OK to Skate over the Septic System, Tank, or Drainfields?
Skating on thin ice takes on a new meaning with scatological skating

ICE SKATING OVER SEPTIC - CONTENTS: Is it ok to build an ice skating rink or ice rink over the soakaway bed, drainfield, leaching bed, septic piping or a septic tank? Can we safely ice skate over septic piping or tanks? Does construction of an ice rink damage the drainfield? Can we build or install an ice rink over a septic drainfield? Soil compression effects of water, ice, snow, wet snow, & equipment such as ice surfacing machines & snowblowers.
POST a QUESTION or READ FAQs about the effects of a temporary ice rink placed atop a soakaway bed or drainfield
REFERENCES

InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.

Building an ice rink over the septic field: this article explains the problems that may occur during & after constructing an ice rink or similar structure atop a septic leach field or soakaway bed.

Some interesting arguments in support of temporary covers over a drainfield are presented by an ice rink supply company. This article discusses the effects of a plastic cover (such as a ice rink, tarps, tents) on the evaporation and transpiration functions of a conventional or aerobic drainfield.

The article emphasizes that even if the cover is to be just temporary and during frozen-ground conditions, you should not drive construction equipment, or other heavy machinery over the septic drainfield in the course of building, grading or leveling soil or similar site work for any purpose except during original construction of the drainfield. Our page to photo shows a temporary-structure type ice rink of the type that some readers want to construct atop a septic field or soakaway bed.

Is it OK to Build an Ice Rink Over the Septic System?

It might be possible to place an ice rink atop a septic drainfield area without the rink cover and components or skaters themselves damaging the drainfield. And at least one ice rink expert weighs in pointing out that by keeping rain and snow off of the drainfield the septic field performance might be helped even though evaporation and transpiration are temporarily stopped.

[Click to enlarge any image]

Photo at above left: a NiceRink™ ice skating rink installed in a level area, photo used with permission. [Click to enlarge any image]

But as we warn in the discussion below, if the process of building the ice rink includes driving equipment over the ice rink area or drainfield there is a risk of costly damage to the septic system.

Generalizing the Reasons to Keep Equipment, Grazing Animals, Paving, Coverings and What Have-You Off of Septic Drainfields

Reader Question: I would like to put a skating rink in my yard over the septic field (mid-Dec. to mid-March, i.e. northern Illinois) because it is the flattest part of my yard. I read everywhere on the internet and your site that one shouldn't put "anything" on top of a drainage field, at least the channels where the pipes ("tiles") are buried.

Photos provided by NiceRink www.NiceRink.com and are used with permission.

My question is exactly how a skating rink can damage field. Has research been done on this specific situation? Is the problem of a skating rink perceived or real? I haven't read of a failure due to a skating rink, though skating rink are relatively rare. I thought about the various issues: weight and permeability. Are there others?

For weight, the additional water (ice) weight is equivalent to, say, 2"-4" extra inches of dirt. Is this considered too much? In more northerly climates that are habitable, there are equivalent thick layers of snow and ice lying on fields for two or three months.

There is a liner over the field; does a liner prevent air exchange over this 3 month period? Note that there is effectively no precipitation during three months (so no clogging of interstitial space), as the liner captures all the snow and rain.

You probably noticed a thread of rationalizing. If I'm wrong about the above is there any way to mitigate the effects? Can you point me to other resources? Can I monitor the underground in some way? I'm handy with electronics and sensors in general. If it helps answering the questions, the lot has at least 2 feet of permeable dirt over clay, and the lot handles consecutive days of heavy rainfalls well.

My county health dept. will probably put the worse light on my plans for liability (theirs) reasons. So I wanted an unbiased opinion.

Reply: worries arise if building a skating rink atop a septic drainfield

Regarding your assertion and question

My question is exactly how a skating rink can damage field. Has research been done on this specific situation? Is the problem of a skating rink perceived or real? I haven't read of a failure due to a skating rink,

Of course not. The number of possible SNAFUs humans can come up with is near infinite. We are not likely to find a study of skating rinks over septic drainfields because of their rarity. And some reasons for their rarity may be founded in common sense: the various objections to placing anything over a drainfield or soakaway bed can be generalized so that a requirement that experts explicitly address everything imaginable that one could place and should not place in that location is, with respect, well I'll leave out the adjective.

The reasons to stay off of a drainfield in just about all regards are outlined at SEPTIC FIELD FAILURE CAUSES

I hope you'll read that article and invite you to ask me further questions if it is unclear or incomplete.

You'll see that the character of the activities that ruin a drainfield or leachfield are not innate in the invading item itself and not necessarily just weight - I agree with you that a couple of inches of water, as a weight source ought not to harm a drainfield any more than a foot of snow that later is wet by rain and then freezes would be expected to damage the field.

The damage for the sort of project you describe is more likely to be in the process of building something and in how it compacts the soil, interferes with transpiration and evaporation, or damages piping.

Consider my snowfall example. Each flake falls gently onto the ground, with an impact velocity and mass that is nothing short of trivial insofar as it might compact soil below. Subsequent rain that falls onto the area adds weight to the snow if it doesn't melt it, but again the soil compaction effects are nil.

Equipment to build something is a different matter however. For example, a backhoe, lawnmower, grazing cattle, machinery used to pave, or machinery used to grade and level for a skating rink all involve weight, movement, and soil compaction.

Beyond disturbing soil, compacting it, possibly crushing or breaking a pipe, construction of something over a drainfield also may result in the impervious layer concern.

Certainly placing a plastic skating rink liner over the ground completely stops any soil transpiration and evaporation when the soil is otherwise able to conduct those processes. And paving, ice, most dense plantings, or tarps, plastic sheeting's, beach blankets, bingo boards, or whathaveyou also, to the extent that they close off or seal a surface, interfere with seasonal evaporation and transpiration.

Now I'll agree with you that wet then frozen snow is about the same effect as water frozen to make a skating surface. And once frozen I'm doubtful that the Weight of a couple of people skating, the septic-field-skaters-club for example, is likely to be harmful. But how are we building the skating rink? How are we keeping water in it? How are we freezing the water? What are we doing to the normal growth of grass we'd like to have there during the baseball season?

You'll be gratified to know that a few people have written about the effects of urbanization or human activities on septic drainfields and related infrastructure systems and on the effects of wet soils and similar worries though I can't find anyone specifically addressing a plastic-lined skating rink.

Chang, Ni-Bin, ed. Effects of urbanization on groundwater: An engineering case-based approach for sustainable development. ASCE Publications, 2010.
Cogger, C. G., and B. L. Carlile. "Field performance of conventional and alternative septic systems in wet soils." Journal of Environmental Quality 13, no. 1 (1984): 137-142.
Geary, Daniel M. Martens1and Phillip M. "AUSTRALIAN ON-SITE WASTEWATER STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY OF SCOTLAND ISLAND, SYDNEY, NSW AUSTRALIA."
Coates, Donald R. "Geomorphology in legal affairs of the Binghamton, New York, metropolitan area." Geological Society of America Special Papers 174 (1976): 111-148.

Reader follow-up: pursuing a way to build something over the drainfield

I'm impressed with your dedication in replying in detail, and, of course, adding to the public's knowledge of septic fields. And thank you for your patience in addressing someone who really wants a skating rink in their backyard, and letting me reach conclusions on my own.

I'm replying and forgive me if I'm repeating some ideas of the original mail.

I realize that a full-time cover of the field, like paving, would be bad. So my question was really about the time limits of a temporary cover. Compared to a summer stormy period of a week, say, when there is no evaporation, three months of cover seems like a long time in comparison.

I had previously built my rink on a septic field on my other property with no problems visible on the surface. The unknown is the long term effects underground. (Can the decline of a field be measured in any way by sensors or probes?)

I noticed dampness on the ground everywhere under the liner when I took it off after three months; I wasn't sure if it was snow melt from 20' away or condensation from the evaporated waste water. The water just smelled like dirt. The dampness evaporated in a day (in March).

My chief concern was the transpiration aspect. Your web answer was that lack of evaporation may cause spreading of the dirty water outside the designated range. Is it possible to engineer a ventilation system under the liner (e.g. some large perforated half-pipe)? You can tell I really like that septic field location for a skating rink.

My skating rink is 40'x60', based 2'-high pressure-treated boards, some plastic brackets and a large liner (see for example nicerink.com -- you may remove this url) to keep the water in during thaws in Northern Illinois. No heavy equipment involved.

I have a front yard that can fit this 40'x60' rink but it has a grade of 2 1/2' over the footprint :(. So if all avenues are exhausted for the backyard scheme, then I have to level the front yard with grading machinery (next summer). Obviously I have to ask the County first. You may include any portion of this as you see fit.

Reply: possible approaches to skating over the drainfield

I very much appreciate polite healthy debate - which is how working together we're smarter than anyone (individual). When I first read your original email my reaction was the expected one - aw gee, just keep off the field and stop being ridiculous. But taking time to write detail also forces time for reflection. I understand that the project you want to undertake is one that indeed permits some argument pro and con.

If we ignore the question of reasonable costs for a moment, I'd agree that it is probably possible to design a septic wastewater treatment system that can be paved-over, by a combination of protection from compression damage of equipment used to build above along with a (in my opinion too costly) network of pipes and vent fans and monitors to handle transpiration/evaporation, or by making a design that supports the used-surface off of the ground entirely.

About evaporation/transpiration: the role it plays in conventional and aerobic septic systems for disposing of a portion of wastewater effluent is significant, but almost certainly varies significantly seasonally. As implied in our earlier conversation, when the ground surface is frozen or covered with snow and ice in a northern climate, surely there is no significant level of evaporation/transpiration going on. So that component of the wastewater treatment process must be seasonal.

While you might find only limited moisture under a plastic cover over a drainfield, such that it evaporates in 24 hours after being un-covered, that's the tip of the iceberg of the issue. When we seal a surface against evaporation of moisture from soil into air we are stopping the disposal of the entire quantity of moisture that would have moved up through soil and into the air over the time period for which the cover was in place.

That septic effluent quantity is certainly more than just the moisture found under the cover when it's opened. Why? Open soil with a relative humidity difference between soil top and air over the soil, acts as a pump moving moisture from ground to air. When we cover the ground we turn off the pump, so to speak.

So the total disposal loss during field cover-time is not measured by just moisture you see when the cover is removed. About the soil compression and drainfield damage problem, I argued previously that the construction phase, driving equipment over the drainfield, is what one must avoid completely to avoid damaging the drainfield. Equipment heavier than a conventional residential lawnmower risks soil compression and pipe damage - effects that may not be immediately visible but that have the results of not only contaminating the environment with inadequately treated septic effluent, but also shortening the functional drainfield life and thus incurring the significant cost of drainfield replacement earlier than otherwise.

How to measure this? One could make test excavations and actually measure soil compression and soil percolation rates before and after driving over a drainfield, but the thinking in such an approach is hard for me to understand unless we first, established that soil properties are uniform throughout the drainfield and second, tested the soil compression effects on a very small drainfield area so that we don't risk paying the high and early costs of having to completely replace a drainfield because of an experiment in damaging it.

That sort of experiment more fittingly belongs in the academic realm where someone obtains funding to test soil effects and percolation rates without jeopardizing an individual property owner's savings account. If nevertheless you intend to fund such research, try contacting experts (see next paragraph) to get help forming a valid experimental design. You might get somewhere by contacting a septic design engineer or one of the advanced wastewater treatment fellows like Anish Jantrania (search InspectApedia.com).

The advantage of using a local design engineer is that s/he may be known to the local approving BOH authorities and thus your design has a chance of approval.

Depending on the design cost to continue to use a conventional septic drainfield but to protect it from damage and permit it to function normally while temporarily covering it for any purpose, skating or otherwise), it may be less expensive to design an alternative, small-footprint wastewater treatment system that frees-up the space you want to use for non-wastewater-treatment purposes.

The question of why you want to skate over the septic fields (can we all it the scatological skating society?) has not been raised. I have to presume that you want a skating area and that there is no other space available that could be used without intruding on the septic field. I suspect that if one compared the total costs involved, using a different property area would be more appealing.

Advantages of & Suggestions for Placing an Ice Rink Over a Septic Field - NiceRinks™ over a Septic/Leeching Field

We asked for comment from Jim Stoller, President of NiceRinks™, a Genoa City Wisconsin company that provides outdoor ice rink supplies such as rink boards and ice rink liners. Mr. Stoller makes some interesting points that suggest that an ice rink liner over a septic field in winter may actually improve septic system performance.

Photo at left: a NiceRink™ ice skating rink installed in a level area, photo used with permission.

Watch out: while we agree with the points made in the comments below, readers should not forget that driving equipment over a drainfield, such as a backhoe or small dozer or even a large tractor used to level the surface is likely to cause costly damage. Keep equipment off of the septic fields.

Mr. Stoller generously replied as follows:

NiceRink will not officially state that is either OK, or not OK to proceed with an ice rink over a septic/leeching field. I will give you the facts on the matter that NiceRink is aware of and has been made aware of over the years. If anyone was to plan and ice rink over a septic/leeching field WITHOUT a NiceRink™ system, I would tell them unequivocally not to proceed. [Presumably because a home-made system may fail to achieve the features described below by Mr. Stoller - Ed.]

However with the NiceRink™ system in place, we are then able to prevent many of the concerns with building an ice rink over a septic/leeching field. Through normal winter conditions, the area would always be exposed to natural freezing and thawing conditions, as well as normal rain and snowfall.

With a NiceRink™ system in place we are then able to slow down the freezing process directly under the rink, and more importantly control the amount of water/snow gets to the turf area where the rink is located. By having the NiceRink™ Liner in place and filling that up with water, which will freeze to skate on, the water will then be suspended above the ground surface and also catch any rain/snow that would’ve fallen onto the grass in that area, thereby keeping the area underneath the rink actually dryer than it normally would be.

It would be highly suggested to use a powerful snow blower to blow the snow far away from the rink edges and away from the septic/leeching field area to help keep any excess water to a minimum. Then when spring comes and melts the ice, one could then siphon the water out of the rink with a hose of any type and place the hose end where the water is flowing out, far away from the rink/septic/leeching area thereby preventing any excess water accumulation into the septic/leeching area.

- James E. Stoller, President, Sales & Marketing - www.NiceRink.com, Tel: 888-642-3746 or contact via www.NiceRink.com/Contact [1]

Tips for Avoiding Damage to A Soakaway Bed or Septic Field Caused by an Ice Rink

LARGER VIEW of this
costly surprise caused by building a swimming pool over the drainfield

The best way to avoid damaging a septic soakaway bed or drainfield is to avoid constructing anything over it, including an ice rink
see DRIVING or PARKING OVER SEPTIC

If you are going to test that advice anyway, here are some further considerations.

Although a temporary ground cover such as an ice rink liner over a septic field should not itself damage the field when used during frozen-ground conditions, to take the best care of the septic system the property owners/managers should keep these warnings in mind

Do not use heavy equipment to prepare the site (driving a dozer or heavy tractor over the fields risks hidden but costly damage) nor when maintaining the site (as Stoller noted above)
Do not construct a dead level drainfield that does not drain off rainfall or melting snow
Do not construct permanent non-draining ice rink perimeters around a septic drainfield; trapping water on the surface risks drainfield flooding and damage
See SEPTIC FIELD FAILURE CAUSES
and
see LEACH FIELD FAILURES
Do not build non-draining soakaway bed field perimeter boards higher than necessary to provide the minimum-necessary depth of water (typically 2-3 inches).

While the weight of a foot of dry snow is not expected to cause harmful soil compression, water is much heaver (see our table below). Note that NiceRink plastic interlocking sideboards are 18" tall but are perforated, permitting drainage of the surface area when the ice rink liner is not in place. Some ice rink sideboards and brackets can be collapsed to lay flat when not in use.

In contrast, a 2x10 treated wood sideboard would be about 9 1/2" tall and could potentially trap water to that depth over a drainfield, saturating its soils and damaging the soakaway bed.
Follow Mr. Stoller's advice about draining off water to a location away from the drainfield itself at the end of skating season
Remove the plastic liner or cover as soon as the ice skating season (and freezing weather) are over
It's ok to leave perimeter boards in place and might even serve to discourage people from driving heavier equipment over the fields. (A residential weight lawnmower should be ok)

Comparing Soil Loading of Dry Snow, Water, Wet Snow on Ground Surfaces such as Leachfields & Earth Loading Weights of Ice Resurfacing Machines & Snow Blowers

Table of Soil Loading Weights of Dry Snow, Water & Wet Snow on Ground Surfaces such as Leachfields
Item	PSI per Square Foot of Area	PSI per Square Inch = Weight per Cubic Inch
Water - 1 Inch deep	5.2 psi / ft.	0.036127 psi
Snow (dry) - 1 Inch deep	0.433 psi / ft	0.036 psi
Snow - 12 inches deep	5.2 psi / ft.	0.43 psi
Ice 1 inch thick	5.2 psi / ft.	0.43 psi
Ice 3 inches thick	15.6 psi / ft	1.3 psi
Ice 3 inches Plus 12 inches snow, plus 1 inch of water (rain)	26 psi / ft	2.1 psi
Typical snowblower	125 psi / ft	15 psi
Ice Resurfacing Machine	1000 psi / ft	83 psi
Notes to the table: Other Weights & Volumes of Water 1 cc of water weighs 1 gram 1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogram or kg 1 Cu Ft of water weighs 28.316847 kg 1 Cu ft of water weighs 62.42796 pounds 1 Cubic Foot = 1728 cubic inches (of anything) Weights & Volumes of Snow & of Ice Surfacing Machines (Olympia or Zamboni) Meteorologists estimate that about 12 inches of snow is equivalent to one inch of water or about 5.2 psi per sq.ft. The actual density of water varies slightly by temperature, so its weight per cubic inch or foot varies accordingly - a factor not considered here. The density of water is greatest at 4^oC Details are at HOT WATER PRESSURE EXPANSION RATE Note that when we give equipment weights of ice surfacing machines or snowblowers we have not considered the distribution of equipment weight over a larger area as a result of driving over frozen water or ice. Typical Weights of Ice Resurfacing Machines & Snowblowers The weights of soil per cubic foot and thus also soil's own self-compressing effects with depth vary widely depending on soil properties of particle size, composition, and moisture level. Soil has an insulating property that far exceeds that of water, with an R-value ranging from 0.25 to R1. Typically soil has an R-value of 0.8 at 20% moisture content. See INSULATION R-VALUES & PROPERTIES. Earth pressure from wet soils is also discussed at HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT IN FOUNDATIONS Most ice-resurfacing machines weigh between 5,000 and 6,000 pounds (2,300 to 2,700 kg). Assuming a tire contact patch size of 1.5 sq.ft. per tire and 4 such tires per machine, we estimate the pressure exerted on a surface by an ice resurfacing machine such as a Zamboni® (http://www.zamboni.com/) or Olympia® ice resurfacer (http://www.resurfice.com/) at 1000 psf. We don't [yet] know if ice resurfacing machine weights include the weight of a machine full of snow or ice surface scrapings or water. Typical homeowner snowblower machine weights range from 100 to 500 lbs. and we estimate have an individual tire patch size of about 6 sq.in. We computed a typical snowblower psi earth loading as 250 lbs / 2 sq ft = 125 psf Olympia Ice Resurfacing Machines, Resurfice Corp. (Ontario) 1-519-669-1694 fax 1-519-669-8896 info@resurfice.com Toro Snowblower CCR Powerlite weight = 38 lbs; Ariens snowblower # 824 weight = 234 lbs., Ariens snowblower # 936 weight = 306 lbs; Honda snowblower # HS1132TAS weight = 268 lbs; some snowblowers include an accessory front weight kit that typically adds another 10-20 lbs. Zamboni Company 15714 Colorado Avenue Paramount, CA 90723-4211 562-633-0751, Zamboni Company Ltd. 38 Morton Avenue East Box 1388 Brantford, Ontario Canada N3T 5T6 519-758-5000, Website: http://www.zamboni.com/

Continue reading at SEPTIC SYSTEMS, PLANTS OVER or select a topic from the More Reading links shown below.

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ICE SKATING OVER SEPTIC at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.

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Technical Reviewers & References

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New York State Department of Health, "Appendix 75-A Wastewater Treatment Standards - Individual Household Systems", [PDF] New York State Department of Health, 3 February 2010, retrieved 3/1/2010, original source: https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/nycrr/title_10/part_75/appendix_75-a.htm
[1] NiceRink 218 South Road P.O. Box 310 Genoa City, WI 53128, Tel. 1-888-NiceRink Tel: 888-642-3746, Fax. 262-279-6744, Jim Stoller, private email communication to DJF 11/27/2013
Thanks to J. D. Fuller, an ASHI member and professional home inspector in Texas for suggesting clarifications on this information.

Table of Required Septic & Well Clearances: Distances Between Septic System & Wells, Streams, Trees, etc.
Ten Steps to Keeping a Septic System Working, suggestions from the U.S. EPA, edits and additions by DJF
Pennsylvania State Fact Sheets relating to domestic wastewater treatment systems include

Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-161, Septic System Failure: Diagnosis and Treatment
Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-162, The Soil Media and the Percolation Test
Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-l64, Mound Systems for Wastewater Treatment
Pennsylvania State Wastewater Treatment Fact Sheet SW-165, Septic Tank-Soil Absorption Systems
Document Sources used for this web page include but are not limited to: Agricultural Fact Sheet #SW-161 "Septic Tank Pumping," by Paul D. Robillard and Kelli S. Martin. Penn State College of Agriculture - Cooperative Extension, edited and annotated by Dan Friedman (Thanks: to Bob Mackey for proofreading the original source material.)

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

Our recommended books about building & mechanical systems design, inspection, problem diagnosis, and repair, and about indoor environment and IAQ testing, diagnosis, and cleanup are at the InspectAPedia Bookstore. Also see our Book Reviews - InspectAPedia.

The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author.

Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.

Building inspection education & report writing systems from Carson, Dunlop & Associates Ltd

Inspecting Septic Systems: Online Book, Inspection, Test, Diagnosis, Repair, & Maintenance: our Online Septic Book: Septic Testing, Loading & Dye Tests, Septic Tank Pumping, Clearances, details of onsite waste disposal system inspection, testing, repair procedures.

Advanced Onsite Wastewater Systems Technologies, Anish R. Jantrania, Mark A. Gross. Anish Jantrania, Ph.D., P.E., M.B.A., is a Consulting Engineer, in Mechanicsville VA, 804-550-0389 (2006). Outstanding technical reference especially on alternative septic system design alternatives. Written for designers and engineers, this book is not at all easy going for homeowners but is a text I recommend for professionals--DF.
Builder's Guide to Wells and Septic Systems, Woodson, R. Dodge: $ 24.95; MCGRAW HILL B; TP; Quoting from Amazon's description: For the homebuilder, one mistake in estimating or installing wells and septic systems can cost thousands of dollars. This comprehensive guide filled with case studies can prevent that. Master plumber R. Dodge Woodson packs this reader-friendly guide with guidance and information, including details on new techniques and materials that can economize and expedite jobs and advice on how to avoid mistakes in both estimating and construction. Chapters cover virtually every aspect of wells and septic systems, including on-site evaluations; site limitations; bidding; soil studies, septic designs, and code-related issues; drilled and dug wells, gravel and pipe, chamber-type, and gravity septic systems; pump stations; common problems with well installation; and remedies for poor septic situations. Woodson also discusses ways to increase profits by avoiding cost overruns.
Country Plumbing: Living with a Septic System, Hartigan, Gerry: $ 9.95; ALAN C HOOD & TP; Quoting an Amazon reviewer's comment, with which we agree--DF:This book is informative as far as it goes and might be most useful for someone with an older system. But it was written in the early 1980s. A lot has changed since then. In particular, the book doesn't cover any of the newer systems that are used more and more nowadays in some parts of the country -- sand mounds, aeration systems, lagoons, etc.
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