sinks, tubs, showers, out to a septic tank. Wastewater from toilets is called "black water" and wastewater from sinks is called "graywater"
- A septic tank or sewage treatment tank which retains solid waste, letting liquid waste flow to an onsite disposal system. Be sure to see SEPTIC TANK PUMPING SCHEDULE since pumping the septic tank regularly is the single most useful thing you can do to extend the life of a septic system.
- Effluent piping connecting and conducting clarified effluent from the treatment tank to a distribution box
- A distribution box connecting the effluent line from the tank to the absorption system or "drain field" - SEPTIC D-BOX INSPECTION
- An absorption system which permits effluent to drain to soils below and some of it to evaporate to air above. There are many ways to get rid of septic effluent, described at SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN BASICS and at SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN ALTERNATIVES, or see the list and definitions given at Master List of Septic System Types
- A bio-mat or bio-mass of pathogen-digesting bacteria which forms in soil below the absorption system. The bio-mat is what makes the wastewater sufficiently sanitary to discharge into the ground.
Many variations on this general scheme are used, depending on local climate, soil conditions, available space, economy,
and available materials. Special equipment and systems may be designed for problem or difficult sites such as
rocky or wet ground, permafrost, or wet tropical marshlands.
Below is a simple sketch of a septic tank showing how solid waste is retained inside the tank while liquid effluent flows to the drainfield. (Click images to see an enlarged version).
Key articles for people unfamiliar with septic systems: If you don't know if your building is connected to a public sewer or a private septic system, see SEPTIC or SEWER CONNECTION?.
Readers should also See Septic Guide for Home Buyers or Owners and Septic Maintenance Repair.
Other helpful but still basic articles for owners of a property with a septic system include:
What are the Functions of a Septic System:
In a typical modern system, waste from house
plumbing, (kitchen sink, bathroom sink, shower, toilet, laundry) flows through
house waste pipes into a two-part system: a septic tank, whose job is to
retain all solid waste, and a soil absorption system whose job is to
permit clarified effluent (liquid from the tank) to seep into the soil. In the
absorption system bacteria which occur naturally in the soil digest septic
bacteria and other pathogens so that the liquid is eventually sanitary and
doesn't contaminate the private wells, ponds, or streams. There is some
bacterial action in the tank but most of it, and all of the important action
occurs in the soil absorption system.
What are the Components of a Typical Septic System (Onsite Waste Disposal System)
What is the Septic Tank and What's its Function?
The septic tank in a modern system is a water tight container, usually concrete, sometimes fiberglass. Older steel tanks were used in many areas but
might be considered a problem because of both small size and because eventually they rust out and fail. The tank is normally "full" of liquid and
waste all the time. Since the tank is normally water tight, if we run 100 gallons of water in the house, 100 gallons of water enters the tank and pushes 100 gallons of effluent out of the tank into the soil absorption system.
The job of the septic tank is to keep solid waste from flowing out into the
absorption system where it would clog the soil absorption system. Floating debris such as grease collects in the scum layer. Heavier solid waste
eventually settles to the bottom of the tank.
Some wastewater treatment occurs in the tank, up to perhaps 40% of the total treatment needed before wastewater is discharged to the environment. Treatment in the
septic tank includes mostly anaerobic bacterial action and conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonia.
Anaerobic treatment in a conventional septic tank is slow and incomplete. You can see that the "tees" or baffles to permit only liquid effluent to flow out of the
tank to the absorption field. Alternative septic system designs, and there are quite a few, include aerobic septic systems which, by
adding oxygen and air to the septic tank, increase the level of treatment there. Septic tanks require periodic cleaning to remove solids - more on that later at Pumping Septic Tanks.
Alternative septic system designs such as aerobic septic tanks use a pump to add air (oxygen) to the septic tank or other methods to increase the level of sewage treatment in the tank. But beware of just adding an air pump to a conventional septic tank not designed for that purpose: the continued agitation waste in such a tank can lead to rapid clogging failure of the drainfield. See Septic System Design for a wide variety of alternative septic system designs including aerobic and others.
More Reading about Septic System Basics and Septic Tanks
Above you can see sketches of two commonly-used concrete septic tanks.
What is the Septic Leach Field. What are its Components and its Function?
Clarified effluent flows from the tank into a soil absorption system,
(SAS), also commonly called a drainfield, leach field, leaching bed. The drainfield is typically made of perforated pipes buried in
gravel-filled leaching trenches or in a leaching bed. There are other types of SAS as well, and in the case of alternative or slightly more sophisticated septic systems, perhaps a raised bed or sand
bed system.
The job of the soil absorption system is to treat the effluent by removing contaminants. This happens as the effluent
soaks into the soil where bacterial action and filtration take place to convert unsanitary liquid to a sanitary condition before it flows onward deeper into
the soil or ultimately to other locations. A biological mat forms below the SAS and performs this treatment.
Here's a sketch of side and top views of a system. Notice the three "drop boxes" also called distribution
boxes which are used to connect several perforated pipes together.
Here's an idea of how effluent flows into the soil from the soil absorption system:
The job of the distribution box, or drop-box, or "d-box" is to provide equal distribution to each absorption pipe or
trench, or in some cases to allow you to adjust the flow of septic effluent unevenly among various leachfield
lines if that's needed.
Notice that in proper operation the effluent is moving down, not up to the surface.
The Homeowner is Responsible for Septic System Maintenance & Repairs
Septic systems are costly to install and they are not entirely care free. In the septic tank, undigested
solids (sludge) in the bottom of the septic tank should be pumped out every two to four years, depending on usage and tank size - exactly when to pump or clean out the septic is given at SEPTIC TANK PUMPING SCHEDULE. If the septic tank sludge is not
removed periodically, it will eventually carry over into the leach field and cause the field to fail.
A well designed septic system can handle a reasonable amount of normal household chemicals such as drain cleaners, laundry detergent and bleach; excessive
usage can be detrimental. You should avoid putting in chemicals that are toxic to the bacteria, such as paint thinner, solvents, insecticides, etc. See WHAT CAN GO INTO TOILETS & DRAINS? for details of what should not be flushed down toilets or other drains. And if a garbage disposal is used, more frequent tank pumping may be needed. (See GARBAGE DISPOSAL vs SEPTICS)
Depending on the size of the tank and your location, plan on a cost of
about $200 each time the tank is pumped. When the tank is pumped, your service person should also check the tank baffles for possible damage; ask
them to do this inspection before you contract with them. While the tank is open, the service technician can also run some water from a hose into the
distribution box to get an indication that the leach field is also still functioning; ask if the company offers this service.
More Reading about Septic System Drainfields or Leach Fields
Special Types of Septic Systems and Alternative Septic Designs
Older properties used systems such as cesspools,
or tanks connected to DRYWELL DESIGN & USES or seepage pits which worked but often have more limited capacity and/or life. Special land forms may require
special systems. In areas where there is limited space, rocky soil, or other limitations, mound systems (bring in fill for rocky sites), dosing systems
(pumps to overcome elevation restrictions) , sand filter beds (alternative treatment) , and other special systems such as recirculating
sand filters and even systems that inject chlorine into effluent for discharge into waterways may be installed. We discuss special systems if we
have reason to believe that one is installed at the property being inspected. Different test procedures may be required! See Septic System Design for a wide variety of these alternative septic system designs.
Types, Causes, and Failure Criteria for Septic Systems: Defining "Failed" Onsite Wastewater Treatment or Disposal
 This section lists types of failure of septic system failure by individual system component,
the common causes of each septic component failure, and provides defining "septic failure criteria".
More detailed "how to" steps instructing how to inspect specific septic components for signs of failure are
discussed at my separate online book chapter in text that compliments material here:
How Does Each Septic System Component Fail?
If you link to that book-text, please return to the class-text here using your browser's "BACK" button. Otherwise the reader may be
confused about where you are, as the text in this class section below appears later in the book text as well.
In simplest terms, there are two visible disposal failures:
- Toilets or other fixtures back up into the house - but first see "Diagnosing Clogged Drains then return here using your browser's "BACK" button.
- Effluent or sewage appears at the surface of the yard, or the neighbor's yard!
Septic odors may also indicate a system failure or an imminent failure. But such odors
may also be produced by defects in the plumbing vent system or other site conditions. Beware, sewer gas contains
methane and is explosive if it reaches a dangerous concentration inside a building.
Typical causes range from things that are easy and cheap to repair, to a need for complete system replacement:
- Clogged pipes
- Broken pipes
- Damaged tank
- Tipped distribution box
- Clogged/broken soil absorption piping
- Clogged absorption soils (grease & solids)
- Saturated soil absorption area
However there can also be treatment failures.
Effluent may not back up or appear on the surface, but if insufficiently
treated effluent reaches a private well or any stream or waterway, the
environment is being contaminated -- an unacceptable condition. Historically
many people have just worried about disposal. As the quality of drinking water
deteriorates in many areas and as population grows in many previously
thinly-populated areas, proper treatment has become the real concern for
everyone's health.
For example, if there is not sufficient soil
between the bottom of the soil absorption system trenches and the local
groundwater, the local environment is being contaminated.
Other causes of onsite wastewater disposal system failure:
- Driving over the absorption system, leach field, drainfield
- Paving over the absorption system
- Flooding the absorption system with surface or roof runoff, or rocky, poorly-drained or under-sized sites may simply lack capacity
- Improper original construction , especially on rocky, poorly-drained sites (pipes settle, for example)
- Tipped or flooded distribution boxes, resulting in uneven loading of soil absorption system lines
- Use of septic tank or drain field additives which claim to extend system life can generate so much activity in the tank that
solids are held in suspension and forced into the soil absorption system! Do
not add any treatments, chemicals, yeast, or other treats to a septic system. In general these treatments don't work, may ruin the system, and
are illegal in many localities. There is no magic bullet to repair a bad SAS.
- Rusting steel tank covers can cause death! Rusted covers can collapse. I have reports of
children and adults who have died from this hazard, as recently as December 1997. In 2000 I consulted in a fatality involving an adult falling into a cesspool.
At a building inspection I myself stepped through a hidden, rusted-through steel septic tank cover.
Falling into a septic tank, drywell, or cesspool is quickly fatal, either from being buried by falling soils and debris, or by asphyxiation. Septic gases are highly toxic and can kill in just minutes
of exposure. Even leaning over an empty (just pumped) tank has led to collapse and fatality of a septic pumper.
- Concrete tank lids: can be damaged by vehicle traffic; heavy duty covers are available.
- Steel tank baffles: rust out and fall off, permitting solids to enter the soil absorption system
- Steel tank bottoms rust out permitting effluent to leak into soils around the tank, possibly giving a large void in tank at time of testing,
thus subverting a loading or dye test;
- Leaky septic tanks: a septic tank should be water tight. If ground or surface water leak into the tank the result is often a flooded and failed drainfield; if sewage effluent leak out of the septic tank the result is the discharge of inadequately treated effluent into the soils and in the case of a very leaky septic tank, the result may also be a too-rapid loss of effluent in the septic tank resulting in too rapid build-up of solids and total system clogging and failure.
- Concrete tanks can crack or sections may separate causing leaks with the same effects as just stated
- Concrete tank baffles: may erode from chemicals, detergents, poor concrete mix, water flowing over top of baffles, or may be broken by improper pumping procedures
- Houses clustered around a lake: often will have a marginal system as properties were crowded
together, built as part-time summer-camps, were built without code supervision, and often were built using amateur, marginal home-made systems.
- Age: eventually even a well-maintained SAS will clog and have to be replaced.
List of Septic System (Onsite Waste Disposal System) Failure Criteria
Massachusetts Title 5 lists specific failure criteria and serves as
a good model for septic inspections anywhere.
- Backup anywhere in the system
- Discharge of effluent to the surface, stream, etc. regardless of
whether or not septic dye is observed
- Static effluent level above outlet in the D-box
- System has to be pumped more than 4x/year
- Metal septic tanks (municipality dependent; note that in special
site conditions small metal tanks may be the "only" solution and
may be approved by local officials. An owner/buyer must be informed of the
implications of such installations.)
- Soil Absorption System (or cesspool, etc) is at a depth exposing
it to the maximum groundwater level
List of Cesspool Failure Criteria (MA)
- less
than 6" of freeboard
- less than 1/2 day's storage
- within100 ft. of a pond or dug well (surface water supply)
- within50 ft. of a private well (modern sanitary well)
- between50 and 100 ft from a private well if well fails bacteria test
- in MA, within Zone 1 of a public well
- BOH evaluation is required if within 50ft of any surface water
List of Drainfield/Soil Absorption System Failures (leach fields, drain fields, seepage pits)
- Breakout of effluent observed (& I consider odors as well)
- BOH evaluation in MA if within 100 ft of surface water supply
- within Zone 1 of a public well
- within 50ft of a private well
- between 50ft and 100ft of a private well if well fails bacteria test.
FAILURE CAUSES - Septic Failure Causes: How Does Each Septic System Component Fail? - What to Look For During a Septic Inspection
This chapter is maintained at SEPTIC FAILURE CAUSES - Septic Failure Causes:
How Does Each Septic System Component Fail? - What to Look For During a Septic Inspection, but text is repeated here for readers who scroll down
Before digging up your septic tank or calling a septic pumper, if you think the septic system is failed because of
drain blockage or drains backing up into the building, you should to see "Diagnosing Clogged Drains: Is it a blocked drain or the septic system? - A First Step for Homeowners".
If you link to that text, please return here using your browser's "BACK" button.
Maintenance Needs of Septic Systems
A principal measure to avoid system failure
is periodic tank pumping. Systems can appear to "work" for a
long time without maintenance. Modern system failure theory talks about systems
that "crash." This means that a system can appear to be ok for a
long while but may actually be getting in so much trouble that by the time a
problem is noticed it's too late to do anything about it. The system crashes
and is beyond repair. When a tank is not pumped sufficiently often there is
less settling time for waste entering the tank, so small bits of floating
solids are pushed out into and begin clogging the soil absorption system, shortening
and eventually ending its life. I've found 9-year old systems which were in
total failure for this reason.
Septic Tank pumping frequency depends on these variables:
- Septic Tank size or capacity
- The volume of wastewater (number of occupants)
- Amount of solids in wastewater (garbage disposers)
Table I at Septic Tank Pumping Guide: When, Why, How
provides details of tank size in gallons, number of occupants in the building, and tank pumping
frequency in years.
Septic tanks will not fail immediately if they are not
pumped. However, an un-maintained septic tank is no longer protecting the soil
absorption field from solids. Continued neglect may result in system failure
and even replacement of the soil absorption field. In some cases, site
limitations may make replacement of the absorption field impossible.
Septic System Inspection Safety & Health Concerns:
Before discussing inspecting septic systems, cesspools, septic tanks, drainfields, etc., critical
septic inspection safety issues must be reviewed. Making a mistake can result in a fatality for
the septic inspector, septic pumper, building occupants, or anyone who has the misfortune to walk over
and fall into an unsafe or collapsing system.
- Do not enter septic tanks/cesspools (fatality reports)
- Do not lean into septic tanks/cesspools (gas hazards, anoxia, asphyxiation)
- Note and take appropriate actions regarding unsafe tank covers
- Special hazards: pumping site-built cesspools, Long Island NY Fatality following Cesspool pump and collapse
- Special hazards: unsafe covers, collapsing steel tanks and covers, New York near-miss falling into septic tank, potential fatality cases involving children at two sites
- Septic collapse during exploratory excavation to find equipment
- Note and take appropriate actions regarding site or building unsanitary conditions (sewage backups)
- Do not bring sewage-contaminated clothing into your home
- Tetanus inoculations needed if working in this field
- Warnings which should be in writing and orally issued to
- Septic and cesspool pumpers, workers, installers
- Homeowners or building occupants
- Rope off and prevent access immediately if you detect a collapse risk or unsafe cover. Inform all appropriate parties.
- Read: Septic System Safety: Septic System, Septic Tank, & Cesspool Safety Warnings for Septic Inspectors, Septic Pumpers, and Homeowners
- Read: Cesspool Safety Warnings include dangers of cave-in and fatality
- Read: Septic System Warnings to Home Owners and Home Buyers
SAFETY WARNINGS - Septic Tank Safety Warnings for Septic Inspectors, Septic Pumpers, and Homeowners
This information is maintained SEPTIC & CESSPOOL SAFETY - Septic System, Septic Tank, &
Cesspool Safety Warnings for Septic Inspectors, Septic Pumpers, and Homeowners - Excerpts are below.
Providing inspection and diagnosis of on-site waste disposal systems is an extremely valuable public service
which helps protect people from expensive unanticipated septic system repair costs and helps protect public health
by assuring sanitary disposal of sewage and gray water waste from buildings. More importantly though, such
inspections may detect and warn about serious safety hazards at some properties. The strong warnings issued below
intend to reduce septic system safety hazards for inspectors and property owners/occupants, but it is not the author's
intention to dissuade inspectors from providing this valuable service.
But danger lurks at cesspools, open covers, tanks or tank covers in poor condition,
and from high levels of methane gas. These risk collapse, falling, asphyxiation, and other potentially fatal hazards as well as risks of unsanitary conditions.
- Don't work alone: Falling into a septic tank or even leaning over a septic tank can be fatal.
Do not work on or at septic tanks alone - workers can become suddenly overcome by methane gas.
- Do not ever go into a septic tank unless you are specially trained and are wearing the
special equipment and gear for that purpose, including self-contained breathing apparatus.
- Don't enter the septic tank: Never go into a septic tank to retrieve someone who has fallen in and was overcome by toxic gases
without a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). if a SCBA is not available, call for emergency services and put a
fan at the top of the tank to blow in fresh air.
- Don't lean over the septic tank openings Do not lean over or stick your head into the septic tank to examine its interior - you could fall in to the
tank or become overcome by gases and fall into the tank, an event which is likely to be fatal.
- Don't ignite flames Do not light a flame at or near the tank - methane gas is explosive. At one tank pumpout my client described
the explosion and burns received by the pumping contractor when he stood by the tank and lit a cigarette.
- Site must be ventilated: Decomposing wastes in the septic tank produce toxic gases (such as methane) which
can kill a human in a matter of minutes. When working on a tank be sure the area is well ventilated.
- Rope off & Mark Dangerous Sites: If your inspection discover that there are dangerous conditions, such as
an unsafe tank cover, tank collapse, or a home-made septic tank or cesspool (which are at increased risk of sudden collapse)
such areas should be roped off and clearly marked as dangerous to prevent access until proper evaluation and repairs can be made.
- Safe covers: be sure that the tank and its access ports have sound and secure covers that do not risk collapse
and which cannot be removed by children.
- Septic & Cesspool Collapse Hazards:
Old steel tanks, thin, rusting steel or rotting home-made wood tank covers,
site-built tanks and cesspools, and recently-pumped cesspools are at particular risk of
collapse. Falling into a septic tank or cesspool is likely to lead to rapid asphyxiation from methane and
in cases of collapse, there is risk of becoming buried. The author has consulted in cases involving
such fatalities (homeowner fell into a site-built cesspool), and at one site inspection, walking near an
overgrown area the author himself stepped through a rusting steel septic tank top, surviving only
by throwing himself into a nearby clump of brambles! Beware of
- flimsy, rusted, old-steel, home-made, or missing septic tank/drywell/cesspool covers
- abandoned systems which may not have been filled-in
- collapsed, or collapsing septic tanks or cesspools
- possible presence of multiple components at a property, abandoned or in-use
- Unsanitary conditions: Be alert for unsanitary conditions such as surface effluent or sewage backups into buildings, events
which risk serious viral and bacterial hazards and which indoors, may require professional cleaning.
Be alert for personal sanitation hazards when working around septic systems, such as open cuts or failure
to wash properly after working on systems.
- Damage to Septic Components: Avoid damaging septic system components or the building:
Improper septic testing procedures, such as flooding a dosing-system,
can damage the system. Also, remember to check for leaks into or under the building being tested when running
water into the building fixtures and drains. Don't leave water running unattended - at risk of flooding the
building.
Septic System Safety Warnings for Home Owners and Home Buyers
Septic system concerns for a building owner start with safety. Here are some red flags:
- Signs of collapse-possible fatal hazards: include depressions or "soil subsidence"
anywhere on or around the property. Any suspect area should be roped-off and absolutely no one
should walk over or even close to such a spot until it has been investigated by a professional.
- Old or abandoned systems: such as site-built cesspools or drywells were often made with
a thin steel or wood cover which with age can collapse. If the history of the site or visual observation
suggests that there are or were old systems at the property, professional investigation is warranted.
Improper "abandonment" (failing to fill-in a pit) can lead to sudden collapses. Signs that there may
be old systems at a property might come from anecdotal evidence (ask a neighbor, ask the local
septic installing or service companies), or visual evidence such as seeing abandoned waste pipes at
basement or crawl space walls or floors. Don't assume that an old house which is now connected to the
public sewer didn't previously have an on-site waste disposal system.
- Septic service by untrained workers: such as aerating, agitating, or pumping out an old
site-built cesspool, can lead to sudden system collapse. Prevent access over or near any such
systems.
- Unsanitary conditions such as discharge of sewage effluent to the yard surface, to a nearby well
or stream, or previous septic backups into a building deserve professional attention. Indoors special
cleaning may be needed to remove bacteria or other pathogens.
- Septic testing by inexpert "inspectors" who may not follow an adequate procedure increases the risk
of a costly surprise.
- Uninformed homeowners may not notice a danger or malfunction .Homeowners should review the safety warnings listed above.
The information here is general in
nature. Since conditions and requirements vary widely at individual sites, the
you should obtain qualified expert advice pertaining to the specific system
about which you have questions, and should not rely on this general text for
costly diagnostic/repair/replacement decisions. In other words, I'll try to
give you some helpful information. In exchange, don't expect me to pay for your
new septic system.
How to Inspect & Evaluate the Condition of Septic Systems - sequence of steps
Septic systems should be conducted in as non-intrusive
a manner as possible. Depending on the level of service being provided by the
inspector, local conditions, and client/owner requirements, the depth of
information collected and extent of testing performed will vary widely. The
steps described below give a general outline of types of investigation
possible.
Collect Historical Information about the Onsite Waste Disposal System
Collect existing information from owner, realtor,
municipality, if available: Original "as approved" or "as
built" plans showing system components, layout, type of use, design flow,
water use records, service (pumping) and repair records.
Visual Site Inspection of the Septic System:
Examine the site for possible component locations
& other clues:
- On a property by a stream, pond, storm sewer, watch out for "repairs"
that extended the SAS into these locations.
- Look for site problems: rocky areas, wet areas, areas taking surface or roof
runoff and prone to flooding, odors, unusual growth, green stripes marking
leach trenches, soggy sewage erupting at the surface, signs of recent
excavation.
- If a well casing is visible note its location and distance from actual or
most likely septic component locations.
- Notice dry as well as wet areas; if you perform a loading/dye test you'll want to
look for changes anywhere on the property.
Even if you are not performing a septic inspection or
test, if you are able to notice obvious signs of failure and fail to report them, you may be considered
not to have conducted your inspection with professional diligence in behalf of
your client.
How to Locate Septic System Components
We're talking about mostly buried stuff here.
Remember that unless you actually find and open an
access cover and confirm flow from the house into it, all you're doing is identifying
typical or likely component locations in order to assist in understanding the
property and to look for signs of failure.
- Septic Plans: Never assume
that the system was installed exactly according to plan. Never assume
that components are located in the most likely space unless you have hard
evidence. Never assume that a tank cover you see is for a system
still in use; it may have been abandoned.
-
Main waste pipe in house
indicates only the point of exit and a likely direction for septic
components; components may be anywhere, even off the property or actually
non-existent! Look for room for a tank and for room for the SAS.
- Tanks: are often buried
close (10' or more) to the building as that's where there is backfill and
a place to bury this large object; but they can be quite remote.
- Rectangular outline, depression,
dry or green growth may mark a concrete septic tank; Round outline
about 5' in diameter may mark a steel tank. Watch out for unsafe covers!
- Recent excavations: may
mark septic components.
- Tank covers, cleanout-access ports:
may be visible;
- On a fairly new property
one would not expect the SAS to be located on a rocky ridge or amongst
dense mature trees where a backhoe would not have been able to pass for
excavation.
- Sewage does not flow up-hill
unless there is a pump-system or siphon system installed
- Basement plumbing: may
not empty into the main system - notice the level at which the main waste
line exits the building; if it's above basement fixtures and there is no
sewage pump system you should be looking for additional septic components.
- Special equipment: is
available to locate pipes and tanks, using snakes and electronic sensors.
A septic contractor or plumber in your area may have these tools; even a
simple plumbing snake from the main house cleanout can indicate probable
distance to a tank.
- Distances between septic system components and wells, streams, etc. are
detailed in my
Table of
Septic and Well Distances citing various authorities and distances
to streams, lakes, farm buildings, etc.
- Depressions in the ground, especially near a building, may indicate the location of a septic tank; depressions in the drainfield often will mark the locations of leach bed lines, and similarly, a depression in the drainfield area in the shape of a small rectangle may indicate the location of a septic distribution box.
SEPTIC CLEARANCES - Online Table of Required Clearances: Distances Between Septic System & Wells, Streams, Trees, etc.
Details about septic system clearances are at Online Table of Required Septic Clearances: Distances Between Septic System & Wells, Streams, Trees, etc. but text is repeated here for readers who scroll down rather than linking to the separate chapter.
Common guidelines are at least 50' clearance or distance between the well and the septic system tank or 150' between
the well and the septic drainfield or leaching bed.
Beware that local soil and rock conditions can make these "rules of thumb" very
unreliable. See "One and Two Family Dwelling Code, Section P-2510-Combined
Seepage Pits and Disposal Fields," and Table P-2504, "Location of Sewage
Disposal System." Other references are cited at the end of this table.
Typical clearances for septic tank, soil absorption system (SAS), etc. This table describes distance requirements between
septic components and wells, streams, trees, property boundaries, lakes, etc. A second section of the table
gives distances from wells to septic systems and other encumbrances. NOTE: these distances are
for conventional onsite waste disposal systems which specify clearances presuming that effluent is being
disposed-of after minimal treatment such as is received by a septic tank or cesspool. Advanced onsite
wastewater treatment systems, such as those described by Jantrania and Gross (2006), permit substantial
reduction in these clearances, depending on the level of treatment achieved.
Inspecting Outside Waste Piping
Outside waste piping conducts sewage (black water and gray water) from the building to the treatment tank or "septic tank,"
and from the treatment tank to the distribution box. These lines should be of solid, non-perforated material and need to be
protected from mechanical damage (such as by vehicles). Piping extending from the distribution box into drain fields
is normally perforated, though solid lines might be used if effluent is being processed by more specialized devices such
as seepage pits, galleys, or a sand-bed system.
House to tank
This line may become blocked by waste, damaged by collapse of a section, or invaded by roots.
Detection of these conditions is fairly easy by routing a snake or power snake from the building drain to the septic tank.
An experienced power snake operator can often tell by "feel" that a drain line is collapsed, partially collapsed, or invaded
by roots. While you may make a temporary "repair" of such a condition by drain-cleaning, if the line is broken or
root-invaded, you should expect to have to excavate and replace it soon.
Tank to Distribution Box
The same failures can occur on this line as from house to tank. Opening the D-box can also show whether or not
effluent is being directed uniformly into each of the leach lines. A tipped D-box can overload one line and cause
early failure of the absorption system. If this is happening, flow adjustment end-caps (eccentric holes) can be
installed in the distribution box on the inlet end of each of the drain lines, permitting adjustment of
effluent delivery into each line, perhaps relieving the problem line and redistributing effluent into the others.
Drain field piping
In a conventional "drain field" of perforated pipes buried in gravel-filled trenches,
a drain line may be invaded by tree roots. This is why experts advise keeping tree and shrub plantings away from drain
fields. Vehicle traffic can also collapse this or any outdoor waste piping, which is why experts advise against ever
driving over a drainfield or over any other septic system components.
Guide to Performing Septic Loading & Dye Tests
Septic Loading and Dye Testing is a useful, somewhat controversial, and not
conclusive test of a system involving placing a tracer dye in a toilet,
flushing the dye into the system, and running a reasonable test volume of water
(minimum 150 gallons or 50-gallons per bedroom) into the system to look for
signs of blockage in the building, backup in the building, or breakout of
effluent (possibly dyed) anywhere on or around the property. There is no question
that this procedure is useful in that it has disclosed numerous septic failures
and has proven that preexisting wet areas did, in fact, come from the septic
system. It will NOT find every failure condition. Below I describe the
general procedure for performing a loading and dye test of an onsite waste
disposal or "septic" system.
A very detailed description of this procedure
is at Septic Loading & Dye Test Procedure Details,
a chapter of "Inspecting, Testing, & Maintaining Residential Septic Systems"
- Obtain owner permission.
If a buyer has indicated that a septic test is to be performed one might
expect the owner to have given permission for a loading and dye test but
it's not the case that an owner understands ahead of time what is going to
be done. If an owner objects to running water or performing a dye
test the inspector should not proceed with the test and should inform the
client, including the implications of the situation. A realtor present at
the inspection should, by virtue of the realtor agency for the seller, be
able to confirm that the septic test is to be performed.
- Do not perform loading tests on certain systems: dosing systems and recirculating
sand bed systems may require that flows into them be limited in volume and
time; some systems can be damaged by excessive flooding.
- Do not permit system pumpout right before testing:
an empty tank may be 1000 gallons or more; it
will not be filled by a typical loading and dye test, therefore the SAS
will not have been loaded at all, and false conclusions may be drawn about
the condition of the system.
- If pumping and tank inspection are to be performed in conjunction
with a dye test: the optimum
procedure would be to open and inspect the tank at its normal operating
condition. The static level liquid in the tank (high, normal, low) may give
evidence of a problem that will be masked when the system is flooded. Tank
pumping may then be delayed until after the loading test has had
opportunity to test the SAS. If there is obvious tank damage (missing
baffles, collapsing tank, abnormal liquid levels) the dye test should not
proceed.
- Document: when and where
water was run, at what fixtures, for what length of time, at what measured
or estimated average flow rate, and at what total volume.
- Confirm water flow into main waste line:
from the fixtures where it is being run. Note
piping that may suggest presence of separate drywells and do not use
fixtures draining thereto for septic system testing. Document that
drywells were not tested if you're not performing additional tests
thereon.
- Monitor water supply equipment during test:
if flow declines or stops, be sure to stop the
test to avoid possible damage to a well pump.
- Watch for leaks and backup at fixtures:
check each fixture before walking away leaving
water running. Ask Douglas Hansen what happens if you don't do this.
- Inspect: suspected SAS area
as well as all property areas for evidence of dye or effluent breakout
before and after the test.
- Check nearby streams, storm drains: for presence of dyed effluent.
Dye often appears in 10-20
minutes if there is a gross system failure; however it may not appear for
5 days in some cases.
More Reading about Septic Loading and Dye Tests - Detailed Procedures
- Dye Amounts, Water Volume: how much septic dye and how much water to use to perform a septic dye test
- Dye Tests: how to perform a Septic Loading and Dye Test - the complete procedure for septic loading & dye testing, a septic function test
- SEPTIC FAILURE SPOTS - Where septic system trouble is likely to show up regardless of septic dye testing
- SPOTTING SEPTIC BREAKOUTS - Spotting Dyed Septic Effluent Breakout Outside - Where Septic Dye is Likely to Show Up During a Septic Dye
Excavating & Pumping Septic Tanks for Further Investigation of System Condition
This task is handled by a septic pumping company or a
company working along with a septic system inspector. I schedule the pumper to
arrive several hours after starting my inspection so I can do my loading test
if one is to be performed. A detailed septic report (such as required by MA
Title 5) includes:
- Description of septic tank: age, size, condition, location
- Distance between bottom of scum layer and bottom of outlet tee (want 2" or more else need pump)
- Distance between top of scum layer and top of outlet tee (want 2" or more else need pump)
- Thickness of scum layer
- Depth of sludge layer and distance from top of sludge to bottom of outlet tee (want 12" or more else need pump)
- Evidence of leakage into our out of tank (abnormal liquid top level)
- Evidence of effluent backup (runs back into tank
during pumpdown). Note that a backup due to a
plugged line is not a system failure; backup due to leach area (SAS) plug
is considered a system failure.
- Other defects such as damaged baffles and unsafe
tank covers.
Inspecting the Septic Tank Condition
Details about septic tank inspection are at Septic Tank Condition - How to Inspect Septic Tanks. Excerpts are below.
The purpose of the treatment tank or "septic tank" is to contain solid waste and to permit the beginning of
bacterial action to process sewage into a combination of clarified effluent, settled sludge, or floating scum in the
tank. An intact, un-damaged septic tank is normally always filled with these materials. However the inspector
performing a "visual" check of the septic system needs to be alert
for some important findings:
- Subsidence at the tank location - may risk dangerous, potentially fatal collapse
- Evidence of recent work
- Evidence of backup or effluent breakout at the surface in the tank area
Only by pumping and visual inspection can actual tank capacity and condition be
completely determined. Probing in the area of a tank, without excavation, is
not recommended as the probe may damage a steel or fiberglass tank.
When a tank is uncovered for pumping additional critical details may be observed
before the pumping operation
- Condition and safety of the tank and access covers
- Liquid and waste level in the tank - evidence of waste passing over the baffles - a flooded system, an indicator of
system failure
- damage to the tank baffles
When the tank is opened and to be cleaned or pumped out additional information is available:
- Thickness of scum and sludge levels: Septic tank maximum scum and sludge buildup prior to pump out, and instructions for measuring the floating scum
layer thickness and settled sludge layer thickness in a septic tank are available in a separate chapter at Septic Tank Pumping Guide
- Back-flow of effluent into the tank during pumpdown - an indicator of flooded leach fields
- Additional evidence of damage to the tank baffles
- Evidence of damage to the tank itself - cracks, leaks
Steel septic tanks
Steel tanks typically last 20-25 years, then rust, and collapse. Before this time steel
baffles may rust off (damaging the drain field with sludge) or the tank top may become rusty and unsafe.
Since steel tank tops can be replaced while leaving the
old tank in place, the condition of the top itself is not a reliable indicator
of tank condition.
Rusting steel tank covers can cause death! Rusted covers can collapse. I have reports of
children and adults who have died from this hazard, as recently as December 1997. In 2000 I consulted in a fatality involving an adult falling into a cesspool.
At a building inspection I myself stepped through a hidden, rusted-through steel septic tank cover.
Falling into a septic tank, drywell, or cesspool is quickly fatal, either from being buried by falling soils and debris, or by asphyxiation. Septic gases are highly toxic and can kill in just minutes
of exposure. Even leaning over an empty (just pumped) tank has led to collapse and fatality of a septic pumper.
Steel tank baffles: rust out and fall off, permitting solids to enter the soil absorption system
Steel tank bottoms rust out permitting effluent to leak into soils around the tank, possibly giving a large void in tank at time of testing,
thus subverting a loading or dye test.
Concrete septic tanks
Concrete tanks at an existing septic installation are usually viable,
but might have damaged baffles or cracks
that permit seepage of groundwater in or septic effluent out around the tank. Occasionally we've seen
tanks made of poor-quality concrete (insufficient portland cement) which eroded badly. If the
tank outlet or absorption system have been blocked, examination of the tank interior may show
that effluent is or has been above the top of the baffles (see "baffles" below) thus indicating
a system failure discussed next.
Concrete tanks can crack or sections may separate causing leaks with the result of
not only improper disposal of effluent (wrong location) but also subverting an attempt at a septic
loading and dye test since when the system is un-used the tank liquid levels drop abnormally.
The inspector may detect this condition only if there is a tank inspection port which is
readily and safely accessible for before, during, and after inspection when running a
loading and dye test.
Home made or "site built tanks- [TBD]
Site built systems, in my experience, are often under-sized and worse, dangerous. There is a
serious risk of collapse of old rotting wood covers, collapsing concrete block dry-laid tank
or "cesspool" walls, etc. Other types of tanks and home-made onsite systems are described below at Septic Tank Type, Capacity, Material Details
Baffles: Inspecting the Condition of Septic Tank Baffles
Baffles in a septic tank are provided to keep solids and floating scum and grease
inside the tank. Baffles are provided at both the inlet to the tank (from the building) and
the outlet from the tank (to the absorption system).
Broken baffles or high sludge levels can cause solids to flow out of the tank
and into the absorption system. The result is reduced absorption into
surrounding soil and eventual failure of the system. Floating scum thickness
and settled solids thickness can be measured through access ports into the tank
or cesspool. Finding solids at or covering the outlets or damaged baffles
should result in report of a very questionable adsorption system and possible
major repair cost.
Concrete tank baffles: may erode from chemicals, detergents, poor concrete mix,
water flowing over top of baffles, or may be broken by improper pumping procedures
If baffles are lost or damaged (rusted
off on a steel tank or broken off on a concrete tank), they can be repaired or replaced. For
example at a steel tank the contractor may simply insert a plastic piping "Tee" into the
tank inlet or outlet to create a new baffle system.
However, depending on how long the
tank was used without good baffles, the volume of solids and grease that moved from the tank
to the absorption system will have begun clogging soils there and will have reduced the future
life expectancy of the absorption system.
Baffle damage and repair, or even a complete tank replacement when the absorption system
has been left alone always lead the author to warn the building owner that the future life
of the absorption system may be in doubt and that additional expense will be involved.
Solids: Inspecting the Level of Accumulated Solids, Sludge and Floating Scum in Treatment Tanks
Solids entering a septic tank are intended to remain there until pumped out during tank service. A large
portion of solids settle to the bottom of the tank as sludge. Grease and floating scum remain at the top of the
sewage in the tank. Baffles (discussed above) help keep solids, scum, and grease in the tank. Bacterial action
in the tank make a modest reduction in the solids volume and begin the processing of sewage pathogens, a step
later completed by soil bacteria in the absorption fields.
Net free area: If the sludge level becomes too high or the floating scum layer too thick, in addition to risking passage of
solids out of the tank (damaging the absorption system), the remaining "net free area" of liquid in the tank is reduced.
When the net free area becomes too small, there is insufficient time for waste entering the tank to settle out as
bottom sludge or top floating scum. That is, for an in-use septic tank with a small net free area, the frequent entry of
solid and liquid waste will keep the tank debris agitated, thus forcing floating debris into the absorption system where the
life of that component will be reduced (due to soil clogging).
The importance of keeping an adequate net free area in a septic tank is the reason that tanks need to be pumped
at regular intervals. Building owners who never pump a tank until it is clogged have already damaged the
absorption system.
Measuring septic tank sludge thickness & scum layer
Septic tank maximum scum and sludge buildup prior to pump out, and instructions for measuring the floating scum
layer thickness and settled sludge layer thickness in a septic tank are available in a separate chapter at Septic Tank Pumping Guide: When, Why, How to Pump A Septic Tank
SEPTIC TANK TIPS - Septic Tank Types, Capacity, Material Details
Septic Tank Types: concrete and steel septic tanks and warnings are discussed
above at Inspecting Septic Tank Condition.
Septic Tank Size Requirements and How to Calculate the Size and Volume of a Septic Tank are discussed in
a separate chapter, " Table of Required Septic Tank Sizes: Septic Tank Capacity vs Usage in Daily Gallons of Wastewater Flow & How to Calculate the Size (in gallons) of a
Septic Tank"
Other septic tank types: might include site-built cesspool using concrete blocks or rubble, steel drums, or
other. Beware of very limited capacity, failure to comply with local codes, etc. Steel tanks are at high risk of rust
and collapse, and higher risk of loss of baffles; frequently tank cover is damaged by excavation for pumping if no
cleanout opening is provided.
Limited Capacity of site-built equipment: Homemade systems are very likely to be in violation of local plumbing
codes and standards; significant costs to cure may be involved. Tanks smaller than 900 gallons are below minimum size in
some jurisdictions. Areas of wet soils, or very small yards should suggest that there may not be room for a conventional
absorption system.
Extra costs will be involved in repairing or extending such installations. Sand-bed filtration systems may
have to be replaced with other more costly systems when their operation fails or a use permit expires. Systems that dump
into local waterways may require periodic inspection and re-certification by state departments of environmental
conservation, or may be outlawed. Use of "drywells" to separate graywater from sewage may be clues of limited system
capacity. Graywater may not be discharged to the surface nor to storm sewers.
More Reading:
Septic Tank Pumping Guide which gives the tank pumping schedule as a function of tank size and wastewater usage (or occupants).
Septic System Additives & Chemicals and advice about using them to "help" or "inoculate" or "fix" your septic system.
More Reading About Pumping and Inspecting Septic Tanks
- Baffles, Septic Tank septic tank baffles defects and inspection suggestions
- Cesspool Safety Warnings include dangers of cave-in and fatality
- Septic Sludge & Scum Levels in Septic Tanks - Measuring the Level of Accumulated Solids, Sludge and Floating Scum in Treatment Tanks
- Septic Tank Inspection Procedure - How to Inspect Septic Tanks and evaluate the septic tank condition, baffles, sludge levels, damage, evidence of septic failure, etc.
- Septic Tank Location - How to Find the Septic Tank, how deep will the cover be, how to document its location
- Septic Tank Pumping Frequency Guide for Septic Tanks: When, How, What to Watch For when pumping or cleaning septic tanks
- Septic Tanks, Concrete defects and inspection suggestions for concrete septic tanks
- Septic Tanks, Fiberglass or Plastic defects and inspection suggestions for fiberglass or plastic septic tanks
- Septic Tanks, Steel defects and inspection suggestions for steel septic tanks
- Septic Tanks, Home Made defects and inspection suggestions for home made or site built septic tanks
Excavating & Inspecting Septic Distribution Boxes
- Evidence of solids carryover from the tank
- Leakage in or out of the D-box
- Flow not moving equally into each distribution SAS line
- Evidence of backup of effluent: stains showing
liquid level has been above the outlet tee - this would be considered
evidence of a system failure.
INSPECTING THE D-BOX - Inspecting the Septic System Distribution Box
This chapter is maintained at INSPECTING the D-BOX but text is repeated here for readers who scroll down rather than linking to the separate chapter.
 The distribution box (more than one may be in use) connects a single effluent line from the septic
tank to a network of absorption system components such as drainfield leach lines or to a network of seepage pits or galleys.
The photo above shows the adjustable weir outlets that permit balancing flow among drainfield lines. (Source EPA who used photo
from Ayres Associates.) More sketches of D-box layouts and configurations are shown in this EPA drawing.
Regulating effluent distribution: In good system design the outlet openings from the distribution box to each drainfield
line can be adjusted to regulate the flow among the various absorption lines. Elegantly simple, a plug with an eccentric
hole is inserted into the end of each leach line fed from the D-box. By turning the plug in the end of the leach line pipe one
can place the eccentric hole higher or lower with respect to the bottom of the distribution box, thus compensating for a
slightly tipped box, differences in leach line length, or differences in leach line condition.
 Uneven effluent distribution: If a distribution box becomes
tipped (or clogged) effluent may be routed to only a portion of the absorption system, thus overloading it and leading
to a "breakout" of effluent at the surface or to clogging and system backup. An examination of the box interior
may show flood lines in the box if the drain field has been clogged or saturated in the past even if at the time
of inspection the box is not flooded.
If the fields have been flooded you should be pessimistic about the remaining life
of the absorption system. If the box is tipped and/or effluent has not been uniformly distributed among the drainfield
lines (assuming they are of equal length and in equally good soils), only a simple adjustment of the outflow may be needed.
Round plugs with eccentric openings may be present or can be inserted in the D-box outlet openings to regulate flow
among the individual absorption lines. (C)Trap Daniel Friedman Copyright Protected text.
Tipped or flooded distribution boxes, resulting in uneven loading of soil absorption system lines. This
condition can flood one or two lines leading to early field failure.
Inspecting the Soil Absorption System of an Onsite Wastewater Disposal System - the Drainfield or Soakaway Bed
The purpose of this component is to perform final treatment of effluent in a conventional
or advanced design septic system by permitting treated effluent to flow from the septic tank
(or other treatment tank) into the soil. Bacterial action and filtering there remove additional
pathogens to bring the discharged effluent to an acceptable level of sanitation, thus permitting
its discharge into the environment. "Soil absorption system" is a general term for what people call the "leach field," "leachfield,"
"drainage bed," "seepage area," "drip area" (usually in newer alternative design systems), "septic mound"
"galleys," "drain trenches" or similar terms. If you have synonyms to add to this list,
contact me and I'll add it here.
- Signs of hydraulic failure
- Condition of surface vegetation
- Ponding in the disposal area
- Encroachments into the SAS area (building a
pool, for example)
- Other sources of hydraulic loading in the SAS
area (downspouts or area drainage)
INSPECTING FIELDS - Inspecting the Absorption System or Drainfield
Details about inspecting septic drainfields are at SEPTIC DRAINFIELD INSPECTION - Septic Failure Causes:
How Does Each Septic System Component Fail? - What to Look For During a Septic Inspection.
Excerpts are below.
This article explains types of septic system failure in the drain field, leach field, seepage bed, or similar
component. We list the causes of each type of septic component failure, and list the septic component failure criteria or in other words
what conditions are defined as "failure"?.
The detailed "how to" steps instructing how to inspect specific septic components for signs of failure are
discussed in the text above.
Absorption Field Failure Causes of drainfields and leaching beds
- Soil clogging at the biomat layer which forms below and around the drainfield trenches (or other absorption systems).
The biomat is a bacteria layer which forms in soil below and around drainfield trenches where septic effluent or wastewater
is discharged. This layer is critical in the processing of fine biological solids and pathogens which are in the effluent, and
without it the septic system would not be adequately treating the effluent. Inadequately-treated effluent released into the ground
risks contamination of nearby ponds, wells, streams, etc.
- Driving over the absorption system, leach field, drainfield
- Paving over the absorption system
- Flooding the absorption system with surface or roof runoff, or rocky, poorly-drained or under-sized sites may simply lack capacity
- Use of septic tank or drain field additives which claim to extend system life can generate so much activity in the tank that
solids are held in suspension and forced into the soil absorption system! Do
not add any treatments, chemicals, yeast, or other treats to a septic system. In general these treatments don't work, may ruin the system, and
are illegal in many localities. There is no magic bullet to repair a bad SAS.
- Improper original construction , especially on rocky, poorly-drained sites (pipes settle, for example)
- Houses clustered around a lake: often will have a marginal system as properties were crowded
together, built as part-time summer-camps, were built without code supervision, and often were built using amateur, marginal home-made systems.
- Age: eventually even a well-maintained SAS will clog and have to be replaced.
More Reading:
The formation, clogging, and measures to protect and extend the life
of the biomat is discussed at Septic System Absorption System Biomat Formation as a subchapter of this text.
DISPOSAL vs TREATMENT - Effluent Disposal and Drain Clogging Failures
In simplest terms, there are two visible septic effluent or onsite wastewater disposal failures:
- Toilets or other fixtures back up into the house - but
first see "Diagnosing Clogged Drains then return here using your browser's "BACK" button.
- Effluent or sewage appears at the surface of the yard, or the neighbor's yard!
Septic odors may also indicate a system failure or an imminent failure. But such odors
may also be produced by defects in the plumbing vent system or other site conditions. Beware, sewer gas contains
methane and is explosive if it reaches a dangerous concentration inside a building.
Typical causes range from things that are easy and cheap to repair, to a need for complete system replacement:
- Clogged pipes
- Broken pipes
- Damaged tank
- Tipped distribution box
- Clogged/broken soil absorption piping
- Clogged absorption soils (grease & solids)
- Saturated soil absorption area
However there can also be septic effluent treatment failures.
Effluent may not back up or appear on the surface, but if insufficiently treated effluent reaches a private well or any stream or waterway, the
environment is being contaminated -- an unacceptable condition. Historically many people have just worried about disposal. As the quality of drinking water
deteriorates in many areas and as population grows in many previously thinly-populated areas, proper treatment has become the real concern for
everyone's health.
For example, if there is not sufficient soil between the bottom of the soil absorption system trenches and the local
groundwater, the local environment is being contaminated.
SEPTIC FIELD FAILURE CRITERIA - Soil Absorption System Failures: (leach fields, drain fields, seepage pits)
Drainfield life: What destroys or shortens the life of the absorption system?
It's easy to ruin or shorten the life of a drainfield/leaching bed:
- install a drainfield in wet weather (which compacts the soil)
- drive over the drainfield or build a parking lot over it (compacts soil, breaks pipes)
- plant trees on the septic absorption field (roots enter pipes)
- put a swimming pool in the middle of a drainfield - yes I've seen people do this!
- forget to pump out the septic tank regularly (solids/grease are discharged into the fields, clogging the soil)
- direct roof runoff or surface runoff across the drainfield or into the septic tank (flooding the system)
- install the drainfield in an area of high seasonal water tables (flooding the system)
- use the septic system to dispose of illegal oils, chemicals, fats, greases - one system in New York near the Taconic State Parkway
was connected to house in which was operated an illegal drug manufacturing operation. So much contaminant was flushed down house drains
that the workers contaminated their own well and poisoned themselves
- discharge excessive salts or other chemicals which destroy the The formation, clogging, and measures to protect and extend the life
of the biomat is discussed at biomat in the drainfield
Soil Absorption System Failure Criteria
- Breakout of effluent observed (& I consider odors as well)
- BOH evaluation in MA if within 100 ft of surface water supply
- within Zone 1 of a public well
- within 50ft of a private well
- between 50ft and 100ft of a private well if well fails bacteria test.
The Drainfield: Leaching Bed Soil Condition & Liquid level
The absorption system or "drain field" has two jobs. First, it disposes of liquid effluent by permitting it to seep into
the soil below. Second, a "bio-mat" of bacteria which forms in the soil below the drainage field processes pathogens in
the septic effluent to make the effluent sufficiently sanitary as to avoid contaminating nearby ground water.
This
distinction
between successful "disposal" and successful "treatment" is important to avoid groundwater contamination but has not been
addressed by regulation in every municipality. Municipalities which require a minimum distance between the bottom of the
drain field trenches (or equivalent component) and the top of the seasonal high ground water table have recognized the
importance of a working bio-mat and the need to provide adequate dry soil for it to function.
Even in a well-designed drainage field, eventually the soil surrounding the drainfield device (perforated pipe in
gravel trench or other seepage system) becomes clogged with grease and debris. Examining an excavated cross-section
of a failed drainfield will often display a black or gray band of sludge and grease of about 1" thickness at the inside
perimeter of the gravel trench. When this layer of soil becomes sufficiently clogged the passage of effluent into the soil
below is slowed and eventually blocked, leading to the need for replacement. Keeping a tank pumped so as to reduce the
passage of debris and grease into a drain field will extend its life.
This is the most expensive problem to correct. Look for septic effluent seepage to ground
surface in area of equipment or downhill from such equipment. Look for (illegal) drain field
line extensions to nearby streams, storm drains, or adjoining properties where the temptation
to "fix" a failing system by sending the effluent to an improper destination overwhelmed a previous
owner or repair company. In some areas
inspectors use septic loading and dye test. Seepage may be due to overloaded
tank, failed absorption system, or blocked/broken piping (may be less costly).
An excavator or septic contractor will often explore one or more drain lines (or similar components) by excavating a
portion of it to look for evidence of flooding or soil clogging. We've used a simple probe at the end and along a leach
bed to check for flooding of that component. (Be careful not to break or collapse old piping.)
Guide to Septic Drainfield PERC TESTS - Septic Soil Percolation Requirements and Soil Depth Requirements for Septic Absorption Systems / Septic System Drainfields
This chapter is maintained at Soil Percolation Requirements and Soil Depth Requirements
for Septic Absorption Systems / Septic System Drainfields but text is repeated here for readers who scroll down rather than linking to the separate chapter.
Perc Tests: What is a septic system soil percolation test?
In specifying the size and type of absorption field (leach field, seepage pits, galleys, other) a septic engineer or health
department official will require that a soil percolation test or "perc" test be performed. You may hear it described as a
"deep hole test." The first time I participated in this procedure I found myself smiling with surprise at how low-tech the procedure
actually was (in New York State.) After identifying the most-likely location on the lot for placement of a septic drainfield,
the excavator used a backhoe to dig a rough hole about 5 ft. deep. Happily no groundwater immediately filled in the hole (which would
have been bad news).
Perhaps this is why builders try to have this test done in July which is the period of most-dry weather and lowest
groundwater table levels. After digging this rough hole, the septic engineer poured a 5-gallon (joint compound) bucket of water into the hole.
In some cases a few buckets might be dumped therein.
After that sophisticated move, the observers simply watched the rate at which the water disappeared.
a one-inch drop in water level in this hole in three minutes was considered very good. If the water was found still in the hole at no
drop in level the next morning, this was considered seriously bad and probably requiring some soil exchange or other special design measures.
What are the soil perc test standards and other soil requirements for septic systems?
I like the Massachusetts Title 5 Septic Inspection criteria for defining a (at least possibly) functional drainfield, as the
text explains the role of the biomass below the absorption bed, sets soil depth requirements, and recognizes the importance of
keeping the bottom of the working biomass area in well drained soil sufficiently above the seasonal high water table.
Here is an example of soil requirements for a functional drainfield. This version is particularly clearly written and is for
residents of Ohio but the principles apply anywhere. "In Ohio, soil absorption systems can be used in areas where the percolation rate of the soil is between 3 and 60
minutes per inch (soil permeability between 1 and 20 inches per hour).
At least 4 feet of suitable soil is required
under the soil absorption system to provide adequate treatment of the septic tank effluent. To accommodate the
construction of the system and provide adequate soil cover to grade, a minimum of 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 feet of suitable soil is
needed above the limiting layer.
A limiting layer may be bedrock, an impervious soil layer (hardpan, fragipan) or a
seasonally high water table (gray soil or mottles). The soil absorption system must be at least 8 feet from any drain
line on the lot, 50 feet from a water supply, and 10 feet from the property line, right-of-ways and the house. Septic
systems cannot be placed on the flood plain and are limited to areas with less than a 15 percent slope." http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0743.html Ohio State University Fact Sheet "Septic Tank - Soil Absorption Systems"
Our separate article by Lockwood includes a description
of the calculations to answer the question: How Big Should the Leach Field Be? and includes a practical example using sample calculations and a table of soil percolation rate vs. field size
FIELD SIZE - Septic Leach Field or Septic Absorption Field Size: How large does the absorption field need to be?
Details about determining septic drainfield size or soakaway bed size are at SEPTIC DRAINFIELD SIZE. Excerpts are below.
The size of the absorption field needed (in square feet of area, presumably
also unencumbered by trees, driveways, buildings, etc.) can range considerably depending on the soil percolation rate.
A lot with a good percolation rate or "perc" of perhaps one inch of percolation
in three minutes might require about 4500 square feet for a typical three bedroom home. If the same home were
built where there was a poor a soil percolation rate of an hour per inch, 9000 square feet or more might be required
for the absorption area.
Drainfield size and location also have to take into account local zoning - setback requirements from property borders, setbacks from
streams, wetlands, wells, water supply lines, and other encumbrances.
More Reading:
How Big Should the Leach Field Be? includes a practical example using sample calculations and a table of soil percolation rate vs. field size
Design Basics for Septic Systems: Choosing Septic Tank Size, Leach Field Size - basic septic system volume and absorption system design guides.
Drainfield trench/line specifications
In the most common design of drainfield, perforated pipes are buried in gravel-filled trenches to form the drainfield. Pipes are
placed across the slope line of sloped property (so that all of the effluent doesn't simply rush down to and leak out at the end of the drain
line pipe). While some experts describe the bottom of these trenches as "level" in practice they are dug to slope slightly, perhaps
1/8" per foot or less.
A typical septic leach field trench is 18 to 30 inches in depth, and 8 to 12 inches wide. The trenches are dug about 6 feet apart which allows,
in good design, space for a set of replacement trenches to be placed between the original ones when the first set fails.
The maximum length of a trench is typically about 150 feet but I've found installations that were three times that length.
Where lot space does not permit drainfield trenches such as I've just described, a septic engineer may specify that seepage pits
or galleys are to be installed. These fit in a smaller space since a single pit may be 6' to 8' in diameter. But the depth to which effluent is
being delivered (4' or more) means that the sewage effluent is unlikely to be fully treated by a biomass. These systems may successfully "dispose" of
effluent but they are probably not adequately "treating" it.
[See Tables for sizing drainfields and mound systems, USDA, soils, guide to Soil percolation tests, trench dimensions, loading in gpd per
foot. e.g. , moderately limited perc rate of 5-10 min/inch has max sewage loading rate to trench and bed bottom of 1 gallon
per square foot per day per trench and .5 gal per bed.
The Biomat: The formation, clogging, and measures to protect and extend the life
of the biomat, or organism layer below and around soil absorption system effluent discharge piping
is discussed at Septic System Absorption System Biomat Formation as a subchapter of this text.
MOUND SYSTEMS - Septic mound systems
Details about septic mound systems are at MOUND SEPTIC SYSTEMS. Excerpts follow.
To build a mound system, extra soil is brought to a site and sculpted to form a drainfield of adequate thickness and area.
These systems are common where soils are rocky or where there simply is not enough soil above the local water table
to provide adequate absorption.
A mound system may be fed by gravity at some sites but it's also common for the effluent to reach the mound
by having been "pumped-up" from a septic tank.
Pump-up (to elevations higher than the building main drain exit) and some septic mound systems use a single or
duplexed pump either in a clear
baffled section of the tank, or in a separate effluent pumping chamber. Duplexed systems offer more reliability. If
the first pump fails the second takes over, and an alarm bell or light are turned on.
Grinder/Ejector pumps are used at both private and public
sewage disposal systems to pump up from low areas (such as a
basement toilet) where the sewer line exits the building at
a higher level and where gravity drains are therefore not
workable. Flush-up toilets, systems that use a venturi-system rather
than a grinder pump, may be encountered but may be in violation of
local plumbing codes as they may comprise an unsanitary cross-
connection (using house water pressure to force sewage up and out).
What ruins a septic mound system?
A good way to ruin a septic mound system or to build one with
a short life is very common in the Northeastern U.S. where I find what I
call "pseudo mound septic systems" in which the builder has killed two
birds with one stone. Instead of clearing an area and bringing in the
proper volume and type of soil to build the mound, the builder finds a
spot into which s/he can push all of the tree stumps and construction
debris from the building project.
The stumps and trees are then buried
with backfill to produce an nice looking "mound" with just enough soil
to bury a network of drainfield pipes. If you see a mound system that
has horizontal trees sticking out of its base, or if it has mysterious
pipes leaving its base, I would be very suspicious about the design and
longevity of the system, as well as concerned about its legality.
Septic Pumps and Alarms for Septic Tanks and Mound Systems
[TBA] Additional data on this topic for Canada: see Ministry of the
Environment, Class 4 Sewage Systems, on hand via AC
More Reading about Septic Mounds
SEPTIC MOUND SYSTEMS as Components of Alternative Septic Systems for Difficult Sites
Mound System Installation and Design Details from New York State Septic System Design Regulations 75-A.9 Alternative Septic Systems.
Ohio State University has a nice web page describing Septic Mound Systems.
CESSPOOLS for onsite wastewater disposal
See CESSPOOLS for details about these systems. Excerpts are below.
 A cesspool combines the septic treatment tank and absorption system into a single component. Basically a
cesspool is a stone or concrete block or (safer) pre-cast concrete (photo) lined pit into which sewage is discharged.
Solids remain in the pit, effluent is absorbed into soil below and at the sides of the cesspool. This older design
was often used where there is limited physical space, and where the soil absorption rate high. We have more to
add to this section, but the bottom line is that for most installations you should consider this an obsolete,
limited capacity system likely to need replacement, and involving significant cost. Some immediate concerns are stated next.
Cesspool Safety Warnings
- Safety Warning: do not walk over the top of or close to the edges of a cesspool or any other onsite pit or excavation because
of the danger of fatal collapse. Keep pets and children away from such systems.
- Safety Warning: there is a high risk of cesspool collapse, risking fatality if someone falls in to one of these
systems. This is particularly true for older site-built systems that were often made of dry-stacked stone or concrete block,
and more-so if such systems are not protected by a very secure cover.
- Safety Warning: pumping cesspools is dangerous since older site-built systems may be more likely to collapse inwards
when relieved of their contents.
- Safety Warning: aerating or agitating sludge at the bottom of a cesspool in an attempt to renew its function or extend its
life also risk system collapse.
Cesspool Failure Criteria (MA)
Failure Criteria for Cesspools: If the waste level is within 12" of the inlet pipe near the top of a cesspool the system is at end of life and needs to be replaced.
Some municipalities and experts will state other distances. In Massachusetts according to the Massachusetts Title 5 Septic Law
the following are considered a failed or unacceptable cesspool installation:
- less than 6inches of freeboard
- less than 1/2 day's storage
- within100 ft. of a pond or dug well (surface water supply)
- within50 ft. of a private well (modern sanitary well)
- between50 and 100 ft from a private well if well fails bacteria test
- inMA, within Zone 1 of a public well
- BOH evaluation is required if within 50ft of any surface water
Drywells for Graywater Disposal: Warnings
A drywell, or "seepage pit" is used at some building sites to receive "gray water" from a laundry, sink, or shower.
The pit
may be site-built of stone or dry-laid concrete block, rubble-filled, or constructed of (safer) pre-cast concrete. Design
may be similar to that of a cesspool, described above, but only gray-water and not sewage is discharged into a drywell.
- Safety: the same concerns for collapse hazards apply as were described above for cesspools.
- Limited septic system capacity is implied by the presence of a drywell. Wet soil conditions or limited space
for a functioning drain field (for the septic system) often leads property owners to reduce the liquid load on
the septic system by routing gray water to a separate drywell. Where such a system is installed owners/buyers should
be alert for these conditions and should expect to face extra costs for system maintenance and repair as well as
limited septic system capacity.
- An exception to the warning above: at a large building where a sink or laundry are added in an area distant from piping
connected to the septic system, an owner may add a remote drywell as an alternative to inconvenient and costly routing
of a drain line from the laundry to the existing septic system.
DRYWELL DESIGN & USES in many areas are a misnomer since during wet weather as water tables rise, the "drywell" is not very dry and in fact may
fill up with water and simply stop working.
In wet areas of the Northeastern U.S., for example, I disagree with the practice of "solving"
a roof drainage disposal problem at a flat site by building a "drywell" since in my experience these fail rather soon and in some cases even
fill up and work backwards, sending water back to a building footing drain or roof drainage system where water then leaks into the building!
Details about drywells are found at Septic Drywells
Recent & Future Trends in Onsite Waste Disposal Systems
Concern for Water Quality is increasing
Text under revision.
Effluent Disposal vs. Treatment
In many states including my own New York, focus has traditionally been on successful "disposal" of
effluent which has received Level-1 treatment by a septic tank. Successful onsite wastewater "disposal" means
we don't see the waste water on the surface of a property and that a dye test does not detect it being
discharged into nearby surface streams or lakes. But successful onsite wastewater treatment
means we are not contaminating the ground water. The Massachusetts Title 5 Septic Inspection standards
and procedures make this distinction but many states have not adopted such rigorous standards (as of
January 2006).
Legislation & Mandated Upgrades
Alternative and Advanced Onsite Waste Water Treatment & Disposal Systems are Available
A "conventional" septic tank and drainfield just won't work at some sites for reasons like these:
- The site is too rocky for a conventional septic system or perhaps there is no soil at all.
- The site is too small for a conventional septic system
- The site is too wet for a conventional septic system
- The site is too dry for a conventional septic system
- The site is too steep for a conventional septic system
- The site is too close to a lake or stream for a conventional septic system
- The community or occupants cannot afford a conventional nor an expensive alternative septic system design.
There are solutions for most site problems, including septic handling and wastewater treatment systems that can
fit in a very small space and operate completely above ground. Alternative septic system designs and products
have increased significantly in number in the past 20 years as experts have experimented with media treatment
systems and alternative materials for treatment, septic tanks, and soil absorption or even evaporation systems.
Systems that use no water or only very little water, and very important, systems that re-use graywater from
a site have been designed.
We have published a large article series describing a variety of alternative septic system designs and also
have collected reference sources: books, government resources, online articles.
These articles and resources for alternative septic system designs are organized and listed at
ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS.
Global Warming and Onsite Waste Disposal Issues
12/4/2006: different areas will experience quite different concerns as weather conditions, sea levels, and
soil moisture are amended by the effects of global warming in the coming century, or perhaps much sooner.
- Areas of Rising Sea Level and Effects on Septic Systems: Rising sea levels will saturate soils and make conventional in-soil disposal and treatment ineffective,
raising serious health concerns for very large populations of the earth who currently live at or close to sea level
and in coastal areas.
- Amended Weather Patterns Resulting in More Rain and Effects on Septic Systems:: may occur in some areas as both sea currents (Gulf Stream)
relocate and air currents (Jet Stream) relocate. Areas of increased rainfall resulting in increased soil moisture
levels will reduce effluent disposal capability of conventional septic systems in those areas and may interfere with
treatment of effluent in the biomat.
- Amended Weather Patterns Resulting in Less Rainfall and Effects on Septic Systems: areas becoming very dry may
ease effluent disposal in soils up to a point. But soil pathogens necessary to form and function as the biomat
that treats septic effluent require soil moisture. Too-dry soils may interfere with successful treatment.
Septic System Design Improvements and Products
- New materials and products for septic tanks permit systems to be installed where there is no soil perc, or no soil at all.
Wastewater treatment systems are available which also can significantly reduce the distance required between septic components and wells, streams, lakes, etc.
- See Jantrania & Gross, Advanced Onsite Wastewater Systems Technologies
- Advanced onsite wastewater treatment system types discussed in the above text include the following:
- Aerobic treatment units
- Media filters, single pass and recirculating
- Natural systems for polishing or recycling secondary effluent
- Waterless toilets, graywater systems, alternatives to flush toilets
- Disinfection systems
Septic Inspector Qualifications/Licensing
If you perform septic inspections you are obligated to do so with proper information, training, procedures,
and in some communities a license is required. Some states (e.g. CA, CT, NJ, MA) have specific certification requirements for
inspectors of septic systems, as well as specific regulations regarding the
performance of the inspection itself.
Be sure to obtain information pertinent
to your own state, usually from the state health department or state department
of environmental protection. For example, Massachusetts septic inspectors will want to look
at the links and the Title 5 regulations at our page on the Massachusetts Septic Testing Law. Other links to septic system installation and inspection regulatory agencies are at
our "Local, State, U.S. Federal Government, &
International Agencies & Resources for Septic Systems Wastewater Treatment" page.
Septic System Inspection Authorities
see SEPTIC AUTHORITIES, DESIGN REGS - excerpts follow.
INSPECTION AUTHORITY: some municipalities and states (EG. Pennsylvania) provide
septic inspection and testing certification. However a generalist inspector
such as an ASHI professional, in the course of a home inspection, is permitted
to observe and report visual evidence of defects, probable, or possible
defects, just as any contractor might observe and report when coming to a
property for any reason.
For municipalities requiring certification of septic test providers, home
inspectors should consult with local officials for further advice.Note: some authorities, such as New Jersey Administrative Code 7:9-3.17 (b)5
require septic system evaluations to be performed only by a licensed
professional engineer, licensed health officer, licensed sanitary engineer, or
trained technician under supervision of the septic system inspector as defined
in the pertinent code.
However our review of these codes finds them probably
unenforceable since in some instances the codes contradict themselves (see
quote below) or the code agencies provide homeowner pamphlets calling for
annual inspections which are made by the homeowner him or her self. "All
testing of operating systems which requires a hydraulic loading which is in
excess of the design flow shall be performed under the supervision of a
licensed professional engineer." (New Jersey EPA, Sub 12, 7:9A-12.7 System
Testing.") Some codes also require that the details of the septic evaluation
procedure itself be included in the report. [Information courtesy of Ed
Fitzgerald, ASHI.]
Definitions of Levels 0-1-2-3 of Septic System Inspection and Testing
Details about levels of septic inspections are at SEPTIC SYSTEM INSPECTION LEVELS Excerpts are below.
Anyone inspecting septic systems MUST be familiar with the hazards and safety concerns discussed at SEPTIC SYSTEM SAFETY WARNINGS
LEVEL-0 Septic Inspections - Basic Visual or Visual Plus Loading & Septic Dye Test - no pumping
This level of inspection is typically provided during a "home inspection" for real estate transactions. It pumping
may not be appropriate if the system is a recent installation (less than 2 years old), or if it has been recently
pumped (a year or less, perhaps more depending on tank size and building occupancy), and if there are not other historical
or site observations raising question about the system condition.
- VISUAL ONLY: Basic visual inspection and reporting of information (Performed by
home inspector or other expert) (Some municipalities require this test be
performed only by specifically licensed septic contractors or engineers.)
- VISUAL PLUS LOADING DYE TEST - Visual + Dye test and system loading. Warning: using an inadequate amount of
tracer dye or an insufficient volume of water for this test will make it meaningless. Therefore ordering a
"stand-alone" septic loading and dye test of a system should be expected to cost considerably more than
such a test which can be performed overlapped in time with other building inspection services. Beware of
quick, minimal tests which place only a small volume of liquid into the system (perhaps 50 gallons over 10 or 15 minutes).
LEVEL 1 Septic Inspections: Level 0 plus open accessible covers, plus Loading/Dye Test, possibly Pumping
This inspection is comprised of:
- The steps in a Level 0 inspection
- Additional visual inspection steps to open accessible covers & inspect equipment.
- Septic Dye Test: This inspection usually include a septic
loading and dye test. If a dye test is to be performed it must be done before the system is pumped or
further inspected - otherwise the loading test cannot test the absorption system.
- Pumping: In some states such as Pennsylvania, this level may include requiring tank pump out and
inspection. (Performed by home inspector or other expert) (Some municipalities
require this test be performed only by specifically licensed septic contractors
or engineers.) This is the Pennsylvania PSMA definition for level-1.
More detail is at Level 1.
LEVEL 2 Septic Inspections: Level 1 plus scum and sludge levels, pump tank, check D-boxes
This inspection is comprised of:
- The steps in a Level 0 inspection
- The steps in a Level 1 inspection
- Additional steps to:
- locate, excavate if needed, open, inspect the septic tank
- determine the septic system capacity, scum thickness, baffle condition, etc. (Performed by
septic pumping contractor or other expert.) (Some municipalities require this
test be performed only by specifically licensed septic contractors or
engineers.) More detail is at Level 2.
- pump and inspect the emptied septic tank, baffles
- locate, excavated if needed, and inspect the distribution boxes
LEVEL 3 Septic System Inspections Level 2 plus soil and perc tests, poss. engineering analysis
This inspection is comprised of:
- All of the steps in a Level 0,1, and 2 inspection
- Additional site excavation to make test openings in leaching area, other test holes to observe soil conditions, test the soil percolation rate, and if needed,
perform other engineering work necessary to certify an existing system or to permit
specification of system replacement. (Performed by septic pumping contractor, engineer, or other expert.) (Some municipalities
require this test be performed only by specifically licensed septic contractors or engineers.)
How to Perform a Septic Loading & Dye Test
The septic loading and dye test procedure, data to be recorded, and minimum quantities of water and septic dye needed are discussed in a separate chapter at Septic Loading and Dye Test Procedure Details -
a chapter of this text "Inspecting, Testing, & Maintaining Residential Septic Systems".
Septic Dye Test Warnings to be Included With Septic Test Reports
- If property has been vacant more than a week or the system has been only
minimally used, additional levels of testing and inspection are necessary to
determine system condition.
If the system has been serviced recently, contact the septic pumping company
to inquire about the type and condition of the waste disposal equipment.
If the system has not been serviced recently, limited but important additional
information regarding the condition of the system may be obtained by having a
septic contractor open, clean, and inspect the septic tank (and distribution
boxes). Particularly in the case of older systems that have not been serviced,
if the property owner will permit this step we recommend it.
Excavation and pumping are beyond the scope of our loading and dye-test
procedure. Practices in some states require pumping and inspection at sale.
- Septic systems are basically a "buried" installation which is hidden from
normal visual inspection. Many possible problems may not show themselves at
the time of a visual inspection, and thus one cannot make accurate prediction
of the future condition of the system.
Determination of location, condition, or life expectancy of buried septic
components is not possible from a visual inspection. Costly problems may not
be visible.
- Periodic pumping is recommended to prevent costly damage to the absorption
system. Pumping frequency depends on system usage, tank size, and other
factors.
- The inspection includes visual examination of probable tank and
absorption system areas, surface and perimeter, at the beginning, during, and
at the end of a loading or dye test, if such was ordered and performed.
Sample Septic Inspection & Test Reports
Here are links to examples of field data collection sheets used in preparation of a septic inspection report
Examples of final, written septic inspection and testing reports are available and can be provided on request
to the author.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about septic inspection & testing
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Technical Reviewers & References
Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.
-
The complete set of septic system inspection, testing, design, and repair references is maintained at SEPTIC REFERENCES.
- "EPA Design Manual: Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems," R.
Otis et al, EPA 625/1-80-012. GPO Bookstore, 26 Federal Plaza, Room 110, New
York NY 10278 212-264-3825.
- "Septic Systems," T. & A. Ferrero, Tri State ASHI Seminar, November 6-7
1993, and attachments listed below.
- "Septic Tank Pumping," Paul D. Robillard, Kelli S. Martin, Penn
State College
of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Engineering Fact Sheet
SW-161, Agricultural Engineering Department, 246 Agricultural Engineering
Building, University Park PA 16802 814-865-7685 814-863-1031 FAX.
- "Preventing Septic System Failures," Paul D. Robillard, Kelli S. Martin,
Penn State College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural
Engineering Fact Sheet SW-162.
- "Mound Systems for Wastewater Treatment," Paul D. Robillard, Kelli S.
Martin, Penn State College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural
Engineering Fact Sheet SW-164
- "Septic Tank Soil Absorption Systems," Paul D. Robillard, Kelli S.
Martin, Penn State College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural
Engineering Fact Sheet SW-165
- "The Soil Media and Percolation Test," Paul D. Robillard, Kelli S.
Martin, Penn State College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension, Agricultural
Engineering Fact Sheet SW-163
- "Level 1 Septic System Inspections During Real Estate Transactions," Paul D.
Robillard, Kelli S. Martin, Penn State College of Agriculture, Cooperative
Extension, Agricultural Engineering Fact Sheet SW-166
- "Take Care of Your Septic Tank," Washington State Septic Tank Pumpers
Association, (WSSTPA) (Les Eldredge, President, 206-334-8263); Courtesy of Bob
Kelwitz, 10/93.
Items 3-9 provided courtesy of Jules Falcone.
- "Cottage Country, Environmental Manual for Cottages," 6th Ed., 1989, ISBN
0-7729-5085-7, Environment Ontario, 135 Clari Ave. West, Suite 100, Toronto
Ontario M4V 1P5
- Septic Tank Maintenance," Circular 1343/January 1990, and "Why Do Septic
Systems Fail?," K. Manci & J.A. Moore, Extension Circular 1340/January 1990,
Oregon State University Extension Service, and "Know your Septic System," a
home buyer's guide to on-site septic systems, Washington Association of
Realtors, Govt. Affairs Dept, PO Box 719, Olympia WA 98507 206-943-3100,
provided by Len Sherr, Bend OR
- One and Two Family Dwelling Code, Section P-2506, Septic Tank Design and
Construction.
- "The Septic Tank Home Wastewater Treatment and Disposal System," Southern
Rockingham Regional Planning District Commission, 19 Main St., Salem NH 03079
603-893-5766
- "Septic Tank News & Views," Stanley Carraway, Florida ASHI Seminar, October
9-10, 1993 available from FLASHI Chapter, includes some USDA tables and charts
on design, loading, and references the New (1992) Chapter 10D-6, Florida
Administrative Code, Standards for Onsite Sewage Disposal Systems.
- Pennsylvania Septic Management Association, RD 3 Box 3231, Moscow, PA 18444
- HUD Handbook 4910.1 (Well Clearances)
- "Private Sewage Disposal, Some Suggestions," RES-I-TEC, 145D Grassy Plains
St., Bethel CT 06801 1989
- "A Homeowner's Manual for Septic Systems," Robert Berg, Wastewater
Facilities Management Element Bureau of Construction and Connection Permits,
State of New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water
Resources, January 1990, 609-984-4429, courtesy of Lewis Home Inspections
- "What Remodelers Should Know About Septic Systems,", Russ Lanoie, Journal
of Light Construction [New England Builder], July, 1988, p. 31-36, RR#2, PO Box
146, Richmond VT 05477
- "Water Conservation and Wastewater Disposal," R. Siegrist et al., 1978, ASAE
Pub. 5-77:121-136
- "Soil Infiltration Capacities as affected by septic tank effluent
application strategies. In: Proceedings of the 3rd national Symposium on
Individual and Small Community Sewage Treatment." ASAE Pub. 1-82 pp. 72-74.
ASAE PO Box 410, St.Joseph MI 49085
- "Aerobic on-site systems studied in New Mexico," Asbury R. and Hendrickson
C., 1982, Journal of Environmental Health, 45:86-87
- "Soil Clogging: Mechanisms and Control," R. Otis, Proceedings of the 4th
National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Treatment, ASAE
Pub. 07-85 pp. 238-250, ASAE, 2590 Niles Rd., St. Joseph MI 49085-9659
- "Residential Graywater Management in California," A. Ingham, 1980.
California State Water Resources Control Board, PO Box 100, Sacramento CA 95081
- "On-site disposal of small wastewater flows," R. Otis, 1977, Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
- NAHB Library, several resources listed, contact NAHB, 15th and M Streets NW,
Washington, DC 20003 202-822-0203. "Pumped septics - improved waste-water
systems distribute effluent from septic tanks over a wide area, preventing
contamination of drinking water," Noele Stuart, Popular Science, My 1989, p.
84; "Septic tank effluent pump systems: an alternative to conventional sewers
and grinder pump systems," Small Flows, October 1991, p 4. Courtesy of Heather
Groves, NAHB Library and Information Center. 800-368-5242 Ext 204 (CD ROM
search service, fees involved, for GTHBA members and NHBA members)
- "Septic Tank/Water Softener, potential effects of water softener use on
septic tank soil absorption on-site wastewater systems; the effect of home
water softener waste regeneration brines on individual aerobic wastewater
treatment plants," Water Quality Research Council, Water Quality Association,
477 E. Butterfield Road, Lombard IL 60148
- "Design Handbook, Grinder Pumps, Low Pressure Sewer Systems," Environment
One Corporation, 2773 Balltown Road PO Box 773, Schenectady NY 12301
518-346-6161 (Richard C. Grace, Sales Mgr.)
- "What you should know before buying a home served by a septic system,"
State of Connecticut, Department of Health Services, 150 Washington St.,
Hartford CT 06106, via Allspect, Westhaven CT and Butterly's Building
Inspection Service, CT.
- "Soil infiltration capacities as affected by septic tank effluent
application strategies," D.L. Hagett, et al, 1982, In: Proceedings of the 3rd
National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Treatment." ASAE
Pub. 1-82, pp. 72-84. ASAE, PO Box 410, St Joseph MI 49085, current address:
ASAE, 2950 Niles Rd., St Joseph MI 49805-9659, courtesy of Bob Stead, ASHI.
- "Aerobic on-site systems studied in New Mexico," R. Asbury and C.
Hendrickson, Journal of Environmental Health 45: 86-87,
- "Soil clogging: mechanisms and control," R. Otis, 1985, in
National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Treatment." ASAE
Pub. 1-82, pp. 238-250.
- "Residential Greywater Management in California," California State Water
Resources Control Board, PO Box 100, Sacramento CA 95801
- "EPA Design Manual: Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems," R.
Otis, et al., No. EPA-625/1-80-012 (or later edition if avail.)
- "On-site disposal of small wastewater flows," R. Otis, Dept. of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
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Private communication and "Private Sewage Disposal System," septic
checklist developed for ITA, Inspection Training Associates, Kevin
O'Malley, 1016 S. Tremont Street, Oceanside CA 92054, 800/323-9235
Private communication, K. Oberg to DJ Friedman, 12/15/93, 12/16/93, 7/22/94
Private communication, J. Appleby to DJ Friedman, 9/16/93, Venice FL
Private communication, D. Barnett to DJ Friedman, 9/15/93, Evansville IN
Private communication, N. Becker to DJ Friedman, 9/15/93
Private communication, E. Fitzgerald to DJ Friedman, 9/94, Adoption of New
Jersey environmental protection law addressing septic system operation and
maintenance, Subchapter 12, documented in New Jersey Register, 8/21/89, Cite 21
NJR 2635. Requires annual inspection beginning in 4th year after construction,
describes acceptability criteria, inspection steps, conditions of failure.
Private communication, T. Moore to DJ Friedman, 1/15/94, "Private
Septic System Evaluation," Goshen NY, 914-294-3398
Private communication, S. Vermilye to DJ Friedman, 1/15/94, and
sample checklist, 914-255-8888.
Private communication, D. Surette to DJ Friedman, 5/6/94
Private communication, R. Klewitz to DJ Friedman, 10/1/93
Private communication, L. Scherr to DJ Friedman, 10/1/93,
Cascade Home Inspection, Bend OR
Private communication, G. Reid to DJ Friedman, 12/6/93
Private communication, G. Carroll to DJ Friedman, 11/29/93,
Action Inspection Service, Cincinnati, OH
Private communication, R. Johnson to DJ Friedman, 11/5/93,
The Home Specialist, Inc., Roswell GA
Private communication, E. Rawlins to DJ Friedman, 10/7/93, Boca Raton FL,
and "You and Your Septic Tank, a guide to the proper operation and maintenance
of a septic tank system," Department of Natural Resource Protection, 500 E.
Broward Blvd, Suite 104, Fort Lauderdale FL 33394 305-765-5181,
Broward County, FL, January 1993
Private communication, R. and B. Williams to DJ Friedman, 11/20/93,
Williams Home Inspection Co, Hollis NH
Private communication, A. Carson and R. Dunlop to DJ Friedman, 2/6/92, 11/10/93
Private communication, L. Cerro to DJ Friedman, 8/22/93
Private communication, R. Passaro to DJ Friedman, 9/15/93, 10/15/93,
Res-I-Tec Corp., Bethel CT; also see Passaro's "Private Sewage Disposal, Some
Suggestions," NY Metro ASHI Seminar, October 1993 (cc on hand)
Private communication, J. Falcone to DJ Friedman, 10/15/93
Private communication, C. Greenberg to DJ Friedman, 9/9/93
Private communication, V. Faggella to DJ Friedman, 9/14/93,
9/24/93, Yorktown Heights, NY
Private communication, R. Stead to DJ Friedman, 9/20/93, Charlton MA
Private communication, T. Lewis to DJ Friedman, 9/20/93,
Lewis Home Inspection, Lawrenceville NJ
Private communication, G. Guarino to T. Lewis, 12/12/91, Septic system
failure and inspection limitations, Township of Hopewell, Department of Health,
201 Washington Crossing, Pennington Rd., Titusville NJ 08560
Private communication, C. Eldredge to J. Falcone, 3/27/91, Septic
Certification and Testing Information from the Pennsylvania Septage Management
Association, Curt Eldredge, General Manager, Wastewater Management, Inc., West
Chester PA 19380 215-436-4045.
- Wells and Septic Systems, 2nd Ed., Max and Charlotte Alth, Rev. by S. Blackwell Duncan, Tab Books, 1992 ISBN 0-8306-2137-7
- Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems, Bennette D.Burks, Mary Margaret Minnis, Hogarth House Ltd., 1994, ISBN 0-9641049-0-3
- The Septic System Owner's Manual, Lloyd Kahn, Blair Allen, Julie Jones, Shelter Publications, 2000, ISBN 0-936070-20-X
- EPA, Washington, DC 20460, original source: http://www.epa.gov/owm/septic/pubs/homeowner_guide_long.pdf [Copy on file as EPA_Septic_System_homeowner_guide.pdf ]
- NSFC, Septic Tank Inspection and Troubleshooting,
- Lake, Andrew, Septic Tank Inspection, NSFC, 800-624-8301, web search 5/17/12, original source: http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/pdf/ww/septic/inspection_sfq_w04.pdf [Copy on file as NSFC_Septic_Tank_Inspection.pdf]
- Vogel, Michael P., "Septic Tank Inspection and Troubleshooting", Montana State University Extension Service, MT 199403 HR, rev 2005, web search 5/17/12, original source: http://msuextension.org/publications/HomeHealthandFamily/MT199403HR.pdf [Copy on file as MSU_Septic_Tank_Inspection.pdf]
- Septic System Inspections, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Mass DEP, One Winter St., Boston MA 02108, 617-292-5500, original source: http://www.mass.gov/dep/water/wastewater/inspects.htm,
- Supplement Existing Septic System Inspection Report, 1 May 2001, Connecticut State Department of Public Health,
(860) 509-7296.original source: http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/environmental_health/environmental_engineering/pdf/supplement.pdf [Copy on file as Septic_Report_CT.pdf ]
"International Private Sewage Disposal Code," 1995, BOCA-708-799-2300, ICBO-310-699-0541, SBCCI 205-591-1853, available from those code associations.
- "Manual of Policy, Procedures, and Guidelines for Onsite Sewage Systems," Ontario Reg. 374/81, Part VII of the Environmental
Protection Act (Canada), ISBN 0-7743-7303-2, Ministry of the Environment,135 St. Clair Ave. West, Toronto Ontario M4V 1P5 Canada $24. CDN.
- Manual of Septic Tank Practice, US Public Health Service's 1959
- US EPA Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems Manual [online copy, free] Top Reference: US EPA's Design Manual for Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal, 1980, available from the US EPA, the US GPO Superintendent of Documents (Pueblo CO), and from the National Small Flows Clearinghouse. Original source http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/Pubs/625R00008/625R00008.htm Onsite wastewater treatment and disposal systems,
Richard J Otis, published by the US EPA. Although it's more than 20 years old, this book remains a useful reference for septic system designers.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Program Operations; Office of Research and Development, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory; (1980)
- Septic Tank/Soil-Absorption Systems: How to Operate & Maintain [ copy on file as /septic/Septic_Operation_USDA.pdf ] - , Equipment Tips, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 8271 1302, 7100 Engineering, 2300 Recreation, September 1982, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfimage/82711302.pdf
- Septic Tank Capacity vs Usage in Daily Gallons of Wastewater Flow, calculating required septic tank size, calculating septic tank volume from size measurements
- Septic Tank/Soil-Absorption Systems: How to Operate & Maintain [ copy on file as /septic/Septic_Operation_USDA.pdf ] - , Equipment Tips, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 8271 1302, 7100 Engineering, 2300 Recreation, September 1982, web search 08/28/2010, original source: http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfimage/82711302.pdf.
- How Big Should the Leach Field Be? - table of soil percolation rate vs. field size
- Septic System Drainfield Absorption System Biomat Formation - what leads to drain field clogging and expensive drainfield repairs
- Septic Tank Pumping Guide: When, Why, How to pump the septic tank
- Table of Required Septic & Well Clearances: Distances Between Septic System & Wells, Streams, Trees, etc.
- Ten Steps to Keeping a Septic System Working, suggestions from the U.S. EPA, edits and additions by DJF
- What is a Septic System An Engineer's View & Septic System FAQ's
- Pennsylvania State Fact Sheets relating to domestic wastewater treatment systems include:
- Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-161, Septic System Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment
- Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-162, The Soil Media and the Percolation Test
- Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-l64, Mound Systems for Wastewater Treatment
- Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-165, Septic Tank-Soil Absorption Systems
- Document Sources used for this web page include but are not limited to: Agricultural Fact Sheet #SW-161 "Septic Tank Pumping," by Paul D. Robillard and
Kelli S. Martin. Penn State College of Agriculture - Cooperative Extension, edited and annotated by
Dan Friedman (Thanks: to Bob Mackey for proofreading the original source material.)
- Advanced Onsite Wastewater Systems Technologies, Anish R. Jantrania, Mark A. Gross. Anish Jantrania, Ph.D., P.E., M.B.A., is a Consulting Engineer, in Mechanicsville VA, 804-550-0389 (2006). Outstanding technical reference especially on alternative septic system design alternatives. Written for designers and engineers, this book is not at all easy going for homeowners but is a text I recommend for professionals--DF.
- Builder's Guide to Wells and Septic Systems, Woodson, R. Dodge: $ 24.95; MCGRAW HILL B; TP;
Quoting from Amazon's description: For the homebuilder, one mistake in estimating or installing wells and septic systems can cost thousands of dollars. This comprehensive guide filled with case studies can prevent that. Master plumber R. Dodge Woodson packs this reader-friendly guide with guidance and information, including details on new techniques and materials that can economize and expedite jobs and advice on how to avoid mistakes in both estimating and construction. Chapters cover virtually every aspect of wells and septic systems, including on-site evaluations; site limitations; bidding; soil studies, septic designs, and code-related issues; drilled and dug wells, gravel and pipe, chamber-type, and gravity septic systems; pump stations; common problems with well installation; and remedies for poor septic situations. Woodson also discusses ways to increase profits by avoiding cost overruns.
- Country Plumbing: Living with a Septic System, Hartigan, Gerry: $ 9.95; ALAN C HOOD & TP;
Quoting an Amazon reviewer's comment, with which we agree--DF:This book is informative as far as it goes and might be most useful for someone with an older system. But it was written in the early 1980s. A lot has changed since then. In particular, the book doesn't cover any of the newer systems that are used more and more nowadays in some parts of the country -- sand mounds, aeration systems, lagoons, etc.
Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair
 The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.
Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.
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- Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.
- Onsite Wastewater Disposal, R. J. Perkins;
Quoting from Amazon: This practical book, co-published with the National Environmental Health Association,
describes the step-by-step procedures needed to avoid common pitfalls in septic system technology.
Valuable in matching the septic system to the site-specific conditions, this useful book will help you install a reliable system in
both suitable and difficult environments. Septic tank installers, planners, state and local regulators, civil and sanitary engineers,
consulting engineers, architects, homeowners, academics, and land developers will find this publication valuable.
- Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems, Bennette D. Burks, Mary Margaret Minnis, Hogarth House 1994 - one of the best septic system books around, suffering a bit from small fonts and a weak index. (DF volunteers to serve as indexer if Burks/Minnis re-publish this very useful volume.)While it contains some material more technical than needed by homeowners, Burks/Minnis book on onsite wastewater treatment systems a very useful reference
for both property owners and septic system designers. We refer to it often.
While Minnis says the best place to buy this book is at Amazon (our link at left), you can also see this book at Minnis' website at http://web page .pace.edu/MMinnisbook
- Soil Percolation Tests soil perc testing guide and instructions
- Percolation Testing Manual, CNMI Division of Environmental Quality, PO Box 501304, Saipan, MP 96950
- Planting Over Septic System Component", Daniel Friedman (author/editor, InspectAPedia.com), The Innovator, Winter/Spring 2008, BCOSSA, British Columbia OnSite Sewage Association, 201-3542 Blansard St., Victoria BC V8X 1W3 Canada
- Save the Septic System - Do Not Flush These Items Down the Toilet, Daniel Friedman, InspectAPedia.com - PDF document, printable
- Septic System Owner's Manual, Lloyd Kahn, Blair Allen, Julie Jones, Shelter Publications, 2000 $14.95 U.S. - easy to understand, well illustrated, one of the best practical references around on septic design basics including some advanced systems; a little short on safety and maintenance. Both new and used (low priced copies are available, and we think the authors are working on an updated edition--DF.
Quoting from one of several Amazon reviews: The basics of septic systems, from underground systems and failures to what the owner can do to promote and maintain a healthy system, is revealed in an excellent guide essential for any who reside on a septic system. Rural residents receive a primer on not only the basics; but how to conduct period inspections and what to do when things go wrong. History also figures into the fine coverage.
- Test Pit Preparation for Onsite Sewage Evaluations, State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland OR, 800 452-4011. PDF document. We recommend this excellent document that offers detail about soil perc tests, deep hole tests, safety, and septic design. Readers should also see Soil Percolation Tests and for testing an existing septic system, also see Dye Tests
- Grass is Always Greener Over the Septic Tank, Bombeck, Erma: $ 5.99; FAWCETT; MM;
This septic system classic whose title helps avoid intimidating readers new to septic systems, is available new or used at very low prices.
It's more entertainment than a serious "how to" book on septic systems design, maintenance, or repair. Not recommended -- DF.
- Water Wells and Septic Systems Handbook, R. Dodge Woodson. This book is in the upper price range, but is worth the cost for serious septic installers and designers.
Quoting Amazon: Each year, thousands upon thousands of Americans install water wells and septic systems on their properties. But with a maze of codes governing their use along with a host of design requirements that ensure their functionality where can someone turn for comprehensive, one-stop guidance? Enter the Water Wells and Septic Systems Handbook from McGraw-Hill.
Written in language any property owner can understand yet detailed enough for professionals and technical students this easy-to-use volume delivers the latest techniques and code requirements for designing, building, rehabilitating, and maintaining private water wells and septic systems. Bolstered by a wealth of informative charts, tables, and illustrations, this book delivers:
* Current construction, maintenance, and repair methods
* New International Private Sewage Disposal Code
* Up-to-date standards from the American Water Works Association
- Wells and Septic Systems, Alth, Max and Charlet, Rev. by S. Blackwell Duncan, $ 18.95; Tab Books 1992. We have found this text very useful for conventional well and septic systems design and maintenance --DF.
Quoting an Amazon description:Here's all the information you need to build a well or septic system yourself - and save a lot of time, money, and frustration. S. Blackwell Duncan has thoroughly revised and updated this second edition of Wells and Septic Systems to conform to current codes and requirements. He also has expanded this national bestseller to include new material on well and septic installation, water storage and distribution, water treatment, ecological considerations, and septic systems for problem building sites.
- The NSFC Products List has an excellent list of design manuals/modules available from their website or by telephone 800-624-8301
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