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Light bulb (lamp) color temperature & brightness compared & illustrated       Comparative Examples of Color Temperature and Color Rendering Index for Indoor Light Bulbs (lamps) Comparing the Appearance of Color Temperatures of Different Bulb Types Halogen Lamp (light bulb) Color Temperatures & Properties Photo guide to the effects of varying color temperatures of different light bulbs & lamps Halogen Lamp (light bulb) Color Temperatures & Properties Comparing Light Output using LED Flashlights for an Example Sorting out Definitions of Color Temperature of light, Light Brightness, Watts & the Wavelength of Light: What's the Difference? Table of Color Temperatures of Various Artificial & Natural Light Source Bulb Color Temperature and CRI for Indoor Lights Bulb CRI SCALE Rates & Definition Questions & Answers about about lamp or light bulb color temperature or brightness, applications, & uses. References

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Light bulb color comparison examples, photos; LED & Halogen colors & brightness: this article describes the variations in perceived color and color temperature of different indoor-use bulb types compared with sunlight. We illustrate both interior lighting bulbs (incandescent, three types of fluorescent bulbs, halogen lamps, and LED bulbs) comparing both color temperature (color rendition) and brightness. We illustrate what different object colors look like under different types of lamps (bulbs) including incandescent, all types of compact fluorescent bulbs, halogen lighting, and LED lighting. We include comparisons of types of LED bulb brightness using flashlights for an example.

Green links show where you are. © Copyright 2013 InspectAPedia.com, All Rights Reserved. Author Daniel Friedman.

Comparative Examples of Color Temperature and Color Rendering Index for Indoor Light Bulbs (lamps)

At Color Temperature and CRI for Indoor Lights we introduced and defined color temperature and CRI.

Here we provide additional details and photo examples of variations in perceived color and color temperature of different bulb types compared with sunlight. We illustrate both interior lighting bulbs (incandescent, three types of fluorescent bulbs, halogen lamps, and LED bulbs) comparing both color temperature (color rendition) and brightness.

This article includes excerpts or adaptations from Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, by Steven Bliss, courtesy of Wiley & Sons.

Skin tones look best under lamps rated from 2700K (standard A-bulb) to 3500K and with a CRI over 80. Residential lamps range as high as 7500K for continuous spectrum fluorescents, such as GE’s Chroma 50 or 75. These simulate daylight and are good for detailed work where color accuracy is critical, but they give skin an unflattering greenish tone.

Comparing the Appearance of Color Temperatures of Different Bulb Types

At Color Temperature and CRI for Indoor Lights we include a table comparing the color temperatures of the most common types of lamps used indoors.

The display below, available at many Home Depot stores, compares lighting among four bulb color types, from left to right

Incandescent bulb Soft white compact fluorescent bulb Bright white compact fluorescent bulb Daylight compact fluorescent bulb The accuracy of color rendition of different lights and the CRI scale are explained at Color Temperature and CRI for Indoor Lights.

The four lamps (bulbs) described above are shown inside the display, below. We kept the camera on the same "automatic" white balance setting for all four bulb color photographs. These colors are not exactly what your eye will see, nor do they consider the effects of the colors of surroundings, but you can see the color temperature differences among these light bulbs.

The display, which includes a spot for you to insert your hand to observe what each light does to the perceived color of your skin, also describes the applications for these bulb color temperatures (corresponding to left-to-right above) as:

• Incandescent - general purpose light source. Standard incandescent bulbs give off light at 2700^o Kelvin and produced a reddish light that is best where comparatively low levels of light are desired. These bulbs produce the lowest frequency or color temperature compared with outdoor daylight which is described as 6500^o Kelvin.
• Soft White - a warm full glow light ideal "lifestyle" light. Color corrected fluorescent bulbs operate at about 3600^o K and skin tones look somewhat normal under these lights.
• Bright white - a crisp, white light ideal for kitchen and task areas.
• Daylight - simulates natural sunlight, ideal for reading & detail oriented activities. Full spectrum fluorescent bulbs operate at about 5000^o K, producing lighting simulating daylight but with skin tones slightly greenish. Bliss points out that these lights are popular in art galleries & jewelry stores.

Watch out: if you didn't notice, the compact fluorescent bulbs such as the models shown above include a warning printed on the bulb base indicating that these bulbs are intended for dry locations, and are not for use in luminaires controlled by a dimmer or totally enclosed recessed lighting fixtures. Check the specifications on lamps you are buying if you have other needs than those that fit these restrictions.

Photo guide to the effects of varying color temperatures of different light bulbs & lamps

Colors of Objects in Indirect Sunlight

Recognizing that the human eye does not see light and color exactly the same as any camera, film or digital, we set our camera to a white-balance setting based on white typing paper in indirect sunlight to begin the light color temperature comparison photographs shown here.

Each photograph was taken with a glass soap dish placed on plain white typing paper. The white balance of the camera was set to normal for the white typing paper alone, in sunlight.

We take the first soap dish color photograph as our reference standard, as this image was taken in outdoor sunlight.

At below left a string of eight (4 shown) mini globe incandescent bulbs give the glass soap dish a pink hue that is very close to the color we found in sunlight.

You can see that the soap dish as a very light pink-purple color in the reference photo. Actually outdoors, to the human eye, we saw this dish as more "pink" than did our camera.

Comparing Colors of Objects in Incandescent & Fluorescent Light Indoors

We set our camera white balance to the same white paper under incandescent lighting indoors (below left) and then for compact fluorescent bulbs in an overhead light fixture (below right). You will observe that the indoor incandescent shifts the original image towards red/pink hues while the compact fluorescent lighting shifts the image towards blue-green.

At below right we illustrate what these same objects look like under a standard (long tube) fluorescent lamp. Compare that photo (below right) with the compact fluorescent lamp lighting photo (above right) and you can see a shift towards green.

At below left we illustrate our darkroom test set-up for light source comparisons, in this case with a "blacklight" or UV ultraviolet light bulb (Woods lamp) installed in our test fixture using a 13W bulb produced by Feit Electric.[5] (280-410nm usually narrowed to 368-371 nm wavelength light). Some septic system and building inspectors use UV lamps to detect the presence of septic test dye that contains fluroscein, or to screen for animal urine stains.

See UV LIGHT BLACK LIGHT USES for definitions of fluoresence, UV light, black light, and the use of UV lights in buildings to track down different substances including animal urine or even blood. Also see BLOOD in ART WORKS, TESTING FOR.

Halogen Lamp (light bulb) Color Temperatures & Properties

As explained at explained at Color Temperature and CRI for Indoor Lights, the color rendering index (CRI) of light bulbs provides a scale of 1 to 100 where a bulb rated at 100 closely matches a reference light source.

Colors of Objects under a Halogen Lamp

Halogen lamps such as the bulb we show at below left operate at around 3000K and give off a whiter light than incandescents and most fluorescents. At below right we include an example photograph of our color references used above, but here, illuminated by a halogen lamp. Comparing this result (below left) with our example from daylight (above) you will see that the halogen image is rendered rather close in color temperature to daylight.

• For incandescent lamps and all others with a color temperature of 5000K or less, the reference used to state the CRI of those bulbs is an incandescent or halogen bulb, which are both assigned CRIs of 100.
• For lamps with a color temperature of over 5000K, the reference is natural daylight, which also has a CRI of 100 or "perfect" color rendition.

Comparing Light Output using LED Flashlights for an Example

At Lumens, Definition, comparisons we defined Lumens as

a measure of the amount of light contained within an area or within a defined beam or angle emitted from the light source. Lumens is further defined as the total amount of visible light emitted by a source.

Here we offer a more subjective comparison of the brightness of light emitted by LED bulbs, using flashlights as an example. Take a look at the rated light output in lumens when you can find that information. It is both useful and very interesting. For example when purchasing LED-designed flashlights, you will usually observe that the very inexpensive units may look exactly like others that cost five to ten times as much.

But the light output of the low-priced units is often 1/10th the light output of the costly versions. Brighter LED's cost more. And if the flashlight marketing information on the package does not tell you the light output of the device... well that tells you something, right?

And our digital camera "sees" light differently than the human eye - a fact that can add difficulties when photographing some subjects, as our three comparison photographs of light beams from two LED flashlights illustrate above. All three photos are of the same two LED flash light units. But depending on external variables our eye and the camera see different brightness.

From left, with no flash the right-hand LED flashlight looks brighter shining on blue ceramic tile. With a flash to eliminate dark background, the bulbs look about equal. With no flash and shining the two LED flashlights onto a darkened wall, the left-hand LED flashlight looks brighter (and less diffuse, which confuses the matter). [Click any image to see a larger version.]

Color Temperatures of Various Artificial & Natural Light Sources

As Bliss points out in Color Temperature and CRI for Indoor Lights, the comparison standards for color temperatures of lights produced by different types of lamps are not uniform. Quoting:

For incandescent lamps and all others with a color temperature of 5000K or less, the reference is an incandescent or halogen bulb, which are both assigned CRIs of 100. For lamps with a color temperature of over 5000K, the reference is natural daylight, which also has a CRI of 100.

CRI numbers are best used to compare lamps with color temperatures within about 300K of each other. Colors will look very different under a 3000K lamp and a 6000K lamp with the same CRI.

Sorting out Definitions of Color Temperature of light, Light Brightness, Watts & the Wavelength of Light: What's the Difference?

Do not confuse color temperature (in degrees Kelvin) with brightness. The table below describes color temperature (or you could say "hue", not the brightness of the light source.

• Color temperature - Kelvin: the color temperature of a light source (visible to humans) is the temperature measured in Kelvin of a theoretical idealized black-body radiator that emits light of a matching color hue to that of the light source we are actually observing.
  
  Higher color temperature numbers in Kelvin (over 5,000 ^oK ) are cooler, more blue in hue. Lower color temperature numbers (2,700-3,000 ^oK) are warmer or more red colors. Our table below gives the color temperatures of many types of light sources, both artificial and natural.
  
• Light brightness - Lumens: We measure the brightness of light in Lumens or equivalents. Lumens is a measure of the amount of visible (to humans) light observed / measured within an area or within a defined beam or angle emitted from the light source. Lumens is further defined as the total amount of visible light emitted by a source.
  
  One lumen is (at one steridian) equivalent to one candela in light intensity. Typical narrative describes as a practical example that one "birthday cake candle" emits one lumen if its light is measured at a distance of one foot from the light source.
  
  
• Visible light (to humans) - measured in wavelength: light visible to humans is a form of energy (or photos if you like) emitted in the 380-780 nanometer wavelength range. The wavelength of light and its color temperatures are inversely related. That is, higher wavelengths (bigger numbers) are lower or cooler color temperatures. [9][13]
  • 7,831 ^oK = 370 nm wavelength light
  • 6,585 ^oK = 440 nm wavelength light
  • 6,300 ^oK = 460 nm wavelength light
  • Formula: [Peak] light wavelength in meters [actually nanometers or nm] lambda Max = b/t where T= light temperature in Kelvin or ^oK and b = Wien's displacement constant of proportionality = 2.897 768 5(51) × 10–3 m K
    
• Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a rating on a scale of 1 to 100 of how accurately a lamp shows colored objects. The higher the CRI, the closer the colors look to a standard reference.
• Watts as a measure of light brightness Because watts, the traditional standard of brightness of incandescent light bulbs no longer expresses the total light output of other types of bulbs (CFs and LEDs for example), we use lumens as a better measure of bulb light output. Properly, watts are a measure of a rate energy conversion or transfer (one watt is defined as one joule per second) not specifically a measure of light output.

Table of Color Temperatures of Various Artificial & Natural Light Source

Light Source or Type	Color Temperature in oK	Comments
Match flame	1,700 oK - 1850 oK	Very low color temperatures, more warm or red in hue.
Candlelight - flame from a single candle Gaslight Sunrise or sunset	2,000 oK	Candle flames are 1850-1930 oK. Some sources say 1,800oK Notes 2, 3 Sunrise/Sunset color temperature range is 2000 oK to 3000 oK
Horizon light (simulating daylight)	2,300 oK	Note 4.
Standard incandescent bulb, 15-watt	2,470 oK	Tungsten filament household bulb
Standard incandescent bulb, "soft white"	2,700 oK	Living areas. Typical incandescent bulb color temperatures range from 2,700oK to 3,300oK (Incandescent tungsten filament household bulbs range from 2,470 to 2,900 oK depending on bulb wattage)
Krypton bulb, 500W	2,900
Halogen bulb Soft white compact fluorescent bulb	3,000 oK	Other sources rate halogens at 3,400 oK Note 3.
Projector type bulbs, filament	3,100 oK
Photo floodlamps, studio lamps Quartz lights and floodlights Tungsten 2k Lamp	3,200 oK	Quartz lights range from 3,200 to 3,500 oK Tungsten 5k or 10k Lamps have a higher color temperature of 3380 oK 3,200 oK is a common reference color temperature for expressing RGB values used to simulate the colors of images captured on "indoor" photographic film. 6.
Studio "CP" light	3,350 oK
Halogen bulbs	3,400 oK
Fluorescent bulb, color corrected	3,500 oK	Fluorescent light color temperatures range from 3,200 to 7,500 oK
"Bright white" bulbs	3,500 oK - 4100 oK	Kitchens, bathrooms
Projector bulbs, carbon arc (traditional movie)	3,900 oK
Fluorescent bulb, cool white Moonlight (natural, full moon, clear night) Xenon arclamps	4,100 oK	Some sources put moonlight at 4,200 oK 3.
Cool white fluorescent "store lights"	4,150 oK	Note 4.
Daylight, with industrial smog conditions	4,700 oK	Note 3.
Cool White or "Daylight" CF bulbs Daylight, at the horizon Fluorescent bulb, full-spectrum Sunlight, sun directly overhead (Noon)	5,000 oK	Fluorescent lamps rated as "artificial daylight" have color temperatures of 5,000 oK or 7,500 oK Note 4. Noon sunlight range: 5,000 5,400 oK
Dayligt (sunlight) under hazy conditions	5,100 oK	Color temperatures over 5,000 oK are considered cool colors and are more blue-white in hue. Sunlight through clouds or thick haze range from 5,500 to 6,500 oK Notes 2, 3.
Daylight - sunlight Electronic flash (cameras, pocket)	5,500 - 6,100oK	Sunlight at 30 deg. over the horizon is typically 5,500 oK while sunlight at 50 deg. over the horizon may be 6,100 oK. Daylight ranges given as 5,500 to 6,500 under a clear sky Electronic flash from larger photo-flash devices may be rated at 6,700 oK 3.
Daylight: sunlight at mid-day	6,500 oK	Whitest light. Some sources rate this as "overcast light" 2
Fluorescent bulb, "daylight" rated	6,500 oK	Reading, close-work
Daylight (sunlight) through overcast sky or in indirect light	6,500 oK - 7,500 oK	More blue than sunlight. Some sources put overcast sky daylight at 7,400 oK 3.
Electronic flash (cameras)	6,700 oK	Note 3.
Daylight (sunlight) measured in a shaded area	7,000 - 8,000 oK
Daylight (sunlight) measured under a partly clouded sky	8,000 - 10,000 oK
Daylight: foggy conditions	8,300 oK	Note 3. [further study needed-Ed.]
Computer monitors, LCD or CRT screens	6,300 - 9,300 oK	Note 2. Adjustable on many devices. Most RGB monitors, measured by examining a white point, are 6,500 - 7,000 oK
Sunlight, 5 Meters under water, near the equator	14,000 - 20,000 oK	Note 5.
Notes to the table of light source color temperatures 1. Also see Table 5-23, "Color Temperatures of Common Lamps" found in Lamp & Bulb Abbreviations & Type 2. cf reference [9] at the end of this article. 3. cf reference [10] at the end of this article. The Kelvin color temperatures offered by this source and included among those in our table above may involve both accurate measurements and some subjectivity about the actual weather conditions at the time, such as "hazy" or "industrial smog" that would require more careful definition. The color temperatures of most common sources of visible light range from 1,800 to 160,000 oK 4. cf reference [11] at the end of this article. 5. cf reference [12] at the end of this article. 5. cf references [14] [16] [17] at the end of this article.

...

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about lamp or light bulb color temperature or brightness, applications, & uses

Question: What are ANSI-coded light bulbs (lamps) & where can I find a table of the ANSI bulb codes?

I have heard of ANSI coded bulbs but do I need to worry about these codes? Where can I find what the ANSI bulb codes mean? - Anon. 5/14/12

Reply:

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) codes for light bulbs[8] permit a standard definition for bulb shape, design, electrical connections, light output, and other parameters. ANSI has defined approximately 100 bulb codes, typically 3-letter designations such as

• BAB (BAB Light Bulb - MR16 20W 12V Flood Halogen Open Face)
• DYS (DYS 120V 600W Projector Light Bulbs)
• ESD (ESD 120V 150W Projector lamp)
• FTC (FTC MR11 12V 20W Narrow Flood- front glass covered, Halogen bulb)
• etc. - more than we want to try listing here.

Many bulb (lamp) producers and distributors provide an extensive index to lamps by ANSI bulb codes and bulb types or applications. Perhaps because ANSI standards are sold you won't find it easy to obtain the details of most ANSI standards at ANSI's own website. A website that does an excellent job of illustrating the various ANSI bulb codes, bulbstock.com explains:

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) coded light bulbs meet specific industry standards for light output, bulb shape, base type, beam spread and other lamp specifications. If a manufacturer offers a light bulb with an ANSI designation, that bulb should be identical to a similarly ANSI designated bulb from other manufacturers. [7]

Questions or comments about this article

Questions & answers or comments about about lamp or light bulb color temperature or brightness, applications, & uses.

Technical Reviewers & References

Related Topics, found near the top of this page suggest articles closely related to this one.

• [1] American Lighting Association - www.americanlightingassoc.com
• [2] Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, by Steven Bliss. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, Hardcover: 320 pages, available from Amazon.com and also Wiley.com. See our book review of this publication.
• [3] Steven Bliss served as editorial director and co-publisher of The Journal of Light Construction for 16 years and previously as building technology editor for Progressive Builder and Solar Age magazines. He worked in the building trades as a carpenter and design/build contractor for more than ten years and holds a masters degree from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Excerpts from his recent book, Best Practices Guide to Residential Construction, Wiley (November 18, 2005) ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, appear throughout this website, with permission and courtesy of Wiley & Sons. Best Practices Guide is available from the publisher, J. Wiley & Sons, and also at Amazon.com.
• [4] American Lighting Association www.americanlightingassoc.com
• [5] FEIT ELECTRIC COMPANY, INC. 4901 Gregg Road Pico Rivera, CA 90660-2108, Tel: (800) 543-FEIT (3348), website: http://www.feit.com/ web search 5/14/2012
• [6] "What You Need to Know about UL 1598, 3rd Edition", Intertek, Tel: 800-967-5352, USA, offices in the Americas, Germany, Sweden, Asia Pacific, Italy, UK. Website: www.intertek.com/lighting, web search 5/14/12 [Copy on file as UL-1598-White-Paper.pdf]
• [7] "ANSI Coded Light Bulbs", Bulbstock.com, web search 5/14/12, original source: http://www.bulbstock.com/AnsiCodedLightBulbs.html
• [8] ANSI American National Standards Institute, website: www.ansi.org [Don't expect to easily find anything you need to know at the ANSI website - Ed.] Example: [http://www.ansi.org/news_publications/news_story.aspx?menuid=7&articleid=2628]
  The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), on behalf of the American National Standard Lighting Group (ANSLG), has published ANSI/ANSLG C78.81-2010, Electric Lamps - Double-Capped Fluorescent Lamps - Dimensional and Electrical Characteristics. The recently published standard sets forth the physical and electrical characteristics of the principal types of fluorescent lamps intended for application on conventional line frequency circuits and electronic high-frequency circuits.
  ANSI/ANSLG C78.81-2010 revises a 2005 edition and provides specifications for the lamp itself, the interactive features of the lamp, and the lamp ballast, including conventional systems relying on auxiliary support from external ballasts. In addition, three new fluorescent lamp data sheets are included: 25-Watt, 48-Inch T8, High-Frequency Fluorescent Lamp; 28-Watt, 48-Inch T8, High-Frequency Fluorescent Lamp; and 30-Watt, 48-Inch T8, High-Frequency Fluorescent Lamp. Only double-based lamps of the regular linear shape are included in the standard; single-based compact, circular, square, and U-shaped lamps are found in NEMA/ANSI C78.901:2005, For electric lamps single base fluorescent lamps - dimensional and electrical characteristics.
  NEMA, an ANSI organizational member and accredited standards developer, is a membership organization of manufacturers of products used in the generation, transmission, distribution, control, and end-use of electricity used in utility, medical imaging, industrial, commercial, institutional and residential applications.
• [9] Wikipedia provided background information about some topics discussed at this website provided this citation is also found in the same article along with a " retrieved on" date. NOTE: because Wikipedia entries are fluid and can be amended in real time, we cite the retrieval date of Wikipedia citations and we do not assert that the information found there is necessarily authoritative.
  Entry on color temperature, 5/14/2012, original source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature
  Entry on lumen, 5/14/12, original source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_(unit)
  Entry on Wien's displacement law, 5/14/12, original source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien's_displacement_law
• [10] "Notes on LEDs & Kelvin Color Scale", Autolumination, website: autolumination.com, web search 5/14/12, original source: http://autolumination.com/colors.htm [copy on file as LED_Notes_AutoIll.pdf]
• [11] Light Booth, Type LBM-B", Mathis. Mathis is headquartered in Brasil (Website: http://www.mathis.com.br/, Email: mathis@mathis.com.br) with offices in Switzerland & the USA and other countries. Werner Mathis AG Rütisbergstrasse 3 CH-8156 Oberhasli/Zürich, Switzerland Telefon 41(0)44-852 5050 Telefax 41(0)44-850 6707 E-Mail info@mathisag.com Homepage www.mathisag.com, other worldwide locations: Werner Mathis U.S.A. Inc. 2260 HWY 49 N.E./P.O. Box 1626 Concord N.C. 28026, U.S.A. Phone: 1-704-786-6157 Fax: 1-704-786-6159 E-mail: usa@mathisag.com, Mathis (India) PVT. LTD. 203, Swastic plaza Pokhran Road No. 2, Thane 400 601, India Phone: +91 22 2585 4304 E-mail: india@mathisag.com, and Mathis (India) PVT. LTD. 203, Swastic plaza Pokhran Road No. 2, Thane 400 601, India Phone: +91 22 2585 4304 E-mail: india@mathisag.com.
  Mathis provides a lighting boot for visual assessment and comparison of colors, use to compare color variations and metamerism on samples. The light booth provides four or five standardized light sources (daylight -D65, fluorescent -TL84, incandescent - A home light color temp. of 2,856, ultravoilet - UV to evaluate optical brightener or fluorescent dyes, and a 5th optional lamp providing D50-artificial daylight 5,000K, D75-artificial daylight 7,500K, H-horizon light 2,300K, CWF- store light, cool fluorescent 4,150K.) Web search 5/14/12, original source: http://www.mathis.com.br/arquivos/PDF/ing/LBM-ing.pdf, [copy on file as Mathis_Light_Booth_LBM-ing.pdf]
• [12] "Aqualite™ Metal Halide Lamps for Marine Aquariums and Reef Systems", USHIO, 5440 Cerritos Ave. Cypress, CA 90630 Tel: (714) 236.8600, Website: http://www.ushio.com/, web search 5/14/12, original source: http://www.ushio.com/products/petcare/aqualite.htm, [copy on file as Aqualite_Reef_Lighting_CPD3D8.pdf ]
• [13] Color Science, Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae, GÜNTER WYSZECKI & W. S. STILES Richmond, Surrey, England, John Wiley & Sons New York, 1982,
  Also: "Relationship between color temperature, wavelength, and CF light", web search 5/14/12, original source http://www.shroomery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/7751446
• [14] "Principles of color reproduction, applied to photomechanical reproduction, color photography, and the ink, paper, and other related industries ", Yule, J.A.C., Wiley, New York, 1967, monograph, quoting:
  Abstract: Provides direction for those interested in understanding scientific principles of color reproduction. Geared for production workers, researchers, and students. Replete with diagrams and demonstration photographs. Chapter problems. Author with Kodak Research Laboratories. Contents: Introduction. Elementary principles of color. Elementary principles of color reproduction. Masking methods. Tone reproduction and color balance. Spectral sensitivities for color separation. Inks and paper. Additivity and proportionality of densities. Graphical analysis of color correction. Mathematical analysis of color correction. Four-color printing and the values; Calculation of colorimetric quality factor; Calculation of selected ordinates; The Neugebauer equations; Construction and use of spectroscope. References. Author index. Subject index. -- AATA
  Also: "Color Balance", web search 5/14/12, original source: http://digital-lighting.150m.com/ch08lev1sec3.html - no names, no address, no telephone provided.
• [16] The Physics and Chemistry of Color, 2nd Ed, Kurt Nassau, Wiley-Interscience; 2 edition (July 13, 2001), ISBN-10: 0471391069 ISBN-13: 978-0471391067, quoting:
  ... both detailed physical and chemical properties of color and a more general overview of the subject. It will prove highly useful to specialists and non-specialists alike-and fascinate those with varied interests from optics to art history.
• [17] Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae (Wiley Series in Pure and Applied Optics), Günther Wyszecki, W. S. Stiles, Wiley-Interscience; 2 edition (August 8, 2000), ISBN-10: 0471399183 ISBN-13: 978-0471399186,
  Since its original publication fifteen years ago, this valuable compendium has established itself as the most comprehensive source of information on the physical data required for both basic and applied research in color science. Now revised and expanded to reflect the state of the art, Color Science, Second Edition brings together the essential quantitative tools of the science of color—from concepts and methods to data and formulae. Here in one source is: details of color filters, light sources, monochromators, and photon detectors…indepth accounts of the working concepts in color matching, color discrimination, and chromatic adaptation…logical presentations of the mathematical algorithms used in the development of these concepts…as well as tabular presentations of the data and formulae that have gained acceptance as the standards for color calculations. This new edition has been updated to recognize the tremendous advances that have occurred in the field in recent years. You’ll find up-to-date coverage of color matching, increment-threshold work, chromatic adaptation, and the theoretical modelling of color discrimination and other color-vision phenomena. In addition, the extensive treatment of trichromatic principles and their application has now been expanded to include Maxwell’s method of trichromatic matching. A valuable working reference for the researcher in color vision, colorimetry, and photometry—whether physicist, physiologist, or psychologist-and for those concerned with color problems in industry, Color Science, Second Edition will also prove helpful to graduate students in psychology, engineering physics, and illuminating engineering. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

Books & Articles on Building & Environmental Inspection, Testing, Diagnosis, & Repair

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The Home Reference Book - the Encyclopedia of Homes, Carson Dunlop & Associates, Toronto, Ontario, 25th Ed., 2012, is a bound volume of more than 450 illustrated pages that assist home inspectors and home owners in the inspection and detection of problems on buildings. The text is intended as a reference guide to help building owners operate and maintain their home effectively. Field inspection worksheets are included at the back of the volume. Special Offer: For a 10% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference Book purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space. InspectAPedia.com editor Daniel Friedman is a contributing author. Or choose the The Home Reference eBook for PCs, Macs, Kindle, iPad, iPhone, or Android Smart Phones. Special Offer: For a 5% discount on any number of copies of the Home Reference eBook purchased as a single order. Enter INSPECTAEHRB in the order payment page "Promo/Redemption" space.

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