InspectAPedia®   -   Search InspectApedia

Raccoon outdoors on a downspout (C) Daniel FriedmanKeep Bats, Birds, Mice, Rats, Squirrels, Raccoons Out of Your Building

Animal entry points in buildings:

This article series discusses how to find where animals are getting into your building and how to keep them out, including bats, birds, rats, mice, and squirrels and even raccoons.

This article series focuses on removing pet or other animal odors from buildings due to pet urine, pet feces, wild animal urine, or even human urine on and around buildings or on clothing and other soft materials.

Below; the little stuffed animals in this photo include a skunk - both were innocent of any pet crimes, but they had been placed at either side of a basement door jamb to cover stains from basement water entry.

InspectAPedia tolerates no conflicts of interest. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website.

Find Animal Entry Points in Buildings

Stuffed animals were hiding building damage (C) Daniel FriedmanArticle Series Contents

[Click to enlarge any image]

Watch out: in addition to their common role as allergens, animal feces, urine, even hair can offer serious health hazards including from various pathogens: bacteria, viruses, even possibly rabies.

Watch out: also for wild animal bites, bacterial and viral hazards when entering confined spaces where invaders are or have been present.

The author (DF) became temporarily ill after (foolishly) working in a "clean looking" crawl space that later he realized had a heavy contamination of fecal and urine contaminated mouse dust. Bat and rodent droppings as well as bird droppings can be a source of a pathogen potentially dangerous to humans, the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.

Watch out: before sealing up a hole in a soffit or wall where squirrels or bats are entering your building, make sure the animals are not going to be trapped inside where they will be mad, frightened, hostile, even dangerous (like a rabid raccoon), or ultimately dead and another source of stink.

What to do if a Bat Gets in Your Home.

Brown bat captured by Daniel Friedman(C) Daniel FriedmanWhat Percentage of Bats Carry Rabies?

The brown bat shown at left was captured in a Poughkeepsie, New York home when an agile family cat nabbed the bat mid-swoop.

Watch out: do not handle (touch directly) sick or dead bats or other rodents.

The owners worried that the cat was going to need rabies shots.

According to the U.S. CDC, only about six percent of bats captured and tested had rabies. If you consider that it's the weaker old bats or sicker bats of any age who are more likely to be captured, that suggests that in the total brown bat population, the percentage suffering from rabies is probably considerably less than six percent.

After posing this bat for a few photos, we delivered the brown bat shown at left to the county health department whose tests showed that it may have been elderly or ill but it did not have rabies. The U.S. CDC advises:

Whenever possible, the bat should be captured and sent to a laboratory for rabies testing. People can't get rabies just from seeing a bat in an attic, in a cave, at summer camp, or from a distance while it is flying.

In addition, people can't get rabies from having contact with bat guano (feces), blood, or urine, or from touching a bat on its fur. If you think your pet has been bitten by a bat, contact a veterinarian or your health department for assistance immediately and have the bat tested for rabies.

Remember to keep vaccinations current for cats, dogs, and other animals. - U.S. CDC, "Learning about bats and rabies", retrieved 3 June 2015, original source http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/bats/education/

If you capture a bat or encounter a dead one, do not handle it. If you capture a bat, have it tested for rabies if people or pets have been exposed to it.

If no one has been exposed or is likely to be exposed to the animal, testing may not be necessary: check with your local department of health.

Local health departments do not always advise testing animals for rabies. When a rabid skunk tottered around in our neighborhood and was found dead the next day, the New York Dutchess County health department advised not to touch it but that they were not interested in testing it for rabies unless we thought that someone may have come in contact with it.

What to Do if You are Bitten or Scratched by a Bat or if You Think You Were?

If you are bitten by a bat you probably will know it, but as you can see in our bat photograph above the little brown bat's teeth are tiny. A bite mark may disappear quickly as may scratch marks from their little bat toes or bat wingtip claws - shown in our two photographs just below.

Brown bat toe claws (C) Daniel Friedman

Watch out: If you are bitten or scratched by an unfamiliar animal, wild or domestic, wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water and seek medical attention right away.

Here is the US CDC advice for what to do if you are not sure if you have been bitten or scratched by a bat:

Brown bat wingtip claws (C) Daniel Friedman

If you woke up because a bat landed on you while you were sleeping or if you awakened and found a bat in your room, you should try to safely capture the bat and have it tested.

The same precautions should be used if you see a bat in a room with an unattended child, or see a bat near a mentally impaired or intoxicated person.

The small teeth of the bat can make a bite difficult to find. Be safe and in these situations, try to safely capture the bat, have the bat tested, and seek medical advice. - U.S. CDC, "Learning about bats and rabies", retrieved 3 June 2015, original source http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/bats/education/

Common Spots for Animal Entry in Buildings: Bats, Birds, Rodents, Snakes

Brown bat photograph (C) Daniel Friedman InspectApedia.com Stains from bats on a building wall (C) Daniel Friedman

...

Droppings indicate bat activity at a building (C) Daniel Friedman

Watch out: do not kill bats unnecessarily. Bats are already in trouble in many areas of the world, including some of the 45 species found in the U.S. And we need them. Bats eat large numbers of night-flying insect pests (such as mosquitoes) and are an important part of our environment.

Avoid closing bat roosting openings in buildings between May and August (in the northern hemisphere) because you may trap young bats in the building. Young bats that have not yet become able to fly won't escape and will die in the building.

Entry point for bats at a building (C) Daniel Friedman

Above & below are more bat-invasion photographs. You will see that the cupped metal roofing formed a nice opening for bats to enter this home, and again, a telltale collection of bat guano droppings below this very spot. Birds and squirrels also enter buildings at openings like this, as we discuss just below.

Watch out: Histoplasmosis (from bat droppings) is an infection caused by inhalation of Histoplasma capsulatum. In people with compromised immune system, this can be a particularly dangerous infection, potentially fatal if not treated. See also granuloma, iritis, lung nodules. More information is

at MOLD CLASSES, LEVELS.

Droppings indicate bat activity at a building (C) Daniel Friedman

Bird entry point into a roof overhang(C) Daniel Friedman

Bird dropping stains on an attic beam  (C) Daniel Friedman

Watch out: Cryptococcus infection (cryptococcosis): (from bird droppings), at primary risk are people with compromised immune system but normal adults can also be infected by inhalation of Cryptococcus neoformans, leading to a form of meningial encephalitis. Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii.

Most people do not get sick with cryptococcosis, but some people are more likely than others to get this disease. For these people, cryptococcosis can cause serious symptoms of lung, brain and spinal cord disease, such as headaches, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and night sweats. Cryptococcus neoformans is found in bird droppings. More information is

at MOLD CLASSES, LEVELS.

Dead mouse odor (C) Daniel Friedman

Dead bat found in a building attic. We also find dead bats in suspended ceilings, ductwork, and other areas (C) Daniel Friedman

Steel wool used to close rodent entry point below a kitchen sink (C) Daniel Friedman

Advice for Keeping Bats, Rats, Mice, Raccoons or Squirrels out of Your Home

Skunk on the Vassar Golf Course (C) Daniel Friedman

Our photo above shows a skunk rummaging on a golf course. If you see a skunk meandering in daylight stay well away - stay away any time for that matter. This skunk was found dead two days after its photo was taken, probably due to rabies.

Steel wool used to plug rodent entry points (C) Daniel Friedman InspectApedia.com

Above, you see use of steel wool used to plug rodent entry points in a building. Pest control experts recommend several simple steps that will discourage mice and squirrels from moving into your building as they are inclined to do particularly at the beginning of cold weather:

Open petfood invites mice and rats indoors (C) Daniel Friedman

Bats at the gable end of a home attic (C) InspectApedia.com

Above are bats on the outside of the screened attic gable vent opening of a U.S. home. These bats were not able to enter the home but heaven knows the effect on the bats if the burglar arm speaker (at left in the photo) sounds.

Loudspeakers are not likely to be an effective bat or rodent deterrent.

Snow time means thinking too late about heating costs

Trim shrubs at least a foot away from the building walls; we prefer 18". This also reduces the attractiveness of the building to insect pests such as termites and carpenter ants.

If your home is in an area where Norway rats are a problem, keep low growing shrubs away from your building walls entirely as those rats burrow under them, especially Junipers and Taxus.

Readers should also see  ANIMAL or URINE ODOR SOURCE DETECTION followed

by ANIMAL or URINE ODOR REMOVAL.

If your building odor complaint source is found to be outdoors,

see URINE ODOR REMOVAL at BUILDING EXTERIOR.

Also see URINE ODOR REMOVAL in CLOTHING This article describes bacterial/enzyme based cleaners that may be extra effective in removing human or animal urine odors from clothing, diapers, bedding, towels, etc.

Chipmunk Control in Buildings

Chipmunk (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.comQuestion: how can we keep chipmunks from pushing dirt into our basement?

We've been having an annoying chipmunk problem at our home. The chipmunks burrow through the stone foundation wall and they keep pushing dirt into the basement.

We don't want to kill them and besides we think the number of chipmunks is effectively infinite.

We don't want to accept your suggestion to use mothballs as a repellent because we don't like them.

So what can we do? - Anonymous by private email & telephone 2022/07/02 [discussion paraphrased by moderator]

Moderator reply:

We established by conversation that yours is an older home, built in upstate New York, before 1900, in a wooded area.

You also added that you think the chipmunks are burrowing below a concrete patio that is poured up against the foundation wall, preventing any outdoor measures in that area.

Watch out: chipmunks and squirrels can carry plague. See details at our REFERENCES section.

Watch out: as an important side point, we warned that a concrete slab against a foundation wall, particularly if there is not good ground clearance to any wood materials atop the foundation, invites wood destroying insects, rot, and animal pests.

At the very least you want the patio to slope away from the structure. Measures to try to waterproof the juncture of an in-slope concrete patio and a foundation wall are not likely to be effective in the longer term.

So what's left when we don't want to trap and relocate, don't want to kill, and don't want to repel annoying rodents?

Possible chipmunk entry points in an older home with a stone foundation at grade (C) InspectApedia.com R.G. ... Possible chipmunk entry points in an older home with a stone foundation at grade (C) InspectApedia.com R.G.

1. Reduce the attractiveness of the building to chipmunks. As you'll read in some of our recommended research articles on rodent control, such as

Snodgrass, Kathleen, CONTROLLING RODENTS IN FOREST SERVICE FACILITIES [PDF]

choice of plantings near the building can help as can keeping rodent-protecting shrubs away from the structure at least two feet. I know you describe a patio against the foundation wall, but if there are plantings at the sides of that patio be sure they're away from the structure.

For a more technical exposition at our RESEARCH list, see the live link at our citation of Wilk, Randall J.; Harrington, Timothy B.; Gitzen, Robert A.; Maguire, Chris C. 2015. Forest floor disturbance reduces chipmunk ( Tamias spp.) abundance two years after variable-retention harvest of Pacific Northwestern forests . Northwest Science. 89(1): 75-92.

Wilk and Harrington found that chipmunk populations declined up to 70 percent with decreasing level of overstory trees and increasing disturbance of the forest floor from forest harvesting.

1/4 inch hardware cloth (galvanized metal screening) can keep rodents out of a building (C) InspectApedia.com

2. Make it more difficult for the chipmunks to enter the building. For the case you describe, that means

3. Repel the chipmunks

Mice Problems Indoors

Dead mouse odor (C) Daniel Friedman

Mouse-specific tips on how to get rid of mice in your home and how to keep them out are

at MOUSE in the HOUSE - separate article

Raccoons Like it Indoors in Buildings

Raccoon outdoors on a downspout (C) Daniel Friedman

To give the raccoons more space, we move them to RACCOONS in the ATTIC, a separate article that relates a true story about raccoons invading a New York home at Christmas. A brief excerpt is just below.

Dan and Laura were snuggled up reading in bed on a cold Poughkeepsie January night. Suddenly overhead they heard

SMACK! rattle, rattle, rattle, rattle, rattle, rattle, roll. Something or someone was in the attic! Now they heard the sound of little clawed feet scampering across the attic floor just over their heads.

The home, built in 1900, was a neo-Victorian with a large walk-up attic wherein were stored the usual detritus: old rugs, suitcases, trunks, broken lamps, bicycle parts, and other who-knows-what. Some animal, maybe more than one of them, was smashing something around in the attic. What the hey?

Dan tiptoes over to the door at the bottom of the attic stairs in his pajamas. He leans an ear against the cold red-varnished wood. Cold air leaks out of the attic and rolls across his bare toes adding to the chill of the sounds of intruders above...

Also see POETRY & SHORT FICTION, Daniel Friedman

Signs of Raccoons Outdoors

In the photo below, by their size and location, these are probably raccoon scratches on the exterior siding of a barn (D Friedman 2001, Catskills NY) .

Raccoon scratches on the wood siding of this antique barn are good evidence of their activity even if you don't see them personally (C) DanieL Friedman at InspectApedia.com

Squirrels and mice also gnaw and scratch at buildings and building components but the scale of those marks is usually notably smaller.

Are There Squirrels in the House?

Below: at this home in San Miguel de Allende in Guanajuato, Mexico, a squirrel, an ardillo, was persistent at trying to get into the home's living room and had to be shooed out several times.

squirrel gets into furniture at a home in Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

When we lifted the cushions on the living room couch (above) we saw what the ardillo (squirrel) had been up-to: caching a store of peanuts and other seeds (below).

squirrel gets into furniture at a home in Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman at InspectApedia.com

Below, our photos show a stunning nest project built by squirrels in the attic of a 1960's home in New York.

Bird entry point into a roof overhang(C) Daniel Friedman

The squirrels entered through openings in the home's aluminum soffit covering, tore up fiberglass insulation, and built the mounded nest in our photo above. Squirrel droppings on attic insulation are shown in our second photo below .

Bird dropping stains on an attic beam  (C) Daniel Friedman

Below we show another sign of squirrel invasion of an attic: leaves brought into the attic to add to insulation as a nesting material.

Bird entry point into a roof overhang(C) Daniel Friedman

One of our favorite squirrel invasion indicator photos provided by a reader is shown below. When squirrels nest or simply hide in an aluminum downspout, the sound or smell of the squirrel can be enough to drive some dogs mad as they try to tear their way into the squirrel's hiding place (below right).

Bird dropping stains on an attic beam  (C) Daniel Friedman

 

Animal Feces & Urine Detection & Clean-Up

Bat guano (bat poop or bat shit) indoors in the attic of a church (C) Daniel Friedman

Our photo above of deep piles of bat guano in the attic of a pre-1900 church was taken during a building inspection in Staatsburgh, New York. When you find mountains of bat droppings like this you can figure that bats have been inhabiting this building for decades.

Reader Question: how do I clean up bat droppings & bat urine in our cabin?

We discovered a huge colony of bats living under the roof of our log cabin.

I used a black-light (see UV LIGHT BLACK LIGHT USES) and found bat urine on all the main beams in the house as well as all the walls in the cabin. I have had restoration people tell me it could be cleaned and others said no all the wood is going to have to be replaced who is telling the truth?

I have read that bat urine is 70% urea which would seem very strong. We believe they have been there for 6 years. - S.S. 8/12/12

Reply:

It is nonsense to replace structurally sound wood because of bat urine or other surface contaminants.

What makes sense to me is to clean the area thoroughly, including HEPA vacuuming and perhaps use of a sanitizer; when the wood surfaces have dried your remediator may want to apply a sealant to give maximum odor control - it's the same process used after a post-fire remediation in a building or after a mold cleanup. More about odor control in buildings that have been peed-on or in is

at ANIMAL or URINE ODOR SOURCE DETECTION.

If there are wood beams or members that need to be treated and that are exposed in the occupied space, you can use a clear sealant so as to maintain the natural wood look, though the surfaces may become satin or glossy in finish.

To keep bats out of the cabin you'll want to find and screen off openings through which they have been entering. Look closely, as bats can enter a home or its attic through surprisingly small passages.

Bats are important to protect and preserve insofar as possible, though I agree we don't want them inside our homes. You might want to consult with local bat experts about installing one or a few bat houses or refuges in trees nearby.

Watch out: Histoplasmosis (from bat droppings) is an infection caused by inhalation of Histoplasma capsulatum. In people with compromised immune system this can be a particularly dangerous infection, potentially fatal if not treated. See also granuloma, iritis, lung nodules. More information is

at MOLD CLASSES, LEVELS.

List of Common & Effective Squirrel & Rodent Repellant or Rodent Aversive products

For rodents, which would include squirrels, some prepared products and specialty chemicals or preparations sold as repellents include:

 

Can I use peppermint oil to repel squirrels or other animals?

Prarie dog, Guanajuato, Mexico (C) Daniel Friedman

I have heard that peppermint repels squirrels - is that true? - Anon 9/23/12

Photo above, a prarie dog in central Mexico peeps out of its burrow at the human intruders.

Reply:

You might indeed want to try peppermint oil Anon, as a number of animal repellant products do indeed contain peppermint oil, such as some deer and cat repellents. There are mixtures for similar applications that mix oils of peppermint, geranium, sage, lavender, eucalyptus, lemongrass etc.

But our research into common preparations whose effectiveness has been tested as a squirrel repellant shows some different suggestions. I've included details just below.

Watch out: some folks use mothballs as an animal repellent. Using mothballs for animal repellant is an illegal pesticide application and can cause other building odor or even health problems.

See MOTHBALL ODORS

Above-left: a Mexican praire dog (Cynomys mexicanus), a diurnal burrowing ground squirrel, and an agricultural pest in this cornfield, eyes the tourists, Guanajuato, Mexico (2015).

[Click to enlarge any image]

There are other specific animal repellent sprays and products sold at home and garden suppliers, often targeted to specific animals: coyote urine, for example. I've also tried pouring a bit of ammonia (or bleach but never BOTH at once) onto an area on a walkway or stair where a cat kept urinating.

 

Research on Animal Control & Animal or Rodent Health Hazards in & at Buildings

 

 




ADVERTISEMENT





Reader Comments, Questions & Answers About The Article Above

Below you will find questions and answers previously posted on this page at its page bottom reader comment box.

Reader Q&A - also see RECOMMENDED ARTICLES & FAQs

On 2022-07-17 by InspectApedia-911 (mod) - bats are NOT harmless in buildings

@Elizabeth Marsh,

Thanks for commenting about bats. We agree with you that bats are important and deserve protection. However bats inside of a building can present a very serious health hazard to building occupants. For that reason, it's better to move them outdoors.

Some of our clients and readers had success by a combination of

1. closing off openings through which bats were entering the building (it may take an expert to find these)

2. cleaning up accumulated bat droppings and removing/replacing bat contaminated building insulation

3. providing outdoor bat houses to encourage the bats to roost where they'll not make people sick.

Watch out: it is important to understand that while bats may not damage a building roof, they are NOT harmless when roosting in buildings: DIseases, including very serious illness can result from bites (rabies), or breathing dust from urine and fecal droppings or guano, (histoplasmosis), parasitic infections (Ectoparasites )

Bats are associated with a few diseases that affect people, such as rabies and histoplasmosis. Rabies is a dangerous, fatal disease, but only about 5 percent of bats submitted for testing are infected with the rabies virus.

Please see details about keeping bats out of buildings and bat health hazards as well as bat protection at

ANIMAL ENTRY POINTS in BUILDINGS

Watch out: we are NOT arguing for bat extermination. Many bats are endangered and are a protected species. As you'll read at the article we recommend above, and excerpting from MN cited above on this page:

Penalties for killing a threatened species on the federal endangered species list could receive $25,000 and six months in prison, depending on the intent to kill. In addition to these criminal penalties, civil penalties of up to $24,625 may also apply. Such penalties would not be covered by MCIT.

Furthermore, killing a threatened or special concern species may damage an organization’s reputation if environmental groups and advocates bring media attention to the situation. With these severe penalties and risks, it makes sense for members to make controlling bats without killing them a high priority.

This Q&A were posted originally at CATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATION

On 2022-07-17 by Elizabeth Marsh - wants to leave the bats alone

I saw mention of bats. Bats are endangered, very necessary to our environment, and really don't cause roof damage.

Please leave the bats alone. They are eating the mosquitos that will indeed kill you.

On 2019-01-23 by (mod) - replaced entire roof to keep out the bats: venting problem remains

Ridge cap removed on new roof installed to keep out bats, now see a moisture problem (C) InspectApedia.com  RedsailWow - replacing an entire roof to keep out the bats sounds expensive and extreme.

Was that advice given to you by a professional pest control or animal control expert?

I'd have looked for specific entry points to be repaired and I might have added some separate bat -houses on the same property to encourage the bats, a useful and important species, to live peacefully nearby but out of the house.

Your photos show moisture stains that, if they're from inside the building, suggest that under-roof ventilation has not been adequate.

You might also want to look for and correct moisture sources indoors and air leaks into the ceiling from indoors.

Mesh type ridge vents do not pass as much air as the older, uglier, but in my opinion more-effective aluminum ridge vents.

And no ridge vent will help whatsoever (and may simply make matters worse) if there is not also adequate air intake at the building eaves or soffits as well as an air path up under the whole roof.

Generally we want to be sure that there is more than a 50:50 ratio of intake to outlet venting area, otherwise you risk sucking conditioned air out of the occupied space, sending it out at the roof venting outlet.

See PROBLEMS with PARTIAL ROOF VENTILATION

Our primary question is: is your building design one using a "hot roof" that was designed to be insulated but not vented? Or is this design supposed to be vented?

More on this cathedral ceiling bat infestation is in a continuation of this reader Q&A found

at CATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATION FAQs

On 2019-01-23 by Redsail - bats and moisture under my roof

Ridge cap removed on new roof installed to keep out bats, now see a moisture problem (C) InspectApedia.com  RedsailI have a 1976 Justus cedar home that has prow facades on both the 2nd and 3rd levels and a flatter gable in the back on the 3rd floor. The interior on the upper two floors is tongue and groove cedar cathedral ceilings.

I replaced a shake style concrete tile roof with composition last summer because bats were getting under the tile roof.

Since then the roof began having loud popping and cracking noises during the summer particularly on warmer days here in the Pacific Northwest and they are frequent enough to seriously interfere with sleep.

During the re-roof it became clear that the roof was not unvented as I thought, but instead the prows and gable had about a 2-3 inch wire mesh strip over an opening between the sheathing and rigid foam insulation that had been pushed in by the animals for entry.

The roof is constructed like a hot roof with 2-3 in of rigid insulation and about a 3/4 in of air space between the furring strips and upper sheathing. This construction evidently met venting standards when the house was built.

The ridges have no ridge vents and there are no soffit vents.

I am thinking of adding Cobra ridge vents to allow for better ventilation but continuing to use the existing new metal mesh areas as the intake.

Does this seem like a reasonable approach?

I have read that the ratio of intake vs. outflow should be 50/50 or up to 60 % for intake if necessary.

I'm not sure how to calculate this accurately and would appreciate any suggestions you may have for addressing these issues. I will try to upload some pictures for clarification.

This Q&A were posted originally at CATHEDRAL CEILING INSULATION

Question: use of peppermint oil and ammonia to repel animal poopers and pests

(Sept 23, 2012) Anonymous said:

I have heard that peppermint smell repels mice and squirrels. Is that so?

Reply:

Good idea Anonymous. Peppermint is better than trying to scatter mothballs as using mothballs for animal repellant is an illegal application and can cause other building odor or health problems.

A number of animal repellant products do indeed contain peppermint oil, such as some deer and cat repellents. The mixtures for similar applications mix oils of peppermint, geranium, sage, lavender, eucalyptus, lemongrass etc.

There are other specific animal repellent sprays and products sold at home and garden suppliers, often targeted to specific animals: coyote urine, for example. I've also tried pouring a bit of ammonia (or bleach but never BOTH at once) onto an area on a walkway or stair where a cat kept urinating.

Outdoors where our neighbour's cat had decided that our stone walkway was a nicer toilet than its own yard we had such an accumulation of cat poop that besides cleaning up that mess we needed to encourage Cheeto to find a different relief site. After cleaning up the mess we poured household ammonia around the poop area. That worked.


...

Continue reading at GOPHER HOLE DAMAGE or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX.

Or see

Recommended Articles

Suggested citation for this web page

ANIMAL ENTRY POINTS in BUILDINGS at InspectApedia.com - online encyclopedia of building & environmental inspection, testing, diagnosis, repair, & problem prevention advice.


Or see this

INDEX to RELATED ARTICLES: ARTICLE INDEX to ANIMAL PESTS, ALLERGENS, HAZARDS

Or use the SEARCH BOX found below to Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia

Ask a Question or Search InspectApedia

Try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly.

Search the InspectApedia website

Note: appearance of your Comment below may be delayed: if your comment contains an image, photograph, web link, or text that looks to the software as if it might be a web link, your posting will appear after it has been approved by a moderator. Apologies for the delay.

Only one image can be added per comment but you can post as many comments, and therefore images, as you like.
You will not receive a notification
when a response to your question has been posted.
Please bookmark this page to make it easy for you to check back for our response.
Our Comment Box is provided by Countable Web Productions countable.ca

Comment Form is loading comments...

Citations & References

In addition to any citations in the article above, a full list is available on request.



ADVERTISEMENT